^%^ 


^"^A. 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (M"^-3) 


LO 


I.I 


I^IIIIM   1125 


8^ 

450 


IIIIM 
IIIM 


6" 


12.2 
2.0 

11.25  ill  1.4   11.6 


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7 


Photographic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

(716)  872-4503 


£? 


CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHM/ICMH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  Microreproductions  /  Institut  Canadian  de  microreproductions  historlques 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notes/Notes  techniques  et  bibliographiques 


The  Institute  has  attempted  to  obtain  the  best 
original  copy  available  for  filming.  Features  of  this 
copy  which  may  be  bibliographically  unique, 
which  may  alter  any  of  the  images  in  the 
reproduction,  or  which  may  significantly  change 
the  usual  method  of  filming,  are  checked  below. 


D 


D 
D 


D 


n 


Coloured  covers/ 
Couverture  de  couleur 


□    Covers  damaged/ 
Couverture  endommagde 

□    Covers  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Couverture  restaurde  et/ou  pellicul^e 

□    Cover  title  missing/ 
Le  titre  de  couverture  manque 

I      I    Coloured  maps/ 


Cartes  gdographiques  en  couleur 

Coloured  ink  (i.e.  other  than  blue  or  ^lack)/ 
Encre  de  couleur  (i.e.  autre  que  bleue  ou  noire) 

Coloured  plates  and/or  illustrations/ 
Planches  et/ou  illustrations  en  couleur 


Bound  with  other  material/ 
Relid  avec  d'autres  documents 

Tight  binding  may  cause  shadows  or  distortion 
along  interior  margin/ 

La  reliure  serree  peut  causer  de  I'ombre  ou  de  la 
distortion  le  long  de  la  marge  intdrieure 

Blank  leaves  added  during  restoration  may 
appear  within  the  text.  Whenever  possible,  these 
have  been  omitted  from  filming/ 
II  se  peut  que  certaines  pages  blanches  ajoutdes 
lors  d'une  restauration  apparaissent  dans  le  texte, 
mais,  lorsque  cela  dtait  possible,  ces  pages  n'ont 
pas  6td  filmdes. 

Additional  comments:/ 
Commentaires  suppldmentaires: 


L'institut  a  microfilm^  le  meilleur  exemplaire 
qu'il  lui  a  6t6  possible  de  se  procurer.  Les  details 
de  cet  exemplaire  qui  sont  peut-dtre  uniques  du 
point  de  vue  bibliographique,  qui  peuvent  modifier 
une  image  reproduite,  ou  qui  peuvent  exiger  une 
modification  dans  la  mithode  normale  de  filmage 
sont  indiqu^s  ci-dessous. 


D 
D 
D 
Q 
0 
D 
D 
D 
D 
0 


Coloured  pages/ 
Pages  de  couleur 

Pages  damaged/ 
Pages  endommagdes 

Pages  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Pages  restaurdes  et/ou  peiliculdes 

Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed/ 
Pages  ddcolordes,  tachet6es  ou  piqu^es 

Pages  detached/ 
Pages  d6tach6es 

Showthrough/ 
Transparence 

Quality  of  print  varies/ 
Quality  indgale  de  I'impression 

Includes  supplementary  material/ 
Comprend  du  materiel  supplementaire 


Only  edition  available/ 
Seule  Edition  disponible 


Pages  wholly  or  partially  obscured  by  errata 
slips,  tissues,  etc.,  have  been  refilmed  to 
ensure  the  best  possible  image/ 
Les  pages  totalement  ou  partiellement 
obscurcies  par  un  feuillet  d'errata,  une  pelure, 
etc.,  ont  6t6  filmdes  d  nouveau  de  fapon  d 
obtenir  la  meilleure  image  possible. 


The 
to  t 


The 
pos 
oft 
filnr 


Ori( 
beg 
the 
sici 
oth 
firs 
sioi 
or  i 


Tht 

wh 

Ma 
difl 
ent 
bee 
rigl 
req 
me 


This  item  is  filmed  at  the  reduction  ratio  checked  below/ 

Ce  document  est  film6  au  taux  de  reduction  indiqui  ci-dessous. 


10X 

14X 

18X 

22X 

26X 

30X 

/ 

12X 

16X 

20X 

24X 

28X 

32X 

ails 

du 

difier 

Line 

lage 


The  copy  filmed  hore  has  been  reproduced  thanks 
to  the  generosity  of: 

Thomas  Fisher  Rare  Book  Library, 
University  of  Toronto  Library 

The  images  appearing  here  are  the  best  quality 
possible  considering  the  condition  and  legibility 
of  the  original  copy  end  in  keeping  with  the 
filming  contract  specifications. 


Original  copies  in  printed  paper  covers  are  filmed 
beginning  with  the  front  cover  and  ending  on 
the  last  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, or  the  back  cover  when  approoriate.  All 
other  original  copies  are  filmed  beginning  on  the 
first  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, and  ending  on  the  last  page  with  a  printed 
or  illustrated  impression. 


L'exemplaire  filmd  fut  reprodult  grdce  A  la 
g6n6rosit6  de: 

Thomas  Fisher  Rare  Book  Library, 
University  of  Toronto  Library 

Les  images  suivantes  ont  6t6  reproduites  avec  le 
plus  grand  soin,  compte  tenu  de  la  condition  et 
de  la  nettet6  de  !'exemplaire  film6,  et  en 
conformity  avec  les  conditions  du  contrat  de 
filmage. 

Les  exemplaires  originaux  don*  la  couverture  en 
papier  esi  imprimde  sont  film^s  en  commen^ant 
par  le  premie/  plat  et  en  terminant  soit  par  la 
dernidre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration,  soit  par  le  second 
plat,  selon  le  cas.  Tous  les  autres  exemplaires 
originaux  sont  filmds  en  commenpant  par  la 
premidre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration  et  en  terminant  par 
la  dernidre  page  qui  comporte  une  telle 
empreinte. 


The  last  recorded  frame  on  each  microfiche 
»h?'l  contain  the  symbol  — ^^  (meaning  "CON- 
>  NUFD  "),  or  the  symbol  V  (meaning  "END"), 
whichever  applies. 


Un  des  symboles  suivants  apparaitra  sur  la 
dernidre  image  de  cheque  microfiche,  selon  le 
cas:  le  symbole  — ►  signifie  "A  SUIVRE".  le 
symbole  V  signifie  "FIN". 


Maps,  plates,  charts,  etc.,  may  be  filmed  at 
different  reduction  ratios.  Those  too  large  to  be 
entirely  included  in  one  exposure  are  filmed 
beginning  in  the  upper  left  hand  corner,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  frames  as 
required.  The  following  diagrams  illustrate  the 
method: 


Les  cartes,  planches,  tableaux,  etc.,  peuvent  dtre 
film6s  d  des  taux  de  reduction  diffdrents. 
Lorsque  le  document  est  trop  grand  pour  dtre 
reproduit  en  un  seul  clichd,  il  est  filmd  d  partir 
de  Tangle  supdrieur  gauche,  de  gauche  d  droite, 
et  de  haut  en  bas,  en  prenant  le  nombre 
d'images  n6cessaire.  Les  diagrammes  suivants 
illustrent  la  mdthode. 


rata 

0 


»elure. 


J 


32X 


i    1 

2 

3 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

I   !■    >  iN  (■.!;'  , 


I 


M'l 


■*:?■ 


i.'^'n..l.M: 


m 


m 


^ 


^': 


<r\ 


('.^  BIRDS. 


* 


a 


KEY  TO  NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


» 


rillNTP.l)     AT 


TIIK    SALKM    ri!i:SS, 
!■  (ir  I.ilu'vly  iiiiil  Pi'iby  streets  S:ilein,  MiisH., 

F.  \V.  I'L'  INA.M  iV  <:<>..  IMtOlMtliaoliS. 

Octcilier.  ixli. 


KEY 


TO 


m 


I 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS 


CONTMMMI  A  lONCisi:  Aci'diNi'  111'  r.viiiv  sri;iii:s  or 


LIVING   AXD    FOSSIL   Bill!) 


AT    rUKSKXT    KXOWX    FHOM    THE     f'OXTIXKXT    XOHTH     OF     TIIK     MFATCAX 
AND     rNirKI)     STATES     HOUNDAUV. 


ILLUSTRATED  I'.Y  G  STEEL  PLATES,  AXD  UPWARDS  OF  2o0  WOODCUTS. 


BY 


ELLIOTT   COUES, 


ASSISIANT     SI    l!(W;ilN     I' N  I  T  K  I)     STALKS     AUMV. 


S  A  L  E  M  :     X  A  T  U  li  A  LISTS'     A  G  E  X  C  Y 

N  E  W     Y  0  UK:     ] )  O  HI)     AXD     M  IC  AD. 
nOSTOX:     ESTES     AXD     LAIUIAT. 

1872. 


Eiitcivil,  acrordiiia;  to  Aft  of  Conicrcss,  in  llio  year  1S72,  l)y 

F.  w.  ^UTXA^r   and   klliott   couks, 

111  llic  Olllco  of  the  Lihniriaii  of  CoiijiiTss  at  Washiiiirtoii. 


t 


>k 


t 


VllVAWCK. 


A  PRKFACE  is  inilisponsuMc  in  tliis  instsiiico,  simply  boosiuse  I  liavc  no  otluT 
opportunity  of  properly  ac'kno\vl(>(lo;ini^  the  iissisttuifi'  I  luive  received  in  preparing 
this  work.  I  am  piirliciilarly  indehted  to  Mr.  J.  A.  Ai.i.kx,  of  Camhridi^e,  IVIass., 
who  has  diligently  revised  nearly  all  the  proofshoets,  and  whose  critical  suggestions 
have  proved  invaluable.  Mr.  Ronr.itr  KinowAV,  of  Illinois,  has  given  nie  the 
hcnent  of  his  still  unpublished  studies  of  the  Jinjitorcn  and  some  otiier  groups, 
besides  rendering,  as  Mr.  Almcn  also  has,  various  essential  services. 

I'rof.  Baiiu)  kindly  olfered  me  the  use  of  all  the  illustrations  of  his  late 
Review,  while  Prof.  A(;assiz  generously  placed  at  my  disposal  the  plates 
accompanying  Mr.  Ali.kn's  Memoir  on  the  Birds  of  Florida.  Several  of  the 
woodcuts  have  been  taken  from  Prof.  Tknnkv's  Manual  of  Zoology,  with  the 
author's  permission ;  and  a  few  others  have  been  contributed  by  Messrs.  Lkk 
and  SiiKi'AUD.  AVith  a  few  exceptions,  the  rest  of  the  illustrations  have  been 
drawn  from  nature  by  the  author,  and  engraved  by  Sir.  C.  A.  Wai.kki!. 

I  have  spoken  elsewhere  of  Prof.  Mausii's  almost  indispensable  cooperation 
in  one  part  of  the  work. 

While  material  for  the  greater  part  of  the  descriptions  has  been  furnished  by 
the  author's  private  cabinet,  the  Synopsis  could  hardly  ha\  e  been  prepared  without 
that  free  access  to  the  collection  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution,  of  which  I 
have  been  permitted  to  avail  myself. 

The  oidy  word  of  explanation  that  seems  to  be  re(iuired  is  with  regard  to  the 
large  number  of  genera  I  have  admitted.  1  have  been  led  into  this — unnecessarily, 
perhaps,  and  certaiidy  against  my  judgment — partly  by  my  desire  to  distuib  a 
current  nomenclature  as  little  as  possible,  and  parti}'  because  it  is  still  uncertain 
what  value  should  be  attached  to  a  generic  name.  Among  wading  and  swimming 
bii-(ls  —  the  groups  of  which  are,  on  the  whole,  more  precisely  limited  than  those  of 
Tiiseia^ores — I  have,  however,  indicated  what  I  consider  to  be  a  reasonable  reduc- 
tion ;  and  on  another  occasion  I  should  probably  extend  a  like  practice,  if  not  one 
even  more  "  conservative,"  to  the  remaining  groups.  I  will  only  add,  that  I 
consider  tli.at  several  of  the  admitted  families  of  Oschu's  will  require  to  be  merged 
in  one.  These  are  the  Tarditha,  Saxkulkhv  and  Si/lcikhL',  if  not  also  the  Tm<jlo- 
(lytidf;  and  Motacillhhf ;  while  the  same  may  prove  true  of  the  current  Sylvicoline, 
Tanagrine  and  Fringilline  groups. 

E.  C. 
AVASiriX(;TON,  D.  C,  September  9tli,  1872. 


'i 


CONTENTS, 


r.MiK. 
INTRODirCTIOX 1 

Skc.  I.     Okmiiiipi.ix.y   1)i:iini;i>  —  liiiiDs  1)i:iim:i)  —  Jii:ii:i'   J)i;s(uii'ii(pn-  ok  iiikhi 
PKCI'I.IAU  COVICIIINII 1 

Six;.  II.     Av  ai.i.isid.n    id    mi;  t'i.A>?-ii  ii;a  iidn  hi-  Itiiins  —  Ta\(in(imy  —  Simi;- 
Tiui;  —  CiiAKACTiius  —  (iiioii's    oi'    J )iii'i;iii;m     (Iuaki'.s  —  Tyi'ks    am>    Aiir.it- 

UAIIONS  —  K(;ll\Al.r..\t'V — .\NAI,()(iV     AM)     .\lllMTV  —  KXA.MI'l.i: 7 

Si;o.  III.     ])r.i'i\nio\  and   immi'.k   Di.sc'impiio.v   or   tin-;   Kxir.i;i<iit  oi'  a  J!ii:i). — 

TaIMS    AM)   OlKrANS —  I.       TllT.   lioDY:    IIKAI),  .NKCIC    AM)   IIODY    IKOI'ICIL.  —  JI.      'J'll|.; 
MiO.MIlKUS  :     IIILI,,    WINdS,    TAIL,    VV.V.T ],'3 

Sec.  IV.    Diitr.CTioN.s  —  How   td  U.sk  tiik  Ki;y.  —  How  to   ]\[i:asii!1';  a   Si'kct- 
mi:n',  r.Tc r,,3 

ARTIKICI.M,    KKV    TO    TllIC     tiK.NlOlJA ni 

SY.STKM.VTIC     SYNOl'.SIS     OF     NUUTU     A.MEUU'AN      lillilJS (;a 

SVXOPSIS     OF    THE     FOSSIL     FOIi.MS lUT 

ADDITIOXS    AXn    COHliKCTIOKS ;3,-,i 

INDEX    A^D    GLOSSAKV 353 


h 


INTRODUCTION 


SECT.  I.    Ohnitiiology  DErixEi) — Biuds  Defined  —  Bkief  Description 

OF   TJIEIU  PeCULIAU   CoVEUIXO. 

§  1.  Science  (Liit.  scire,  to  know)  is  kiiowlodffc  set  in  order;  knowledge 
disposed  iifter  tlie  rational  method  that  best  shows,  or  tends  to  show,  the  nui- 
tnal  relations  of  observed  facts.  Snch  orderly  knowledge  of  any  particular 
class  of  facts  —  snch  methodical  disposition  of  observations  upon  any  par- 
ticular set  of  ol)jects  —  constitutes  a  Special  Science.  Thus,  Ohnitiiology 
(Gr.  oniithos,  of  a  bird,  lor/os,  a  discourse)  is  the  Science  of  Birds.  Or- 
nithology consists  in  the  rational  arrangement  and  exposition  of  all  that  is 
known  of  birds.  Ornithology  treats  of  the  physical  structure,  physiological 
processes,  and  mental  attributes  of  birds ;  of  their  habits  and  manners ;  of 
their  geographical  distribution  ;  of  their  relations  to  each  other  and  to  other 
animals.  The  tirst  business  of  Ornithology  is  to  deline  its  ground  ;  to 
answer  the  question 

§  2.  AViiAT  is  a  Bird?  A  Bird  is  an  air-breathing,  egg-laying,  warm- 
blooded, feathered  vertebrate,  with  two  limbs  (legs)  for  walking  or  swim- 
ming, two  limbs  (wings)  for  fl^'ing  or  swinnning,  iixed  lungs  in  a  cavity 
communicating  with  other  air-cavities,  and  one  outlet  of  genito-urinary  and 
digestive  organs ,  with  (^negative  cliaradern)  no  teats,  no  teeth,  no  fleshy  lips, 
no  external  fleshy  cars,  no  (perfect)  epiglottis  nor  diaphragm ;  no  bladder, 
no  scrotum,  no  corpus  callosum  ;  and  with  the  following  collateral  characters, 
mostlj' shared  by  more  or  fewer  other  animals:  —  Under  jaw  hinged  with 
the  rest  of  the  skull  by  means  of  an  interposed  movable  bone,  that  is  also 
movably  jointed  with  two  bones  of  the  upper  jaAV ;  head  jointed  Avith  neck 
by  only  one  hinge  ;  shoulder-joints  connected  with  each  other  by  a  curved 
bone,  the  clavicle  (Avith  rare  exceptions),  and  Avith  breast-bone  by  a  straight 
stout  bone,  the  coracoid  ;  ribs  all  l)ony,  most  of  them  jointed  in  the  middle 
as  Avell  as  Avith  back-bone  and  breast-bone,  and  having  bony  ofl'sets ;  less 
than  three  separate  Avrist  and  hand-bones  ;  two  Angers,  of  one  or  two  bones ; 
bead  of  thigh-bone  hinged  in  a  ring,  not  in  a  cup ;  one  of  the  two  leg-bones 
not  forming  the  ankle-joint ;  no  separate  ankle-bones ;  less  than  three  sep- 
arate foot-bones ;  tAvo  to  four  toes,  of  two  to  five  bones,  always  ending  in 
claws  ;  both  jaAvs  horny-sheathed  and  nostrils  in  the  upper  one  ;  feet  and 
toes  (when  not  feathered)  horny-sheathed  ;  three  eyelids  ;  eyeball  Avith  hard 

KEY  TO  N.   A.   BIUDS.      1.  (1) 


r 


STJ<UCTU1!K    OF    I'EATllKKH. 


plates  ill  it,  eight  imiscles  on  it,  aiid  !i  peculiar  viisciilMi'  organ  inside ;  two 
laryngos,  or  "  Adam's-applos  "  ;  two  bronchi ;  two  Ituigs,  perf'oratoil  to  send 
air  into  various  airsacs  and  even  the  inside  of  bones  ;  l'oiu--olianil)ercd  lioart,' 
with  perfect  double  blood-circulation;  tongue  with  several  bones;  two  or 
three  stomachs  ;  one  liver,  forked  to  receive  the  heart  in  its  cleft ;  gall- 
bladder or  none  ;  more  or  less  dilluse  pancreas,  or  "sweetbread";  a  spleen; 
intestines  of  much  the  same  size  throughout;  cccca,  or  none;  tAvo  lobulated, 
fixed  kidneys;  two  testicles  lixed  in  the  small  of  the  back,  and  subject  to 
periodical  enlargement  and  decrease;  one  fimctional  ovary  and  oviduct; 
outlets  of  these  last  three  organs  in  an  enlargement  at  end  of  intestine,  and 
their  products,  with  refuse  of  digestion,  all  discharged  through  a  conuiion 
orifice.  But  of  all  these,  and  other  characters,  that  come  under  the  head 
of  description  rather  than  of  definition,  one  is  peculiarly  characteristic  of 
birds ;  for  every  bird  has  featiieus,  and  no  other  animal  has  feathers. 
Naturall}',  then,  we  look  with  special  interest  upon 


Featiieus  : 

§  3.  a.  Their  Stiujctuue.  A  perfect  feather  consists  of  a  main  stem, 
or  scape  {scrqiiin;  pi.  i,  tig.  7,  ad),  and  a  supplementary  stein  or  after- 
shaft  (hi/jwrliachis ;  pi.  i,  fig.  7,  /;),  each  bearing  two  webs  or  vanes  {vex- 
illum,  pi.  vexilla;  pi.  i,  fig.  7,c),  one  on  either  side.  The  scape  is  divided 
into  two  parts;  one,  the  tube  or  barrel,  or  "quill"  proper  (calamus;  pi.  i, 
fig.  7,  d)  is  hard,  horny,  hollow,  cylindrical  and  semitranspareiit ;  one  end 
tapers  to  lie  inserted  into  the  skin  ;  the  other  ends,  at  a  point  marked  by 
a  little  pit  (i(mbiliciis),  in  the  shaft  (rhachis),  or  second  part  of  the  stem; 
the  rhachis  is  squarish,  and  tapers  to  a  point;  is  less  horny,  is  opaque,  and 
tilled  with  white  pith  ;  it  alone  bears  the  vexilla.  The  after-shaft  has  the 
same  structure,  and  likewise  liears  vexilla;  it  springs  from  the  stem,  at  junc- 
tion of  calamus  and  rhachis,  close  by  the  umbilicus.  It  is  generall}'  very 
small  compared  Avith  the  rest  of  the  feather ;  but  in  a  few  birds  is  quite  as 
large  ;  it  is  Avantiiig  in  many  :  and  is  never  developed  on  the  principal  Aving 
and  tail  feathers.  The  vane  consists  of  a  scries  of  appressed.  Hat,  uarroAvly 
lauce-shaped  or  linear  lamina},  set  obliquely  on  the  rhachis,  and  divarica- 
ting outAvard  from  it  at  a  varying  angle ;  each  lamina  is  called  a  l)arb 
{bai'ha;  pi.  i,  fig.  G,  a,  a).  Now  just  as  the  rhachis  bears  barbs,  so  does 
each  barb  bear  its  vanes  {harbidcs;  pi.  i,  fig.  G,  b,  b,  c)  ;  it  is  these  last 
that  make  a  vane  truly  a  ireb,  that  is,  they  connect  the  barbs  together,  so 
that  some  force  is  required  to  pull  them  apart.  They  are  to  the  barbs  ex- 
actly Avhat  the  barbs  are  to  the  shaft,  and  are  similarly  given  off  on  both 
sides  of  the  barbs,  from  the  upper  edge  of  the  latter.  They  are  variously 
shajjcd,  but  generally  flat  sideways,  Avith  upper  and  loAver  border  at  base, 
ra[)idly  tapering  to  a  slender  thread-like  end;  and  are  long  enough  to  reach 
over  several  barbules  of  the  next  bar)),  crossing  the  latter  obliquely.  All 
the  foregoing  structures  arc  seen  Avitli  the  eye  or  a  simple  pocket  lens,  but 
the  next  two  require  a  microscope;  they  are  barbicels  (ov  cilia;  pi.  i,  fig. 


<- 


TYPES   OF   FEATIIEIiS. 


3 


<> 


i 


Fi(i,2,  Spctliins  (if  a  ccntnil 
rlt'iil  li';iiln-r  "!■  till'  I,yic- 
lilnl.  .\:iliir.-il  sizi';  «, 
rruiii  Ici'miunl  Cllrvi-:  /', 
iinilillc  piirlinii. 


8),  aiul  booklets  (hamrtU;  pi.  i,  lig.  8).  These  are  simpl}'  a  sort  of  fringe 
to  the  I)arl)iiles,  jiist  as  if  tlio  lower  edge  of  the  harhiile  were  frai/ed  out, 
ami  only  differ  from  caeh  other  in  one  being  plain, 
hair-like  processes,  and  the  other  being  honked  at  the 
end.  Barl)icels  do  oecnr  on  I)()tli  anterior  and  pos- 
terior rows  of  barbnies ;  bnt  rarely  on  the  latter; 
booklets  are  contined  to  barbnies  of  the  anterior 
series,  Avbieli,  as  we  have  seen,  orerlic  the  posterior 
rows  of  barl)nles,  diagonally  forming  a  meshwork. 
Tile  I)eantifid  design  of  this  structnre  is  evident;  by 
it,  the  b;irbnles  arc  interlocked,  and  the  vane  of  the 
feather  made  a  web;  for  each  booklet  of  one  liarbnlc 
i  eatehes  hold  of  a  barbnle  from  the  next  barb  in  front, 
—  any  barbnle  thns  holding  on  to  as  many  of  the  bar- 
bides  of  the  next  barb  as  it 
has  booklets.  To  facilitate 
this  interlocking,  the  bar- 
bnies have  a  thickened  npper  edge  of  such  size 
that  the  booklets  can  just  grasp  it.  This  is  clear- 
ly illustrated  in  pi.  i.  tig.  2,  where  ci,  a,  a,  a  are 
four  barl)s  in  transverse  section,  viewed  from  the 
cnt  surfaces;  Avith  their  anterior  {b,  h,  h,  b),  and 
posterior  {e,  c,  c,  c)  barbnies,  the  fcn-mcr  bearing 
the  booklets  which  catch  over  the  edge  of  the 
latter. 

b.  But  all  feathers  do  not  answer  the  almve 

description.  First,  the  after-shaft  may  be  wanting,  as 
we  have  seen  ;  then,  as  frerjuently  happens,  booklets 
may  not  l)e  developed,  and  l)arl)icels  may  be  few  or 
wanting;  barl)ules  niay  be  i'ow  or  wanting,  or  so  trans- 
ibrmed  as  to  bo  only  recognized  by  position,  and  even 
l)arl)s  themselves  may  be  wanting  on  one  side  of  the 
shaft,  as  in  some  taU  feathers  of  the  famous  Lyre-bird, 
or  on  both  sides,  as  in  certain  bristly  feathers  about  the 
mouth  and  eyelids  of  various  birds.  (Certain  unusual 
styles  of  feathers  are  shown  in  tigs.  1,  2,  3.)  Con- 
I  sideration  of  these  and  other  modifications  has  led  to 
the  recognition  of  tliree 

§  4.  Tvi'KS  OF  Structure.  1.  The  feathery  (pen- 
uacpd),  charaetcrizcd  as  above.  2.  The  downy  (plum- 
ulacea) ,  when  the  stem  is  short  and  weak,  Avith  soft 
rhachis  and  barbs,  with  long,  extremely  slender,  mostly 
thread-like  barbnies,  Avitli  little  knotty  dilatations  in 
place  of  barbicels,  and  no  booklets.  3.  The  hairy  (jUophnmicea)  with  a 
thin,  stiff  calamus,  usually  no  ])ith  in  the  rhachis,  fine  cylindrical  stiff  barbs 


['Ki.l.  Sccliiin  iViini  loost'lybarlied 
IVatluT  or   I,yrr-biril.    "\;itiir;il 


,  l-'J  ■iizc, 
nf  Mu*  cvlenial 
I'  Lyii'-lilnl:  b. 


k 


KIXDS    OF   FEATIIKRS. 


!iml  harbiilcs,  the  lutter  wanting  1)av1)iccls,  knots  and  hooklots.  The  first 
two  typos  may  I)o  found  in  (lillercnt  parts  of  the  same  feather,  as  in  pi.  i, 
tig.  7,  whi(.-h  is  partly  ponnaccoiis,  partly  pliunnlaccous.  All  feathers  arc 
built  upon  one  of  those  three  plans ;  and,  though  seemingly  endless  in  di- 
versity, may  be  reduced  toyb^o' 

§  5.  DiFFKitKXT  Kinds  of  Feathers.  1.  Contour-feathers  (pennm) 
have  a  perfect  stem  composed  of  barrel  or  shaft,  and  vanes  of  pennaccous 
structure  at  least  in  part,  usually  with  downy  structure  toward  the  base. 
They  form  the  great  bulk  of  the  plumage,  that  is  upon  the  surface  of  a  bird, 
exposed  to  light :  their  tints  give  the  bird's  colors;  they  are  the  most  vari- 
ously modiliod  of  all,  from  the  tishlike  scales  of  the  penguin,  to  the  glit- 
tering plates  of  the  humming-bird,  and  all  the  endless  array  of  tufts,  crests, 
rulfs  and  other  orni.nionts  of  the  feathered  tril)e  ;  even  the  imperfect  bristle- 
lilvo  feathers  above-mentioned  belong  here.  Another  feature  is,  that  they 
are  usuallj',individually  moved  hy  cutaneous  muscles,  of  Avhich  there  may  be 
several  to  each  feather,  passing  to  be  inserted  into  the  sheath  of  the  tube, 
inside  the  skin,  in  which  the  stem  is  inserted;  it  is  estimated  that  some 
birds  have  twelve  thousand  of  these  little  feather  muscles.  Every  one 
has  seen  their  operation  when  a  hen  shakes  herself  after  a  sand-bath ;  and 
ail}-  one  may  see  them  plainly  under  the  skin  of  a  goose.  2.  Down-feath- 
ers (ijhiinuliii),  characterized  by  the  plumulaccous  structure  throughout. 
These  form  a  more  or  less  complete  investment  of  the  body ;  they  arc  almost 
always  hidden  from  view  beneath  the  contour-feathers,  like  padding  about 
the  bases  of  the  latter;  occasionally  they  come  to  light,  as  in  the  rutf  about 
a  condor's  neck,  and  then  usually  occur  where  there  arc  no  other  feathers ; 
they  have  an  after-shaft  or  none,  and  sometimes  no  rhachis  at  all,  when  tiio 
barbs  are  sessile  in  a  tuft  on  the  end  of  the  barrel.  They  often,  but  not 
always,  stand  in  a  regular  quincunx  between  four  contour-feathers.  3.  The 
scmiplumcs  [s/'inijihinut'),  which  may  ))e  said  to  unite  the  characters  of  the 
last  two,  possessing  the  pennaccous  stem  of  one  and  the  plumulaccous  vanes 
of  the  other.  They  stand  among  penuixi,  like  the  plumuhe,  about  the  edges 
of  patches  of  the  former,  or  in  parcels  by  themselves,  but  arc  always  cov- 
ered over  by  contour-feathers.  They  are  Avith  or  without  an  after-shaft.  4. 
Filoplumes  (Jiloj)himie),  or  thread-feathers;  these  have  an  extremely  slen- 
der, almost  invisible,  stem,  not  well  distinguished  into  barrel  and  shaft,  and 
10  vanes  (with  rare  exceptions),  unless  a  few  barbs  near  the  end  of  the 
rhachis  may  be  held  for  such.  Long  as  they  are,  they  are  usually  hidden 
by  the  contour-leathers,  close  to  which  they  stand  as  accessories,  one  or 
more  seeming  to  issue  out  of  the  very  sac  in  which  the  larger  feathers  are 
implanted.     They  are  the  nearest  approach  to  hairs  that  ))irds  have. 

§  6.  Peclliau  Featheus,  Certain  down-feathers  are  remarkable  for 
continuing  to  grow  indefinitely,  and  with  this  growth  there  is  constant  break- 
ing off  of  the  ends  of  the  barbs.  These  feathers,  from  being  always  dusted 
over  with  the  dr}-,  scurfy  exudation  or  exfoliation  from  the  follicle  in  which 
they  grow,  are  called  pou'der  down-feathers.     They  occur  in  the  hawk,  pai'- 


i» 


TLUMAGE  :    TliACTS   ANI>   SPACES. 


rot,  and  giilllnaccous  tribes,  but  especially  in  the  heron  family,  Avhere  they 
are  always  present,  and  readily  seen  sis  two  large  patclies  of  greasy  or  dusty, 
whitish,  matted  feathers  over  liie  hips  and  in  front  of  the  ])rcast.  Their  use 
is  not  known. 

§  7.  Featiieu  Oil-gland.  With  comparatively  few  and  irregular  ex- 
ceptions, birds  have  a  singular  apparatus  for  secreting  oil  with  which  to  lu- 
bricate and  polish  their  feathers.  It  is  a  two-lobed,  or  rather  heart-shaped, 
gland,  saddled  upon  the  root  of  the  tail;  consisting  essentially  of  luunerous 
slender  secreting  tubes  or  follicles,  the  ducts  of  which  successively  unite 
in  larger  tul)es,  and  linally  perforate  the  skin  at  one  or  more  little  nipple- 
like  eminences.  Birds  press  out  a  drop  of  oil  with  their  beak,  and  then 
dress  the  feathers  with  it.  The  gland  is  largest  in  water-birds,  which  htivc 
most  need  of  an  impervious  coating  of  feathers,  and  always  present  among 
them ;  very  large  in  the  lish-hawk;  smaller  in  other  land-l)irds,  and  want- 
in*'-  (it  is  said),  among  the  ostriches,  bustards,  parrots  and  some  others.  (In 
pi.  I,  fig.  4,  the  line  li  points  to  the  oil-gland.) 

§  8.  Develoi'.mkxt  of  Feathkus.  In  a  manner  analogous  to  that  of 
hair,  a  feather  grows  in  a  little  pit  or  pouch  formed  by  inversion  of  the  der- 
mal layer,  and  is  formed  in  a  closed  oval  follicle  consisting  of  an  inner  and 
outer  coat  separated  by  a  layer  of  tine  granular  sul)staiice.  The  outer  layer, 
or  "outer  follicle"  is  composed  of  several  thin  strata  of  nucleated  epithelial 
cells  ;  the  inner  is  thicker,  spongy  and  tilled  with  gelatinous  tluid  ;  a  little 
artery  and  vein  furnish  the  blood-circulation.  The  inner  is  the  true  matrix  of 
tho  feather,  evolving  from  the  l)lood-supply  the  gelatinous  matter,  and  resolv- 
ing this  into  cell  nuclei ;  the  granular  layer  is  the  formative  material.  The 
outer  grows  a  little  l)cyond  the  cutaneous  sac  that  holds  it,  and  opens  at 
the  end  ;  from  this  oriticc  the  future  feather  protrudes  as  a  little,  tine-rayed 
pencil  point.  During  subseciucnt  growth  the  follicular  layers  undergo  little 
further  change ;  it  is  the  granular  that  becomes  the  feather. 

§  ;».  All  a  l)ird's  feathers,  of  whatever  kind  and  structure,  taken  together, 
constitute  its  plilosis  or 

Plujiaok. 

(rt.)  Feathered  Thacts  and  Uxfeathered  Spaces.  With  the  exception 
of  certain  birds  that  have  obviously  naked  spaces,  as  about  the  head,  etc.,  all 
would  bo  taken  to  be  fully  feathered.  So  they  are  fully  covered  vWi  feath- 
ers ;  but  it  does  not  follow  from  this,  that  feathers  are  implanted  everywhere 
upon  the  skin.  On  the  contrary,  this  is  the  rarest  of  all  kinds  of  feather- 
ing, though  it  occurs,  almost  or  quite  perfectly,  among  the  penguins  and 
toucans.  Let  us  compare  a  bird's  skin  to -a  well-kept  park,  part  woodland, 
part  lawn ;  then  Avherc  the  feathers  grow  is  the  woodland  ;  where  they  do 
not  grow,  the  lawn  ;  the  former  places  art;  called  tracts  {pten/hi')  ;  the  latter 
spaces  (ajjterki)  ;  the}'  nuitually  distinguish  each  other  into  certain  detinite 
areas.  Not  only  are  the  tracts  and  spaces  tluis  detinite,  but  their  size,  form 
and  arrangement  mark  whole  families  or  orders  of  birds,  and  so  arc  impor- 


fM 


6 


ClIANGKS   OF   rH.MA(ii:. 


tant  for  purposos  of  classiticatioii.  They  liiivo  l)peii  specially  studiptl,  named 
and  clussilicd  \>y  llic  cclcljraUHl  Nit/.scli,  who  has  laid  down  tlic  f'olIoAving  as 
liic  ircnoral  ])lan  ohfaininii'  in  liio  vast  majorily  of  hirds  :  — 

(/;.)  1.  Tlic  spinal  or  dorsal  tract  {j)feri/ht  ftpiruiJt'x,  pi.  i,  lig,  4,  i), 
running  along  tiu-  middle  of  the  bird  above  from  nape  of  the  neck  to  tho 
tail;  sul)jcet  to  great  variation  in  width,  to  dilation  and  contraction,  to 
forlving,  to  sending  ont  branches,  to  interruption,  etc.  2.  Tiie  Inuneral  tracts 
{jit.  /iKmcmlcs,  pi.  I,  fig.  I,  j),  always  present,  one  on  cadi  wing;  narrow 
bands  running  from  the  shoulder  obliquely  backward  upon  the  upper  arin- 
bone,  parallel  with  the  shoulder-l)ladc.  .'?.  The  femoral  tracts  (pf.  femo- 
vdJcx,  \)\,  I,  lig.  l,:i),  a  similar  oblique  band  upon  the  outside  of  each 
thigh,  but,  unlike  the  last,  subject  to  great  variation.  4.  The  ventral  tract 
{pi.  ijdsfivrl,  pi.  I,  lig.  .'),s),  which  forms  most  of  the  i)lumagc  on  the 
under  i)art  of  a  bird;  commencing  at  or  near  tho  throat,  and  continued  to 
the  anus  ;  it  is  very  variable  like  the  dorsal  tract,  is  usually  bifurcate,  or 
divided  into  right  and  left  halves  with  a  central  apterium,  is  broad  or  nar- 
row, branched,  etc.  ;  thus,  Nitzsch  enumerates  nevenleen  distinct  modilica- 
tious!  The  foregoing  arc  mostly'  isolated  ti'acts,  that  is,  bands  nearly 
surrounded  b}-  apteria  that  are  complementary  to  them ;  the  following  are 
contimiousl}',  uniformly  feathered,  and  therefore,  in  general,  equivalent  to 
the  part  of  the  body  tlicy  represent.  Thus,  5,  the  head  tract  {pt.  capil/'s,  pi. 
T,  figs,  o,  I ;  4,  i),  clothes  the  head  and  generally  runs  into  the  beginning  of 
both  dorsal  and  ventral  tracts.  G.  The  wing  tract  (j^l.  dldfis,  pi.  i,  tigs.  .'5,  r, ; 
4,  .-)).  represents  all  the  feathers  that  grow  upon  the  wing,  except  those  of  the 
humeral  tract.  7.  The  tail  tract  (jH.  candaUs,  pi.  i,  tigs.  i\,  d ;  4,  «),  includes 
the  tail  feathers  and  their  coverts,  those  surrounding  the  oil-gland,  and  usu- 
ally receives  the  termination  of  the  dorsal,  ventral,  and  femoral  tracts.  (''. 
The  leg  tract  [p/.  ri'iiroJis,  p|.  i,  ligs.  ',],  r ;  4,  :) ,  clothes  the  legs  as  far  as  these 
are  feathered,  which  is  sometimes  to  the  toes,  generally  only  to  the  heel.  I 
need  not  give  the  spaces,  as  these  arc  merely  the  complements  of  the  tracts  ; 
and  the  highly  important  special  feathering  of  the  wings  and  tail  will  bo 
examined  in  descrii)ing  those  members  for  purposes  of  classitieation. 

§  10.  I'laxiKEss  AND  CiiAXOK.  Xcwly  hatched  birds  are  covered  with  a 
kind  of  doMu,  entirely  diiferent  from  the  feathers  they  ultimately  acquire. 
It  is  scanty,  leaving  much  of  the  body  naked,  in  AUricos,  or  those  birds  that 
ar(>  reared  by  the  parent  in  the  nest :  but  thick  and  pully  in  a  few  of  these,  and 
in  all  I'nrcorcs,  that  run  about  at  birth.  But  true  feathers  are  soon  gained, 
in  some  days  or  M'ceks,  those  of  wings  and  tail  being  the  tirst  to  sprout.  Tho 
first  plumage  is  usually  only  worn  for  a  short  time  —  then  another  is  gained, 
and  frequently  several  more  changes  ensue  before  the  bird  attains  its  mature 
covering.  Feathers  arc  of  such  rapid  growth,  that  we  can  easily  understand 
how  exhaustive  of  vital  energies  the  growth  must  be,  and  how  critical  a  pe- 
riod the  change  is.  The  renewal  of  plumage  is  a  process  familiar  to  all  under 
the  term  "  moult  "  {eri/;/sis).  It  commonly  occurs  at  least  once  a  year,  and 
generally  twice,  in  sjiriiig  and  fall;  when  old,  fad(>d  and  worn  out  feathers 


^ 


*» 


CXASSIFIC'ATIOX. 


^ 


I 


are  shed,  and  fresh  ones  take  their  place,  either  over  a  part  or  the  whole  of 
the  body.  Tiio  change  freciucnliy  or  generidly  resnlts  in  eonsiderahle  dilfer- 
enees  of  cohtr,  eonstitutinji'  the  ''  .seasonal  plnniages "  of  so  many  hirds, 
Avhich,  in  the  same  bird,  may  change  from  black  to  white  even,  from  plain 
to  A'ariegated,  from  dnll  to  brilliant,  15nt  birds  also  change  colors,  by  actnal 
alteration  in  the  tints  of  the  feathers  themselves,  and  I)y  gaining  new  ones 
without  h)sing  any  old  ones.  The  generalization  may  be  made,  that  when 
the  sexes  are  strikingly  diilercnt  in  color,  the  young  at  lirst  resemble  the 
female;  l)ut  when  the  old  birds  are  alike,  the  young  are  dilferent  from 
either.  When  the  seasonal  changes  are  great,  the  young  resemlile  the  fall 
plumage  of  the  old.  ^\'hen  the  old  l)irds  of  two  dilferent  siieeies  of  the 
same  genus  arc  strikingly  alike,  the  young  of  l)(>lh  are  usually  intermediate 
between  them,  and  dilferent  from  either. 

Besides  being  the  most  highly  developed,  most  com])lex,  wonihM'fully  per- 
fect and  beautiful  kind  of  tegumentary  outgrowth;  besides  fuUilling  the 
obvious  design  of  covering  and  protecting  the  body,  the  plumage  has  its 

§  11.  Tkculiau  Offici;  :  that  of  accomplishing  the  act  of  Hying.  For 
all  vertebrates,  except  birds,  that  progress  through  the  air  —  the  llying-tish 
with  its  eidarged  pectoral  tins;  the  Hying  reptile  (JJraco  vol(ins)  with  its 
skinny  parachute  ;  the  Hying  mammal  (bat)  with  its  great  webbed  lingers  — 
accomplish  aerial  locomotion  by  means  of  teginnentary  e.qxnusions.  Birds, 
alone,  lly  with  tegumentary  oitt'jwiclhs,  or  appendages. 

SECT.  II.  An  allusion  to  tiik  Classification  of  Buios  —  Taxon- 
omy—  Stulctuuk  —  Ciiauacteus  —  Groups  of  Diffkukxt  Guadks  — 
Typks  and  Ahkukations — Eqlivalkncv — Analouv  and  Affinity 
—  Example. 

Seeix(;  what  a  bird  is,  and  how  distinguished  from  other  animals,  our 
next  business  is  to  lind  out  how  birds  are  distinguished  from  each  other ; 
Avhen  we  shall  have  the  material  for 

§  12,  Classification,  a  prime  object  of  ornithology,  without  which, 
birds,  however  pleasing  tluy  arc  to  the  senses,  do  not  satisfy  the  mind, 
M'hich  always  strives  to  make  orderly  disposition  of  things,  and  so  discover 
their  mutual  relations  and  dependencies.  Classilication  presupposes  that 
there  are  such  relations,  as  results  of  the  operation  of  iixed  inevitable  law ; 
it  is,  therefore, 

§  13.  Taxonomy  (Gr.  tctxi.'^,  arrangement,  and  nomas,  law),  or  the  ra- 
tional, Jauful  disposition  of  observed  facts.  Just  as  taxidermy  is  the  art 
of  tixing  a  bird's  skin  in  a  natural  maimer,  so  taxonomy  is  the  science  of 
arraniiiuir  birds  themselves  in  a  natural  manner,  according  to  the  rules  that, 
to  the  best  of  our  knowledge  and  belief,  are  deducible  from  examination  of 
their 

§  ll.  Stiiuctup.k  :  T'hc  physical  constitution  of  a  bird  ;  all  the  material 
coiistitnents  of  a  bird,  and  the  Avay  its  parts  or  organs  arc  put  together. 


CLASSiriCATlOX. 


* 


liilcrnal  stnicturo,  or  anatnmical  structure  {ana,  and  tcmnein,  to  cut),  so 
ciillcd  hi'ciiuso  wo  Iiavc!  to  out  iulo  ii  bird  to  soo  it,  comprehends  all  the  parts 
of  a  I)iril  lliat  are  ordinarily  hidden  Ironi  view;  external  structure,  those 
tiiat  lie  exposed  to  view  ui)on  the  surface.  jNIuch  time  has  been  wasted  in 
ar<iuing  tiie  superiority  ol"  one  or  the  other  of  these  lor  purposes  of  elassifi- 
cation  ;  as  if  a  natural  classification  must  not  be  based  upon  all  points  of 
structure  !  as  if  internal  and  external  points  of  structure  Avcre  not  reciprocal 
anil  the  nnitual  exponents  of  each  other !  External  jioints  of  structure 
stand  to  interuid  somewhat  in  the  relation  of  interest  and  capital ;  it  is  legit- 
imate and  wise  enough  to  use  interest  only  unless  we  need  to  draw  upon 
capital.  In  our  greater  taxonomic  enterprises  —  in  the  founding  of  our 
higiicr  groups — we  rc(juire  all  the  capital  we  can  get;  in  our  lesser  under- 
takings the  interest  alone  is  sullicient.  Moreover,  birds  are  so  much  alike 
in  their  anatomical  structure,  that  this  answers  taxonomic  purpose  only  for 
higher  groups ;  and  prsictically,  at  any  rate,  m'c  make  our  lesser  divisions  so 
readily  from  external  structure,  that  this  may  be  said  to  furnish  most  of  our 

§  1.").  Zoological  CnAi:ACTKi:s.  A  "character"  is  any  point  of  struct- 
ure whatsoever  that  is  susceptil)le  of  being  perceived  and  described  for  the 
purpose  of  distinguishing  birds  from  each  other.  Characters  arc  of  all 
(/radcs,  or  values,  from  the  trivial  ones  that  separate  two  species,  to  the 
fundamental  ones  that  mark  olf  primary  divisions.  The  more  characters,  of 
whatever  grade,  that  birds  have  in  common,  the  more  closely  they  are  allied 
to  each  other,  and  conversely.  The  possession  of  more  or  fewer  characters 
in  connnon,  results  in 

§  1().  Degueks  of  Likeness.  Were  all  birds  alike,  or  did  all  birds 
dillcr  by  the  same  characters  to  the  same  degree,  no  classiHcation  would 
be  possil)le.  But  Ave  find  that  they  vary  Avithin  Avide  limits  —  from  the 
almost  imperceptible  dill'erence  between  two  hatched  in  the  same  nest,  to 
the  extreme  unlikcness  between  a  thrush  and  a  penguin.  This  is  the  arena 
of  classification  ;  this  gives  us  both  the  room  and  the  material  to  divide 
birds  into  groups,  and  subdivide  these  into  other  groups,  of  greater  or 
lesser  "value,"  or  ;/ra(Ze,  according  to  the  more  or  fewer  characters  shared 
in  connnon.  We  saw  that  (in  addition  to  other  characters),  all  birds  have 
feathers,  Avhich  no  other  animals  possess  ;  birds  can  be  sejiarated  from  other 
animals,  but  not  from  each  other,  by  this  feature ;  it  is  therefore  a  class 
character.     Even  the 

§  17.  Pkufauy  Division  of  birds  must  bo  made  from  a  character  of  less 
value  than  this.  A  broad  generalization  upon  the  sum  total  of  all  the  ex- 
hibitions that  (recent — geologically)  birds  make  in  their  modes  of  life, 
shows  that  these  arc  of  three  sorts.  Either  birds  habitually  live  above  the 
earth,  in  the  air  or  on  trees  ;  or  they  habitually  Ha'g  on  the  ground  ;  or  they 
habitually  live  on  the  Avater;  and  in  each  case,  their  structure  Avas  designed 
and  fitted  for  such  particular  end.  We  haA'c,  therefore,  at  the  outset  three 
(i/pes  of  KfriidKre  correspondent  Avith,  and  equivalent  to,  (hree  plans  of  life; 
and,  if  our  observations  are  correct,  and  our  reasoning  not  fallacious,  these 


*f 


,V 


tl 


mm 


^ 


OI{l)i;i!S,     lAMir.IKS, 


0 


XV 


^1 


<^ 


types  or  plans,  soominy-ly  !iM  Mlistnict  iiidiiclioii  of  ours,  aro  as  real  as  tlio 
birds  (lioiiisi'lvi's.  Jt  is  iiadiral  tlicii  to  (lividc  hiids  into  tlirco  (jriinary 
groups:  Aorial  I5irds  {^[rrs  Anne),  Terrestrial  liirds  (J/t.s'  2\'rirs/ri'.i) 
ami  A(]iiatlc  IJirds  (^Ift-.s  ^hiiin/icic).  An  illiistratioii  will  make  tills  clear. 
]\ren  build  mai'liiucs  to  trausjiort  themselves  and  their  goods;  the  only 
known  media  ot"  transi)ortalion  arc  the  air,  the  earth  and  the  \vat(>r;  and 
Me  do  not  imiigine  any  sort  of  vehicles  more  nidiko  than  a  balloon,  a 
buggy,  and  a  brig;  these,  Iherelbre,  exein|)lit'y  th(^  most  I'undamental  division 
of  machines  for  traMs[)ortalion. 

§  IS,  ()i!i)Ei;s,  Taking  any  one  of  these  types  of  strneliire,  we  lind  that 
it  may  bo  unfolded,  or  carried  out,  in  dilliMvut  ways.  Studying  all  known 
aiiuatic  birds,  for  example,  we  sec  that  their  plan  of  life  is  fullilled  in  four 
ditl'erent  ways;  it  is  exhibited  under  four  aspects,  or  mode.i  of  exocntion, 
each  distinguished  by  some  particular  eoiul)ination  of  a(iuatic  characters 
with  certain  other  characters  that  we  ili<l  ""t  fake  into  account  in  framing 
our  ^Ire/i  Aquatlcre.  Thus  a  goose,  a  gaiinet,  a  gull  and  a  guillemot,  all 
agree  in  a(iuatic  chai'acters,  but  diU'er  from  each  other  l)y  each  having  certain 
chiu'acters  that  the  (jlher  three  lack.  Characters  marking  such  modes  of  ex- 
hil)ition  are  called  onlhnil ;  and  the  grou|)s  so  organized.  Orders.  \\\  our 
illustration,  there  arc  likewise  four  plans  of  a(juatic  machines;  diving  bells, 
sailing  A-essels,  steam>lii[)S  and  r()wi)oats,  tdearly  distinguished  by  the  way 
in  which  motion  (the  i)rime  function  of  all  vehicles)  is  elfected  ;  in  this  case 
it  is  by  weight,  liy  wind,  by  steam,  by  nuisele  ;  therefore  the  machinery  by 
which  these  forces  are  applied,  I'urnishes  ordinal  characters  of  acpiatic 
vehicles. 

§  I'J.  FA:\iir,ii:s.  Dut  all  the  birds  of  an  order  arc  not  alike;  some  re- 
semble each  other  more  than  they  do  the  rest ;  so  another  set  of  groups 
nmst  bo  made.  These  groups  are  called  Faiuilies;  they  consist  in  a  certain 
combination  of  all  ordinal  ch:iracters  with  special  sets  of  characters  of  the 
next  lower  grade  or  value.  Let  x  represent  the  sum  total  of  strictly  ordi- 
nal characters,  and  sui)posc  we  find  these  variously  combined  with  a  certain 
number  of  the  next  lower  grade  of  characters,  as  a,  b, — -f  for  instance  ;  then 
the  particular  combination  .»;  {uhc)  is  one  faujily;  .'j  {lief)  another;  x  (cde) 
another,  etc.,  and  w'o  shall  have  as  many  families  under  an  order  as  there 
actually  are  such  combinations.  Sometimes  an  order  may  be  represented 
by-x  (rt.  .  ./)  ;  then  there  is  l)ut  one  familv,  as.  for  example,  in  the  acpiatic 
ovdiiv  Lamdli'rostres  where  the  Anatidtc  alone  furnish  every  one  of  the  ordi- 
nal features,  and  are  equivalent  to  the  order;  that  is  to  say  («  .  .  ./)  =  ;c, 
because  no  character  from  a  to  f  is  wanting  in  any  member  of  the  order. 
In  our  order  mi/iiif/  vcsucls,  of  acpialie  machines,  iixisfs  and  sads  are  ordi- 
nal characters,  because  they  arc  esscMifial  apparatus  to  catch  the  wind. 
But  these  may  be  of  a  varying  nmnher,  etc.,  ujjon  which  we  might  found 
families  of  sailing-vessels,  as  the  shii)  famil}-,  represented  by  x  (three  masts 
+  scpiarc  sails)  ;  the  schooner  family  x  (two  masts  -f  fore-and-aft  sails)  ;  the 
sloop  family  x  (one  mast  +  fore-and-aft  sails),  etc.     Diving  bells,  I  sup- 

KEY   TO   N.    A.    nUtUS.      2 


to 


<ii:m:i!a,  >i'r.(  ii>.  \  aimkuks. 


cmIIciI  im  order  ol"  ii((ii!iti( 


j)()S(',  nvo  so  niiifli   !ilik(>.  tli.it    tlicy  iiii:jlit 
iiiai'liini's  of  lint  one  liiiiiily. 

§  :.'o.  (ii-.M:i!A.  Af'li'i'  fMiiiily  iiiMiiircslntioiis  of  ordiiinl  cliMriictcrs,  wo 
conic  to  tlic  iiioililiciilions  of  fiimilics  tlicnix'lvcs.  cn(iniiiiiL;-  liow  ninny  kiitiln 
of  dJtJ'cri'nn-  {[iPiiiis,  ii  kind,  |il.  i/mcni)  tlicrc  arc  in  llic  Iiinls  c(ini|)o.-iii<j;  n 
iMniily.  Tlic  mode  of  dctcrininiiiL'  irciicrii  in  ii  family  is  i)rccis(dy  like  that  of 
dcteniiiiiiiiu' I'aiuilics  in  an  order;  il  is  .i' aizain  (lliistinie  ri'iiresentinii' fam- 
ily cliaraetci's)  into  a  varyiiij,'  niinilier  or  coiiil>iiiati()ii  of  cliaraelers  of  tiic 
next  lower  jxraile,  a — •/".  A  lienns  is  tiie  la>t  delinile  uroniiiiijr  of  liii'ds  tliat 
is  iisiiaily  recoiini/.ed  :  it  may  he  drliiie(l  as  the  ultimate  essential  modiliea- 
tioii  of  stnietni'e  ( "/^'//"'/'',  l>eean-e  there  is  none  lower;  fv.vc^^''^/.  Iieeaiisi; 
trivial  features  do  not  eoiistitute  a  iiciins;  '_//' .sYc^c/^^/y',  heeanse  mere  size, 
color,  etc.,  are  only  spc'ilie  eharaeters).  In  tiie  shij)  family,  the  Ihree- 
inasfed  vessel,  fiiU-riiru'i'd,  with  s((iiaro  sails,  is  a  uciiiis  (ship-proper)  ;  one 
witii  s(|nare  sails  on  two  masts  only,  and  fore-and-al't  sails  on  the  mi/./en,  is 
another  ireiiiis  (hark),  and  so  on.     (ieiiera  are  eom|)osed  of  one  or  more 

§  21.  Si'KciKs.  The  deliiiition  of  a  sjieeies  has  heeome  dillieiill  of  lato 
years,  Init  for  present  pnrpuses  we  may  assume  th:it  it  is  any  one  of  the 
conxtant  cxjioiienls  of  a  ireiins.  eoiiipreheiidiim  all  Ihc  hirds  that  hear  to 
each  other  the  relation  of  i)areiit  and  oll'sprini:';  the  latter  enpahlo  of  repro- 
diieiiiii'  '  I'aeli  after  its  kiii<r  and  maintaining!.'  certain  characters  to  an  evident 
d(\irre(>  peculiar  to  itself.  Kestini.',  tiicii,  upon  this,  wo  have  little  else  to 
consider  hcfore  wo  reach  that  most  iiiKinestioiialilo  I'act,  an  individual  I)ird. 
Species,  however,  are  not  ahsolnttdy  constant;  they  vary  in  si/e,  color,  etc., 
within  certain  limits,  under  inllueiiees  not  always  comprehended  as  yet,  hut 
which  seem  a  })art  of  tiiat  universal  tendency  in  iiatnr(,'  toward  the  produc- 
tion of  essential  unit}'  in  diversity:  (lie  operation  of  which,  if  completely 
etl'i'ctivc,  would  level  distinctions  and  aholisii  dill'erence  in  sameness. 

§  22.  A  A'auiktv  is  a  step  in  this  direction ;  for,  althouuh  it  may  soeni 
an  opposite  step,  yet  dt'parture  from  any  niveii  point  or  standard  must  he 
aiiproach  toward  some  other.  A  variety  is  [i/c/icrdl/i/)  distiiiiiuislied  from 
il  species  h\'  its  tendency  to  revert  to  its  ori;j;inal  stock,  or,  divergin,i>'  fur- 
ther from  that,  to  approach  some  other  type.  The  former  case  is  constiuitly 
being  demonstrated,  and  the  latter  is  prohahly  susceptil)le  of  heing  proven  ; 
but  in  either  case,  hiconsfinui/  is  a  marked  fe;itnre  of  varieties,  ^'arieties 
apparently  produced  hy  dill'erence  in  food,  climate,  etc.,  are  called  local 
racc'H,  Mheu  restricted  to  a  small  area  in  or  around  the  ireneral  distrihutiou 
of  the  parent  stock ;  ;/eo;/ra2)/iic(iI  rciccn,  when  more  widely  .separated  over 
large  areas.  A  hi/h,'ul  is  a  cross  between  two  specii's,  almost  alwa^'s  of  the 
same  natural  gemis.  Hybrids  are  generally  infertile,  while  crosses  between 
mere  varieties  are  capable  of  reproduction,  so  that  hybridism  becomes  in 
some  measure  a  test;  nevertheless,  exceptions  arc  not  wanting. 

§  2.").  Intkkmkdiatk  Gnours.  Having  arrived  at  the  individual  bird,  wo 
will  retrace  our  steps  for  a  moment,  tor  the  student  must  sooner  or  later 
learn,  that,  easy  as  it  seems  to  theoretically  determine  the  foregoing  groups. 


1 


INTi;i!.Mi;i)l.\TH    AM)    AllKIIItANT    (illOlTS. 


11 


) 


flnTc  are  iiiiiiiy  ilidiciillics  in  llic  way  ol'  (lirir  praclical  (Iclliiilidii.  Tliis 
is  partly  Itccaiisc  all  liinl-;  arc  sin^iilai'ly  iiifi'r-n'lalcd,  pfcsciitinu:  Tew  lirnail, 
uii«'(|iii\()cal,  iiii('x<'('iili()iial  cliaiv'clcrs  in  tlic  luiilst  of  nnnilit'ilc-s  niinnr 
liKKlilications,  and  paitly  liccansc  llic  !u",lici' ^poups,  no  less  than  .-pi'cics  and 
varieties,  shade  into  eaeli  other.  In  onr  illnstration,  foi'  example,  we  tind 
exactly  int(Manediale  a(|natie  machines;  (Inis.  it  woidd  he  dillicnlt  tor  a 
landsman  lo  say  whelher  an  hermaphrodite  hrii;'  helonired  to  the  ship  family, 
or  the  schooner  family  .:  he  wonid  have  to  decide  accoi'dinu;  as  he  considered 
nninhei'  of  masts,  or  shape  of  sails,  thi'  mui'c  essential  family  ehai'aclcr. 
IJnt  the  !iit(')'iiic(l!(ite  i/roiips  which  remain  (o  lie  examined  art!  not  of  this 
an\lli^Ml()ns  natnre  ;  they  are  nneqnivoeally  rcfcrahle  to  some  partieidai'  iironp 
(if  the  next  hi^jjliei"  firade,  and,  licin^'  snliordinate  divisions,  they  are  di>tin- 
i^iiislied  hy  the  prelix  sii/i,  as  snii-order,  snli-family.  Thonuh  somewhat 
dillicnlt  to  detine,  they  are,  I  think,  snseeptilile  of  intclliiiibhs  if  not  always 
precise,  delinition.  A  suh-uronp  of  any  <j;rade  is  framed,  witliont  taUini;; 
into  consideralion  any  new  or  iidditioiial  cliaractei's,  npon  the  I'ur'/iii;/  jin>i/i- 
I'lic/icc  of  one  or  more  of  tlu^  eharactei's  Jnsl  used  to  form  the  irroup  next 
above.  In  our  formula  above  .'■  (a/x')  for  a  certain  family  of  the  order  ,'■. 
su[)pose  the  family  character  ((  to  be  PiiijJidsirjed,  as  it  were,  and  to  pre- 
dominate over  h  and  c,  to  the  partial  sniipression  of  these  last ;  then  a  sub- 
family of  ,v  (ii/if)  miiiht  be  expi'cssed  thus: — x  (^l/;c);  and  it  is  fni'ther 
evident,  that  there  will  be  as  many  snb-t'amilics  as  there  are  groups  of  birds 
in  the  family  repi'esentiiiii'  varying'  I'mphasis  of  a,  or  A,  or  c;  as  .'.■  ('/  B  c),  x 
(a  /j  C),  etc.  AVhile  we  take  at'count  of  neic  characters  of  another  yrade, 
in  forming  onr  successive  main  groups,  in  onr  suli-gronps,  then,  we  recog- 
nize only  more  or  less  of  the  same  characters.  IWit  the  distinction  is  not 
always  eviilent :  nor  is  it  observed  so  often  as,  perhaps,  it  shoidd  be. 

§  21.  Tvi'icAL  AM)  AiiKwitANT  Cjiitoups.  Waiving  what  might  be  rea- 
sonably argued  against  considering  any  group  specially  "typical"  of  the 
next  higher,  we  may  detine  a  convenient  and  fretjuent  term  :  — The  tijpiral 
genus  of  a  faiuily,  or  family  of  an  order,  is  that  one  which  develops  most 
strongly,  or  displays  most  clearly,  the  more  essential  characters  of  tlu;  next 
higher  group,  of  which  it  is  one  member.  And  in  [iroportiou  as  it  fails  to 
express  these  in  the  most  marked  manner,  either  by  bearing  their  stamp  more 
lightly,  or  by  having  it  obscured  or  detUeed  by  admixture  of  the  characters 
of  a  neighboring  group,  does  it  bceomo  less  and  less  typical  ("  snlitypical  ") 
and  Ihially  aherrcmt.  Snppose  the  ordinal  symbol  x,  as  before,  to  represent 
the  siun  of  varions  ordinal  characters,  more  or  less  essential  to  the  integrity 
of  the  order ;  then  obviously,  the  I'amily  characters  ahc,  or  <lef  may  be  com- 
bined with  a  varying  value  of  .'.',•  thus,  .';'  {ahc)  or  .v'^  {<^''f)  fiiHl  the  formula 
of  the  li/plciil  family  would  be  .'"  (a—f).  Thus,  it  is  characteristic  of  most 
thrushes  {7'ardi'da')  to  have  the  tarsus  booted,  but  all  do  not  have  it  so; 
therefore,  in  sniidividing  the  family,  we  properly  make  a  division  into 
thrushes  with  booted  tarsi,  and  thrushes  with  scutellated  tarsi;  the  former 
are  ti/pical  of  the  family,  the  latter  sub-tyi)ical  or  even  aberrant. 


12 


AlllMTV     AMI    ANAI.iidV. 


§  lT).  K(.>tiVAi.i;\<i;  (ir  (iiiinrs.  Il  iiiiiy  soiiimI  liki-  !i  tniisin  to  siiy,  timt 
i^KHip^  (if  tlic  sjiiiii'  irniilf,  lii'iiiinn'  tlic  .■'Mint'  ii.'iinc,  w  Iinlcvcr  lliiil  iiiiiy  I"'. 
11(1111  >iiIi-(1mss  to  siil)-i.''('iiiis,  iiiii."-!  lie  (if  llic  Miinc  vmIiic  ;  imist  lie  di-liii- 
jirni.>>lM'(l  liy  cliiiriiilcis  dl'  ('(|iiiil  dr  <(|iiiv!iliiil  iiii|iiiiiiiiM('.  /j/iiirulf iiif  af 
i/roiijis  in  iifccssiiry  In  (lie  .-tiiliilily  iiiiil  liiiniKiiiy  dl'  iiiiy  cliissiliculdi'y  sys- 
tem. Il  will  iidl  (Id  Id  riMiiic  nil  didcr  ii|)dii  diic  mI  dl'  cliarnclcrs  licrc,  iinij 
II  I'Miiiily  u|idii  il  siiiiil;ii' M'l  (if  cliiiriictcrs  llicrc;  Iml  (inlcr  iiiii-.l  diUcr  frdiii 
(inlcr,  iiiiii  I'liiiiily  I'ldiii  rninily.  Iiy  an  ciiiiiil  i<v  cdircspdiiiliiiLr  iinidiiiit  dl"  dil'- 
riTciicc.  lid  a  j.n'dii|i  called  a  faiiiily  diU'er  as  niiieji  iVdiii  llic  other  raiiiilies 
ill  ils  dwii  (irder  as  it  dues  IVdiii  sdiiie  dtlier  didcr,  and  it  is  liy  lliis  very  fact 
/I';/ a  III  mi  ly.  Iml  an  diiler  iNell'.  Ld  the  diders  ol'liirds  stand  ili-iarl  a  yard, 
say  ;  if,  llieii.  any  ("amilie-i,  sd-calleil,  sland  as  far  apart ,  lliey  are  not  families. 
Il  seems  a  siniple  prd|)d>iliiin,  yet  il  is  Iiki  orieii  iuiidreil,  and  always  with 
ill  result.  'I'wd  piiiiil- >liiiiild  lie  rememln'red  here:  lirsl,  thai  the  alisohile 
si/e  KV  hulk  dl'  a  irreiip  has  iidlhinii'  Id  dd  w  illi  ils  tirade  ;  one  (irder  iniLjhl 
cdnlain  :i  lluiir-aiid  species,  and  aiidlher  only  diie,  wilhdiit  having:'  ils  (irdinal 
\aliie  di>lnrlie(|.  Secdiidly,  any  i:iven  cliai-icter  may  lie  dl"  dili'erenl  value  in 
its  applicalidii  Id  diirereiil  iri'diips.  Thus,  niimlier  of  primaries,  whether 
nine  or  ten.  is  .a  family  eharaiter  aliiiosl  Ihrdii'jhdiil  Osi-iiics;  Iml  in  diie 
()sciiie  family.  \'li'i miiilir,  il  is  scarcely  a  generic  feature.  It  is  dilliciill, 
hdwevcr,  Id  delermine  Midi  a  pdinl  ;is  this  la^l  wilhdut  faithful  trainini^'  in 
driiilhdldiiy. 

§  2il.  AriiMiv  AM)  AvAi.diiv.  I»irds  are  allied,  or  ".///;*'(/,  accordinLr  lo 
tilt'  niimlter  of  like  charaders  they  einpldy  fdr  like  purposes;  they  are  and- 
lo'jir/ill;/  vrlitlctl  aecordiii!,'  Id  the  nimiliei'  of  imlike  charaders  that  they  use  fdr 
similar  piirpdses.  A  looii  and  a  cdriiidranl.  for  inslanee,  are  closely  allined, 
liecause  (hey  are  liolli  tilled  in  the  same  way  for  the  pursuit  of  their  prey 
under  water.  A  (lip.|icr  ( family  Ciiich'thr),  and  a  hioii  (family  (^uli/ni/iii/ir), 
are  anald^oiis,  liecanse  they  lidlh  pursue  their  prey  underwater;  hut  they 
stand  almost  at  tlit?  extremes  of  the  diiiilholoijieal  system  ;  they  have  almost 
IK)  allinily  lieydud  their  common  hirdhood  ;  totally  dill'ereiit  striietiire  is  only 
iiiodilie(l  for  the  same  ends,  that  are  thus  hrdiiiiht  alioiit  hy  totally  dillereiit 
means.  So  the  \vini;s  of  a  Imllerlly,  a  hat,  and  a  Iiird  are  anaioj^ical,  Ikv 
eaiise  they  suhserve  the  same  imi'iiose  in  each  case;  needless  to  add,  the.sc> 
creatures  have  no  allinily. 


I 


n 


■ 


§  27.  A\'illi  this  cursory  izlaiice*  at  some  taxonoiiiic  princi|)k's  I  pass  to  a 
brief  explanation  of  moditieations  of  external  characters  alone  ;  some  knowl- 
edire  of  MJiieli  is  necessary  to  the  sliuiilcst  appredatioii  of  ornitliolo_i;ical 
delinitidiis  and  descriplioiis.  I  shall  eonlinc  myself  mainly  to  consideration 
of  those  that  the  student  will  need  to  understand  in  onU-r  to  use  the  present 


*A»  111!'  prc-i'iil  ()i-i;isiiiii  ohvimifly  MlV.inls  iin  oiiiicutiiiiily  I'cir  :iii  MiU'iiiinlc  iliscnssldii  of  llio  <'l;is>illi';iliiiii 
ol'liinl-.  it  in  liiinlly  nci'vs.^aiy  tii  Miy  lc>  <iniilliuliiL;i-l-.,  iIimI  Imto  I  siiiiply  iis-uinc  a  chi-s  Ar:a  ciiiniiH-cil  iif 
rcccnl  liinls,  ms  \m  inilial  sli'|i,  witlmiil  I'diL-iilcnii^'lliL' l)i<i:iiliTj.'i'ii('r:ili/.,iUiiiis  ilciliicilili'  iVdin  I'xliiirt  luriiis; 
ami  tlial  I  t-puali  ol' Kpcriiv-  and  vani'tics.  in  llic  "-i'Iisl'  in  wliiiii  tlicsc  li'irns  are  cnniinoiily  n.-eil,  waiving 
tlio  biulogical  iincstionu  invulvol. 


i 


i;.VTi;iiinii  (If  A  iiii(i>. 


i:( 


volume  easily  Mini  siii'('es<l'iill_v.      IIi  re,  however.  1  will  iiiserl  m  taliiilar  illiis- 
Iratioii  di'  llie  CureL^diiii,'  remarks: — 

Class  AVI';S:  —  |iir.U. 

(Siilt-elass  *  /ii-'it'ssitrrs:  —  I'ereliimjf  I'.irds.  ) 
Onlef  I'.VSSKIfKS  :  —  Passerine   I'el'cllers. 

(Siih-onler  Oscini-s:  —  SiiiMiii<r  |*;issei'iiii's. ) 
'Family  t  'rriihiDr. :  —  Tlirii-lies. 
(Siili-raniily  ■\  M!,ii!ii(v :  —  Moekjn^--  'riirii>lies.) 
(Ierm<  :{  Mniis: — .MneUers. 

(Siili-L;-emis  +  Miiinix: — Typieal  Muckers.) 

S|iei'i('S+    I'OI.VdI.oiri'S  :  —  M.iny-lnliLIIled. 
(  \'ariety  cdntldhis:  —  I,(ilii,'-I;ii|cil.  ) 


I 


SICC'I'.   III.     DnriMTioN    and    iti!ii:i'  Dr.sciMi'rntN  or  nii-,  Kxti.imoi!  op 

A    lilKI). I*A1!TS  AM)  OiKIA.NS I.    TlIK   ll(»l>V  :    IIKAD,   MUK   AM)  IIDDV 

rKoi'Ki!. —  11.  'I'm;   aikmiit  i;s  :   iiii.i,.  wives,  iaii,,  ii;i;i'. 

§  •!>>.  TiiH  CoNToi  i;  ol'  a  l)ir(l  with  the  I'ealJiers  on,  is  >|iiii(lle-shaiieil,  or 
fiisljhnii,  taperiiii;'  at  liolli  emls  :  it  reiiresciils  (wo  cones.  Joiiu'd  hase  lo  li;is(> 
at  the  middle,  or  ^realot  liirth  of  iiody,  tapcrinj,'  in  I'ronl  to  (he  (ip  of  Ihe 
hill,  i)ehiiid  to  the  end  of  the  tail.  Ohi-imin  ilcs/'i/n :  easiest  (deavaire  of  ail' 
in  front,  and  lessening''  I'l'  drai,^  or  wash  behind.  ISnt  this  shajie  is  lai'LKdy 
prodneed  liy  the  lay  of  the  plnni;i!,'e  ;  a 

§  -J'.K  Xakki)  r.ini)  presents  several  |)rominences  and  depressions;  (iiis  ir- 
reiriilar  contonr  is  redneihle,  in  licner.d  terms,  to  /n;,  doiilde  cones.  Tjie 
head  tapers  to  a  jioinl  in  front,  at  tlie  lip  of  the  liill  ;  :nid  nearly  to  a  point, 
Ix'hind,  towards  tiie  middle  of  tlu-  neck,  in  conse((uenee  of  the  swcdliiiL;-  nnis- 
cles  liy  which  it  is  slnnu:  "H  (he  neck:  from  the  middle  of  the  somewhat 
eonli'aeted  or  honr-iilass  shaped  neck,  this  last  enlarires  toward  the  hody,  l>y 
tho  .swidlini;-  of  the  muscles  liy  wiiieli  it  is  nUuyj^  to  the  liody  ;  the  body  then 
tapcr.s  lo  the  t.ail.     The 

§.">().  KxTKiaoi!  OKA  iJiiMi  is  divided  into  seven  parts:  1 ,  head  {r/ipii/}, 
2,  neck  {voUuiii),  ',\,  liody  (Irinn'iix),  •[,  iiill  (ros/riii/i),  f>,  wind's  {(ihf),  (i, 
tail  {ainibi),  7,  feel  ( /ifi/fs)  :  1,  l',  ;;,  m-c-  colleetivcdy  called  "  body,"  in  dis- 
tinction to  I,  f),  (!,  7,  which  aro  iikhiiIil'i'k.     The 


•  Iiili'iincdiiilo  trrniipM  m-o  in  iliMii'S  and  |iiircnll»'-t's. 

t  I'tiiiiilii'.i  nnw  iihvays  end  in  -iiln:  and  .-iili-rainilics  in  -inn:  a  voiy  ciinvcnicul  di^lini'linn,  ^inrr.  uc  Uin-' 
always  k\uiw  lln'  ranlv  de^i);^al<'d  liy  wimU  sii  cndiii},'. 

t  A  l)iidV  '•(■icntillc  name  nnw  iNVMilAlii.v  r(nisi,st»  ol'  luo  w.ivds  — the  fronns  and  I  lie  spcrii'^i,  tlic  Icirnici- 
llrsi,  lln!  lattiT  last:  llins,  .ViiiuiK  iii,lii;il,illiiH;  lint  \\t\  nniy,  IT  we  wish,  inlcr|Milalc'  Ihi'  .snli(,'i'nns  in  |iai('nllic- 
8('s,  and  alllx  llm  variiMy  Willi  Hi;.'ii  vav.;  Ihns.  .lA///i»<  {.\riiiiti.i}  pohiiilnfliin.  vtw.  niiulnhii.    (iiMicrii:  naino.J 

nrc  nhnn/s  wrilli'ii  willi  a  I'apilid;  -pccillc  ii.inn's,  a nilinir  In  the  rnlcs  of  llu'  l!rili,-li  Asscicjatidn,  iniw  Kon- 

erally  lollciwud,  shmild  never  Ije,  tlicm^'h  il  is  rnslnnnny  to  so  wrilo  Ihose  tliat  are  ilurived  I'loni  lliu  iianiL-a 
of  persons  ami  places,  as  well  as  all  snlislanlive  ap|iellallinis. 


4 

i 


14 


iir.Ai),  m:ck,  iiouv 


§  ril,  IIkai)  hna  tilt'  ircnoral  sliiipe  of  a  4-si(l('(l  inramid  ;  of  which  the 
base  is  applied  to  llic  cud  of  Ihc  neck,  and  docs  not  api)oar  from  tiic  oxte- 
I'ior ;  tile  up|)ciinosl  side  is  more  or  less  convex  or  vaulted,  slopinjr  in  every 
direction,  and  tapcrinir  in  iVont ;  the  sides  i)roper  are  llattor,  more  or  U\ss 
pcrpcndicnlar,  and  taper  in  front ;  tlu^  Ijottom  is  likewise  tlattish  and  simi- 
larly tapeiiuL;'.  Tlic  departures  from  this  typical  shape  are  endless  in  dcirrce, 
and  variable  in  kind  :  tluy  iiive  rise  to  numerous  i/eiirral  descriptive  terms, 
as  '"head  llattened,"  "head  lilohular,"  ete.,  l)ut  these  are  not  susceptible  of 
pi'ecise  dclinilion.  The  sides  jjresent  each  two  openings,  ei/es  and  ears; 
tlicii'  i)osition  is  variable,  both  absolut(dy  and  in  respect  to  each  other.  But 
in  the  vast  majority  of  birds,  the  eves  are  strictly  Itifcivl,  and  near  the  mid- 
dle of  the  sitle  of  the  head,  wiiile  the  cars  are  l)ehind  and  a  little  below. 
Kxcei)tions  : — owls  have  eyes  "anterior;"  woodcock  and  snij)e  have  ears  be- 
low and  not  behind  the  eyes.  The  ?/ionl/>  is  always  a  horizontal  fissure  in 
the  ai)e\  of  the  cone;  there  are  no  other  openings  in  the  head  pro[)er,  for 
the  nostrils  ai'c  always  in  the  bill,     'i'he 

v!  .")2.  Xi.civ.  in  ell'eet.  is  a  simple  cylinder:  rendered  somewhat  hour- 
glass shapcil  as  ab()\-e  stated.  Its  length  is  varial)le,  as  is  the  nnmber  of 
bones  it  has.  i»earing  the  head  with  the  bill,  which  is  a  bird's  true  lunxJ,  it 
is  unusually  _//f','v7//e,  to  permit  the  necessarily  varied  motions  of  this  inii)or- 
tant  organ.  Its  least  length  may  be  said  to  be  that  which  allows  the  point 
of  tlu!  bird's  beak  to  touch  the  oil-gland  on  the  rumj) ;  its  length  is  usuidly 
in  direct  proportion  to  lengtii  of  h'gs,  in  obvious  design  of  allowing  the 
beak  to  touch  the  ground  easily  to  i)ick  up  food.  Its  habitual  sha^jc  is  a 
double  curve  like  the  letter  S  ;  the  lower  belly  of  the  curve  lits  in  the  space 
between  the  legs  of  the  merry-thought  (J'lnrulii)  ;  the  ni)[)cr  limb  of  the 
curve  holils  the  heail  horizontal.  This  sigmoid  tiexnre  (s/i/i/<a,  Greek  S)  is 
produced  by  the  shape  of  the  jointing  surfices  of  the  several  bones  :  it  may 
bo  increased,  so  that  the  upper  end  touches  the  lower  belly ;  may  be  de- 
creased tt)  a  straight  line,  but  is  scarcely  carried  beyond  this  in  the  o[)i)osito 
direction.  As  a  generalization,  the  neck  may  be  called  longcvst  in  wading 
birds;  shortest  in  perching  birds;  intermediate  in  swimming  l)irds;  but 
some  waders,  as  plovers,  have  short  necks;  and  some  swinmiers,  as  swans, 
extremely  long  ones:  a  very  long  neck,  however,  among  perching  ])irds  is 
rare,  and  conlined  mainly  to  a  crane-like  African  hawk,  and  certain  of  the 
lowest  perchers  that  stand  on  the  conlines  of  the  waders.     The  shape  of  the 

§  iM).  UoDV  I'Koi'Eu  or  trunk  (L.  (ntncKn),  is  obviously  referable  to  that 
of  the  egg;  it  is  orafe,  (L.  arum,  an  egg).  The  swelling  breast  muscles 
represent  the  but  of  the  egg.  which  tapers  backwards.  I>ut  this  shape  is 
never  perfectly  expressed,  and  its  variiitions  are  nnnuml)ered.  In  general, 
lierching  birds  have  a  body  the  nearest  to  an  oval;  among  waders,  the  oval 
is  usually  voinpnsKcd.  or  llattened  perpendicularly,  as  is  well  seen  in  the 
heron  family,  and  still  better  in  the  rail  family,  where  the  narrowing  is  at 
an  extreme  ;  among  swinnners,  the  l)ody  is  ahrai/x  more  or  less  dcprcxsL'd, 
or  llattened  horizontally,  and  especially  underneath,  to  enable  these  birds  to 


TorooiiAruv  (ik  tiik  hodv. 


15 


rost  with  staliility  on  tlic  water ;  a  duck  or  a  diver  .shows  this  avcII.     Speak- 
ing of  shape  oi'  body,  I  must  allude  to  the 

§34.  CkxtiM':  oi'  (Jn.vviTv  of  a  l)inl,  and  show  the  admirable  provision 
l)y  which  this  is  kopt  beneath  the  centre  of  the  body.  Tiie  enormous  l)reast- 
niuselos  of  a  bird  arc  its  heaviest  parts;  sonietinies  they  weiuh,  to  speak 
roundly,  as  much  as  one-sixth  of  liie  whole  bird.  Now  these  are  thev  that 
elleet  all  ihe  movements  of  the  wings  at  the  shoulder-joint,  liflinir  as  well  as 
lowering  the  wings;  did  they  all  iniU  :-lraight,  the  lifters  would  have  to  I)e 
ahnvL'  the  shoulder;  but  they  ;dl  lie  lielow,  and  the  lifters  aecomiilish  their 
oHiee  by  running  through  a  pulley,  which  changes  their  line  of  traction  ;  tiiey 
work,  in  short,  like  men  hoisting  sails  from  the  deck  of  a  vessel  ;  and  thus, 
like  a  ship's  cargo,  a  bird's  chief  weight  is  kept  below  the  centre  of  mution. 
Tophcaviness  is  further  obviated  by  the  fact  that  birds  with  a  loni>'.  heavy 
neck  and  head  draw  this  in  upon  the  breast,  .and  extend  the  legs  behind,  as  is 
well  shown  in  a  heron  tlying.  The  nire  adju>tnient  of  l);dauce  bv  tiie  vari- 
able extension  of  the  head  and  legs  is  exactl}'  like  that  i)ro(lucc(l  b\-  shiflini; 
the  weight  along  the  bar  of  a  steel-yard  ;  this,  with  the  slinging  of  the  chief 
weight  under  the  wings  instead  of  over  or  even  between  them,  enables  a 
bird  to  keep  right  side  up  in  llight,  without  exertion. 

Snb-fccf.  1.      Of  iJie  ]>n(li/ ;    '/s  Tajwinqtln/.  clc. 

§  3,").  Bk.sides  lieing  divided  as  above  into  I)ody  and  members,  the  exte- 
rior of  a  bird  is  turther  snl)divided  ;  the  liody  being  mai)|)ed  out,  mainlv  for 
purposes  of  description,  into  n-i/iotia,  and  the  meml)ers  being  similarlv  re- 
solved into  tlu'ir  component  parts  or  organs.  We  have  lirst  to  notice,  as 
the  most  general,  the 

§  3().  ■  ^l'l•Kl^  AND  r.NDKU  Pauts.  Draw  a  line  from  the  corner  of  the 
mouth  along  the  side  of  the  neck  to  and  through  the  shoulder-joint  and 
thence  along  the  side  of  the  I)ody  to  the  root  of  the  tail;  all  alxive  this  line, 
including  upper  surface  of  wings  and  tail,  ;ire  iipiirv p((rtK:  all  below,  inclnd- 
ing  imdcr  snrtaccs  of  wings  and  t.ail,  are  loider  jxirfs;  called  respei'tivciv, 
"above"  and  "below."  The  distinction  is  purely  arbitrary,  but  so  conven- 
ient that  it  is  pr.actically  indis|)ensable  ;  for  it  will  be  seen  in  a  moment,  how 
an  otherwise  lengthy  description  can  l)e  compressed  into,  for  exam[)lc,  four 
words:  "above,  green;  l)eh)W,  yellow:"  and  these  terms  are  often  used 
because  many  birds'  colors  have  some  such  simple  iiencnil  character. 
The  "upper  parts"  of  the  body  proper  (§  33)  have,  also,  received  the  gen- 
eral name  of  nnttvinn  (Or.  uulas,  I)ack  ;  tig.  4,  i-.>)  :  the  "under  parts,"  simi- 
larly restricted,  that  oi' ;/astr(viiM  ((Jr.  f/as/er,  belly;  tig.  4.  20).  Tliese  two 
arc 

§  37.  Xi:vr,R  X\Kr.D,  whih-  both  head  and  neck  may  be  variously  bare  of 
feathers.  The  only  exception  is  the  transient  condition  of  c(>rtain  birds  dur- 
ing incubaliou  :  when,  either,  like  the  I'idcr  duck,  they  pull  feathers  otl'  the 
belly  to  cover  the  eggs  or  even  to  build  the  nest,  or,  like  several  other  birds, 
the  pliunage  below  is  worn  olf  in  setting.     The  gastneum  is  rarely  pecu- 


16 


TOPOOIiAl'IIV    or   TIIK    UOUV, 


liiirly  oniiimciitcd  witli  fciitliors  of  dillVroiit  tcxtiiro  or  structure  from  tliose 
of  llic  piicral  pliimMirc ;  hut  iiu  iiisliiiiro  of  (liis  is  seen  in  our  Lewis'  wood- 
pecker. Tlie  iiotienni,  on  tlio  contnirv,  is  olten  the  seat  of  extraordinary 
development  of  fc.iiliers.  either  in  si/e,  siiapc  or  texture;  as  the  singularly 
elepnit  plumes  of  the  herons.  Individual  i'ealhers  of  the  noliuuni  are 
jreiierally  jM'unaeeous  (§  t),  in  greatest  part  straight  and  lanceolate;   and 


47    II  1    ■-'     :l       4 


8  !) 


17  Hi 


l-"ic:.4. 


■Ti>|i<>^'r;ii>liy  nf  :i  liinl. 


1.  Inrf'liouil  (/i'"fis).  2.  Idfp.  n.  plr(MiniociiI;ir  rr'^'ion, 
4.  rrowii  ntrl\:r).  ■'».  eye.  (i,  liin<l  lir:i'l  ["<;-if,nf).  7, 
ll:i|H-  uit.r/,in.  s.  tiilii)  ni-cli  tri't'tir).  '.'.  si.ic  nl"  neck. 
I<*.  iiitfi -iMjnilar  it'::itin.  )],  <l<ii:<iiifi.  <ir  ]i:n'k  itrnpcr.  iii- 
ciiiilliiL'  In,  I'.',  ih'l.iniii.  tn-  ii))in-i-  p:irt  (iT  hmiy  |iim|h-i'. 
tlirlii'lMiL'  1".  II.  :iii"I  I-{.  I;!,  riiiiii)  tiir'i/'i/'iinin),  14.  lipp'T 
1,'lil  IMVII1-.  I'>.  I.ill.  Iii.  riiiMiT  l:iil  I'DViiis.  17,  l:ir>u<. 
Is.  ,'iIhIi.iiii'II.     VK  Ilillil  I..,'  {I„rliir).     ■-'».  .(./..7/vl  Hill,  hiolil.l- 

IMK  l>:iu.r.'4.    '.'I.  cMii.-1-..i-  roll  nil  ("c.    ■.'.'.  iiiMl.lli'ui'iliinl 

Inc.     :'!.  >i.li-..rilM'  Innly.     ■.'(.  I.n-.l-l  1 /..'./".M.     ■-'■..  prilllU- 

rii's.    *Ji),  siL'oiHl;iriu.-j.    l'?.  ti--liiarU-s;  nus. -'■'».  I'l;.  ■J7  jiru  all 


miii'ii'.t.  2^.  iirlniary  PDvnrt)^.  20.  aJida.  or  ba«Jt.anl  whin. 
;l'>.  j;ri-;itcl*C'ivi  Tl^.  .";!.  incillall  nivcrls.  ;;■_'.  lo.si-l'  I'uviiii^. 
:i:i.  Ihc  ••IIinial."iiii-liiiliM«:!4,:l7.  :is.  VA.  jiniiihiiii  m-  Inwi-r 
Itiroat.  ;>'i, anriciilal's.  ;Jii.  malar  n-jfi'iii.  .'17. f/)//^;. iir  iiiiil- 
<II<'  lliri>;il.  :!s.  iiiiiitiiiii,  iir  cliiii.  ;i!».  an^li-  i»f  romnils- 
Min-,  (ir  ciinn  r  nI'  liniiidi.  4".  raiiiiis  iiC  iiinliT  lil.ainlildi*. 
41.  side  111' illHlt-r  liiaiiilU'li'.  4-*. '/"/f//s,  4:1. ''/"''". '"'  ti|>*"f 
1)111.  14.  I„iiii<i.  nr  ,'llllllr.'  ccIl'Cs  ii|  tin'  lilll.  4-'i.  i-nliiirll, 
or  rl'Iu'C  Ml"  upper  iiiaii"iililf.  (■(inT--p()ii<liiitr  tn  j.'uiiys,  4il, 
slili-  III'  iipjirr  nialiililili'.  47,  liit^Irll.  48  patibus  acrons  the 
bill  a  liille  l!!  Iruiil  111'  its  /Mil.: 


as  a  whole!  they  lie  smoothly  hnhrlcafcd  (like  shingles  on  a  roof).  The 
gastriv;d  leathers  are  more  largely  phnnuiaecous  (§  4  ),  less  flat  and  iml)ri- 
cated,  hut  even  more  coinpaet,  that  is,  thicker,  than  those  of  the  n[)per 
parts;  especially  among  water  hirds,  where  they  are  all  more  or  less  curly, 
and  very  thickset.     There  are  suhdivisions  of  tlie 

§  ;58.  NoT.KUsr.  r)egiimiiig  where  Ihe  neck  ends,  and  ending  where  the 
tail  coverts  hegin,  (his  part  of  the  bird  is  divided  into  back  (Lat.  dor.snm; 
lig.  4,  ii)  and  rump  (L.  nrnpi/i/iuin  iig.  4,  r;).  These  are  direct  continuations 
of  -aeh  other,  and  their  limits  are  not  precisely  dethied.  The  feathers  of 
both  are  on  the  ptcvi/Ja  dnysdJis  (§  8,  /;).  In  general,  we  may  sa^y'that  the 
anterior  two-thirds  or  three-quarters  of  uotieum  is  back,  and  tlic  rest  runip. 
Willi  the  former  are  generally  included  the  scapular  leathers,  or  .scajnilais; 
these  are  they  that  grow  on  the  pleryhn  humemles  (§8,  b)  :    the  region  of 


TOrOORArUY   OF   TIIK    BODY. 


17 


) 


\t\- 


t 


notieum  that  tlicy  form  is  called  scajudcire  (L.  srapnlti,  shouldor-bliulc)  ; 
that  part  of  notiuiim  strictly  bt'twccii  thcin  is  eallod  h)terxcaj)uhire  (lijj.  4,  w)  ; 
it  is  often  iniirked,  as  in  tho  chipping  sparrow,  witli  streaks  or  sonio  other 
distingnishing  coloration.  A  part  of  dorsnni,  lying  between  interscapnlaro 
and  uropyginni,  is  sometimes  recognized  as  the  "lower  back"  (L.  terynw), 
])ut  the  distinction  is  not  practically  useful.  To  uroingimn  probably  also 
belong  the  feathers  of  tlio  plevi/hf  fonoraJeti  (s$  8,  h),  and  at  any  rate  tliey 
are  practically  included  there  in  descriptions ;  but  these  properly  represent 
tho  JlanJis  (L.  Iij/j'ocliondn'a),  that  is,  tho  sides  of  the  rump.  Tiiey  arc 
sometimes  the  seat  of  peculiarly  developed  or  otherwise  moditied  feathers, 
"^riie  whole  of  notieum,  taken  Avith  the  upper  surfaces  of  the  folded  wings,  is 
called  the  "mantle"'  (L.  xtvariuJuin),  and  is  often  a  convenient  term,  espec- 
ially in  describing  gulls.     l\\  like  manner,  the 

§  .")',).  (iASTU.EU.Ai  is  Subdivided  into  regions,  called,  in  general  terms, 
"  breast ■'  (jKcdts;  lig.  4,  21),  "belly"  {ahdomot ;  tig.  4,  i;^)  and  "sides  of  tho 
body"  (fig.  4,.>:i).  The  hitter  belong  really  as  much  to  back,  of  course,  as  to 
belly  ;  but  in  eonsc(iuence  of  the  underneath  freighted  shape  of  a  bird's  i»ody, 
the  line  we  drew  (§  30)  i)asses  so  high  up  along  the  sides,  that  these  last  are 
almost  cntiivly  given  to  gastriunm.  The  breast  begins  over  the  merry- 
thought, where  Jii'/nJnm  (§40)  ends;  on  either  hand  it  slopes  up  into 
"sides:"  behind,  its  extension  is  indefinite.  Properly,  it  should  reach  as  far 
as  tho  breast-l)onc  (.•sternum)  does;  but  this  would  leave,  in  many  birds, 
almost  nothing  for  abdomen,  and  the  limit  would,  moreover,  iluctuato  with 
almost  every  family  of  birds,  tho  sternum  is  so  variable  in  length  and  shape. 
I'raclically,  tluirefore,  we  restrict  pectus  to  the  sny-Uun/  anterior  part  of 
siastneum,  which  we  call  abdomen  as  soon  as  it  be<rins  to  strai>fhtcn  out  and 
llatten.  Abdomen,  like  breast,  rounds  up  on  either  hand  into  fildes;  behind, 
it  ends  in  a  transverse  lino  that  passes  across  the  anus.  It  has  boon  un- 
necessarily divided  into  epvjaKlviura,  or  "pit  of  the  stomach,"  and  venter, 
or  "lower  belly ;"  but  these  terms  are  rarely  used.  ("C'm.s»»i"  is  a  word 
constantly  employed  for  a  region  immediately  about  the  anus;  but  it  is 
loosely  used,  sometimes  including  the  hypochondria,  and  oftener  meaning 
simply  the  under  tail  coverts  ;  I  refer  to  it  again  in  speaking  of  these  last.) 
Although  these  various  boundaries  seem  flnctuating  and  not  perfectly  defm- 
ite,  yet  a  little  practice  will  enable  the  student  to  appreciate  their  proper 
use  in  descriptions,  and  then  use  them  himself  with  sulHcient  accuracy. 
The  anterior  continuation  of  body  in  general,  or  the 

§  40.  NiccK,  is  likewise  sulKlividcd  into  regions.  Its  lateral  aspects  (ex- 
cept in  a  few  birds  that  have  lateral  neck  tracts  of  feathers)  arc  formed 
i)y  the  meeling  over  its  sides  of  tho  feathers  that  grow  on  the  dorsal  and 
ventral  pteryhe ;  the  skin  is  really  not  planted  with  feathers ;  and  partly  on 
this  account,  perhaps,  a  distinctively  named  region  is  not  often  expressed ; 
Avo  say  simply  "sides  of  tho  neck"  {parauchenia,  tig.  4,  »).  Behind,  it  is 
divided  into  two  portions  :  a  lower,  the  "hind  neck,"  or  "scruff  of  the  neck," 
cervix   (lig.  4,  x),  adjoining   the  back;    and  an   upper,   the  "nape  of  tho 

Ki;V    Itl    N.    A.    UUiDS.      u. 


1« 


TOrOOUAl'IlV    OF   TIIK    llODV. 


iiock"  {uncial ;  li^.  -l,  '),  ii(1j(iiiiin<;  llic  liind  liesul ;  llicfo  iiro  otlici'Aviso  knoAvii 
iis  till)  cerrkai  region,  and  the  mu-hiil  rerjion,  respectively,  and  both  together 
as  "the  neek  hehind."  U'he  front  of  the  neek  has  been,  perhaps,  ninieeessa- 
rily  snlidividcd,  and  the  divisions  vary  with  almost  every  writer.  It  will  be 
snfiieient  for  (is  in  the  present  connection  (o  call  it  //iroii(  (Lat.  [/iila,  tig. 
4.  :i7),  and  Jih/kIkiii  (lig.  4,  lu),  renicniberlng  Hint  the  Jugular  portion  is 
lower,  vanishing  in  liieast,  and  the  giilar  higher,  riinning  into  chin  along  the 
under  surface  of  the  head.  Giif/nr  is  a  term  used  to  signily  giila  and 
jiignlum  together;  it  is  simply  ecjuivalent  to  '"throat"  as  just  defined. 
Though  generally  fully  covered  with  feathers,  the  neek,  unlike  the  body 
pro[)cr,  is  freijiiently  in  part  naked.  When  naked  hcliiud,  it  is  almost  in- 
variably ce/v/.o  that  is  liare,  from  interruption  of  the  upward  extension  of  the 
pteryla  dorsalis ;  as  exemplilied  in  many  herons.  JVttc/ia  is  rarely,  if  over, 
naked  except  in  continuation  of  general  nakedness  of  the  head.  Similarly, 
;/iil((  is  naked  from  above  downwards,  as  is  especially  illustrated  in  nearly 
all  the  order  ,'^le>/(niojv>(Ie.'<,  as  pelicans,  cormorants,  etc.,  that  have  a  naked 
throat-pouch ;  or  some  vultures,  whose  nakedness  of  head  extends  over 
nucha,  and  along  gula,  as  if  the  feathers  were  killed  by  over-manuring  with 
the  filthy  sulistances  these  birds  eat.  The  condor  has  a  singular  rutHe  all 
around  the  neck,  of  close,  doicii)/  feathers,  as  if  to  defend  the  roots  of  the 
other  feathers  from  such  conscqueuee.  Jugulmn  becomes  naked  in  a  fi^tw 
birds,  where  a  distended  crop  or  eraAV  protrudes,  pushing  apart  the  feathers 
of  two  branches  of  the  pteryla  ventralis  as  these  ascend  the  throat.  The 
neck  is  not  ordinarily  the  pli'.cc  of  remarkalily  modified  feathers;  they  might 
restrict  freedom  of  motion  in  the  neek;  to  this  rule,  however,  there  arc 
signal  exceptions.  Among  these  may  be  mentioned  here,  the  grouse  famil}', 
among  our  representatives  of  which,  the  "ruired"has  singular  tufts  on  the 
sides  of  the  neck;  the  "pinnated"  little  wing-like  feathers  there,  covering 
bare,  distensible  skin,  and  the  "eoek  of  the  plains"  has  curious,  stiff,  scaly 
feathers  ;  unless  these  rather  belong  to  pectus.  Cervix  proper  almost  never 
has  modified  feathers,  but  often  a  transverse  coloration  different  from  that  of 
the  rest  of  the  upper  parts  ;  when  conspicuous,  this  is  called  "cervical  collar," 
to  distinguish  it  from  the  guttural  or  jugular  "collars"  or  rings  of  color. 
Nucha  is  freijuently  similarly  marked  -with  a  "nuchal  band  ;"  often,  special 
develoi)meiits  there  take  the  form  of  leiH/l/ieiuinj  of  the  feathers,  and  we 
have  a  "nuchal  crest."  More  particularly  in  birds  of  largely  variegated 
colors,  guttur  and  juguluni  are  marked  lent/l/avixe  with  strijies  and  stn^aks, 
of  which  those  on  the  sides  are  apt  to  be  different  from  those  along  the 
middle  line  in  front.  Jugulum  occasionally  has  lengthened  feathers,  as  in 
many  herons.  Higher  up,  the  neck  in  front  may  have  variously  length- 
ened or  otherwise  modified  feathers.  Conspicuous  among  these  arc  the 
/v(//.s,  or  tippets,  of  some  birds,  especially  of  the  grebe  family,  and,  above 
all  our  other  birds,  of  the  male  ruff  (Mnr/if/cM pin/udx) .  But  these,  and  a 
few  other  modifications  of  the  feathers  of  the  up[)er  neeky  are  more  con- 
veniently considered  with  those  of  the 


t 


TOl'OaKAl'llY    UK    Tin:    HEAD. 


ll> 


« 


.. 


* 


vj  41.  Hkai>.  Tlioiigh  smiiUor  th;m  oitliei-  of  the  p;irts  iiIro;uly  consiilorcd, 
the  Iiciul  liiis  boon  more  miiiiitoly  inappod  out,  ami  such  (L^tail  is  necessary 
fi'om  the  nuinl)er  of  recognizable  parts  oi-  regions  it  incluilcs.  Without  pro- 
fessing to  give  all  that  have  been  named,  I  describe  what  will  be  needed  for 
our  present  purposes. 

(a).  "Top  of  the  head"  is  a  collective  expression  for  all  the  superior  sur- 
fico,  from  base  of  tiic  I)ill  to  nucha,  and  on  the  sides  nearly  or  quite  to  the 
level  of  the  upper  border  of  the  eyes.  This  is  ju'Ieuin  (fig.  4,  1,4,(1);  it 
is  divided  into  three  portions.  Forehead,  or  frontal  region,  or,  simply,  "the 
front"  (L.  from;  tig.  4,  i)  includes  all  that  slopes  upward  from  the  bill  — 
generally  to  about  opposite  the  anterior  border  of  the  eyes.  Middle  head  or 
crown  (L.  corona),  or  vertex  (L.  vertex;  fig.  4,  1),  includes  the  top  of  the 
head  proper,  extending  from  forehead  to  the  downward  slope  towards  nucha. 
This  last  slope  is  hind  head,  or  occqnit  (Hg.  4,  0).  The  lateral  border  of  all 
three  together  constitutes  the  "superciliary  line,"  that  is,  line  over  the  eye 
(Lat.  Kuper,  over,  cilia,  hairs  [of  the  brows  in  particular]). 

(b).  "Side  of  the  head"  is  a  general  term  defining  itself.  It  presents  for 
consideration  the  following  regions  :  orbital,  or  circumorbital  (L.  orhls,  an 
orb,  properly,  here,  the  circular  hole  in  the  skull  itself  that  contains  the  eye- 
ball;  fig.  4,3)  is  the  small  space  forming  a  ring  around  the  eyes;  it  em- 
braces these  organs,  with  the  upper  and  under  lids  (L.  2udpehrte)  ;  where 
these  meet  in  front  and  behind  respectively,  is  the  anterior  canfhiis  and  jm^le- 
rlor  canthiiii.  The  region  is  also  subdivided  into  supra-orbital,  infra-orbital, 
ante-orbital  and  post-orbital,  according  as  its  upper,  under,  front  or  back  por- 
tion is  specially  meant.  The  position  of  the  circuiuorl)ital  varies  in  dilfcr- 
ent  families;  generally,  it  is  midway,  as  stated,  but  may  be  higher  or  lower, 
crowdi'd  forward  toward  the  base  of  the  bill,  or  removed  to  the  batik  ui)[)er 
corner  of  tlic  side  of  the  head,  as  strikingly  shown  in  the  woodcock.  The 
aural  or  auricular  (fig.  4, 35)  region  is  the  part  lying  over  the  external  ear- 
opening;  its  position  varies  in  heads  of  dilfercnt  shape;  but  in  the  vast 
majority  of  cases  it  is  situated  a  little  behind  and  below  the  eye.  Wherever 
located  it  may  be  known  at  a  glance,  by  the  texture  of  the  auricular  feathers 
(shortly,  the  aurlculars)  covering  the  opening.  Doulitless  to  oiler  least  ob- 
stacle to  passage  of  sound,  these  are  a  tuft  of  feathers  with  loose  vcxilla 
(§  3)  fnmi  greater  or  less  disconnection  of  the  barbs  (§  3)  ;  and  they  may 
collectively  be  raised  and  turned  forward,  exposing  the  ear-opening;  they  are 
extremely  large  and  conspicuous  in  most  owls.  "Temporal  region,"  or  the 
temi)les  (L.  tempora,  times,  or  age,  because  an  elderly  man's  hair  Avhitens 
there  first)  is  a  term  not  often  used  ;  it  designates  the  part  between  eyes  and 
ears,  not  well  distinguished  from  the  post-orbital  space.  At  the  lowermost 
posterior  corner  of  the  head  a  i)rotiiberance  is  seen,  or  may  be  felt ;  it  is 
where  the  lower  jaw  is  hinged  to  the  skull,  and  is  called  the  "angle  of  the 
jaw;"  it  is  generally  just  lielow  and  behind  the  ear.  The  lore  (L.  loruni, 
strap  or  thong  ;  hence,  reins  or  bridle  ;  hence,  place  Avhere  the  main  strap  of 
a  bridle  passes ;  fig.  4,  j)  is  an  important  region.     It  is  generally  pretty 


20 


Toro(!i:AriiY  or  the  head. 


iiiucli  nil  the  space  Nctwixt  tlic  eye  and  tho  sides  of  tlic  l)asc  of  the  upper 
iiiaiidilile  { §  M)-  Tims,  wo  say  of  !i  liuwk,  "  lores  bristly ;"  and  cxaniiiia- 
tidii  of  a  l)inl  of  that  kind  uill  show  how  Inr^e  a  spaec  is  covered  l)y  the 
term.  Loi'e,  however,  should  jjroperly  lie  restricted  to  a  narrow  lino 
lietween  the  eye  and  hill  in  the  direction  of  the  nostrils.  It  is  excellently 
shown  in  the  heron  and  grche  families,  where  "naked  lores"  is  a  distinctive 
family  ciiaractcr.  The  lore  is  an  important  place,  not  only  from  being  thus 
marked  in  many  birds,  but  from  beiiiir  frequently  tho  seat  of  specially 
motlilied  or  specially  colored  feathers.  The  rest  of  tiie  side  of  the  head, 
including  the  space  between  angle  of  jaw  and  bill,  has  tiie  name  of  cJioek 
{li.  f/t'iia,  firstly  eyelid,  then,  and  generally,  the  prominence  under  the  eye 
formed  1)y  the  cheek-bones;  lig.  4,  ,!(;).  It  is  lu)U'ided  above  by  lore,  infra- 
orbital, and  auricular;  below,  by  a  more  or  less  straight  line,  representing 
the  lower  edge  of  the  bony  prong  of  the  under  mandible  (§  44).  It  is 
cleft  in  front  for  a  vaiwing  distance  by  the  backward  extension  of  the  gapo 
of  the  mouth;  above  this  giipe  is  more  properly  ycHrt,  or  imdaf  )r;/ioii  in 
strictness;  below  it  h  Jaw  (nuixi'JId),  or  rather  "side  of  tho  jaw."  The 
lower  edge  of  the  jaw  defmiteh'^  separates  the  side  of  the  head  I'rom  tho 

(e).  "Under  surface"  of  the  head  ;  properly  bounded  ))ehind  l)y  an  imag- 
inary line  drawn  straight  across  from  one  angle  of  the  jaw  to  the  other,  and 
rimning  forward  to  a  point  between  the  forks  of  the  under  mandible  (§  44). 
As  already  hinted,  "throat"  (;/>(!(( ;  lig.  4,  ii?)  extends  ujiward  and  forward 
into  this  space  Avithont  obvious  dividing  line  ;  it  runs  into  c/iiii  (L.  inenlnni ; 
tig.  4,  "f)  of  which  it  is  oidy  to  be  said,  that  it  is  the  (varying  in  extent) 
anterior  part  of  the  under  surface  of  the  head.  Anteriorly,  it  may  be  con- 
veniently marked  oil",  opposite  the  point  where  tlu;  feathers  end  on  the  side 
of  the  lower  jaw,  from 'the  feathery  space  (when  any)  Iwlircoi  the  branches 
of  the  under  mandible  itself;  this  latter  space  is  called  the  inlemnnal  (L. 
inter,  between,  nomifi,  fork). 

(d).  The  head  is  so  often  marked  lengthwise  with  diilerent  colors,  apt  to 
take  such  defmite  position,  that  these  lines  have  received  special  names. 
JSIediau  rcrthxtl  h'tic  is  one  along  the  middle  of  pileum,  from  base  of  culniou 
(§  50)  to  nucha;  latent!  vertical  tines  bound  it  on  either  side.  Superciliari/ 
line  \\i\ii  just  been  noticed;  l)elow  it  runs  the  lateral  Htri2)e ;  that  part  of  it 
before  the  eye,  is  loral  or  ante-orbital ;  behind  the  eyo,  post-orbital ;  -when 
these  are  continuous  through  the  eye,  they  form  a /r«H.s'oc»?(n'  line;  below 
this  is  malar  line,  cheek-stripe,  or  fremini;  ])elow  this,  on  the  under  jaw, 
maxiUari/ line ;  in  the  middle  below,  vicntal  or  r/ular  lines.  The  lines  are 
stripes  (L.  phfja')  when  narrow  and  distinct,  like  the  welt  of  a  whip-lash  ; 
streaks  {striai)  when  narrow  and  somewhat  erratic  ;  and  vitta'  or  fasciic  when 
quite  broad,  as  is  particularly  likely  to  l)o  the  case  with  the  eye-line.* 

*  I  liiiil  tlioii^'lil  1)1'  n  seetiim  on  ;m«<>ni.s  <)/  culonition  (pictunr),  but  Ihc  attoniiit  to  rciliicc  birds'  infinitely 
Viirii'il  rolors  to  (,"'iiei-Mli/.i'<l  fmnuilas  wcmld  t;ike  too  mucli  siiiux".  I  niiiy  uilii.  bciwi'vor,  convcniontly  in 
tliis  cinnoclidn.  tlic  I'ollowinj;;  Con^icliTalile  aiciis  of  cmiIov  talio  nanio  Inmi  tlic  iKiit<  tlicy  iictMipy.  flown 
towliiil  niaylKMMlli'il  VMi-iot-'Mtions.  TIil'-c  are  pniiluceil  in  twnways:  (1)  by  insensible  ilianjredfodlnriseillier 
in  failing  into  ligliter.  ur  fliailinfc'  into  darker  tintsdf  tlie  same;  ns  an  imiennitc  lirown  into  black,  gray  or 


i 


f 


v> 


PTILOSIS   OF   THE    HEAD. 


21 


/( 


/ 


■'/ 


(c).  No  part  of  the  l)0(ly  has  so  variable  a  ptilosis  (§  9)  as  tho  head.  In 
tho  vast  majority  of  hirds,  it  is  wliolly  autl  densely  feathered  ;  it  ranges 
frona  this  to  wholly  naked  ;  1)ut  nakedness,  it  shonld  bo  observed,  means 
only  absence  of  perfect  feathers,  for  most  birds  with  nnfeathered  heads  have 
a  hair-like  growth  on  tho  skin.  Our  samples  (.f  naked  headed  birds,  are  tho 
turkey,  tho  vultures,  tho  cranes,  and  some  few  birds  of  the  heron  tribe. 
Associated  with  more  or  less  complete  "baldness,"  is  frequently  the  presence 
of  various  lleshy  outgrowths,  as  comliK,  vattJei^,  atnuiclei^  (warty  excres- 
cences), lobes  and  Jhq)^  of  all  sorts,  even  to  enumerate  which  would  exceed 
our  limits.  The  parts  of  tho  barn-yard  cock  exemplify  the  whole  ;  among 
North  American  birds  they  arc  very  rare,  being  confined,  in  evident  devel- 
opment at  any  rate,  to  the  wild  turkey.  Sometimes  horn;/  platCK  take  tho 
place  of  feathers  on  part  of  the  head ;  as  in  the  coots  and  gallinules.  A 
very  common  form  of  head  nahcdness  marks  one  whole  order  of  birds,  the 
Slefjanopodes,  which  have  mentum  and  more  or  less  of  gula  naked,  and 
transformed  into  a  sort  of  pouch,  extremely  developed  in  the  pelicans, 
and  well  seen  in  the  cormorants.  The  next  commonest  is  delinitc  bareness 
of  the  lores,  as  in  all  herons  and  grebes.  A  little  orbital  space  is  l)are  in 
many  birds,  as  tho  vulturine  hawks,  and  some  pigeons.  Among  water  birds 
particularly  more  or  less  of  the  interramal  space  is  almost  always  uufeath- 
ercd  ;  the  nakedness  always  proceeds  from  before  I)ackwards.  A\'ith  the 
rare  exceptions  of  a  narrow  frontal  line,  and  a  little  space  about  the  angle  of 
the  mouth,  no  other  special  parts  of  the  liead  than  those  above  given  are 
naked  in  any  North  American  bird,  unless  associated  with  general  baldness. 

(f).  The  opposite  condition,  that  of  redundant  feathering,  gives  rise  to  all 
tho  various  cuests  (L.,  pi.  crishe)  that  form  such  striking  ornaments  of  many 
birds.  Crests  projjcr  belong  to  the  top  of  the  head,  but  may  be  also  held 
to  include  those  growths  on  its  side;  these  together  i)einir  called  crests  in 
distinction  to  the  rutls,  rulUes,  beard,  etc.,  of  gula  or  mentum.  Crests  may 
bo  divided  into  two  kinds  : — 1,  where  the  feathers  are  simply  lengthened 
ov  otherwise  enlarged,  and  2,  where  the  texture,  and  sometimes  even  the 
structure  (§  4)  is  altered.  Nearly  all  l)irds  possess  the  power  of  moving 
and  elcvatin"'  the  feathers  on  the  head,  simulatinij  a  sliirht  crest  in  moments 
of  excitement.  The  general  form  of  a  crest  is  a  full  soft  elongation  of  tiie 
c(n'onal  feathers  collectively  ;  when  perfect  such  a  crest  is  (jlohuJar,  as  in 
the  Pi/rocepltalns  (genus  111)  ;  generally,  however,  the  feathers  lengthen  on 


wliilp;  or  by  unmarkpil  clianKC  of  ii  sccoiidiiry  coldr,  as  prcoii  into  hluo  or  ycllnw.  (-J)  by  obvious  )H(i)7,('«(7«. 
^liivkiiifrs  are  all  j-educibb-'  to  two  kinds,  atrcaJ.-iii//  ami  aitntthiii.  Stroakiii;r.  as  a  Kt'iH'rio  toi'tn,  is  bbari))y 
divi.-ible  into  leiii/lhirixo  and  cnixgicisc.  I.niijthirise  sirciikhnj  coniiiroliiMuls  all  kinds  of  streaks,  stripes,  vitt.T, 
fascia',  witb  the  distinctions  al>ovi'  jrivcn  in  the  text.  Cntssirhf  ulrenliuij  Is  called  Inrrimj,  .ind  always  rnns 
transverse  to  the  .axis  of  a  bird;  if  the  linos  are  striiii^ht,  it  is  htuHtiiit/;  if  undulating,  it  is  vavbuj;  if  very 
line  ani\  irref?ular,  it  is  vennicnlation  (L.  nrminiliis,  a  little  worm).  Spotting  is  graded  aocordinf  to  size 
of  the  markings,  from  dotting  or  pointing,  to  blotching  or  .splashing;  and  spots  arc  also  designated  accord- 
ing to  their  shape,  as  rouml,  stpiare,  U-shaped,  V-shaped,  hastate,  sagittate,  etc.  Very  Ibie  spotting  mixed 
with  streaking,  is  cilled  iiKirhlint/;  when  indi.-tinct,  nehiiliitloii  or  cloutlin;/;  intermediate  .^-peciat  marks  have 
parlicidav  nanu's,  ns  crescents.  Distinct  round  spots  nvi} ocelli  ("little  eyes").  Inilistinct  variegatiinis  of  any 
sort  are  calleil  o'^sohlf.  Washes  of  color  over  a  delinitc  color,  are  called  liiiyfs  or  tiut.s.  Color  is  i/lo.-mi/  when 
it  shines;  mt^i/Zic,  wlnni  it  glitters;  iriifes-ceii^  when  it  changes  with  different  lights.  Colors  arc  also  briijhl 
iliill,  (laid  (said  of  white),  opiiquc.  or  velreli/  (said  of  deep  colors,  chiclly  black),  etc. 


22 


ITILOSIS    OF   TIIK    1II:AI>. 


! 


llio  oociput  iiKU'c  tliiui  on  the  vertex  or  front,  and  this  jrivcs  us  tlio  simplest 
find  comnioncst  form.  Snciiercsts,  wlicii  more  i)!irticiiliii'ly  oceipital,  arc  usu- 
aliv  eoiinei'ted  uitli  lenijfllieniiiir  of  nncliid  fentliers,  Jind  aro  liUoly  to  l)c  of  a 
thin,  pointed  shape,  as  well  slioun  in  the  kin;,di.sher.  Coronal  oi-  vortical 
crests  proper,  are  apt  to  ho  rather  dillerent  in  coloration  than  in  specially 
marked  elongation  of  the  feathers;  they  are  perfectly  illustrated  in  the  king- 
l)ird,  and  other  species  of  tiiat  geinis.  Frontal  crests  arc  the  most  elegant  of 
all  :  they  generally  rise  as  a  pyramid  from  the  forehead,  as  excellently  shown 
ill  the  hliie  jay,  cardinal  Itird,  tufted  titmouse  and  others.  All  the  foregoing 
crests  are  generally  single,  hut  sometimes  doiihle  ;  as  shown  in  the  two  lat- 
eral occipital  tiifts  of  the  "horned"  lark,  in  all  the  tufted  or  "horned" 
owls,  and  in  a  few  cormorants.  Lateral  crests  aro,  of  course,  always  douhle, 
one  on  eaeii  side  of  the  head  ;  they  are  of  various  shapes,  but  need  not  be 
])arliculari/ed  here,  especially  since  tiiey  mostly  belong  to  the  second  class 
of  crests  —  those  consisting  of  texturaliy  modified  feathers.  It  is  a  general 
—  though  not  exclusive  —  character  of  these  last,  that  they  uro  temporari/; 
wliile  the  other  kind  is  only  changed  with  the  general  moult,  these  are  as- 
sumed for  a  short  season  only  —  the  l)reeding  season  ;  and  furthermori^  they 
aro  often  distinctive  of  wv;.  Occurring  on  the  lop  of  tiie  head  the^'  furnish 
the  most  remarkable  ornaments  of  birds.  I  need  only  instance  the  elegant 
helmet-like  plumes  of  the  partridges  of  the  genus  Lapliovlyx.  (1H6)  ;  the 
graceful  ilowing  train  of  the  Orcortijx  (gen.  liS."))  ;  the  somewhat  similar 
l)lumcs  of  the  night  and  other  herons.  The  majority  of  the  cormorants,  and 
many  of  the  aidis,  possess  lateral  plumes  of  similar  description  ;  these,  and 
those  of  the  herons  are  probably  —  in  mos,""  cases  certainly  —  deciduous;  while 
those  of  the  partridges  above  mentioned  last  as  long  as  the  genend  plumage. 
These  lateral  plumes,  in  many  birds,  especially  among  grebes,  are  associated 
with,  and,  in  fact,  coalesce  with,  the  rull's,  which  are  singular  lengthening 
and  modifying  in  ditferent  ways  of  feathers  of  auricidars,  geiiio  and  gula  ;  and 
are  almost  always  temporary.  Jieards,  or  special  lengthening  (jf  the  mental 
feathers  alone,  are  comparatively  rare  ;  we  have  no  good  example  among 
our  birds,  but  a  European  vulture,  Gi/paUos  havbatuK,  is  one.  The  feathers 
sometimes  become  smJij  (squainouit)  forming,  for  instance,  the  excpiisitc 
gorglcts  or  frontlets  of  huunning-1)irds.  They  are  often  hriMhj  (.selaceoiifi), 
as  about  the  lores  of  nearly  all  hawks,  the  forehead  of  the  dabchick,  meadow- 
lark,  etc.  While  usually  all  the  xudengthened  head  feathers  point  backward, 
they  are  sometimes  erect,  forming  a  velvety  pile,  or  they  may  radiate  in  a  cir- 
cle from  a  given  point,  as  from  tiie  eye  in  most  owls,  where  they  form  a  disk. 
In  the  foregoing,  I  only  mention  a  few  ty[)es,  chielly  needed  to  be  known 
in  the  stud\'  of  our  birds ;  but  should  add  that  there  are  many  others,  with 
endless  moditications,  among  exotic  birds ;  to  these,  however,  I  cannot  even 
allude  by  name.  Peculiarities  of  nasal  feathers,  and  others  around  the  base 
of  the  bill,  are  noticed  below.  Forms  of  crests  are  illustrated  in  tigs.  21, 
22,  23,  24,  82,  oG,  95,  »U,  107,  109,  114,  117,  120,  127,  13,5,  l.'jii,  152, 
153,  154,  177,  Ittl,  202. 


1^^= 


# 


r . 


4. 


i 


i 


OF  Tin;  liiLi.. 


2;i 


iSub-sed.    2.      Of^theMcinhcvH;  their  parts  (ind  onjanH, 

1.    Tin:    IJii.r.. 

§  42.  The  Ijill  is  IuukI  niul  moiitli  in  one  :  the  iii.slniuioiit  of  j)r('/ions/o)i. 
As  hand,  it  talvos,  liokls  iiiul  ciuTie.s  food  or  otiior  sulisstiincos,  and  in  many 
instances,  fevh;  as  inontli,  it  tears,  euts,  or  crnslies,  acconrnijr  to  tiie  nature 
of  llie  substances  taken;  assuming'  the  I'lnictions  of  l)oth  h[)s  and  teeth, 
neither  of  wliiili  birds  possess.  An  organ  tiins  essential  to  tiie  prime  fime- 
tions  of  birds,  one  directly  related  to  their  various  modes  of  life  is  of  the 
utmost  conse(iuencc  in  a  taxonomie  point  of  view;  yet,  its  stiHietural  modi- 
fications are  so  various  and  so  variously  interrelated,  that  it  is  more  impor- 
tant in  framing  families  and  genera  tlian  orders;  more  coiistanl  characters 
must  be  employed  for  the  higher  groups.     The  general 

§  i'S.  Shape  of  the  1)111  is  referal»le  to  the  mar;  it  is  the  anterior  part  of 
the  general  cone  tluit  we  iiave  seen  to  reaeii  from  its  point  to  the  base  of  the 
skull.  This  siiapc  confers  the  greatest  strength  combined  witli  the  greatest 
dclieac}';  the  end  is  line  to  apprehend  the  smallest  objects,  while  the  base  is 
stout  to  manipidate  the  largest.  Dul  in  no  bird  is  the  eonc  expressed  with 
entire  precision  ;  and  in  most,  the  departiu'e  from  tiiis  figiu'c  is  great.  The 
bill  ALWAYS  consists  of  two,  the  upper  and  the  lower 

§  44.  MANDinLES  (lig.  o),  wiiicli  lie,  as  their  names  indicate,  above  and 
below,  and  arc  separated  by  a  horizontal  fissure  —  the  mouth.  Each  mandi- 
ble alavays  consists  of  certain  projecting  skull-bones,  ^  ,^  ^.^1  _,  J, 
sheathed  with  more  or  less  /iori)>/  integument  in  lieu  of 
true  skin.  The  frame-work  of  the  Ujjper  mandilile  is 
(chiefly)  a  l)one  called  the  hifeniidxillari/,  or  better, 
in  this  case,  the  prcinaxiUiiri/.  In  general,  this  is  a 
three-pronged  or  tripodal  bono  numing  to  a  point  in 
front,  with  one,  the  upi)ermost  prong,  or  foot,  im-  /  / 
planted  upon  the  forehead,  and  the  otiier  two,  lower  "i-ig'.s.  iMits  of  a  urn. 
and  horizontal,  ruiming  into  the  sides  of  the  front  of    n,Bi,u.nfupp,.rni!m.iiiiif:  *,cui- 

.1  1       II  fill  ,,i    ,1        «•    ji         TT      1  Ti  1       •  liicii;  r,  iijisjil  fnssii:  <it  iiDsti-il;  e, 

tnc  skull.      Jlie  scatlokl  of   the  L  iider  mandil)ie  is  a  («t'i>ii"»i:/.)-'apiMii«ii,iiic..ni- 

liiissiit-al  line:  -/.  rii-Ius;  /Miomiiiis- 

eonii)ound  bone  called  inferior  maxilhiru ;  it  is  U-,  oi-  ™;'a,m|y'"rVimi"r'lii'w'j''inmr/l! 
V-shaped,  with  the  point  or  convexity  in  front,  and  !i!i;!:;^ii:;uM'f voil'i'liSi;; 
the  i)ron<Ts  runnmij:  to  either  side  ot  the  base  of  the  '"'  "i'i><r  maiuiiiji,):  k,  nij-ic  m- 

'  '^  '^  pmys:  /,  xmivs:  m.  side  m  uiulor 

skull  behind,  to  be  there  movably  hinged.  These  two  '"■"">'"i"=  'MHw^imauuibk... 
l)ones,  with  certain  accessoiy  bones  of  the  upper  mandible,  as  the  palate 
bones,  etc.,  together  with  the  horny  investment,  constitute  the  Jaws.  Both 
jaws,  in  birds,  are  movable;  the  under,  by  the  joint  just  mentioned;  the 
upper,  cither  by  a  joint  at,  or  by  the  elasticity  of  the  bones  of,  the  forehead  ; 
it  is  moved  l)y  a  singular  muscular  and  bony  apparatus  in  the  i)alate, 
further  notice  of  which  would  involve  anatomical  details.  When  closed, 
the  jaws  meet  and  lit  along  their  opposed  edges  or  sui'faces,  in  the  same 
manner,  and  for  the  same  purposes,  as  the  lips  and  teeth  of  man  or  other 


J     I 


21 


niKFKUKXr   KINDS    ol'    IIII.I.S. 


All    l)ills,   tliiH    similiiflv   constitutod,    have    liocn 


V('i't('l)nito    .'inimjils, 
(lividi'd*   info 

§  tr).  Koiii  Classks,  roprpsontinir  as  iiiaiiy  ways  in  which  the  two  iiian- 
<lil)loH  close  upon  each  other  at  tlic  Piid.  1.  Tiic  opir/nat/tuiis  (dr.  epi,  upon, 
ilii'illinH,  jaw)  way,  plan,  of  type,  in  which  (he  upper  niandil>le  is  h)njjfcr 
than  the  luidcr,  and  its  tip  is  evith-ntiy  l»ent  down  over  the  tip  of  tlio  h)wer. 
2.  The  /ti/jii)i/i)(i//ioiis  (Or.  /ii/j>(>,  under),  in  which  the  lower  inandilile  is 
Ioniser  than  the  otlier.  3.  T\\o  ji'ini'/iiKf/ioits  ({Jr.  jinra.  at  or  I)y),  in  which 
l)()th  arc  of  about  eipial  lenirtli,  and  neither  is  evidently  In  nt  over  tlie  other. 
4.  Tiie  iiiflitiju'illiniis  (Gr.  iihIh,  with,  heside,  etc.),  in  which  llie  points  of 
the  niandilih's  cross  each  otlier.  The  second  and  fourth  of  these  arc  ex- 
tremely rans  they  arc  exeniplilied,  respectively,  by  the  skinnner  and  the 
cross-hill  (i,'enera  211.')  and  (I(>).  The  fir.-t  is  conunon,  occurring  tlu'ough- 
oiil  the  birds  of  prey,  the  parrots,  and  among  the  petrels,  gidls,  etc.,  etc. 
Tiie  great  majority  of  birds  exhibit  tiie  third  ;  and  among  tiiem,  there  is 
such  evident  grailation  into  epignatliism.  that  it  is  necessary  to  restrict  tlic 
latter  to  its  complete  development,  exhibited  in  the  intermaxillary  bone  di- 
vested of  its  horny  sheath,  which  often,  as  among  ilycatchers,  etc.,  forms  ii 
little  ovcrhimging  point,  but  does  not  constitute  epignatliism.  These  classes, 
it  should  be  added,  though  always  applicable,  and  very  convenient  in  de- 
scriptions, are  purely  arbitrary,  that  is,  they  by  no  means  correspond  to 
any  four  primary  groups  of  birds,  1)ut  on  the  contrary,  usually  only  mark 
families  and  the  subdivisions  of  families ;  and  the  four  types  may  bo  seen 
in  contiguous  genera.     The  general  shape  of  the  bill  has  also  furnished 

S  4().  OriiKU  Classics,  tor  man v  vears  used  as  a  larirc  basis  for  oruitho- 
logical  dassillcatiou  ;  but  which  the  progress  of  the  science  has  shown  to  bo 
merely  as  convciiient  as,  and  only  less  arbitrary  than,  the  foregoing.  The 
principal  of  these  arc  represented  by  the  following  types  :  —  A,  among  land 
birds.  1.  TliQ  Jis.'<nu'i(ral,  or  cleft,  in  wliicii  the  bill  is  small,  .shuii,  and 
Avith  a  very  large  gap  running  down  the  side  of  the  head,  as  in  the  swallow, 
chimney-swift,  whippoorwill.  2.  The  (enttimslnd,  or  slender,  in  which  the 
bill  is  small,  Ion;/,  and  with  a  short  cleft;  as  in  the  huiuming-bird,  creeper, 
nuthatch.  3.  The  dentirustnd,  or  toothed,  in  which,  with  a  various  gen- 
eral shape,  there  is  present  a  nick,  tooth,  or  evident  lobe  in  the  opposed 
edges  of  one  or  both  mandibles  near  the  end  ;  as  in  the  shrike,  vireo,  and 
some  wrens,  thrushes  and  warblers.  4.  The  coiiirosiniJ,  or  conical,  sutH- 
ciently  defined  by  its  name,  and  illustrated  b}-  the  great  linch  family  and 
some  allied  ones.  B,  among  water  birds.  5.  The  lonijlivxtral,  or  long,  an 
aquatic  style  of  the  tenuirostral,  best  exhiliifed  in  the  great  snipe  family.  6. 
T\\G prei^siroMval,  or  the  compact,  illustrated  l)y  the  plovers,  etc.,  and  quite 
likely  analogous  to  the  conirostral.  7.  The  cidtriroxlral,  cutting,  perhaps 
analogous  to  the  dentirostral,  excmplitied  in  the  heron  group.  None  of 
these  are  now  used  to  express  natm-al  groups,  in  strict  definitions;  all  are 

* lly  the  wiiU'i- :  I'r.io.  Acail.  XaU  sci.  IMiila.,  Pec.  18(1:1,  p.  2l:i. 


MMM 


VARIOUS  I'oit.Ms  oi'  iiirxs. 


-'.> 


?)■ 


convonicnt  iiicidciitiil  trriiH  in  i^^iMicral  closeripfiDiis.  Various  otiicr  lesser 
terms,  expressing  speeiiil  iiioililieatioiis,  as  In uh  11! rostral,  uciiHrnxIrdL  ele., 
arc  cmploycil ;  i)ut  till  iiro  best  iiscil,  now,  as  coniinoii,  not  as  proper  names, 
sini|)ly  descriptive  of 

§  47.  OniKii  Foinis.  A  Itiil  is  called  loivi,  when  nolalily  lon,irer  than  the 
head  proper;  ahorl,  when  notalily  shorter;  incilimn,  in  neither  of  these  con- 
ditions, it  is  roiiiprcssi'il,  when  hitrher  than  wide,  at  the  base  at  least,  and 
generally  for  some  portion  of  its  leni^'lh;  ilc/irrsscd,  wIkmi  wider  than  liiuh  ; 
(ercle,  nnder  neither  of  these  conditions.  Jl  is  rrcnrrcil,  when  curved  ni)- 
ward  ;  (Irciirrcd,  when  cnrved  downward;  hoil,  when  the  variation  in  either 
direction  is  at  an  anijie  ;  slnnijht,  when  not  out  of  line  with  axis  of  the  head. 
A  hill  is  (ilitnxc  (said  ehic^lly  of  the  paraiiiiathons  sort)  when  it  rapidly 
conies  to  an  end  that  therefore  is  not  line  ;  or  when  the  end  is  knobby  ;  it  is 
oc«/ewhen  it  rniis  to  a  sharp  point;  acitinin((le,w\nm  equally  sharp  and  slen- 
derer; (illeiiiKile,  when  still  slenderer;  xxhiihitu  (awl-shapcd),  when  slen- 
derer still ;  ac/tw^/fH'  (nee(llc-shape<l),  when  slenderest  possible,  a.s  in  some 
huniniiii.u;-l)irds.  A  bill  is  ctrc/icd,  vdullcd,  (itn/id,  Imiiid,  injltdcd,  etc., 
when  its  ontlines,  l)oth  ciosswiso  and  lengthwise,  are  notably  more  or  less 
convex;  and  v.ontniclcd,  when  some,  or  the  principal,  ontlines  are  coneavo 
(said  ehielly  of  depressions  al)out  th(^  base  of  the  npper  mandible,  or  of  con- 
cavity along  the  sides  of  both  mandibles).  A  bill  is  /nininlale  (hooked)  or 
uwjnkidate  (clawed),  when  strongly  epignathoiis,  as  in  rapacions  birds, 
where  the  upper  mandiltlo  is  like  the  talon  of  a  carnivorous  beast;  it  is  den- 
latn,  when  toothed  (§  4t)),  as  in  a  falcon;  if  there  arc  a  number  of  sim- 
ilar "  teeth,"  it  is  Kerridr  (like  a  saw)  ;  it  is  cullratc  (knife-like)  when  ex- 
tremely compressed  and  sharp-edged,  as  in  the  auk,  skimmer;  if  much 
curved  as  well  as  cultrato,  it  is  falccde  (scythe-shaped)  ;  and  each  inandii)lc 
may  be  oppositely  falcate,  as  in  the  cross-bill.  A  l)ill  much  flattened  and 
widened  at  the  end  (rare)  is  sjxduhde;  examples  :  spoonbill,  shoveller  duck. 
One  is  called  lamellate,  when  it  has  a  scries  of  plates  or  processes  just  inside 
the  edges  of  the  mandibles  ;  as  in  all  the  duck  order,  smd  in  a  few  petrels  ; 
the  design  is  to  furnish  a  sifter  or  strainer  of  water,  just  what  is  ctfectod  in  the 
whale,  by  the  "bone"  in  its  month.  Finally,  the  far  end  of  the  bill,  of  what- 
ever shape,  is  called  the  Up  or  ajyex  (fig.  5,  n)  ;  the  near  end,  joined  to  the 
rest  of  the  skull,  the  base;  the  rest  is  the  contlnniti/.  Some  other  features 
of  the  bill  as  a  whole  are  best  treated  under  separate  head  of 

§  48.  The  covkkixci  of  tiik  ijill.  (a.)  In  the  great  majority  of  birds, 
including  nearly  all  perchers,  man}'  walkers  and  some  swimmers,  the  sheath- 
ing of  the  mandibles  is  wholly  liard,  hornij  or  corneous;  it  is  integument 
modified  much  as  in  the  case  of  the  nails  or  claws  of  beasts.  In  nearly  all 
waders  and  most  swinnncrs,  the  sheath  becomes,  wholly  or  partly,  softer,  and 
is  of  a  dense,  leathery  texture.  But  some  swunmers,  as  among  the  auks, 
furnish  bills  as  hard-covered  as  any,  while  some  perchers  have  it  partly  quite 
soft,  so  that  no  unexceptional  rule  can  be  laid  down;  and,  moreover, 
the  gradations  from  one  extreme  to  the  other  are  insensible.     Probably, 


KKY    TO    N.    A.    HIliDS. 


90 


coVKiiiNd  or  TIM';  nil. I,. 


tlic  sdl'tcst  Itill  i^  ruimd  aniniiLr  tli<-  siii|)CH,  wlirrc  it  is  skinny  tliroiiLilioiil, 
and  in  tvpiciil  snipi's  viisciil:ir  Jind  nervous  jil  liic  ti|i.  Iiccoiiiiii!.'  h  line  oi'irfiu 
of  IdUi'li,  ii-i'ii  (()  r<r|  for  worms  oiil  ol'  sii;lil  in  liie  luud.  In  id!  liic  duck 
ordci',  Ihe  liili  i-  iiJM'wisi'  sol'i  :  liiil  llnic  il  is  tdw.'iys  tciiiiiiiMtcd  li_v  ii  liard, 
horny  "null, "  nioic  or  li's-i  (ii-.tiinl  ;  mid  Midi  lioiiiy  liiiw  id^o  occur-  in  otiicr 
Wiiti'i"  liirds  witli  Mil'lisli  liills,  as  tiic  |)clic;iii.  An  inlcrcsliiii;'  iiiodilicalion 
occurs  in  all.  or  nearly  all,  of  llie  |ii;:'eoii  order:  lliese  iiirds  liave  tlie  Mil 
liard  or  liardi-li  al  tip  and  llironi;ii  nio-l  ol' cnntiniiily.  luil  (owaiiN  and  at  the 
liaM>  ol'  the  upper  niaiidilile  the  siieatli  elianL:e.s  lo  a  soft,  liiniid,  skinny 
(estiire,  overarching'  the  no^l|■iis;  it  is  iiiiicii  the  same  willi  most  plovers, 
lint  the  nio>t  imiiortant  I'ealure  in  this  connection  is  all'ordcil  liy  the  pari'ols 
and  all  the  lards  of  prey:  oiu'  so  rcmarkahle  that  it  has  received  a  di>tinet, 
naiiK' :  —  ('i:i;i;.  'I"he  cere  (Ii.  ci-ni,  wax;  hecaiise  il  looks  wa\y)  is  a 
dense  mcinlirane  >addhd  on  the  upper  niandiiile  at  hase,  so  diU'ereiit  from  tin' 
r<'>t  of  the  hill,  that  il  iiiiL;lit  lie  (|ncstioiied  rather  it  does  not  inoi'e  properly 
lieloim'  to  the  head  than  to  the  hill,  were  it  not  for  the  fad,  that  the  iio>li'iIs 
open  in  it.  .Moreover,  (he  cere  is  ol'teii  deiiscdy  I'ealliered,  as  in  llie  ('ar(dina 
])arro(pid,  in  the  hill  jiroper  of  which  no  nostrils  arc  seen,  these  heinu; 
liiddcn  in  the  feathered  cere,  which,  therefore,  niii;lit  lie  easily  inistakeii,  at 
lirst  siiiiit,l"(ir  the  hird's  I'ordiead.  .V  sort  of  false  eeiu!  oeciirs  in  somo 
Avaler  liirds,  as  the  Jaejreis,  or  skna-ii'idls  (genera  :.'.S()  and  27'.().  Tlu! 
Inmid  nasal  skin  of  pi^'eons  is  sometimes  so  called  ;  but  the  term  had  lidler 
be  re.-trided  (o  the  birds  tir.-t  above  named.  The  under  mandible  probably 
lievei'  presents  sofleniiiL;'  exee])l  as  a  pari  of  general  skinniness  of  the  bill. 

{I>.)  The  eorerinu:  is  either  cii/irc  ov  jihccil.  Inmost  birds  it  is  eiitins 
that  is,  tli(!  sheath  of  either  mandible  may  be  pulled  oil'  whole,  lik(^  tho 
liiiiyer  of  a  iilove.  It  is,  howcNci',  in  many  birds  di\ided  into  parts,  by 
various  lines  of  slight  comu'dion,  and  then  comes  oil'  in  pieces;  as  is  the 
case  with  some  water  birds,  particularly  petnds,  where  (he  divisions  .are 
I'CijidiU',  and  the  pieces  have  received  dis(iiic(ive  names.  The  entire  cover- 
ing of  both  jaws  toii'dher,  is  called  rlnimplinllirrji ;  of  the  iippiM'  alone,  rJi'in- 
othacii ;  of  the  under,  ijiiiillinlliicii. 

(c.)  The  coverini;'  is  otluM'wise  variously  marked  :  sometimes  so  slronnly, 
that  similar  features  are  ini[)re.-sed  u|)oii  lli(>  bones  (liemscdves  beneath. 
Tiio  most  (Veipient  marks  are  various  rid'jcs  (L.  [il.  ciirhiw,  keels)  of  all 
leiisi'ths  and  dej^rees  of  expression,  slraiuht  or  lairved,  vertical,  oblicpie,  lior- 
izontai,  lengthwise  or  transverse;  a  bill  so  marked  is  said  to  bo  strlale  or 
cdrhuilc;  when  niinierous  and  irregular,  (hey  arc  called  riiii(r.  (L.  riiiia,  ;i 
wrinkle)  and  the  bill  is  said  to  be  c.orrit'/d/al  or  nii/asr.  AVlicn  the  eleva- 
tions arc  in  points  or  spols  instead  of  lines,  they  arc  called  pmichv ;  a  bill 
so  furnished  is  jiinic/((/e,  but  the  last  word  is  ol'teiu'r  employed  to  designate 
the  prcscuco  of  little  jtils  or  depressions,  as  in  the  dried  bill  of  a  snipe, 
towards  the  end.  Larger,  softish,  irregular  knobs  or  elevations  pass  under 
the  general  name  of  irnrt.'^  or  j)'ijiil/<f,  and  tlu;  bill  so  marked  is  pnpillose; 
when  the  processes  are  very  large  and  soft,  (he  bill  is  said  to  be  carunciihtte 


mmmmmm* 


.sl'^;c'IAI,  I'Aitis  (II'   iiii:  undkii  MANDiiit.i:. 


87 


*     >. 


(li.  (vov),  lli'sli.  (liiiiiiiiilivi'  oiniiiriiliis,  \[{\\v  l)il  (il'llcsli).  N'mioii'.  liiiciir 
(Ic/iri'.s.^iiiiiis,  ol'lcii  lull  iidl  iihviiys  iLssociiilcil  willi  ciirinn',  iiii'  Lrronvcs  or  sii/ci 
(L.  fiitlciis,  II  furrow)  nnd  (lie  l)ill  is  tlicii  siilnilr.  Sulci,  liUc  ciu'iuii',  aro  of 
all  sliiipcs,  si/cs  iuid  |)ositi()Us;  wlu'U  vcrv  iiii'^c  miuI  (ictiuitr,  llicy  mit  souic- 
tiuics  cillcil  ciiiinh'cit/i,  or  clinniicls.  'I'lic  various  Uiiolts,  "iioriis,"  and  iaip) 
special  rciiliircs  of  tlic  liill  cauniil  lie  licic  |i;ii'liculari/t'd.  Any  of  tiic  forc- 
•ruiuir  IcmIui'cm  nia\'  occur  on  iiotli  inandililcs,  and  (licv  arc  exclusive  of  that 
Kpecial  niiiric  of  Uw  ii|iper,  in  wliicli  the  nostrils  open,  and  whicli  is  consid- 
ered below  ( vj  .')!).  W'c  have  still  to  notice  the  special  parts  of  citlior 
liiandilile  ;  and  will  hei^in  with  the  siniplcsl,  the 

§  ll».  I'ndku  Mandiiu.k.  In  Ihc  nnijority  of  birds  it  is  a  littli'  shorter 
anil  a  little  narrower  and  not  nciirly  so  (lec|)  as  the  upper;  hut  sonietinies 
quite  as  larirc,  or  even  lai'^cr.  The  upper  educ  doiilde  ( /.  c.  there  is  an 
(mIi^c  on  holli  sides),  is  called  tiie  niandiliular  Iniiihiiii  (dr.  Ii'iinu'ln,  to  cut  ; 
tig.  "),,/),  as  fur  as  il  is  hai'd  ;  this  is  received  niiidust,  and  usually  a  little 
within,  the  correspond  inn'  ediie  of  the  upper  niandilile.  The  proniz's  already 
inentioued  (§  II)  are  tlu'  inandibular  rain!  (pi.  of  li.  ridiius,  a  lirauch  ;  ii<f. 
5,  /)  ;  (lu'S('  lucot  at  some  point  in  fr(Hit,  cither  mI  a  short  anu;le  (like  >)  or 
with  a  roinided  joiuini;'  (like  L>  ).  At  their  |)oint  of  iniion  there  is  a  pronii- 
lience,  more  oi'  less  mai'kcil  ( fi^'.  ;"),  /,)  ;  this  is  the  (lo.ws  (corrupted  from 
the  (Jr.  ijoini,  a  knee  ;  hence,  any  sindlar  |)rotuberauce).  1'hal  is  to  sa_\',  this 
point  is  <,'onys  proper;  but.  the  term  is  extended  to  apply  to  the  whole  liiu^  of 
union  of  the  rami,  from  jronys  [iroper  to  the  tip  of  the  under  mandible;  and 
in  descriptions  it  means,  then,  the  iniilcr  ontlhic  of  Ihc  hill  for  a  corres- 
poudiiiji;  distance  (liy;.  ."),  /).  This  important  term  nuist  be  constantly  hold 
in  mind.  The  i^ouys  is  to  Ww  imder  mai:dil)le  what  tli(i  keid  is  to  a  boat. 
It  varies  "greatly  in  Ieu,i>tli.  Ordinarily,  it  forms,  say,  one-half  to  throe- 
fourths  of  the  under  outline.  Sometimes,  as  In  (iouirostral  birds,  a  sjiarrow 
for  example,  it  represents  nearly  all  this  outlinis  whil(!  in  a  lew  birds  it 
lUidvcs  the  whole,  and  in  sonu',  as  the  pullin,  is  aclwally  longer  than  tiie  lower 
inaudible  proiicr,  lieeause  it  extends  backwards  in  a  point.  Other  birds 
have  idmost  no  gonys  at  all :  as  a  pelican,  when;  the  rami  only  meet  at  the 
extreme  tip,  or  in  the  whole  duck  family,  wlieni  there  is  hardly  more. 
As  th(!  stuilent  must  see,  the  lenu'lh  of  the  gonys  is  simply  a  matter 
of  the  early  or  late  fusion  of  tiie  rami,  and  that  similarly,  their  mode 
of  fusion,  as  iu  a  shari)  ridge,  a  flat  surface,  a  straight  line,  a  curve, 
etc.,  results  iu  corresijonding  modilieations  of  its  special  shape.  The 
Interramal  space  (§  tl,  c)  is  complementary  to  length  of  gonys:  some- 
times it  runs  to  the  i\\)  of  the  bill,  as  in  a  pelican,  sometimes  there  is  next 
to  iu)ne,  as  iu  a  pulHn  ;  while  its  width  depends  \\\)oi\  th(!  degree  of  diver- 
gence, and  the  sfraightuess  or  curvature  of  the  rami.  The  surface  between 
the  tomium  and  the  lower  edge  of  rami  and  gonys  together  is  the  ,svWe  of  the 
under  nniudihU'  (tig.  5,  m).     The  most  important  feature  of  the 

§  50.    Uri'KU  Mandihlk  is  the  culinen  (Lat.  for  top  of  anything;  tig.  5, 
h).     The  culmen  is  to  the  ui)per  maiuliblc  what  the  ridge  is  to  the  roof  of  a 


28  8i'nciAL  i'ai;ts  of  tiii:  uppku  mandible. 

lioiiso  :  it  is  llii^  iipijor  in'olih-  ol'  tiic  l)ill — the  Juijhcd  vilddle  knf/(/nrise  line 
of  Ihc  liill ;  it  hcuiiis  wlicrc  tlic  tciitliors  ciul  on  tlio  forclioiid,  .'iiiil  extends 
to  tli(^  tip  (if  tlir  upper  Miiimlilile.  Aeeonliii;:'  to  tli(!  sliapi'  of  tlu;  hill  it  may 
1)0  .striii;j:lit  or  eonvex,  or  coiieave,  or  even  soniewliat  x  -sliai)ed  ;  or  donblc- 
eonvex.  as  in  the  tnfted  pnliiii :  hut  in  the  vast  majority  of  eases  it  is  con- 
vex, with  increasinif  eonvexity  towards  tiie  til).  Sometimes  it  rises  np  into 
n  tiiin  elevated  erest,  as  well  shown  in  (JvotophiKja  (gen.  12())  and  in  the 
l)iiliiiis,  when  the  upper  maiidilile  is  said  to  he  keeled,  and  the  cnlnien  it- 
self to  1)0  ciillnili- :  sometimes  it  is  really  a  furrow  instead  of  a  ridge,  as 
toward  the  end  of  a  snijjo's  I)ill ;  hut  generally  it  is  simi)ly  the  uppermost 
line  of  union  of  the  gently  eonvex  and  sloping  xide^  of  (he  iq)pcr  iiiandihle 
(lig.  ."),  II).  In  a  great  many  hirds,  especially  those  with  depressed  hill,  as 
all  the  ducks,  lliere  is  really  no  >'u!men  ;  hut  then  the  uiediini  Jcu<jlliirise  line 
of  the  surface  of  tiio  upper  mandihle,  takes  the  place  and  name  of  eulmen. 
The  eulmen  generally  stops  short  aI)out  opposite  the  proper  hasc  of  the  hill; 
then  the  feathers  sweep  across  its  end,  and  downwards  across  the  hasc  of  the 
sides  of  the  upper  maudilile,  usually  also  ohli(|uely  hackwards.  Variations 
in  hoth  directions  from  this  standard  are  frequent ;  the  feathers  may  rim  out 
in  a  point  on  the  eulmen,  shortening  tlie  latter,  or  the  eulmen  may  run 
a  way  \i\)  the  forehead  parting  the  feathers  ;  thus  cither  in  a  point,  as  in  the 
rails  and  gallinaceous  hirds,  or  as  a  hroad  plate  of  horn,  as  in  the  coots 
and  gallinules.  The  lower  edge  (doul)lc)  of  the  upper  mandihle  is  the 
iiKt.r'lli/rj/  t(,)ii!iiiii,  as  far  hackward  as  it  is  hard  and  horny.  The  most  con- 
spicuous feature  of  the  upper  mandihle  in  most  hirds  is  the 

§  .")!.  Nasal  Fossa  (L.  fossa,  a  ditch),  or  nasal  i/ruore  (lig.  f),  c),  in 
which  the  nostrils  open.  The  u[)per  prong  of  the  intermaxillary  hone  (§  44) 
is  usually  separated  some  ways  from  the  two  lateral  ones;  the  skinny  or 
horny  sliealli  that  stretches  hetwixt  them  is  usually  sunken  helow  the  general 
level  of  the  l)ill,  especially  in  those  hirds  where  the  prongs  are  long  or  widely 
separated  ;  this  "ditch"  is  what  wo  are  ahout.  It  is  called  fossa  when  short 
and  wide,  with  varying  depth  ;  snlcns  or  groove  when  long  and  narrow  ;  the 
former  is  well  illustrated  in  the  gallinaceous  hirds;  the  latter  in  nearly 
all  Avading  I)ir(ls  and  many  swimmers.  When  the  prongs  are  soldered 
throughout,  or  are  very  short  and  close  together,  there  is  no  (or  no  evident) 
nasal  depression,  and  the  nostrils  open  tliish  Avith  the  level  of  the  hill.     The 

§  ")2.  XoSTiMLs  (lig.  5,  d)  vary  in  position  as  follows  :  —  they  are  lateral 
when  on  the  sides  of  the  upper  mandil)le  (almost  always)  ;  cuhninal  when 
together  on  the  ridge  (rare)  ;  superioi'  or  inferior  when  evidently  ahove  or 
below  midway  hetwixt  eulmen  and  tomia  ;  they  are  basal,  when  at  the  haso 
of  the  upper  mandilile  ;  sitb-Uisal  when  near  it  (usual)  ;  median  when  at  or 
near  the  middle  of  the  upper  mandihle  (fre<juent,  as  in  cranes,  geese,  etc.)  ; 
tcrmiit(d  wiicn  licyond  this  (very  rare  ;  and  ijrobahly  there  are  now  no  hirds 
with  nostrils  at  the  end  of  the  hill,  c.\cept  the  Apteri/x).  The  nostrils  are 
pervious,  \\\\Q\\  open,  as  in  nearly  all  hirds;  impervious,  when  not  visihly 
open,  as  among  cormorants  and  other  hirds  of  the  same  order;  they  are 


!_-. 


I 


h 


( 


TIIK    NOSTKILS    AXI)   NASAL    I'OSS.i;  —  TllK    (iAl'i:. 


•2il 


jierfomte  wlicn  there  is  no  soptum  (partition)  helwecu  tlieiii,  so  tliat  you  can 
see  tlirough  tlicni  from  one  side  of  the  l)ili  t(j  the  other,  as  in  tiie  iirivey- 
buzzard,  crane,  ete.  ;  iiiip(nj'<>rc'.l('.  when  partitioned  oil'  from  eaeh  otiier,  as 
in  most  birds;  but  dillerent  ornitholoiiists  use  tliese  terms  iiiterehaiii;cably. 
Tlie  princii)al  k/uijics  of  tlie  nostrils  may  be  thus  exliibited  : — a  line,  /iiiair 
nostrils ;  a  line  variously  eidarged  at  either  end,  claccde,  vlnb-sliapnl,  <,h- 
lomj,  o>:a(f'  nostrils  ;  a  Hue,  enlarged  in  the  middle,  nra/  or  eU/pfic,  nostrils  ; 
this  passing  insensil)ly  into  the  eirele,  vonnd  ov  circular  nostrils;  and  the 
various  kinds  of  more  or  less  linear  nostrils  may  be  either  longitudinal,  as 
in  most  birds,  or  obli([n(>,  as  in  a  few  ;  almost  never  directly  transverse 
(up  antl  down).  IJounded  nostrils  may  have  a  raised  border  or  /•////;  Avhen 
this  is  prolonged  they  are  called  hilmhtr.  as  iu  some  of  the  goatsucker 
family,  and  in  all  the  petrels.  I'sually,  tiie  nostrils  are  formed  entirely  by 
the  substance  surrounding  them,  thus,  of  cere,  in  a  hawk,  of  softish  skin, 
in  a  pigeon,  plover  or  snipe,  or  of  horn,  in  most  birds;  l)ut  often  their 
contom'  is  partly  formed  l)y  a  special  development  somewhat  distinct  either 
'm  form  or  texture,  and  this  is  cidled  the  u(i.<al  tvulc.  (ienerally,  it  forms 
a  ort  of  overhanging  arch  or  portico,  as  well  shown  in  all  the  gallinaceous 
birds,  among  the  wrens,  etc.  A  very  curious  case  of  this  is  seen  in  the 
European  wryneck  {Ti/u.i:  (orrjidJJa),  where  the  scale  for.ns  the  tloor  instead 
of  the  roof  of  the  nostrils.  The  nostrils  also  vary  in  \w'm<^  Jhi  I  he  red  or 
naked;  the  nasal  fossa  l)eing  a  place  where  the  frontal  feathers  are  apt  to 
run  out  in  points  (called  aiifi(C)  embracing  the  root  of  the  culmen.  Tliis 
extension  may  completely  till  and  hide  the  fossa,  as  in  many  grou>e  and 
ptarmigan;  but  it  oftcner  runs  for  a  varying  distance  toward,  or  (djore  and 
l)eyond  the  nostrils  ;  sometimes,  similarly  below  them,  as  in  a  chinmcv- 
swift ;  and  the  nostrils  may  lie  densely  feathered  when  tliere  is  no  evident 
fossa,  as  in  an  auk.  When  thus  truly  feathered  in  varying  degree,  tiiey  are 
still  open  to  view  :  another  condition  is,  their  being  covered  over  and  hidden 
by  modirted  feathers.  These  are  usually  bristle-like  (se(<iceni(s),  and  form 
two  tufts,  dose-pressed,  and  directed  forwards,  as  is  perfectly  shown  in  a 
crow;  or  the  feathers  may  be  less  modilied  in  texture,  and  form  either  two 
tii/t{<,  one  over  each  nostril,  or  a  single  riijf',  end)racing  the  whole  base  of  the 
upper  mandible;  as  in  nutliatches,  titmice,  redpoll  linnets,  snow  ])untinirs 
and  other  northern  Frin'iiU!d(K.  Bristles  or  feathers  thus  growing  forwards 
are  called  relrorse  (L.  re/ror.tin/i,  backward  ;  here  used  in  the  sense  of  hi  an 
oppoiiite  direction  from  the  lay  of  the  general  plumage;  ])ut  they  should 
properly  be  called  (ndmrse,  i.  e.,  forward).  The  nostrils,  whether  culminal 
or  lateral,  are,  like  the  eyes  and  ears,  aln-ai/.s  (iro  in  number,  though  they 
may  be  united  in  one  tube,  as  in  the  petrels. 

§  53.  Tin;  Gatk.  It  oidy  remains  to  consider  what  results  from  the  re- 
lations of  the  two  mandililes  to  each  other.  When  the  bill  is  (ipcned,  there 
is  a  cleft,  or  lissure  between  them;  this  is  the  (/ape  or  ric/us  (L.  rirtu.'^, 
month  in  the  act  of  grinning)  ;  biU,  while  thus  really  meaning  the  open 
KjKice  between  the  mandibles,  it  is  generally  used  to  signify  the  ////'-  <>/'  llieir 


^ 


30 


Tin;    WJNUS — THKIU    IIONV    ri!A>Ii;\VOI!K. 


clofitire.  (Joiiiiiiisstire  (L.  conunitkvp,  to  put  or  join  together)  moans  the 
point  wlicre  the  gape  ends  hehiiul,  tliiit  is,  tlio  amjlc  of  (Iw  iiuntUi,  where 
the  opjjosed  edges  of  the  niandihles  join  oiieii  oilier;  l)iit  as  in  tiic  hist  case, 
it  is  hjosely  applied  to  the  whole  line  of  elosiire,  from  true  commissure 
to  tip  of  the  bill.  So  we  say,  "eommissuri'  straight,"  or  "commissure 
curved;"  also  '' eominissural  edge"  of  cither  mandihle  (equivalent  to 
"tomial  edge")  in  distinction  from  culmen  or  goiiys.  IJut  it  would  bo 
well  to  have  more  precision  in  (his  matter.  Let,  then,  tnnua  (lig.  •'),./)  be 
the  true  cutting  edges  of  either  mandible  from  tip  to  opposite  base  of  bill 
jiroper,  i-ldiis  (lig.  "),  (j)  be  their  edges  thence  to  the  roiXT  comiiiinnure 
(lig.  ").  /' )  where  they  join  Aviien  tiie  bill  is  open;  the  link  commissure  (lig. 
0,7")  to  iiuiiide  l>otli  when  the  bill  is  closed.  The  gape  is  s(ra/)//i(,  when 
rictus  and  toinia  are  l)()(h  straight  and  lie  in  the  same  line  ;  vitrred,  f^inua/e, 
when  they  lie"  in  the  same  curved  or  waved  line;  anijulated,  when  they  are 
straight,  or  nearly  so,  but  do  not  lie  in  the  same  line,  and  therefore  meet  at 
an  angle.  (An  important  distinction.  See  under  family  FriiKjilUda'  in  the 
Synopsis.) 

TiiK    Wixds. 

§  .")t.  Dki'imtiox.  Pair  of  anterior  or  pre/oral  limbs  organized  for 
flight  by  means  of  dermal  outgrowths.  Used  for  this  purpose  liy  birds  in 
general :  but  by  ostriches  and  their  allies  only  as  outriggers  to  aid  running; 
l)y  penguins  as  tins  for  swimming  under  water;  used  also  in  the  latter 
capacity  by  some  birds  that  ily  too,  as  divers.  Wanting  in  no  recent  birds, 
but  iinperl'ect  in  a  few.     To  understand  their  structure  we  must  notice 

§  -").").  Tiir.iu  Jjoxy  FuAMEWoiiK.  (Fig-  'J-)  Tliis  ordinarily'  consists 
of  nine  actually  se[)aratc  l)ones ;  but  there  are  several  more  that  fuse 
together.  The  arin-l)()ne,  /nanerns,  a  single  bone,  reaches  from  shoulder  to 
elbow ;  it  is  succeeded  by  two  iiarallel  bones,  nhia  and  radius,  of  about 
equal  lengths,  reaching  from  elbow  to  wrist,  forming  the  forearm,  cubit  or 
antlhracliimu.  The  wrist  {carpus)  has  two  little  knol)by  carpal  bones,  called 
scapliulunur  and  cuneiform ;  very  early  in  life  there  is  another,  the  )tia'j- 
iiuiH,  that  soon  fuses  with  the  hand-bone,  or  metacarpal .  At  iirst,  this  last 
is  of  three  bones,  corresponding  to  those  of  our  hand  that  support  our  fore, 
middle  and  ring  linger  respectively;  afterwards  they  all  run  together.  The 
one  corresponding  to  the  middle  linger  is  much  the  largest  of  the  three,  and 
it  supports  two  finger-lioncs  {plialauijes)  placed  end  to  end,  just  as  our 
three  similar  tinger-bones  are  placed  one  after  the  other  at  the  end  of  their 
own  hand-l)one.  The  forclinger  hiind-bcnie  sticks  out  a  little  from  the  side 
of  the  prineiiial  one.  and  bears  on  its  end  one  iiiiger-Iione  (sometimes  two), 
which  is  commonly,  but  wrongly,  called  the  bird's  "thumb."  For  although 
on  the  extreme  border  of  the  hand,  it  is  liomoloijical  with  the  forclinger; 
birds  have  no  thumb  (exe.  Archwopleriix,  S/ruf/iio,  lilma)  ;  and  no  little 
finger.  The  third  hand-bone  is  joined  to  the  second,  and  bears  no  finger- 
bone. 


I 


he 

n-o 

pe, 

lire 

lire 

to 

I)e 

[bo 

rill 

lire 


, 


8TUUCTUUK   OF   TIIR   WINO. 


31 


§  ."»').  TifR  Mkcuanism  of  tlicso  boiips  is  ii(linir!il)lo.  The  shoiildor- 
.joiiit  is  h)()S(',  iiiiich  liiio  ours,  and  allows  tLf  hiimcnis  to  swing  all  about, 
though  chiclly  up  and  down.  The  elbow-joint  is  tight,  permitting  only 
bending  and  nnbeiiding  in  a  horizontal  line.  Tiio  linger  bones  have  scarcely 
any  motion.  JJnt  it  is  in  the  wrist  that  the  singular  meehanisni  exists.  In 
tile  tlr.-t  plaee,  tiie  two  forearm  i)oiies  are  fi.xcd  with  relation  to  eaeh  other 
so  tliat  they  eannot  roll  over  eaeh  other,  like  ours.  Streteh  your  arm  out 
on  the  table;  -without  moving  the  ell)()\v,  you  ean  turn  the  band  over  so  that 
either  its  palm  or  its  back  lies  ilat  on  the  tal)le.  It  is  a  motion  {rolation) 
of  the  bones  of  the  Ibrearm,  resulting  in  what  is  called  pronatiini  and  kh- 
jiiiKilion.  This  is  absent  from  the  bird's  arm,  necessarily;  for  if  the  hand 
could  tiuis  roll  over,  the  air  striking  the  pinion-feathers,  when  the  bird  is 
Hying,  would  throw  them  up,  and  render  tligiit  dillicult  or  inii)ossible. 
Next,  liie  hinging  of  the  hand  upon  the  wrist  is  such,  that  the  hand  does  not, 
move  up  and  down,  like  ours,  in  a  plane  perpendicular  to  tiie  plane  of  the 
ell)()W-bend,  but  back  and  forwards,  in  a  plane  horizontal  to  the  elbow  ; 
it  is  as  if  we  could  bring  our  little  linger  and  its  side  of  the  hand  around  to 
touch  the  corresi)ondiiig  border  of  the  forearm.  Thus,  evidently,  exten.-ion 
of  the  hand  upon  the  wrist-joint  increases  and  completes  the  unfolding 
of  the  wing  that  commenced  by  straightening  out  the  forearm  at  the  elbow. 
There  is  another  essential  feature  in  a  bird's  wing.  In  the  ligure,  (i,  aijc 
represents  a  deei)  angle  formed  b}'  the  bones,  but  none  such  is  seen  u[)ou 
the  outside  of  the  wing.  This  is  because  this  triangular  sj)ace  is  tilled  up 
by  a  fold  of  skin  stretched  over  a  c(n'd  that  passes  straight  from  near  a  to  c. 
I5ut  A  and  c  approach  or  recede  as  the  wing  is  folded  or  unfolded,  and  a 
simple  cord  long  enough  to  reach  the  full  distance  A  —  c  would  be  sjurk  in 
the  folded  wing;  so  the  cord  is  made  ela.sdc,  like  an  India  rubber  band;  it 
stretches  when  the  wing  is  unfolded,  and  contracls  when  the  wing  is  shut; 
it  is  thus  always  hauled  taut.  The  cord  makes  the  always  straightish  and 
smooth  anterior  border  of  tiie  wing.  TAe  car2)us  c,  or  the  always  promi- 
nent point  of  the  anterior  border,  is  a  highly  important  landmark  in  de- 
scriiitioiis,  and  should  be  thoroughly  understood;  it  is  also  called  the  "bend 
of  the  wing."  (See  under  Directions  for  Measurement;  see  also  explana- 
tion of  lig.  G.) 


Tiu.  C.  taki-'ii  IVoiii  a  yoini;^  chickoii  (liuiit   wiiiij:,  upper  siirf'acp),  sliows  tlio  coinpositiou 
mill  inuclmiiisiii  of  a  l)ii'(l's  win;;,     a.  slioulilor;  ii,  elbow;  c.  wrist  or  varj'iis;  d,  tip  of  pi-iii- 


! 


mi 


32 


MECHANISM    OF    THE    WIXO. 


fipiil  (tliotliircl)  tln^ior;  All.  unn ;  lie,  roreanii ;  ci>.  pinion,  or  lianil,  coinposetl  of  c,  carpus, 
thcni'c  to  i;,  nirliiriirjiim  or  hand  proper,  fxcrpl  tlic  bone  /.  this,  anil  ki>,  l)t'in^'  iJi-iila  m-  lin- 
gers. )i,  slial'l  of  Ininicrns;  /..  ulna:'',  radius;  d.  scaplioliniar  b'inc ;  c,  cuiiciforui  Ijomo; 
these  last  two  eomposiii;,'  wrist  or  earpus  proper.  Now  the  lli;iire  (1)  marks  two  lines 
thai  run  to  lhi>  two  ciuls  of  the  hnnierns,  (lesi;.niatiii!j;  a  sortof  eapon  either  end  of  lliat  l)oiie; 
tills  eap  is  an  kimimiysis;*  both  ends  of  ulna  and  radius  show  similar  ei)ii)li,vses,  conneeled 
in  the  tl^ure,  as  in  case  of  tin;  humerus,  with  the  shaft  by  mtml  lines.  Tlien,  of  the  meta- 
carpus. ;/  and  /  are  tlie  epiphyses  of,  respectively,  the  two  principal  metacarpal  bones  /,■,  the 
third,  and  /.  the  fourth;  /,•  aiul  /  liave  not  yet  coalesced  to^'cther,  but  lie  simjjly  opposed  to 
each  otiier,  whereas  tlicir  epipliyses  themselves,  ;/  ami  ./'.  are  seen  nnirhj  I'lised  to;;ether. 
/(,  wliicli  seems  to  be  the  epipliysis  of  /,  is  not;  it  is  a  inelacarpai  itself  (the  second), 
bearini;  the  (//;//'.  (',-  It  is  nearly  soldered  with  .'/.  in  which  lis  epiphysis  is  already  ab- 
sorlied.  Later  in  life,  k  sends  a  plate-like  i)rocess  towards  /;  /  and  /.■  fit'ow  to;rether;  h 
•rriiws  into  /■  and  ;/;  f  and  ;/  grow  into  Ik,  with  the  coinpouud  result  /i/lilk.  forminj;  a  sinj;le 
bone.  I  III;  Mr.rAC.iiii'Ai,,  bearin;;  tlic  ••thumb"  phalanx  i  and  the  two  lluirer  phalan;res  jk,  «, 
all  three  of  wliicli  remain  permanently  seiiarate.  (Observe,  that  /  is  called  the  •niiiii>  meta- 
carpal, becimse  it  represents  that  bone  in  the  hand  of  man  and  bi'asts;  tliat  in  actual 
position  it  is  second,  A  bein^'  tirst  ami  /  tldrd;  that  ordimiry  birds  have  im  llrst  and  na  llftli 
metacarjials;  and  th.atthe  bone  i,  though  called  •' thumb."  corresponds  to  the  llr.st  joint  of 
our  forelini;er.)  </',  tIrst  lln,;,a'r,  or  tlinmb.  the  seat  of  the  liusturd  iciiiij-finlhcrs  (alula,  §  oH) ; 
d",  actually  the  .second  lliiiier,  but  inorpholoi;ically  the  tiiird  llni;cr,  composed  of  two  movable 
boue.s  i»,  It.  a',  seat  of  primaries  (upon  wliole  pinion) ;  h',  seat  of  secondaries  (upon  fore- 
arm) ;  c',  seat  of  tertiaries  (about  and  al)ove  elbow) ;  a",  seat  of  scapularies  (ni)on  ptcnjla 
livini'filiK).  Tills  win;;  is  shown  hall-spread:  in  closing  or  folding,  c  approaches  a,  and 
1)  approaches  n;  all  iKarl;/  in  the  plane  of  tlic  paper;  and  in  unfolding,  the  elbow-joint 
11  is  such  a  perfect  hiugi'  tiiat  c  cannot  sink  down  below  the  level  of  the  paper,  and  c  is 
similarly  so  hinged  tliat  d  cannot  tly  up  from  the  saiue  level,  as  the  air,  pressing  upon 
the  (luill  feathers  a'  and  b',  would  tend  to  make  it  do.  Observe  also ;  b  and  c  are  two 
rods  connecting  ii  and  c,  and  the  construction  of  their  jointing  at  ii  and  c,  and  of  their 
jointings  Willi  each  other  at  their  ends,  Is  such,  that  they  can  ulide  iiloiiij  each  other  a  little 
way.  Now  when  llie  point  c,  revolving  about  ii,  approaches  a  in  the  arc  of  a  circle,  the 
rod  (•  piislKsuii  towards  (?,  /,  ;/.  etc..  while  the  rod  h  pnlls  hack  r,  I,  etc.;  so  that  the  point 
I)  is  brougiit  nearer  n.  Conversely,  in  opening  the  wing,  when  c  recedes  from  a,  c  pull.s 
back,  and  '<  pushes  on,  ell'ecting  recedence  of  d  from  ji.  So  the  angle  amc  cannot  be  in- 
creased or  diminished  without  similarly  increasing  or  dimiuishing  the  angle  dcd.  In  other 
words,  you  cannot  open  or  shut  one  part  of  the  wing,  without  opening  or  shutting  the  other; 
it  is  like  killing  two  birds  with  one  stone,  this  wonderlul  bony  luechanism  for  economizing 
muscular  power.f 

Wc  !irc  now  ready  to  examine  the 

§  57.  Wing-Fe.\thers.  These  all  grow  upon  the  pteryla  alaris  (§  9,  i, 
and  PI.  I,  li<r.  4, ,-,  ).  They  are  of  two  main  sorts ;  the  renur/es  (L.  rcmex,  ti 
rower)  or  loiip;  quills  colloctivcly,  and  the  coverts,  (cclricex  (L.  (ecfrix, 
tirbitrary  feminine  corruption  of  (cc/or,  a  covcrer)  ;  to  which  may  he  tidded 
as  a  third  distinct  group  the  haKtard  qnilh  (alula,  or  ala  .sj)nria).     The 

§  58.  Alula  (L.  diminutive  of  ala,  a  wing,  PI.  i,  tig.  1,  al),  or  little 
wing,  is  simply  the  bunch  of  fetithcrs  thiit  grow  upon  the  "thiunh."     Highly 


•  Epiphysis  (Gr.  e/ii,  upon,  phiisia,  Riowth).  Young  l)ones  nro  wholly  caitiliiKinoiis,  or  ifHslly ;  Hioy  linnlon 
lit  Icnjftli  by  deposition  in  tlio  I'lirlilaKe  of  bonecarlli.  Tills  deposit  iK'Kins  at  rcit.lin  points  fiillcil  os.ii_iic  cen- 
tres. Now  in  wliat  arc  eiilli'il  '•long"  lioiips,  tliiit  is.  bones  like  ii  linnionis,  etc.,  tlierc  iniiy  be  one  suoli  ciMitre 
for  tlie  sban  unit  one  upon  vnrh  end  of  tiie  lione.  Tlio  shiifl  ossilius  llist;  tliu  ends  later;  and  liefore  tlie  lione 
liiis  compleled  its  trrow tli  lliese ends  ronmin  ilistinit  fium  tlie  >li;ill  Willi  wliieli  they  afterwuids  Boldur.  TIiosb 
eartiliiginous  or  pistly  ciiiis  on  the  ends  are  called  epiphyses. 

fSce  IlKlKiMANS,  Arch./.  Aiuit..  1S.W,'21W;  CoUE.S,  Amer.  Xiit.  v,  1870,  513. 


/ !  / 


AVING-COVEKT.S    AM)    KK.MIUKS 


33 


importiint  iis  it  is  in  ;i  iiiorpliolojific'iil  point  of  view,  it  i.s  tukeii  into  little 
account  in  pructiciil  ornitholoiry,  nnloss  when  largely  moditiod  in  form,  con- 
spicuons  in  I'olor.  or  hearing  special  organs,  as  claws,  spurs,  etc.  It 
strengtlions,  and  defends,  and  adds  to  the  symmetry  of  the  anterior  outer 
border  of  the  wing.  (The  student  must  carefully  distinguish  the  use  of 
the  word  sjtitrioii.t  in  this  connection  from  its  application  to  a  certain  state 
of  the  tirst  primary  —  sec  §  ii2.) 

§  ;")!).  Tiiio  WiNC-covKin's  an;  conveniently  divided  into  the  upper  {(ec- 
(ri'ei's  siiperioren)  and  Hiidei'  {ted.  in/en'ores) ;  they  include  all  the  small 
feathers  that  clothe  the  wings,  extending  a  varying  distance  along  tlic  bases 
of  tiie  remigcs  (§•>•>).  The  ordinary  disposition  and  division  of  tlie  upper 
coverts  is  as  follows  :  —  There  is  one  set,  rather  long  and  stilHsh,  close-pressed 
over  the  bases  of  the  outc^  nine  or  ten  remigcs,  covering  these,  in  general, 
about  as  far  as  their  structure  is  ijlumulaceous.  These  s[)ring  fron\  the  hand 
or  pinion  (§  .')."))  and  are  the  n2)j)er  viummiy  coi-erl.t  (PI.  i.  fig.  1,  /)';)  :  they 
are  ordinarily  the  least  conspicuous  of  an}-.  All  the  rest  of  the  upper  coverts 
are  skco.vdaijy,  and  spring  mostly  from  the  forearm  ;  they  are  considered  in 
three  groni)s,  or  rov^.  Tlie  ;/n'((fer  v<>vert.<  (IM.  i,  tig.  1,  f/w)  are  the  tirst, 
outermost,  longest  row,  covering  the  bases  of  most  of  the  rcmiges  except 
the  first  nine  or  ten;  the  )ned!a)i  forcrtx  (Pi.  i,  tig.  1,  lasc),  are  a  next 
row,  shorter,  but  still  almost  always  forming  a  conspicuous  series.  All  the 
rest  of  the  secondary  coverts  pass  under  the  general  name  of  lenner  coverts 
(PI.  I,  iig.  1,  he).  The  greater  coverts  have  furnished  a  very  important  zoo- 
logical character  :  for  in  all  Pin^serex  they  an;  not  more  than  half  as  long  as 
the  remiges  they  cover,  while  the  reverse  is  l)t'lieved  to  be  the  case  in  nearly 
all  other  birds.  The  under  coverts  liave  the  same  general  disposition  as  the 
upper :  l)ut  they  are  all  like  each  other,  have  less  distinction  into  rows  or 
series,  and  for  practical  purposes  generally  [jass  under  the  common  name  of 
nailer  irinj-corerfs;  and  since,  when  the  wing  is  strikingly  colored  under- 
neath, it  is  these  feathers,  and  not  the  remiges,  that  are  highly  or  variously 
tinted,  the  expression  "  wing  below,"  or  "under  surface  of  the  wing"  gener- 
ally refers  to  them  more  particularly.  We  should  distinguish,  however, 
from  the  under  wing-coverts  in  general,  the  a.rillar>/  feathers,  or  axillars  (L. 
(ixilhi,  arm-pit).  These  are  the  innermost  of  the  under  wing-coverts;  al- 
most always  longer,  stilfer,  and  otherwise  distinguishable  from  the  rest;  in 
ducks,  for  example,  and  many  waders,  they  take  on  remarkable  development. 

§  1)0.  (a.)  TuK  1\i:mi(;i:s  (PI.  i,  tig.  1,  I),  ,s,  and  t)  mainly  give  the  size, 
shape,  and  general  character  to  the  wing,  and  are  its  most  important  fea- 
tures ;  they  represent  the  whole  of  its  posterior  outline,  most  of  its  surface, 
and  most  of  its  outer  and  inner  borders.  Taken  collectively,  they  form  a 
llattened  sinface  for  striking  the  air;  tliis  surface  may  be  quite  ilat,  as  in 
birds  with  long  pointed  wings  that  cut  the  air  like  oar-i)lades ;  generally  it 
is  a  little  concave  imderneath,  and  correspondingly  convex  above  ;  this  con- 
cavo-  -onvexity  varying  insensibly  within  certain  limits.  It  is  usually  great- 
est in  l);rds  with  a  short  rounded  wiui;,  as  in  the  <rallinaceous  order.      Two 

KKV   TO   N.    A.    mUItS.      5 


,     I 


34 


NVMllKK    AM)    >IIA1'K    OV    HKMUiKS. 


t'xli'ciiics  of  tliL-  iiiodc  (if  lli.i:lit  iTriiilt.  The  short,  roiiiul  wing  confers  a 
licavy,  i)(>\vcrfiil,  cnttini:  lliglit.  for  >liort  (lis(;inci's,^witli  a  wliirriiitr  noise, 
jjroduo'd  \>y  (|iiick  viliratioMi  of  tliewing:  hirils  tliat  tly  lliiis  aro  alnioi^t 
always  tlii('i<sct  and  iicavv.  Tiic  long,  i)ointcd  winy  gives  a  liglit,  airy, 
skinnning  lliglit,  indcfniitcly  prolonged,  witli  little  or  no  noise,  as  the  wing 
Ijeats  are  more  delilierate  :  birds  of  this  style  of  wing  are  generally  trim 
and  elegant.  'J'liese,  of  course,  are  merely  generalizations,  mixed  and  ob- 
scured in  every  degree  in  actual  bird-life.  Thus  the  hunnning-bird,  with 
long  pointed  wings,  whirs  them  fastest  of  all  birds ;  so  fast  that  the  c^'c  can- 
not lollow  tile  strokes,  and  merely  perceives  a  ndst  on  each  side  of  the  bird. 
The  coml)ination  of  a  pointed  \sitii  a  somewhat  I'oncave  shape  of  wing  is  a 
remarkably  sti'ong  oni' ;  it  results  in  a  rapid,  vigorous,  irhis/ltinj  llight,  as  in 
a  pigeon  or  duck.  .Vn  amp/i'  wing,  as  it  is  called,  that  is,  one  long  as  well 
as  broad,  without  being  pointi'd,  is  seen  in  the  herons;  it  confers  a  slow  and 
somewhat  lumbering,  but  still  strong,  llight.  The  longest  winged  birds  are 
found  among  the  swinuncrs,  as  aliialrosses  ;  but  hc'.'e  the  extreme  length  is 
lai'gcly  produced  by  the  length  of  the  humerus  ;  some  land  birds,  as  swallows, 
swifts,  hunnning-l)irils,  and  other  lissirostral  birds,  would  have  a  still  longer 
wing,  were  not  the  humerus  extraordinarily  short.  The  .shortest  wings 
(;unong  birds  with  jjerfect  remiges),  occur  in  thi'  lowest  swimmers,  as  among 
the  aid\s  and  divers,  and  in  the  gallinaceous  birds.  The  various  special 
shai)es  of  wings  ai'e  too  numerous  and  too  insensibly  gradated  to  i)e  men- 
tioned here.  The  mechanics  of  ordinary  Hying  are  probably  now  under- 
stood,* though  the  "way  of  an  eagle  in  the  air"  was  an  enigma  to  the  M'iso 
man  of  old.  ihit  the  sailing  of  some  birds  for  an  indelinite  period  through 
the  air,  u[)  as  weW  as  down,  without  visible  motion  of  the  wings,  remains  a 
stumbling-block;  the  llight  of  the  turkey  vulture  is  yet  unexplained,  I  ven- 
ture to  atlirm. 

(b.)  The /(((//(//(/•  of  remiges  ranges  fi'om  sixteen,  in  the  hunnning-bird, 
to  upwards  of  lil'ty,  in  the  albatross.  This  statement  is  exclusive  of  the 
penguins,  in  which  there  are  no  true  remiges.  'I'he  remiges  subserve  llight 
in  nearh'  all  existing  birds  except  these  last,  the  ostriches  and  their  allies, 
and  the  great  auk,  Alcu  hnpeimis — if  indeed  this  bird  still  lives. 

(e.)  Of  the  f</i(ij)e  of  remiges  there  is  little  to  be  said,  they  are,  with  few 
exceptions,  so  unii'orm.  They  are  the  stillest,  strongest,  most  truly  penna- 
ceous  (§  1)  of  a  bird's  feathers;  they  have  no  evident  hyporhachis  ( §  ;!,  a)  ; 
they  are  generally  laiicvohitv,  that  is,  taper  regularly  and  gradually  to  a 
rounded  point.  Sometimes  one  or  l)oth  webs  are  tnci-it'd  or  attenuttte 
towards  the  end,  that  is,  they  narrow  abruptly  ;  this  is  also  called  eiitart/uut- 
tinii.  (See  lig.  IIU.)  The  tips  of  the  remiges  may  be  squarely  or  obli(inely 
cut  oil",  as  it  were,  or  nicked  in  various  ways.  Except  in  the  case  of  a  few 
of  the  innermost  remiges,  their  outer  vexillum  (§  3,  a)   is  always  narrower 


f'l 


! 


♦Till'  .■.(uikMit  ^llMUhl  iii.t  fail  t"  coiisull.  in  this  cnnniMtiuii,  M.  Maioy's  '•  l.i-ctiiros  im  tlii>  eheiioinumi  ol' 
riijiht."  Siiiilli.^oiiidii  Itiju'rl  liir  ISii'.i.  p.  'i-.;!;,    (Ti-:iiisliili'i|  IVum  Jtinie  i/ts  CnurH  *Vi«  H/i/iryi/cs.) 


\i 


riM.MAKIKS. 


li;) 


I 


(liiiii  (!io  iiiiior,  1111(1  its  b.'irh-i  stiiiid  out  less  IVoiii  tlm  rhacliis  (Jjr5,  a).  Ivcin- 
iiTL'.s  are  (lividod  into  tluT'o  classes,  arrordiiiir  to  tiieir  scat ;  anil  in  this  is  in- 
volved Olio  of  tiio  most  important  cfjiisiderations  in  pmetical  ornitholojry,  of 
wliii'li  the  sliiiloiit  iiiiist  make  liiius(df  iiiast(M-.  The  three  classes  are  1,  the 
jir/'/ii'ir/cs ;   2,  the  Kd'onddfipx:  .'5,   the  tciiiarics. 

§  (!1.  TiiK  l*i!iM.vi;ii;s  (IM.  i,  ll'z.  1,  h)  are  those  rendires  which  srow  upon 
the  pinion,  or  hand-  and  finirer-boiies  (liir.  <!,  cd).  Whatever  tiie  total  num- 
her  of  remijjfes  may  lie,  In  all  hinh  with  rciiiiifes  t]ic priiaark'H  are  eilhci'  m\k 
or  TK\  III  )uti}ifin\  as  far  as  is  known.  The  albatross  and  the  humming-bird 
(§  (!(),  b)  liotii  have  t(>n.  All  l)irds,  probably,  below  the  hiuiiest,  the  oseiiie 
I'dssctrn,  iiave  ten.  Aiiionir  Osn'iir.^,  there  are  nine  or  ten  indill'erently  ;  and 
just  this  dillereiiee  of  one  primary  more  or  less  forms  one  of  tli(>  most  marked 
distiiietious  between  some  families  of  that  suborder.  So  the  tenth  feather  in 
u  bird's  wiiijr,  countiuf^  from  the  outside,  is  a  sort  of  crucial  test  in  many 
cases ;  if  it  l)e  lirst  secondary,  the  liird  is  one  thiiiLr ;  if  it  be  last  iirimary,  the 
l)ird  is  another;  the  necessity,  therefore,  of  defermininii'  whieii  it  is,  b(>comes 
evident.  It  is,  of  course,  always  possible  to  settle  the  (piestion  by  strikin*!; 
at  the  roots  of  the  remiires  and  seeinir  1h>w  many  are  seated  on  the  pinion; 
but  this  liciierally  involves  some  defaciiii;  of  a  specimen,  and  ordinarily  there 
is  an  easier  way  of  determinini;'.  Hold  the  winir  half  s[)read;  then,  in  nearly 
all  Osfi/ics,  tlie  primaries  come  slopiiiii'  down  on  one  side,  and  the  secondai'ies 
similarly  on  the  otlier,  to  form,  where  tiiey  meet,  a  reentrant  anjjrle  in  the 
general  contour  of  the  posterior  border  of  the  winji ;  the  feather  that  occupies 
this  iiotcii  is  the  one  we  are  after,  and  unluckily  is  sometimes  last  primary, 
and  sometimes  first  secondary.  I5ut  primaries  ai'c,  so  to  sjx'ak,  eiiij)/ia/ic, 
self-axser/inr/,  ![filic!::ed  remiijes,  still',  stroiiii-,  obstinate;  while  seconda- 
ries are  wluqxnuiHi^  rclivlug  remiires  in  hren'cr,  limber,  weak,  and  yieldinj^. 
This  dill'erence  in  character  is  almost  always  shown  l»y  sonicf/thn/  in  their 
general  shape,  iin|)ossil)I(>  to  descrilie,  Init  wliich  the  student  will  soon  learn 
to  detect.  Let  the  reader  examiiu!  i)late  i,  liii'.  1,  where  b  marks  the  it  pri- 
maries of  a  sparrow's  winir,  mid  n  indicates  tiie  secondaries ;  he  will  see  a  dif- 
ference at  once.  The  primaries  exi)ress  themselves,  thouirh  with  constantly 
diminisiiing  force,  to  the  last;  then  the  secondaries  iimnediatcdy  begin  to 
tell  a  ditleriMit  tale.  Among  North  American  birds,  the  only  ones  with 
NINE  i)rimaries  are  the  families  MnldcilUthr.,  Alnu(li(l<x:,  Si/lc/'fol/<l<i',  JUrun- 
dinlihc,  l'\'ui;/il/ida',  Icfcn'dit;,  part  of  tlic  Vireonnla',  and  the  genus  Ain- 
pelift.*     The  condition  of  the  Jir.if  primary,  whether 

§  G2.  Spuiuors  or  not,  is  often  of  great  hell)  in  this  determination.  The 
first  primary  is  said  to  be  sjnirioits  (compare  §  AS)  when  it  is  very  short; 
say  a  thii'd,  or  less  tlian  a  third,  of  the  length  of  the  second  primary.     A 


*'riii.-i  roiilly  hii!-  ten;  liiit  tlii>  lii^l  i<  --ci  <m:M  ami  sn  out  ii!'  |io*itic>ii  IliiU  it  is  only  tlii'ori'tii'ally  iii'couiiteil 
ns  siirli,  iind  wdiiM  nut  Iji!  sn  cini-idi'vi'ii  l)y  the  siiiilcnt.  1  -huiilil  ailil.  lli:it  ivci'iit  voseafclic-i  »(  I'nif.  IJainl's 
tenil  tn  sliDW  lli:it  ('// siippnso.l  iiiiie-|irini.'U'ii'il  liInU  have  re.illy  ten ;  hill  mily  iin  cx|iert  ornillmluKist  emiM 
llnil  tlieaililitiiMKil  inn' in  iincstiiin:  ami  it  neeil  mil  he  lal\<'n  intu  aei'oinil  lor  ju'esent  imvposes.  (Sec  expla- 
nation of  1*1.  I.  li^.  1,  7H.)     Nitzseh  sayR  the  jjrebe^  have  11  primaries;  this  may  be  conllrnied. 


tf' 


' 


m 


SECONDAKIKS    AND    TEKTIAKIKS TIIR    TAIL. 


fpiirioiis  first  ])rininrv  oiiiy  occurs  in  ccrtuin  Icn-primiiricil  Oscincfi.  It  is 
evi(l<Mit,  liicrclurc,  lliat  the  fiiidiiii;-  of  tliis  short  iiriiiiMry  is  cfjnivalcnt  to 
dotcrniininj:  tlio  presence  ol'  ten  i)riiniirics  ;  Imt,  on  the  otiier  liand,  not 
finding  it  does  not  prove  nine  primaries;  tiie  connt  must  bo  mado  in  all 
eases  where  the  first   iiiinuirv  is  more  tlian  one-third  as  loiirr  as  tlio  second. 

§  (!■'{.  'riii:  Sr.(((M)Ai!ii:s  (PI.  i,  <i<r.  1,n)  are  those  reiniires  tiiat  are  seated 
on  the  I'orearni  (i\<x.  (>.  Jic)  ;  tlie\'  vary  in  iinmher  from  six  npward,  tiio  \)H'- 
eise  frreatest  innnlier  prohaMy  not  ascertained,  uidess  it  he  tiie  forty  of  the 
alliatross.  'J'hey  have  tlic  pecnliarily  of  i)eing  aetnally  altaclied  to  one  of 
tlie  hones  of  tiie  foreaiin  {ulna)  wiiicii  tiie  otiier  remiges  are  not.  If  you 
examine  an  ulna,  yon  will  see  a  row  ol  little  poiiils  showing  the  attachment. 
The  secondaries  jirescnt  no  special  features  necessary  to  describe  in  the  pres- 
ent eoniiection.     Tliey  are  enormously  developed  in  the  argus  pheasant. 

§  fit.  (a.)  Tin:  'ri;i;TiAi!ii",s  (PI.  i,  fig.  1,  /)  arc,  properly-,  the  remiges 
that  grow  upon  the  upiier  arm  (/lumeiHs) ;  but  they  are  not  evident  in  most 
birds,  and  the  two  or  three  innermost  secondaries,  that  grow  upon  the  very 
elbow,  and  arc  commonly  different  from  the  rest,  in  form  or  color,  or  both, 
pass  under  the  name  of  tertiaries.  80  also  some  of  the  scapular  feathers 
(§  38,  and  PI.  i,  fig.  1,  .frj)),  when  long  or  otherwise  conspicuous,  arc  called 
tertiaries.  But  there  is  an  evident  and  jji'oper  distinction.  Scapulars  are 
feathers  of  {\\c  jitevi/la  luniu'ruUt^  (§  !t,  /;),•  while  tertiaries,  whether  seated 
on  the  elbow  or  higher  up,  arc  the  innermost  remiges  of  the  2)(er)/hi  alaris 
(§  0,  Ij).  They  arc  oftener  called  "tertials,"  for  short,  though  the  other 
name  is  more  correct,  besides  being  formed  in  analogy  with  the  names  of 
the  other  remiges.  Tertiaries  do  not  often  atlbrd  conspicuous  or  important 
characters ;  but  in  many  birds  they  are  very  long  and  flowing.  This  is 
particularly  the  case  in  most  sharp-winged  wading  birds  ;  and,  in  fact,  is 
mainly  eontined  to  birds  with  such  a  wing. 

(b.)  Occasionally,  any  of  the  wing  feathers  take  on  remarkable  special 
developments,  and  such  is  particular!}^  the  case  with  the  tertials  and  second- 
ary njiper  coverts ;  but  it  would  be  superfluous  to  particularize  these  here. 
The  w  ing  rarely  luodnces  anything  but  feathers  ;  sometimes,  however,  oil'en- 
sive  weapons  arc  found,  as  in  the  horny  spur-like  jjrocess  of  tiie  pinion  of 
the  spnr-wiiiged  thrush,  'J'urdus  dac/i/hipfcnis,  the  spur-winged  goose 
{Ph'droplcruK) ,  spur-winged  pigeon  {Didancuhis),  several  plovers  (C/ie/- 
tuKui,  etc.),  the  jacanas  {I'arra),  etc.,  and  the  one  or  two  claws  of  the 
ostriches  and  their  allies,  as  well  as  of  the  extinct  Archcvopteri/x.  But  we 
have  no  illustration  of  these  outgrowths  among  North  American  birds. 

TiiK  Tail. 

§  r)5.  Time  was  when  birds  flew  about  with  long  bony  and  fleshy  tails, 
with  the  feathers  inserted  in  a  row  on  either  side  (disfichoiis)  like  the  'uiirs 
of  a  sijuirrel's.  lint  we  have  changed  all  that.  Now  the  bones  aii.  few 
(generally  about  nine  in  number),  and  short,  not  projecting  beyond  the  gen- 


i 


! 


TAiL-(;i)vi:ins  and  ukctuicks. 


37 


\ 


1 


oral  jiliiinajro,  and  tlio  last,  one,  called  cocc;/,r  or  vomer  (L.  vomer,  n  ploiiirh- 
sliaiv),  is  larjJTc  and  siiiixularly  sliajicd,  and  tlic  feathers  arc  stuek  around  this 
like  the  hiades  upon  a  lady's  Ian.  The  whole  hony  and  mu.seular  apparatus 
is  I'aiuiliar  to  every  one  as  the  "pope's  nose"  of  the  Christmas  turkey  ;  and 
in  descriptive  ornitlioloiry  the  word  "tail"  refers  solely  lo  tlie  feathers,  all  of 
which  grow  upon  the  j)toryla  caudalis  (§t),  h).  The  tail  feathers,  like  those 
of  the  AviuiTs,  are  of  two  sorts;  corer/s  (/«'//vVe.v)  and  redn'as  (L.  rec/rix,  a 
female  ruk'r  or  jroverncss  ;  here  in  the  sense  of  a  sd-crcr  or  rudder,  because 
they  guide  the  bird's  (light)  ;  these  correspond  precisely  to  the  wing-coveits 
(§  oil)  and  the  reniiges  (§  (iO,  a),     Tlie 

§  f)().  Tail-covkkts  arc  the  numerous,  generally  rather  small,  in  comjiar- 
ison  with  rcctrices,  feathers  that  overlie  and  underlie  the  rectrices,  defending 
their  bases,  and  contributing  to  the  lirnmess  and  symmetry  of  the  tail.  An 
obvious  division  of  them  is  into  an  njijiir  {Icrt.  siijierinres)  and  itiukr  {/erf. 
inferiores)  set.  xseilher  set  is  kvku  wholly  wanting;  but  sometimes  oim  oi- 
the  other,  and  particularly  the  niii)cr,  is  very  short,  and  not  distingui>hablo 
from  the  general  i)luniage  of  nota'um  (§  .-JS),  as  in  the  rutldy  iluck  (genus 
270).  The  upper  coverts  ar(!  the  most  variable  in  size,  shajjc  and  texture. 
While  usually  shorter  than  the  under,  and  reaching  only  from  a  fourth  to  a 
half  of  the  length  of  tiio  rectrices,  sometimes  they  take  an  extraordinary 
develoi)ment,  ))roject  far  beyond  the  ri'ctrices,  and  form  the  bird's  cliiefest 
ornament.  Tiie  gorgeous  argus-eyed  train  of  the  peacock  is  upper  tail 
coverts,  not  rectrices  ;  the  elegant  i)lumes  of  the  paradise  trogon  ( I'hdfo- 
iiKirrus  iiKin'inio),  several  times  longer  than  the  l)ir(l  itself,  are  likewise 
covcrls.  Tlie  under  tail  covci'ts  are  more  unifoi'm  in  development,  and 
vcr}'  rarely,  as  in  some  of  the  stoi'ks,  become  i)lumes  of  any  considerable 
pretensions.  Ordinarily,  they  are  about  half  as  long  as  the  tail,  but  I'rc- 
queiitly  reach  its  whole  length,  and  i'orm  a  dense  tuft,  as  in  the  ducks.  I  do 
not  now  recall  an  instance  of  their  i)roiectin"'  noticeably  bevond  the  tail. 
It  is  to  this  bundle  of  under  tail-coverts  that  the  word  criMum  (§  3'.')  prop- 
erly applies.     The 

§  07.  Ukctuicks  or  true  tail  feathers  can  almost  never  be  confounded 
with  the  coverts  :  they  are,  like  the  reniiges,  still',  well-[)ronouiiced  feathers, 
pcnnaceous  to  the  very  base  of  the  vexilla,  wanting  after-shafis  (at  least 
evident  after-shafts,  in  the  great  majority  of  cases),  and  havi'  one  vexillum 
wider  than  the  other,  cxeejit,  sometimes,  the  central  i)air.  They  are  always 
in  pairs:  tiiat  is,  there  is  the  same  miiuber  on  each  side  of  the  midtlle  line  of 
the  tail,  and  their  mnnber,  consetjiiently,  is  always  an  even  one.  The  ex- 
ceptions to  this  rule  are  so  few  (and  then  only  among  birds  with  the  higiier 
numbers  of  tail  feathers)  that  they  are  probably  to  be  regarded  as  simple 
anomalies,  from  accidental  arrest  of  a  feather.  They  are  imbricated  over 
each  other  in  this  way  : — Tlu^  central  i)air  are  highest,  and  lie  with  both  their 
Avebs  over  the  next  feather  on  either  side  (the  inner  wei)  of  either  of  these 
middle  two  underlying  or  overlying  the  iniiei'  web  of  {\w  other)  ;  and  they 
all  thus  successiA'cly  overlie  each  other,  so  that   they  would  form  a  i)yramid 


88 


Hiivri;  wr)  MMMr.i;  or  i:i:('i  i;ifi;s. 


were  llicy  lliiciv,  not  tl.il.  This  <li^|ti)«iliuii  i<  pcrccivcil  ;i(  (Hicc  in  llic  mccoiu- 
piiii\iii;i^  iliiitrram,  where  it  will  .•li-'o  he  seen  lh;it  .yircin/iifj  <>{'  the  tail  is 
siui|il\    Ihe    L:i'<:iler   (jiver^ciice    of  ti    iVniii    />,  ."_ 

while    I'liifiiiiq  tiie    tiiii  is  liriiiL'iiiii  "  iiinl  h  tn-  ~ 

fret  her    (lireetiy    miil<'r  c      'I'iie    act    is    acconi-  

plisiied   hy  f-ertiiiii  imi>eles  tiiat   itiili  on  eitiier  . 

sido    fit    tlie    bases    of    tlie    (|iiilis    colieetively  :         ,,  ;, 

they  are  the  same  that  pull  tlie  wlioii'  tail  to  one  side  or  the  other,  jnst  as 
tiller-ropes  of  a  Imafs  rndiler  work  on  that  iiistrnnient.     Tlio  iffiicnif 

§  (IS.  SiiAi'i':  of  a  reitrix.  is  >hown  in  IM.  i.  iiu'.  '>.  'I'he  feathei'  is  some- 
what elnlil)e(|.  or  oMonu",  vvidenimr  irradnally  and  nearly  reu'iiiarly  towards 
Ihe  tip.  where  it  is  piitly  rounded.  I'.nl  the  olivi(nis  (le[)artiires  from  this 
are  varions.  A  reetrix  broad  to  the  very  tip,  and  then;  cait  scpiarely  oil",  is 
tritncilr ;  one  sneh  cut   diaironally  otf  is  infisi-,/,  especially  when,  as  usually 

liap|)ens,  the  ontiii f  the  tait  ])ortion  is  concave.      A  Ihu-ur  reetrix  is  very 

narrow,  with  parallel  sides;  a  liiw-'ihitf  one  is  broader  at  the  base,  and 
tapers  veu:ularly  ami  irradnally  to  .a  point.  A  noticeably  pointeil  I'ectrix  is 
ariili' ;  when  the  pointinir  is  jiroduced  by  (ihnipt  contraction  towards  tlu^  tip 
it  is  called  (ii-iituiiiiili',  ms  in  wooilpcckcrs  generally.  .V  very  lonu".  slend(>r, 
more  or  less  linear  feather  is  ^aid  to  Ik;  Jif'/mfiifitiis,  as  the  lateral  one  of  a 
barn-swallow  or  of  most  terns,  the  middle  mie  of  a  tropic,  iiird  (!jr<'n.  -7.H), 
etc.  When  such  protrude  suddenly  and  far  beyond  all  the  rest,  I  call  tiuMn 
hiu'i-ca^crlcil,  after  an  analoiroiis  term  in  botany.  An  unnsnidly  stilf  teallier 
is  called  rr/i'd,  as  in  woodpeckers  an<l  other  birds  that  use  the  bail  as  a  prop 
()rsui)port.  When  the  rhachis  projects  beyond  thi;  ve.xilla,  the  feather  is 
spinose,  or  better,  iinn'roini/e  (L.  sjn'nn,  a  prickle,  or  /niicro,  a  point;  e.  ;/., 
chimney-swift,  ti<;.  l2o).  The  boh-o'-link  (Li'cn.  N7)  and  shai'p-tailed  lineli 
(lii;.  H\ )  both  approximate  towards  this  condition,  ^\'hen  the  vexilla  are 
wavy-edsjcd,  tlu'  feather  is  i-rcnulafe  (tine  example  in  /'In/iis,  >j:v\\.  271!). 
AVhile  tlu^  irreat  maJ(M'ity  of  recti'ii-es  are  stnn'^i/if,  some  arc;  cm-rrd,  (-itlier 
outwards  or  inwards,  in  the  hori/ontal  jtlano  ;  those  curved  in  a  perpen- 
dicular })laue  are  (irch I'l I  oi-  viiuUeif  —  the  latter  particularly  when  the  vanos 
aro  concavo-convex  in  tran-^versc  section.     The  ty])ical 

§  ('(9.  \r.Mi!i:u  of  rectrices  is  twki.vi;.  This  hohls  in  the  vast  majority 
of  bii'ds.  It  is  so  uniform  thronurhout  the  ureal  uroui)  Oschicx,  that  the 
rare  exceptions  are  porfectly  anomalous;  in  the  other  liToup  of  y*(^s■.s•Rre,s 
(^OlamdtoreH)  it  is  usually  twelve,  but  sometimes  /en.  Amonir  »s'//7'.vo;r.s 
there  aro  never  more  than  t)-ii  rectrices.  In  S'-'insiiref),  tlu?  number  varies 
from  ei'_//if  to  tirrjri-;  ciuht  is  r.are,  as  in  the  uenus  (Jrnlophdiid  (no.  12(i)  ; 
other  cuckoos  have  ^7/ ,•  the  wood[)eckcrs  have  ai'i-aukntlv  ten,  but  thoro 
are  really  tnrire,  of  which  the  outer  pair  on  each  side  are  very  small,  almost 
rudimentary,  hidden  betwixt  the  bases  of  the  second  and  third  pair  (see  Key, 
III).  liirds  of  jirey  have  about  twclvi".  l'iu'('ons  (all  ours  at  least)  have 
twelvi^  or  fourteen.  In  binl-;  l»dow  these  the  nnmbei'  ix'H'ins  to  increase  ; 
thus  directly,  .among  the  jrrouse,  we  may  tiud  up  to  twenty,  as  in  the  great 


•I 


h 


rOUJl.S    OK     TAILS. 


;iii 


cock  of  till'  plains;  l)iit  in  ii  low  siiii,Milar  types  {T!ii(iiii!il<v)  of  tin-  order 
(riiltiii'C,  tlu^re  iii't^  iiDiic,  of  only  nulinirnlaiT  ones.  Aiiioiiir  water  hii'ds  tlie 
nuinl)ors  vary  .so  tint  lliey  are  usually  ol"  only  L:eiierie,  ami  sonietiiiies  only 
si)ecitie,  iniportanee.  'I'liosi-  swininiers  with  IoiilTi  well-l'ornied  tails,  as 
the  fjoii'jijiciincs,  and  partienlarly  the  gull  family,  and  soini!  of  tlie  dneks, 
liave  the  fewest  ;  here  there  are  twelve,  sometimes  fourteen,  i-ai'ely  sixteen  ; 
while  those  with  short,  soft  tails  iiave  the  most,  as  sixteen,  eighteen,  twenty  ; 
and,  as  in  the  pelicans,  twenty-two,  oi-  even  twenty-l'oui'  —  the  last  heini,' 
aboK(  the  maximum,  althoniih  in  one  <j;enus  of  penj^iiins  {AjilinKHh/tcii)  thi're 
are  thirty-two  or  more.  Swinnuers  a,L:ain,  furnish  birds  with  no  reetriee.s, 
the  whole  grelie  I'amil}'  {I'oilirijiidn')  heiuir  thus  disliniiuished.  .So  reutrices 
run  anions  hirds  frcjui  none  to  over  thirty,     'i'he  ///ji/'nd 

§  7(1.  SiiAi'K  UK  TiiK  Tail,  as  a  whole,  is  the  kan.  'I'he  modilieations, 
however,  arc;  as  many  as,  and  jrreatc  r  and  more  varied  than,  those  of  tho 
wing,  at  the  same  time  that  they  are  susee|)til)Ie  of  better  deliiiition,  and 
have  rceeived  spc.'eial  names  that  nmsi  he  learned.  Taking  the  >imi)lest 
case,  whei'e  the  I'eelriees  are  all  of  the  s:ime  hnigth,  av(^  have  ^vllat  is  called 
the  eccii,  sijti'ox'  or  lniii<:i(li-  tail,  from  which  nearly  all  the  others  are  simple 
dopurturos  in  one  way  or  auolh(U\  A  S(juare,  ov  nearly  so,  tail  with  the 
two  central  feathers  long-exserted  (§  (!.S)  is  eoiun:on  :  we  sei'  it  in  all  jaegers 
(gen.  '2W),  in  MokioIus  (gen.  112)  and  esix'cially  in  Plnullinn  (gen.  '1~^). 
The  most  frequent  departure  from  the  even  tail  is  liy  giadual  successive 
shortening  of  the  rectrices  from  the  pair  next  the  middle  t(j  the  exterior 
ones;  and  this  shortening  is  called  iiraddliun,  (jiradatiiju  is  a  generic  term, 
iin[)lying  such  shortening  in  any  degree.  Precisely,  it  should  mean  shorten- 
ing each  successive  i)air  of  rectrices  by  the  mnnc  amount  ;  say,  each  pair 
being  half  an  inch  shorter  than  the  next.  IJut  this  exactness  is  not  often 
preserved,  ^^'hen  the  fi'athers  shorten  by  mom  and  more,  we  have  the  ti'ue 
rounded  tail,  probably  the  e()mmou,est  form  among  birds  :  thus,  let  the  grada- 
tion between  the  middle  and  next  i)air  Ix^just  appreciable,  and  then  increase 
regularly,  to  half  an  inch  between  the  next  to  the  outermost  and  the  lateral 
pair.  The  opposite  gradation,  by  less  and  lex.'i  shortening,  gives  the  n/cdije- 
fihajjcd  ov  cHiieafe  tail;  it  is  well  shown  in  the  magpie,  where,  as  in  many 
other  i)irds,  the  central  feathers  would  be  called  long-exserted,  were  all  the 
rest  of  the  same  length  as  the;  outer.  A  cnneate  tail,  especially  with  narrow 
acute  feathers,  is  also  called  pointed,  in  contradistinction  to  rounded,  as  in 
the  sprig-tailed  duck  (gen.  ^.j;]).  The  generic  opposite  of  the  gradated  tail 
is  the  Jhrkcd;  where  the  lateral  feathers  increase  in  length  from  the  central 
to  the  outer  pair.  The  least  appreciable  forking  is  called  etnanjtnalion,  and 
such  a  tail  is  eniar(ii)ia(e ;  when  it  is  more  marked,  as  for  instance,  say  an 
inch  of  forking  ill  a  tail  six  inches  long,  the  tail  is  truly  yo/7i«/.  The  de- 
grees of  forking  are  so  various  and  intimately  connected,  that  they  are  usu- 
ally expressed  by  (jualitied  terms:  as,  "  slightly  forked,"  "deeply  forked," 
etc.  The  deeper  forkings  iiro  uKiiall>/  accompanied  by  a  more  or  less  Jihi- 
inentom  elongation  of  the  outer  pair  of  rectrices  :  as  in  the  barn  swallow, 


ll 


40 


KiiitM-  HI    TAit.s — iiiK  Fi:r.r. 


snirii'  tl\r.iti'|icr-i,  must  of  (lie  tcllH,  etc.,  I'lc.  ||  WdilM  lie  !l(lvi<!llilc  l(>  llllVO 
;i  Irnn  lo  f\|irt's-<  siii'li  cNlicriic  cuiKlitiiiii,  wliicli  I  sIimH  tmII  /'nrjiinfc,  wlicii 
llic  ili'ptli  i>r  llir  {'"vk  is  (iiu.'il  Id,  iir  <;n';il('r  tliiiii,  llio  Iciiirtli  nf  llir  sliorh'st 
(iiiiilillr)  piiir  III' fell licis  ;  it  (i('<'iir-i  ;imi>ii'_'  our  liirdn  in  iIh'  i^fcncra  Milnihix 
(no.  1(U),  SIcni'i  (2l'l),  .'Mill  t'Ui'wIii'rc'.  Itnnhli-Utvkvd  oi' (/'/(////'-lonndt'tl 
t.'iiU  iiri>  not  nni'iiniinon  ;  tlicy  n'snlt.  tVoni  conilmmtinn  of  liotli  ^nidiitioii 
.'iml  t'lirkinir.  in  this  way  :  —  lift  liu^  iiiiiidlc  fciillicr.s  rcni.'iin  consliinl,  iind 
llif  next,  two  or  three  pairs  pro^'ressivcly  inereusc'  in  Ieni;th,  tiien  the  rest 
successively  dccrc;i>e  ;  evidently,  the  ttul  is  iorked  ccntridly,  irnidated  exter- 
nally :  tiii--  is  the  donhh-  rounded  t'orni  ;  it  is  shown  in  the  u'enei'a  Mii!(iil<nli-n 
(no.  "i:.')  and  -I/('<»n  ( 2'.M  ).  .Now  with  midille  I'e.itiiers  as  helori'.  let  tho 
next  pair  or  two  deere.isc  in  leuLilh,  and  the  rest  [)ro,i:ressiv(dy  increase  to 
the  (iulerniii>t  :  llien  we  have  tlie  doiilile-lorlveil,  u  coninion  sha|)e  anionic 
sandpipers.  In  the  latter  I'asi',  the  t'orkini;'  rar(dy  amounts  to  more  than 
simple  eniayuiiiation,  :in<l  L:'enerally  is  re.illy  little  more  than  >imple  protru- 
sion of  the  middle  pair  of  reelrices  in  an  otherwise  siiijht  ly  forked  (ail  ;  and 
in  neither  ease  is  tin'  Lii'adation  either  way  ol'len  L'reat . 

N'arions  shapes  of  tails,  wiiieli  the  student  will  re.adily  iiaiiu*  from  lli(3 
fore^roin.ir  paraLM'a])ii.  are  illu^tr.ited  in  li-s.  17,  lH,  -".I,  .".(»,  ."52,  T)!,  T)?,  (IH, 
7.1.  7i;.  M,  its.  Kk;.  117.  iL'M,  iL'i,  jL'i;,  i.-,;!.  i;;,-.,  i;i7,  III,  11">,  117-")-', 
177.  -.'im;,  :.'1  1.  !  slhiild  aNo  allude  to  \\u'  I'uhh'il  tail  of  tiie  hiirn-yard  fowl 
{(,'iilliis  liitiihiri,  var. )  a  \ery  I'aniiliar  hut  lare  form.  ( )ne  of  the  most 
beautiful  and  wonderful  of  .ail  the  shapes  of  tln^  tail  is  illustrated  h\  the 
male  of  the  famous  lyre-liird  (^Mrmivii  siijicrfxi ) ,  shown  in  tlus  tii^urc  at  tho 
end  of  this  int  rodui'lion. 

it  slioidd  lie  rememliere(I  th.at  to  determine  the  shape,  ihv  (ail  ."should  l»c 
viewed  yif^'oV// I'losed  ;  for  .spreadini^  will  olt\iousIy  make;  a  s((uar(!  tail  round, 
an  eiuarginate  one  sijuare,  etc.     1  append  a  diagram  of  tlio  i)rincipal  form.s. 


Via.  ".—  KiiiKrani  nl"  ^-hiipcrt  nf  liiil. 

l'"i<i.  7.  ii<l'\  riiiiiiilcil ;  II' i\  i;rm\i\U'\  iiii\  (•.uiio»l('-;;nulat(-' ;  nU-,  (Mliioiitc;  iihr,  double- 
reuildi'il ;  fiij,  s(iii:iro;  //(;/,  filial  ;,'iii:iti' ;  fufinj,  (loiil)lc-(Mil!U-,i,nii:it(' ;  l;im.  Iorked;  kiin,  <li'i;ply 
forked;  khm,  forllciUu, 


Till',  Fi;i;r. 

§  71.    I\  AM.  iiiKKS,  th(!  posterior  extrcmiLies  are  organized  for  progres- 
sion ;    for  walking,  hopping,  or  rumiiiig  on  land,  in  all;   hut  u  few  of  the 


»^  .^£737KS9=P- 


iKiNM'.H  or  i.r.u  AMI  I'liur. 


41 


lowest,  l>inls  can  sciirccly  walk;  for  pdrcliini;  on  In-iw,  etc.,  in  llio  vast 
majority,  ihihI  of  wliidi  liop  uhmit  tlicrc,  anil  many  nt'  wliicii  <'linil)  or 
scraniltli'  in  every  imatrinalilc  way,  witli  or  wiliiont  tin;  aid  of  the  tail;  tor 
swinunini;  on  the  water,  or  divinur,  in  a  i^reat  many;  for  irni-^liinu'  ^n"'  hojil- 
iii^  (letaeiied  olijeets  in  siiine,  as  thn  parrots,  i)irds  of  prey,  and  a  tew 
otiiers.  Tiie  niodilieations  of  tiio  le;i;  and  foot  are  nioic  nnmeroiis,  morn 
diverse,  and  more  important,  in  tiieir  lieariiiir  npon  taxonomy,  than  thoso 
of  either  hill,  wimr  oi-  tail. 

§  7i'.  (a.)  Tiir,  now  iit\Mi;w()i;K.  ( Fiir.  «,  somewhat  diairrammatie  il- 
Instration,  taken  from  a  loon's  riL'ht  le^'. )  'I'liis  ordinarily  consists  of  twenty 
hones,  of  which  fonrteen  are  toe-honi-s,  one  is  a  little  l)one  conneetinir  thn 
hiixl  toe  with  the  rest  of  the  foot,  one  a  little  lioiie  in  front  of  the  knee- 
joint,  and  four  are  the  principal  hones  from  th<i  hip-joint  down  to  the  roots 

of  the  toes.     The  (irsi  is  Wn'./'niiir  or  tluLih-l e,  (i,  reaching,'  from  hip  a,  to 

knee  ii ;  a  larire  terete  hone,  eorrespondin;;-  to  the  Innnciais  of  the  wini,'. 
Then  come  two  hones,  />,  the  fif/in .  or  principal  (and  inner)  Icfi-luHU',  and  c, 
iUi'Ji/jiild,  or  lesser  (and  outer)  "-l)one  ;  '"ith  these"  joint  with  th(!  fenmr 
above,  and  in  front  of  this,  tiie  kner  |.iiiit,  there  is  in  many  or  most  birds  a 


Fi(i.  s.    liciiirs  iif  liraiiil  liMit. 

llttlo  knee-pan,  or  knee-cap  :  the  patella,  p.  The  tibia  rnns  to  tlu'  /ippI,  c, 
and  there  has  an  cnlar<^od  extremity  to  joint  with  the  next  bone  :  l)nt  the 
fii)ula  is  only  a  slender  spicnla  not  reachin!?  the  heel,  bnt  ending  in  a  sharp 
point  part  way  down  the  leg',  and  partly  .soldered  with  the  tibia.  It  is  only 
in  ii  few  of  the  lowest  birds,  that  the  tibia  rnns  n[)  to  a  point  above  the  knee- 
joint,  as  shown  in  this  ligiu'c  :  ordinarily,  it  ends  at  the  knee;  itself.  The 
jjortion  of  the  leg  represented  by  the  fenmr,  or  from  a  to  n,  is  the  niniii ; 
that  represented  by  tibia  and  lil)nla  is  the  ja:c,  or  cuu.s  ;  leg  proper,  there- 
fore, is  from  knee  to  heel,  or  ii  to  c  only. 

KRY    TO    N.    A.    I!1I!I)S.       I' 


(  ''. 


42 


BONKS   OF   LEO    ANO   FOOT. 


(I).)  Now  a  biid'.s  logs  are  not  like  ours,  separate  from  the  body  from  tlio 
liip  downward,  but  arc  for  a  varial)le  distance  inclosed  Avitliin  the  general 
skin  of  the  body.  The  freedom  is  greatest  among  the  higher  birds,  and  es- 
pecially rapacious  birds,  that  use  the  feet  for  grasping,  and  least  in  the  low- 
est swimming  birds  :  the  entire  range  of  enclosure  of  the  leg,  is  from  part 
way  up  the  thigh  down  aln.ost  to  the  very  point  c,  as  in  the  case  of  the  loon 
and  other  diving  swimmers.  And  in  no  birds,  is  the  knee,  n,  seen  outside 
the  general  contour  of  {\w  phonaije ;  it  must  l)e  looked  or  felt  for  among  the 
feathers,  and  in  most  prepared  skins  will  not  be  found  at  all.  Tractically, 
it  is  a  landmark  of  no  cou3e(iiience  in  determining  genera  and  species, 
though  '>f  the  utmost  importance  in  primary  elassitication  ;  the  student  may 
for  awh,  j  ignore  its  existence  if  he  chooses.  The  lirst  joint  that  sticks  out 
from  the  plumage  is  the  hf,f,l.  c;  and  this  is  what,  in  loose  popular  terms, 
is  called  "knee,"  upon  the  same  erroneous  notion  that  the  wrist  of  a  horse's 
foreleg  is  called  "  knee."  Just  so  people  call  a  l)ird's  cms  the  "thigh,"  and 
disregard  the  thigh  altogether.  There  is  no  need  of  this  confusion ;  and 
even  without  the  slightest  anatomical  knowledge,  any  one  can  tell  knee  from 
heel  at  u  glance,  whatever  their  position  relative  to  the  body ;  for  knees 
ALWAYS  bend  forward,  and  heels  always  bend  hack-ward. 

(e.)  This  point  c  corresponds  to  the  point  c  in  tig.  G  of  the  wing.  There 
we  found  two  little  carpal  l)ones,  or  wrist-bones,  intervening  between  fore- 
arm ar.d  hand,  or  metacarpus  ;  but  adult  birds  have  no  such  actual  bones  in- 
tervening between  tibia  and  the  next  bone,  d,  the  MF/fATAitsus.  So  there  is 
ro  taisus  proper;  metatarsus  hinges  directly  upon  tibia,  or  foot  upon  leg, 
without  true  ankle-bones  ;  that  is,  the  foot-i)()ue  itself  makes  the  ankle-joint, 
with  the  leg,  at  the  point  c,  heel.  (Theoretically,  however,  there  arc  tarsal 
Imnes  :  for  there  is  an  epiphysis  (§  50*)  at  the  lower  end  of  the  tibia,  and 
an  epipbysis  at  the  U|>per  end  of  the  metatarsal  bone  ;  afterwards  fused  with 
tiicse  bones  respectively.  One  or  the  other,  or  both  of  these  arc  held  by 
dilfercnl  anatomists  to  be  tarsal  bones ;  more  particularly,  the  one  that  fuses 
with  the  metatarsus  ;  which  last,  therefore,  represents  both  tarsus  and  meta- 
tarsus, and  is  on  this  aecoimt  called  (arso-)iietu(ar,sus.*) 

•This  is  as  iisiiiilly  tnuglit.  IJiil  (Ji'genbaur  1ms  shimn  thai  tlicsc  en-callcd  ciiiiiliyscs  are  line  tarsal 
licni'S.  Ill-  lopri'sciits.  in  Uii-  chick  al  tlir  ninth  day  ipf  iMnliryiii>;c  liln,  two  Imnes,  an  iipper  ami  an  umlcr,  the 
fiinni'V  aftirwaiil  aniliylii.-in^  uiili  llio  tiliia.  tlio  laltirwi".  iln'  nictatarsiip.  h'avinn  tlie  ankli'-J'>i>it  lu'lHirn 
thcni.  as  in  vi'|plili's,  Jlnise,  wlm  lias  sluiliril  thi'  emhryiis  iil'  several  siii'i'ii'S.jfiics  ^till  I'urthi'r:  he  sIkiws  that 
thf  upper  tarsal  limie  of  (ieKcnhaiir  is  really  Iwn  liniies.  eorrespiiniliiiK  to  the  tiliiale  anil  liliiihire.  or  aslraj;- 
alus  anil  lahaiii'iim;  these  i-uhsequently  eniissiCy  to  foiiii  'he  npper  one  seen  liy  t Jefrenliaiir.  ami  finally 
Cii-09silV  Willi  the  tibia  to  loiin  the  liitio^hlear  CDiiilyle  eliaraiti'iirlie  of  this  hone  in  Area.  The  distal  tarsal 
ossiele  he  hilieves  to  he  the  iciilrale  ol'  reptiles.  Wyiiian  diseovers  that  the  fo-ealled  priiiess  of  the  astrajra- 
Uis  has  a  distinrt  ossiileation,  and  Morse  inlerpnls  it  as  the  iiileriiiediuni.  (,Am.  Xiil.y.  1H71,M4.)  In  the 
lipht  of  these  late  diseoveries.  the  lioinolonies  of  tlie  hiid's  earpns  and  nietararpns  heeonie  elearcr.  We  have 
seen  (§  .Vi.  T)!:,  Il>.'.  I',)  that  hirds  retain  tliron^rhinil  lil'e  two  riisliint  proximal  earpal  hones  (''ailed  seapholiinnr 
and  enneil'orm,  'mt  heller  named  siiiijily  r<i(liiilv  and  ulniin).  and  that  in  early  lil'e  they  have  a  distal  hone, 

that  was  ineiit:     led  as  the  niaK'iiiini.  hiil  appears  In  he  lenlrale rresponiliiiK  to  the  ilislal  tarsal  ossiele, 

just  as  the  ulnare  and  radiale  do  to  the  iiroxinial  tarsal  ossiiles.  Morse  has  e\en  rmind  in  the  earpus  of 
birds,  two  more  ossicles,  the  honiolony  ol"  which  reniaitis  iiiidelerinined.  lint  what  we  now  know,  renders  it 
nlinnst  eerlain.  that  the  soialled  epiphyses  n)  0:1  the  proximal  ends  of  the  metaearpals.  are  not  epiphyses, 
anymore  than  the  so-called  tarsal  epiphy-es;  :',nc|  thai  the  melaearpii- ol' birds  is  really  lariici-nielaiarpns, 
Jiist  as  the  nielalarsi.s  is  aitually  larso-mclatarsiis.  This  view  is  strengthened  by  the  fact  that  the  nietaearpal 
bones  of  hi^'her  vertebrates,  exiepi  tlie  Hist,  iirdiiiarily  lack  epiphyses. 


n 


-'I 
I 


It 


I 


MECHANISM    OF   TlIK    LlXi    AND   FOOT. 


43 


(il.)  Tlio  principal  inetiitiii'sal  honO;  d,  rcprcsoiUing  tho  distanco  c  n,  bo- 
twccu  tho  lower  ciul  of  tlie  leg  ami  the  root8  of  tlie  toes,  really  consists  of 
three  bones  fused  hi  one ;  these  arc  i)artly  distinct  only  in  the  penguins, 
among  recent  birds  ;  but  in  all  birds  excei)t  oslriclics,  tiie  original  distinction 
is  indicated  by  three  prongs  or  claws  at  the  lower  en  1  of  the  l)()no  :  for  joint- 
ing witli  the  tiu'ee  principal  toes.  The  other  toe.  almost  always  the  hinder 
one,  when  it  is  present,  is  hinged  on  the  metatarsus  in  an  entirely  different 
way ;  by  means  of  a  separate  little  rudimentary  l)one,  the  acckssoky  jikta- 
TAKSAL,  III,  in  tiic  figure,  in  dotted  outline.  It  is  of  various  shapes  and  sizes, 
and  variable  in  position  up  and  down  the  lower  part  of  the  metatarsus.  Or- 
dinarily it  is  too  small,  or  too  Hat,  to  be  seen  from  the  outside  of  tho 
foot  at  all ;  it  has  no  true  jointing  with  the  main  metatarsal,  but  is  simply 
pressed  flat  against  it,  and  more  or  less  soldered,  much  as  the  lower  part  of 
the  fibula  is  with  the  tibia.  It  may  bo  wanting  in  some  birds  with  no  hind 
toe  ;  in  others,  without  hind  toe,  it  still  persists. 

(e.)  In  spite  of  the  anatomical  proprieties  involved,  this  part  of  tho  leg, 
from  heel  to  bases  of  toes, —  from  c  to  d — represented  really  i)y  the  meta- 
tarsal l)one  and  its  accessory,  has  gained  a  name  now  so  firmly  established, 
that  it  would  be  finical  to  attempt  to  change  it  in  ordinary  descriptive  writ- 
ings.    T/iin  is  Tilt:  TAi!Si;s  ;  we  shall  soon  see  how  important  a  thing  it  is. 

(f.)  The  toes  or  diijits  consist  of  a  certain  number  of  bones  placed  end 
t(j  end,  all  jointed  upon  each  other,  and  the  first  series  npon  the  metatarsal 
or  its  accessory.  Each  of  these  individual  bones  is  called  a  phalanx  (pi. 
phahmijeK)  or  internoile  (l)ecause  intervening  between  the  joints  or  nodes  of 
the  toes).  The  furthermost  one  of  each  too  almost  invariably  bears  a  claw. 
They  are  of  various  lengths  relative  to  each  other,  and  of  variable  number 
in  the  same  or  different  toes  ;  but  these  points,  and  others,  are  fully  consid- 
ered farther  on.     We  may  here  glance  at  the 

§73.  (a.)  Mechanism  involved.  The  hip  is  a  ball-and-socket  joint,  per- 
mitting roundabout  as  well  as  fore-and-aft  movements  of  tho  thigh.  The 
knee  is  usually  a  hinge-joint  only,  allowing  back  and  forward  motion  of  the 
leg ;  so  constructed  that  the  forward  movement  is  never  carried  beyond  a 
right  line  with  tho  leg,  while  the  backward  is  so  free  that  the  leg  may  bo 
completely  doubled  under  the  thigh.  In  some  birds  there  are  also  rotatory 
movements  at  the  knee,  very  evident  in  certain  swimmers.  The  ankle  or 
heel-joint  is  a  strict  hinge,  and  sometimes  a  wonderful  one,  too,  faken  in 
eoimection  with  tho  action  of  certain  nuisclcs  that  move  the  tarsus.  For  in 
some  birds  the  interior  structure  of  the  joint  is  such  that  it  locks  the  tarsus, 
when  straightened  out  upon  the  leg,  in  that  position,  so  firmly  that  some 
voluutarv  muscular  effort  is  needed  to  overcome  the  resistance  ;  such  birds 
can  sleep  standing  up  on  one  leg,  and  this  is  the  design  of  tho  mechanism. 
The  ankle  permits  just  the  opposite  i)endings  to  those  of  the  knee  ;  the  tar- 
sus cannot  pass  backward  out  of  a  straight  line  with  the  leg;  but  can  come 
forward  nnfil  the  toes  nearly  touch  tlu>  knee.  The  jointing  of  the  toes  mi 
tho  lUctaUirsal  bono  is  peculiar;    for  tho  hinge-surfaces  of  the  metatarsal 


44 


rLLMAUK    OF    THE    LKQ. 


proiiirs  liavf  .siK'li  imitiiiil  ()l)liqiiity,  tliiit  wlicii  llio  toes  arc  brought  forward, 
at  v'i'shi  aii^rli'-i  or  tln-realjoiits  with  the  tarsus,  they  spread  tlioinselves  in 
the  action,  ami  tlic  o|)i'ii  foot,  witli  its  diverging  toes,  are  pressed  on  the 
gronml  or  a;;aiii.-t  the  water;  and  wlien  tiie  toe.i  are  hciit  around  in  the  otiier 
direct  ion,  tiiey  elosi'  togetlier  more  or  less  [)arailel  wilii  eaeli  other,  besides 
being  licnl  or  llcxed,  each  one  at  its  several  nodes.  The  nieehanisni  is  best 
iilustratetl  in  tlie  swimmers,  whicli  must  i)resent  a  broad  surface  to  the  water 
in  giving  tiie  backward  stroke,  and  bring  the  f(K)t  forward  ek)sed  with  only 
an  cilge  opposed  to  thi;  water.  Jt  is  carried  to  such  I'xtreme  in  tiie  loon, 
tliat  tiie  digit  marked  '2f  in  tlie  ligiu'e  lies  below  and  behind  l\f,  as  there 
i-hown  ;  in  most  birds  with  the  foot  in  nuieh  the  same  i)osition  relative  to  the 
tar>n>,  2/  would  appear  above  ',if  (eomi)are  other  ligures  of  feet).  It  is 
probably  least  uiarked  in  birds  of  prey,  that  cluteh  with  all  the  toes  spread. 
The  individual  toe  joints  are  all  sim[)le  hingi's. 

(b.)  In  ordinary  hitpi)ing,  walking,  perching,  etc.,  only  the  toes  rest  upon 
or  grasp  the  support,  and  c  is  UKjre  or  less  jjerpeudieularly  above  i>.  This 
nsting  of  the  toes  is  complete  for  all  the  anterior  ones;  for  the  hind  toe  it 
varies  according  to  the  position  and  length  of  the  latter  from  complete 
resting  like  the  otlu'is,  to  mere  touching  of  the  tip,  and  linally  to  not 
even  this;  the  hind  toe  is  then  said  to  \){i  /iiitt/ioii/cs,^.  But  the  lowest 
birds  cannot  stand  upright  on  their  toes  at  all ;  these  rest  with  the  tarsus 
horizontal,  and  the  heel  c  touching  the  ground;  moreover,  in  all  tlieso  birds, 
the  tail  all'ords  additional  support,  making  a  tripod  with  the  legs,  as  in  the 
kangaroo.  These  birds  might  be  called  phnili'/rddc,  in  sti'ict  anatomical 
analog\'  with  the  beasts  so  called  ;  the  others  are  diijiliijnale,  (piite  as  analo- 
gously ;  but  there  are  no  birds,  that,  like  horses  and  eows,  walk  on  the  cndti 
of  their  toes,  or  toe-nails.  A  bird's  ordinary  walking  or  running,  corres- 
ponds exactly  with  ours,  as  far  as  the  mechanics  of  motion  are  concerned ; 
but  its  hopi)ing,  as  it  is  called,  is  really  leaping,  both  legs  being  brought 
forward  at  once.  Nearly  all  birds  down  to  (rdJlinn',  leap  when  on  the 
ground  ;  all  others  walk  or  run,  advancing  (me  leg  after  the  other.  Leaping 
is  thus  really  distinctive  of  the  /y/^c.s.vo/'e.v;  though  many  of  them,  as  tit- 
larks, shore  larks,  meadow  larks,  many  terrestrial  sparrows,  blackbirds, 
crows,  turkey  buzzards,  and  others,  including  all  the  pigeon  family,  Malk 
instead  of  leaping. 

§  74.  TiiK  I'li'maui-:  of  the  legs  varies  within  wide  limits.  In  general, 
the  leg  is  featherc(l  to  the  heel,  and  the  tarsus  .and  toes  are  naked.  The 
thigh  is  ALWAYS  feathered.  The  erus  is  feathered  in  all  Iii.sc.'isores  (with 
rare  exceptions),  and  in  all  Xalatnres  withouL  exception;  in  the  loon  family 
the  feathering  extends  on  as  well  as  to  the  heel-joint.  It  is  among  the  Ci(r- 
ftort'n,  or  walkers,  and  esj)eeially  wading  birds,  that  the  cms  is  most  naked  ; 
here  it  may  be  denuded  half  way  up.  A  l\'\v  waders  —  among  ours,  chielly 
in  the  snipe  family — have  the  cms  apparently  clothed  to  the  joint,  l)ut  this 
is  in  most  if  not  all  cases  ilue  to  the  length  of  the  feathers,  for  probably  no 
one  (  f  them  has  the  crural  pteryla  itself  extended  to  the  joint.     The  crural 


rUOl'OUTIO.N.S    AND    COVEUINO    OF    TIIK    LEO. 


45 


foatlicrs  !iro  iiliuost  iilways  short  iind  iueoii.spiciious  ;  sometimes  loiiij^  :uul 
llowiiii;,  iis  ill  iii'iiriy  all  tlio  liawks,  oiii-  trec-ciickoos,  etc.  The  tarsus  ii>  tlio 
vast  majority  ot"  l)inls  is  iialiod  of  foatlicrs  ;  it  is  so  ii'.  all  tlie  liii,'lic'i'  Inses- 
Aore.s,  with  very  few  cxccplioiis  (as  in  tiie  swift  family,  for  iiistaiuf),  in  all 
waders,  without  exce[)tioii,  and  in  all  swimmers  with  the  .-.iiiL^e  exe('[ition  of 
the  friirato  hinl  ('rac/ti/pc(cs,  <rvi\.  277),  and  here  the  featherini.'  is  not  eom- 
plcte.  The  li'iptorcs  and  the  (hiUliKV  <;ivc  ns  the  most  feathered  larsi.  Thus 
feathering'  is  the  rule,  anionLi'  the  owls  {Slri'/ida')  ;  frequent  (either  iiaitial 
or  complete)  in  liawks  aiul  eagles,  as  the  ji'eiiera  ^l'/((il(t  ( lill )  Archtliu- 
tto  (KJU)  and  yVw/eo  ( lai>).  All  onr  grouse,  as  distiiii:iii>lied  from  the 
turkeys  and  partridges  of  the  same  order,  have  the  tarsus  more  or  less 
feathered.  The  tm-s  are  feathered  in  few  birds;  Itiit  we  have  line  e.\aiii[)les 
of  this,  in  the  snowy  owl,  and  all  the  ptarmigan.  Partial  featiieriiig  of  the 
tarsus  is  often  eoiitinurd  fintlier  down  to  or  on  the  toes  liy  sparse  modi- 
lied  l)ri>tly  feathers;  this  is  well  ilhisiraled  in  the  liarn  owl.  When  ineom- 
plete,  the  feathering  is  usually  wanting  behind  and  iielow ;  heing  almost 
invariably  eontinnous  above  with  the  eriiral  feathering.  l»ut,  in  that  s[)irit 
of  (Udight  that  birds  show  in  proving  every  rule  we  make  about  them  by 
furnishing  exceiitions  to  it,  the  t:irsus  is  sometimes  partly  leathered  without 
eoiineetioii  with  the  general  plumage  above.  A  eiirious  examiile  is  all'orded 
by  the  bank  swallow,  with  its  little  tuft  of  feathers  at  the  ba>e  of  the  hind 
toe;  and  some  varieties  of  the  barnyard  fowl  sprout  monstrous  leggings  of 
leathers  from  the  side  of  the  tarsus. 

§  7,").  TiiK  Li:.\(iTii  oi'  Till';  Leo,  eompared  with  the  size  of  the  bird,  is 
extremely  variaiile.  A  thrush  or  a  sparrow  [irobably  re|)reseiits  about  an 
average  in  this  respeet.  The  shortest-legged  known  bird  is  probably  the 
frigati',  Just  mentioned  ;  a  yard  long,  more  or  less,  it  has  a  tibia  not  half  as 
long  as  the  skull,  and  a  tarsus  under  an  inch.  The  leg  is  vi'ry  short  in  the 
order  iS/ri.yores,  as  among  humming-birds,  swifts,  goatsuekers,  kinglishers, 
trogoiis,  ete.  ;  while  tin  swallows,  of  Osrans,  are  like  swifts  in  this 
respeet.  It  is  likewise  pretty  short  among  ib'anisores.  The  leg  is  also 
"short"'  in  all  swimmers;  the  femur  espeeially  being  very  short,  and  the 
tarsus  likewise  ;  while  the  toes,  bearing  their  iiroatl  webs,  are  longer.  The 
leg  lengthens  in  lower  /iisessorcs,  as  mo>t  hawks,  and  especially  ainniig 
some  of  the  terrestrial  pigeons.  It  is  still  longer  among  the  walkers  ;  and 
reaches  its  maximum  among  the  waders,  espeeially  the  larger  kinds,  as  lla- 
miiigoes,  cranes,  storks  and  herons,  among  all  of  which  it  is  accompanied 
by  corresiionding  increase  in  length  of  the  neck.  Probably  the  longest 
legged  of  .all  birds  for  its  size  is  the  stilt  (llintdulDims,  I'.iT).  It  is  seen 
Iroiii  the  above,  that,  taking  the  tarsus  aloiii-,  as  an  index  of  the  whole  com- 
parative length  of  the  leg,  this  is  in  the  frigate  bird  under  one  thirty-sixth 
of  the  total  length;  a  liamingo,  fciir  feet  long,  has  a  tarsus  one  toot;  a  stilt, 
fourteen  inches  long,  a  tarsus  four  inches  ;  so  the  maximnm  and  minimum  of 
length  of  tarsus  are  re|)reseiited  by  nearly  thirty,  and  under  three,  per  cent, 
of  the  bird's  whole  length. 


4« 


CONDITIONS   OF   TIIR    rOUOTIIECA. 


§  7(5.  TiiK  Nakfci)  Pakt  of  the  leg  is  covered,  like  the  bill,  by  a  liard- 
(Micd,  thickened,  modified  integument,  which  varies  in  texture  between  cor- 
neous and  leathery.  Tins  is  called  the  roDO'niECA  (Gr,  jjofZo.s',  of  a  foot, 
t!iik<\  sheath).  Land  birds  have  tiio  most  horny  covering,  and  water  birds 
the  most  skinny;  in  general  tliis  is  distinctive  of  these  two  great  divisions 
of  itirds,  and  the  exceptions  arc  few.  The  perfectly  horny  envelope  is 
ti;:iit  and  inunovably  fixed,  or  nearly  so,  while  the  skinny  is  looser,  and  may 
n-iuully  be  sli[)|)ed  roind  al)out  a  little.  The  covering  may  also  diller  on 
ditrcrent  parts  of  the  same  leg;  in  fact,  sucii  is  usually  the  case  to  a  degree. 
I'nlike  tiie  covering  of  the  bill,  that  of  the  legs  is  nevkr  simple  and  contin- 
uous throughout ;  it  is  divided  and  sul)dividcd  in  various  ways.  The  lower 
part  of  the  crus,  when  naked,  and  the  tarsus  and  toes,  are  variously  cut  up 
into  scales,  plates,  tul)ercles,  etc.  ;  these  have  all  received  special  names  ; 
and  moreover,  the  mode  of  this  division  becomes,  especially  among  higher 
birds,  a  matter  of  tlie  utmost  consequence,  for  purposes  of  classification, 
i«inee  it  is  fixed  and  definite  in  the  same  groups. 

§  77.  ScuTKLLA  (pi.  of  L.  sciilcUnni,  a  little  shield;  tigs.  10,  ll,/>)  are 
Kcides,  generally  of  iaige  comparative  size,  arranged  in  definite  u[)  and  down 
lines,  and  apt  to  be  imbricated,  or  fixed  shingle-wise,  with  the  lower  edge  of 
one  overlapping  the  upper  edge  of  the  next  below.  The  great  majority  of 
birds  have  them.  They  generally  occur  on  the  front  of  the  tarsus  (which  is 
called  acro/arsinm,  and  corresponds  to  our  "instep"),  and  almost  inva- 
riably on  the  top  of  the  toes  (called  acropoillum)  ;  frequently  on  the  back 
of  the  tarsus ;  not  so  often  on  the  tibia,  sides  of  the  tarsus,  sides  and  under 
.surfaces  of  the  toes  (if  ever  in  the  latter  situation).  A  tarsus  so  furnished 
is  said  to  be  sculellale,  before  or  behind,  or  both,  as  the  case  may  be  ; 
the  term  is  equally  applicable  to  the  acropodium,  but  the  expression  is 
rarely  used  because  the  scutella  are  so  commonly  there. 

§  78.  Plates,  or  redcnlations  (L.  reticulum,  a  little  net  or  web;  fig. 
11,  (i),  result  from  the  cutting  up  of  the  envelope  l)y  cross  lines  in  various 
ways.  Plates  are  of  various  shapes  and  sizes  ;  but  however  they  may  be,  in 
these  respects,  they  are  distinguisiied  from  scutella  by  not  appearing  imbri- 
aik'd;  their  edges  simply  meet,  but  do  not  overlap.  They  are  generally 
smaller  than  scutella.  The  commonest  shape  is  the  six-sided,  or  hexagonal ; 
a  form  l)est  adapted  to  close  packing,  as  strikingly  shown,  and  long  ago 
mathematically  proven,  in  case  of  the  cells  of  bees'  honey-comb.  They  are 
.sdinetimes  five-sided,  or  even  four-sided  ;  but  arc  more  likely  to  have  more 
sides,  becoming  irregularly  polygonal,  or  even  circular;  when  crowded  in 
one  direction  and  loosened  in  anotiier,  this  dcvelo^js  into  the  oval,  or  even 
somewhat  linear.  A  leg  so  furnished  is  called  relkulafc ;  it  may  be  wholly 
so,  but  is  generally  partly  scutellatc.  A  particular  case  of  reticulation  is 
called 

§  70.  Granulation  (L.  rirannm,  a  grain)  ;  when  the  plates  i)ecome  ele- 
vated into  little  tubercles,  roughened  or  not.  Such  a  leg  is  said  to  be  yvan- 
ulilrd  or  r<ijose;  it  is  well  seen  in  the  parroquct  and  fish  hawk. 


CONDITIONS    OF   THE    PODOTHECA. 


47 


§  80.  When  the  harder  sorts  of  cither  sciitolla  or  plates  are  roiighonod 
without  obvious  elevation,  the  leg  is  said  to  be  scabrous  or  nairioiis.  15ut 
scabrous  is  also  said  of  the  under  surfaces  of  the  toes,  when  these  develop 
special  ^f»?.v,  or  wart-liUe  bulbs  (called  tylari)  \  excellently  shown  in  most 
hawks.  The  softer  sorts  of  legs,  and  especially  the  uebs  of  swimming 
birds,  are  often  crosswise  or  otherwise  niarkiii  by  lines,  without  these  being 
stron"'  enough  to  produce  plates;  this  is  a  condition  analogous  to  the  little 
raised  lines  and  depressions  seen  on  our  own  palms,  and  especially  our 
fm<:or-tips.  Occasionally,  the  plates  of  a  part  of  the  leg  become  so  devel- 
oped as  to  form  actual  serration;  seen  on  the  hinder  edge  of  the  tarsus  of 
grebes. 


at 


Booted"  tarsus,  of  a  robin. 


Fifi.lO.    Srntrlliite  tarsus, 
of  u  rat-binl. 


!i 


Fio.  11.  h.  Sriitrllfiti-  tnrsu's,  of  a 
l)i(;p<in;  «.  reticulate  tardus,  of  it 
plover. 

§  81.  AViiEN  an  unfeathered  tarsus  shows  on  its  front  surface  no  divisions 
of  the  podotheca,  or  only  two  or  three  divisions  close  by  the  toes,  it  is  said 
to  be  ioo^erZ,  and  the  podotheca  is  said  to  be  yi/.s-erZ.  (Fig.  9.)  This  con- 
dition chiefly  occurs  in  higher  Osrines,  ind  is  supposed  by  many,  particu- 
larly German  ornithologists,  to  indicate  the  highest  typo  of  structure ;  but 
it  is  also  found  in  some  wtiter  birds,  as  Wilson's  stormy  petrel.  It  is  not  a 
very  common  modilication.  Among  North  American  birds  it  only  occurs 
in  the  following  cases:  —  Genera  Tardus  (1),  Cinclus  (5),  iSaxicoIa  (6), 
Sialia  (7),  liegulus  (9),  Chainoca?  (11),  Myiadestes  (52)  and  Oceaniles 
(307)  ;  and  even  these  birds,  when  young,  show  scutella,  which  disappear 
with  age,  by  progressive  fusion  of  the  acrotarsial  podotheca. 

§  82.  The  Cuus,  when  bare  below,  may  i)resent  scutellation  either  before 
or  behind,  or  both,  as  is  seen  in  many  waders  where  the  cms  is  largely 
naked;  often  again,  the  crural  podotheca  may  consist  of  loose,  softish, 
movable  skin,  not  obviously  subdivided:  sometimes  it  is  truly  reticulate, 
as  in  the  genus  Heferoscehis  (221). 

§  83.  The  TAiisrs,  in  general,  may  be  called  subcylindrical  ;  it  is  often 
quite  circular  in  transverse  section  ;  very  rarely  thicker  across  than  fore-and- 
aft  (as  in  penguins)  ;  but  very  often  thicker  in.  the  reverse  direction. 
When  this  transverse  thinness  becomes  noticeable,  the  tarsus  is  said  to  be 


48 


Nt'MBKK    AND    rOSITrON    OF    TOKS. 


rnmjirpssnl :  llic  form  is  soon  in  its  liiirliost  (Icvolopmoiit  in  llio  loon,  wlioro 
tiic  liusiis  i'i  alnio-^t  likt^  a  knifc-liliulo.  Cylindrical  tarsi  occur  chiolly  when 
tlicn;  are  sentclla  Ix't'orc  and  hciiind  :  it  occin-s  in  onr  slioro  lark  (Kirnio- 
jihihi.  irt'n.  2(i  I)nt  is  a  raro  niodilicalion  amonir  land  hirds,  thonjrli  vory 
common  amoni'  waders.  The  tarsus  ol'  tlic  vast  majority  of  land  birds  is 
socn.  on  close  inspection,  to  he  sliarp-ridircd  i)eliind,  and  jiontly  rounded  in 
front.  Tliis  L'cnerally  r(\xnlts  from  tlie  presence,  in  front,  of  a  scries  of 
scnicila,  associiiteil,  on  tlio  sides  and  hinder  ed^'e  of  the  tarsus,  with  fusion, 
or  with  a  few  larire  plates  variously  arranjied.  The  meclinj^  of  these  two 
hinds  of  envelope  on  the  sides  of  the  tarsus  is  generally  in  a  more  or  loss 
complete  straight  up  .and  down  line;  either  a  mere  flusii  trace  of  union,  or 
a  ridge,  oftener  a  groove  (well  seen  in  the  crows)  that  may  or  may  not  bo 
tilled  in  with  a  few  small  linear  plates.  IJnt  further  consideration  of  special 
states  of  the  tarsal  envelope,  however  important  .and  interesting,  would  bo 
part  of  a  .systematic  treatise,  rather  than  of  an  ontliui;  sketch  like  this. 

§  SI.  Tiir,  'i'oKs  (indiviilu.ally. '//'//V/;  collectively.  ;)of///'HO-  Their  nor- 
mal nmnber  is  roii;  :  tlicrc  are  DOrrr  more.  The  ostrich  alone  has  only  ln-n. 
There  are  tlivi'i'  in  all  the  auks  (fam.  Alciiln')  aii<l  albatrosses  (subfam.  Uio- 
medelmv) :  in  all  struthious  birds,  except  the  ostrich  and  Ap(P)\i/;>\-  an<l  in  a 
large  number  of  waders  ( (,'nill'r).  Three  toes  only  occur  as  an  anomaly 
among  Insessores,  as  in  the  cases  of  the  exotic  genus  Cei/.i'  of  kingfishers, 
and  the  genus  /'iCDi'i/rs  of  woodpcckcis.  North  American  three-toed  birds 
ai'c  oidy  these  : — the  woodpeckers  just  named  ;  auks  and  albatrosses  ;  plovers 
(except  one,  S'/iiatarohi.  ISl')  ;  the  oystercatchers  {//irmntopus,  li)4)  ;  the 
sanderling  {(Jdh'dn'K,  211);  the  stilt  (Himantopuii,  1'.I7).  In  the  vast 
majority  of  cases,  there  are  tlivopiov-i  in  front,  and  onr  l)ehiiul ;  occasionally, 
either  the  hind  one,  or  the  outermost  front  cue,  is  rrrsridli',  that  is,  capable  of 
l)eing  turned  either  way  ;  the  outermost  one  is  mostly  so  in  the  owls,  the  tish 
hawk  (gen.  l^f'A),  and  a  few  other  birds.  We  have  no  case  of  true  versatility 
of  the  hind  toe  among  Xorth  American  birds,  but  sever.al  cases  of  its  lateral 
stationary  ])osilion  (goatsuckers,  some  Western  swit'ts,  loons,  and  all  the  tot- 
ipalmate  swimmers);  nor  have  we  any  example  of  that  rarest  condition 
(seen  in  the  Kuroi)ean  swifts,  C>/pf>eIiiii,  and  in  the  Coliidfc)  where  all  four 
toes  are  turned  forward.  This  only  occurs  in  the  order  b'lrisores.  The  ar- 
rangement of  toes  fii'o  in  front,  and  liro  behind,  or  in  pairs,  characterizes  the 
whole  order  I'^rannores,  or  climbers  ;  such  birds  are  said  to  be  zi/r/niJacfi/loHS 
(yoke-toed;  see  tig.  128).  Our  examples  arc  the  parrot,  woodpeckers  and 
cuckoos,  to  which  some  add  the  trogons  ;  in  all  these,  except  the  last  named, 
it  is  the  outer  anterior  toe  that  is  reversed.  In  nearly  every  three-toed  bird, 
all  three  are  anterior;  our  single  exception  is  the  genus  I'icnides  (132), 
■where  the  hind  toe  is  u-anU'n;/,  the  outer  anterior  reversed  to  take  its  pl.-ice, 
and  oidy  two  left  in  front.  No  bird  lias  more  toes  behind  than  in  front. 
All  birds'  toes  are 

§  H.').  XtJMHKHKi),  iu  a  certain  delinite  order,  as  follows  (see  figs.  8,  !•)  : — 
hind  toe  (It)  =firti({oo;  inner  anterior  toe  (2t)  =  second  ton  ;  middle  an- 


i 


STRUCTUUK    AM)    POSITION    Ol'    TIIK    TOi:S. 


49 


i> 


tcrior  too  (3t)  ==  (hlrl  toe  ;  oiitor  iiiilorior  too  (4t)  =  fourth  toe.  In  birds 
with  the  hind  too  reversed,  the  same  onh-r  is  ohvioiH  :  only,  inner  .'interior 
too  =  It,  etc.  Ill  ::iiiinili(rtiil!.  (exeept  Tfojuiii(l(C),  inner  iiind  too  =^l(  ; 
inner  front  too  =  2t ;  onter  front  toe  =  .'}t ;  outer  hind  too  =  It.  Xo\v 
when   tlio    nnmher  of  toes  doorcases,  the  toes  iiri'  iilwavs  rednced  in  t!ie 


sanio  ore 


K'r  :   thns,  in  all  tiircc-toed  birds.  It 


l)irds  It  and  '21  are  wanlini 


Ti 


us  IS  [jroveii  i)_v  m 


IS  w 
■  tlic 


:intinu: :    in  tlie  t\vo-(ood 


§  8().  NuMiiKit  i)V  .Joints,  or  ninnl)er  of  plinldu'ic'^  (§  72,  f)  of  tlie  toes. 
The  constancy  of  the  joints  in  birds'  toes  is  remarkable,  one  of  the  stronii- 
est  expressions  wo  have  of  tho  hi,t,dily  monoinorpliie  character  of  the  class 
Art'i^.  In  all  birds.  It  has  ttro  joints  (not  countini;'  the  aeeessory  metatar- 
sal). In  all  i)ir(ls,  lU  has ////'(r  joints,  in  nearly  all  birds,  :5l  lias /o«/' joints. 
In  nearly  all  birds,  4t  has  Jire  joints.  The  only  exceptions  to  this,  consist 
in  the  lesscninir  of  tin;  joints  of  3t  by  one,  and  the  lessening  of  the  joints 
of  It  by  one.  or  liro.  So  in  all  cases,  where  tho  joints  do  not  run  2,  3,  1,  5, 
for  the  toes  from  1st  to  4th,  they  rnn  either  2,  3,  4,  4,  or  2,  ."),  ."),  4,  or  2, 
.'3,  ?),  .5.  Tills  varialiilily  in  number  of  tin;  internodes  is  conlined  (wholly?) 
to  tho  order  Slrisores.  Our  examples  are  in  (he  siib-famiiics  ('i/puvlimc  and 
Capviiuiihjiniv  (which  sec;  see  also  tigs.  11!)  and  122).  This  admirable 
conservatism  enalilcs  ns  to  always  determine  what  .toes  are  missing,  in  birds 
with  less  than  four;  thus,  in  I'icoii/c.^,  the  hind  toe,  though  seemingly  It, 
is  evidently  4t,  becaiiso  o-jointed  ;  in  tho  ostrich,  with  only  two  toes,  .jt 
and  4t  are  scon  to  bo  preserved,  becauso  they  are  respectively  4-  and  5- 
jointcd.  (In  tig.  <s,  llio  dotted  lino  1  indicates  tho  lirst  scries  of  phalanges 
of  all  the  toes  ;  ilot-lino  2,  tho  second  ;  the  corrcspondenco  of  the  remaining 
jjlialanges  is  seen  at  a  glance.) 

§  -ST.  Tun  position  of  the  toes,  other  (lian  in  respect  of  their  direction, 
is  important.  In  am.  birds  the  front  toes  arc  on  the  same  level,  or  so 
nearly  so,  that  the  diHercnco  is  not  notable.  And  tho  same  may  be  said  of 
tho  hind  toes,  wlum  there  arc  /n'o,  as  in  S'lyiiisorcs,  But  tho  hind  too,  when 
present  and  single,  varies  remarkably  in  position,  and  must  have  si)ecial 
notice,  as  this  character  is  iini)ortant  in  taxonomy.  The  insertion  of  this 
toe  varies,  from  the  very  bottom  of  tho  tarsus,  where  it  is  on  a  level  with 
the  front  toes,  to  some  distance  up  (lie  tarsus.  "When  Hush  with  the  bases 
of  the  other  toes,  so  that  its  whole  under  surtaco  touches  the  ground,  it  is 
said  to  be  iiicninlienl.  AVheii  just  so  much  raised  that  its  tip  only  touches 
the  ground,  it  is  called  iiisis/ciiL  When  so  high  up  that  it  does  not  reach 
the  ground  at  all,  it  is  termed  remnle  (a/nodtx).  15ut  as  the  precise  position 
varies  insensibly,  so  that  the  foregoing  distinctions  are  not  readily  per- 
ceived, it  is  practically  best  to  recognize  only  two  of  these  three  conditions, 
and  say  simply,  "hind  toe  elevated,"'  when  it  is  inserted  appreciably  above 
the  rest,  or  "hind  too  not  elevated,"  when  its  insertion  is  tlush  with  that  of 
the  other  toes.  In  round  terms  :  it  is  characteristic  of  all  Lisrssorcs  to  have 
the  hind  toe  down  ;  it  is  characteristic  of  all  other  l)irds  to  iiave  tiie  iiind  toe 
IT  (when   present).     The  exce[)tions  to  the  lirst  statement  are  extremely 

KKY    TO   N.    A.    lUKP!'.       7 


Il 


[ 


ftO 


(O.NDITIO.VS    Ol'    Tin:    IIINI)    TOK. 


nirc  ;  tlicy  arc  contiiKMl,  niiKHiir  our  liinls,  in  jiiiy  iiiMrkotl  dcirrco,  to  tlio  two 
irciicra  of  Ciipvhinihjidiv  (urcn.  114,  11a)  and  tlie  InrUcy  Imzzanl  {Cdllmrlcs, 
iicn.  KK!);  l>ii(  Minonir  oilier  Jidjilorcn  Ix'sidcs  Ciif/tiirlfft,  sucli  as  c(>rtain 
owls,  and  in  sonic  piircons  (lowest  of  //(Ncv.wrr.s',  it  M'ili  he  reiiieniliered), 
(lie  toe  is  not  7»//(' down,  or  is  even  pereeptihiy  uplifted.  Teelinieally,  how- 
ever, I  take  all  these  hut  the  tlirco  tirst  named,  as  liavinjj;  the  too  down.  It  is 
elevated  in  all  oiu'  Ii'isurcs  or  ddlHiKC  (li'eii.  177  to  1S,S)  ;  (■ievale<l  in  all  our 
waders  except  the  ln-rann,  i/iixi's,  ami  kjukhi/i/II ;  the  elevation  is  least  niarkcil 
in  the  rail  family,  Iml  still  |)l;iin  ciioimh  there.  It  is  elevated  in  Ah\, 
swimmiiiLr  l>inls,  whether  lohc-footed,  or  jiartly  or  wholly  weh-troled  ;  hut 
ill  the  'J'lif.'jiiihitdfe  {)n\i'i  {Sli'ijanojiotlcx,  .licii.  'lli>  to  '11^)  wiiero  it  is  latenil 
and  welihed  with  the  inner  toe,  the  elevation  is  slight.  Now  sinec,  curiously 
ciioii^h.  tile  only  three  of  our  inscssorial  genera  above  mentioned  (two  of 
Cii/in'miih/idd',  and  Cuf/nnirs)  tiiat  have  the  hind  toe  well  up,  have  also 
little  wchs  (•oiiiieeting  tile  anterior  toes;  and  siiiee  some  /A/y»/orp.s  are  our 
only  other  Iiisessdres  with  any  such  true  wibs;  and  since  herons,  ibises 
nii<l  s])ooiibills  !ire  our  only  l)irds  with  such  true  webs,  that  have  the  hind 
toe  down,  the  following  rule  is  infallible  for  all  our  birds  :  C'oiisidcr  (lie 
liluil  Idc  MX'  ill  I'l-cri/  Itlnl  irilJi  (unj  tviip  vchhiiKi  or  lnhliKj  <if  (he  front  (ocs, 
except  herons  and  their  allies  and  some  liirds  of  prey.  The  eonverse, 
also,  liolds  nearly  as  well;  for  our  only  birds  with  fiiily-clcft  anterior  toes, 
!ind  hind  toe  up,  are  the  rails  and  gallinules,  the  black-bellied  plover 
(our  only  l-toed  plover),  the  turnstone,  tlu^  woodcock,  Wilson's  snipe,  and 
most  of  tile  true  sand|)ipers.  Besides  its  versatility  of  position  the  hind 
toe  has 

§  J^.S.  OriiKU  NOTABLK  c'liAKAC  TKiis.  It  is  fiTc  aiid  nhitjiJo,  in  the  vast 
majority  of  birds  ;  in  aU  liisftisorc^,  nearly  all  Citrsnrcs,  and  most  ^lidi- 
tarci.  In  length,  it  may  oipial  or  surpass  (with  its  claw  included)  the 
longest  anterior  toe,  and  generally  surpasses  at  least  one  or  two  of  them. 
It  is  never  so  long  as  when  down  on  a  level  with  the  rest ;  hero  also,  it 
attains  its  greatest  mobility,  and  among  PasscrrK  is  virtually  provided  with  a 
special  muscle  for  its  ai)position  with  the  otliei's  in  the  act  of  gnispiiig.  In 
general,  it  grows  shorter  .as  it  gets  higher  ui) ;  and  probably  in  no  bird 
where  it  is  truly  elevated,  is  it  so  long  as  the  shortest  anterior  toe.  It  is 
short  and  barely  touches  the  ground  in  most  waders;  shorter  still  in  some 
swimmers,  as  the  gulls,  where  i)robal)ly  it  is  functionless ;  rudimentary  in 
one  genus  of  gidls,  J{isiia  (2-Hl),  where  it  bears  no  perfect  claw  :  represented 
only  by  an  immovable  sessile  claw,  liable  to  be  overlooked  unless  carefully 
sought  for,  in  the  petrels;  it  disa[)pcars  in  the  birds  above  named  (§  ^4), 
and  some  others.  It  is  never  actually  joined  by  direct  soldering  to  either  of 
the  other  toes,  for  any  noticeable  distance;  but  is  united  to  the  base  of  the 
inner  toe  by  a  web  in  the  loons,  inid  to  the  whole  length  of  the  inner  toe  in 
all  the  tSlpi/diinpadcs  (tig.  IS'A).  lint  it  may  be,  as  it  were,  independently 
webiied;  that  is,  li.ave  a  lobe  or  flap  of  membrane  hanging  from  it;  this  con- 
dition   is   seen   in  all  the  sea-diicks  (  Fiili</iiiiv,  gen.  2()<)  to  270),  and   in  all 


1 


5  . 


i 


Tin:    TIIIMOK    PLANS    or     llli;    AVIAN     KtXIT. 


;')! 


our  truly  lohe-lootcd  birds.     I   niMV  tiiiiilly  consider  tlic  modes  of  union  of 
the  anterior  Iocs  under  tlio  iiead  of  tlic 

§  89.  TiiUEK  MODii'iCATioxs  OK  TiiK  iiii!i)'s  FooT.  Ail  birds'  feet  are 
built  upon  one  or  the  other  of  liiree  plans,  eorrespondini!:  to  tiie  tlirco  stil)- 
classes  /)(.sv',s',s'o;r.s',  Cnrsorfx  and  Xalalorcx.  Tliese  are  \\i(j  jx'rc/u'ii'j  plan,  liio 
ladkiu'j  or  ii.Huh'iiff  plan,  anil  tlio  sw!  mm  1 111/  plan  ;  and  tlieso  are  pretty 
shar[)ly  distinguished  (independently  of  diU'erenees  in  the  number  and  i)osition 
of  the  toes)  l)y  the  method  of  union.  In  t!ie  perehing  plan,  the  toes  ar<! 
only  vi;ry  oxee|)tioually  eounected  by  trui;  movable  webbinj; ;  tliey  are  rh/f 
(a  the  ham',  or  else  joined,  for  a  part,  or  the  whole,  of  one  joint,  or  a  part 
also  of  the  seeond  joint,  by  aclmil  roln'siim.  Our  thrushes  show  about 
as  complete  cleavai^e  as  is  ever  seen;  oiu"  wrens,  titmice,  creepers,  etc., 
exhibit  cousideral)lo  basal  cohesion.  A  remarkable  exeejiliou  is  seen  in  the 
si/ii'/npsioiis  foot;  where  the  outer  and  middle  toes  fusi?  tor  nearly  their 
whole  length;  the  kingtisher  (\\'^!i.  110,  117),  illustrates  this;  and  all  such 
birds  art!  (-ailed  si/iiiIuc/i/Ioks  ((ir.  ■'<kii  toijelliei',  ilitc/i/loii  a  linirer).  In  the 
waikin<^  plan,  the  toes  are  never,  prol)ably,  tiuis  joineil  b\'  fusion  ;  and  tiiey 
iiro  seldom  cleft  to  the  base  ;  the  union  is  irenerally  by  a  movable  basal  web, 
of  variable  extent.  This  constitutes  the  xemlpulmiilis  (A-webbed,  that  is.) 
font.  But  the  webs  occasionally,  in  true  wadinj;  birds,  run  out  to  the  ends 
of  the  toes,  as  in  the  avocet  (\ii'\\.  UHj),  .and  in  the  tianiingo  (if  indeed  this 
l)ird  really  belongs  among  waders).  Generally  they  rim  out  to  the  end  of 
the  lirst,  or  along  part  of  the  second  joint,  constituting  true  semi|)almation  ; 
shown  in  the  semipalmated  sandi)iper  and  willet.  (Figs.  100,  170.)  Oltener 
the  web  is  of  about  this  size  between  the  outer  and  middle  toes,  and  slighter 
or  wholly  deficient  itetween  the  middle!  and  iinier;  this  is  shown  in  nearly  all 
our  larger  waders,  including  herons.  (It  is  also  the  usual  states  of  webbing 
of  those  hawks  that  h:ive  seniipalmatiou.)  In  the  swinuning  [)lan,  the  foot 
is  changed  into  a  i)addle  by  webl)ing  or  lobing;  the  former  constitutes  the 
pahmite,  and  the  latter  the  loltntc,  font.  In  the  palmate,  the  webbing  is 
usually  complete  betwixt  the  three  front  toes;  it  is  extended  to  the  hind  toe, 
likewise,  in  all  .Stcijanopodi's,  and  partly  in  the  loons.  Sometimes  the 
webbing  is  defective,  from  dee[)  invlsion,  or  cutting  awav  of  the  free  anterior 
border  of  the  webs  for  some  distance  :  this  is  seen  partly  in  the  genus  P/ii- 
Jacfe  (24!i)  and  nuich  more  so  in  the  short-tailed  tern,  Ifi/ilroc/iclidon  (gen. 
2!)2  ;  fig.  :.'0<S),  where  it  simulates  scmii)almatiou.  Ibit  in  such  a  case,  if 
the  fresh  foot  be  carefully  examined,  tlu;  webbing  will  be  seen  running 
as  a  narrow  i)ordcr,  (piite  to  the  claws,  as  usual.  Frccpiently,  one  web 
is  larger  than  the  other,  as  in  all  our  terns  (tig.  207,  for  example)  where 
the  inner  web  is  somewhat  defective.  In  tiie  loljate  foot,  instead  of  con- 
necting webs,  we  have  a  series  of  broad  lobes  along  each  joint  of  the 
toes,  as  in  the  coot,  and  all  the  grebes:  but  it  is  almost  always,  if  not 
always,  associated  w^ith  semi|)almation.  It  occurs,  again,  in  some  wad- 
ing birds,  as  the  remarkable  family  of  the  phidaropes,  which  swim,  in 
fact,  bettor   than   they  walk.     Here  the  lobation  may  be  either  .fcollnped. 


i 


^p 


5> 


MAUOINAL    .MKMIllJAXi; TIIK    (LAWS. 


I     ^ 


or  I'lil  out  ;it  till'  jniiit-;.  :i<  in  tlic  coot,  or  jihiin.  tli:it  is,  sti'iiiiriit-cdircd. 
f  l'"iir.  I'll'.)  'I'nii'  liili:irntii.  orcinrinir.  iiiiniMir  Xoitli  Aiiicric.'iii  Mnis,  only 
in  llic  jrrt'lii's,  cools,  jiihI  iijiaiarojio,  nin-t  lie  cari!"nlly  (listiniruishcil  from 
Viuions 

^  !)n.  .M\i;(j|N  \i-  Fi;iN«ir.s.  or  |>rocc>scs,  tlial  iiirds  of  tlic  lower  orders 
often  exliiiiil.  Tlius,  if  a  <.'allinn!i'  lie  cxamineil  in  a  ire.-li  utate,  it  will  Ito 
fuiMid  lo  have  a  inariiin  of  nieinl)rane  riMUiinir  aloiii,'  tlie  sides  of  tlie  toes, 
and  the  same  is  the  case,  if  less  evident,  in  a  irreat  many  waders.  I'almato 
Itirds  also  show  it,  on  the  free  ln.rders  of  •!(  and  \t ;  it  is  very  conspicuous 
in  the  alhatrosses.  ninl  [ilain  enouirli  in  L'eese,  ttc.  In  the  iri'ouse  family 
lliere  is  a  remarkalile  development  of  horny  snl).--tance,  rcseinliling  a  real 
frinire.  Iieintr  cut   into  a  >eries  of  sliai-p  teeth,  or  pectinations. 

§'.il.  Tin;  ("i.Aws.  With  certain  anomalous  exci'ptions,  as  in  case  of  ii 
rudimentary  hind  toe.  every  toe  hears  a  claw.  The  <ren<'ral  shape  of  the 
claw  is  rem:nkalily  con-tant  throuirhoiit  liirds  :  variations  are  in  detrree  only, 
rather  than  in  kind.  A  cat's  claw  represents  nearly  tlie  u.-ual  shape,  viz: 
fotiijtrcssii/.  (irc/m/.  (icii/r.  The  L'reat  talons  of  a  iiir<l  of  prey  arc  only  the 
extreme  of  this  typic;il  >!iapr.  I'.c^ides  thi^s  licuerai  sliape,  thc^  claws  are 
usually  duir  out  nnderneatli,  so  that  the  transverse  section,  as  well  as  lenirtli- 
wise  outline  Itelow.  is  concave,  and  the  under  surface  is  liomided  on  cither 
side  liy  a  >har|)  cdire.  ( )ne  of  these  edircs.  and  particularly  llie  inner  edi^e 
of  the  middle  claw,  is  somewhat  dilated  or  expamled  in  .a  ijfrcat  many  birds; 
and  in  some  it  hecomes  clianiretl  into  a  jierfect  ri,i„/,,  hy  having  a  re<.'idar 
series  of  teeth.  This  pectination  occurs  only  on  the  inner  ed<;e  of 
the  midtlle  cl;iw  ;  it  is  iieantifnlly  ^•llowu  liy  ail  the  true  herons  {^{yjiahv)  ; 
iiy  the  whip[)oorwills  ami  iiiL.'hlhawks,  liy  the  iViiiale  pelican,  and,  to 
a  'ess  d(\i.M'ce,  liy  the  liarn  owl.  It  is  supposed  to  he  used  for  cleaniuii: 
out  lice  from  i)ails  that  c.aniiot  he  reached  hy  the  hill  :  hut  this  is  open 
to  (pU'^tion,  seeini;'  that  ont.-ide  the  herons,  it  chiclly  occurs  among  ver}' 
short-leggeil  hirds,  that  cannot  po»ihly  reach  many  parts  of  tiic  plumage 
with  the  toes.  IJcsidcs  Jitiphms.  ino>t  jicrching  Inrds  are  very  .-li.ari)- 
clawed ;  the  claws  are  more  ohtuse  among  liie  pigeons  and  (.uilluuc 
(seratchers)  and  still  more  so  among  nio-t  swinnning  hirds.  Ohtuseness  is 
generally  associated  with  ll;itn»'>s,  or  ili-jiri:<st'i,ii ;  this  is  seen  in  Wilson's 
petrel,  !is  distinguished  from  all  our  others,  .and  carried  to  the  extreme  in 
the  grehes,  where  the  claws  re-eml»le  human  nails.  'I'he  deviations  from 
enrvaluro  occur  principally  in  the  hind  claw  :  this  is  straight  or  nearly  so,  in 
the  shore  lark,  and  some  terrestrial  >parrows.  .as  the  genus  .I'lcdroji/Kiiics 
(()3).  All  the  claws  are  straight,  and  prodigiously  long,  in  some  exotic 
hirds  of  the  rail  trihe — the  Jacanas  {Piirra);  this  euahles  the  hirds  to 
run  lightly  over  the  floating  leaves  of  aipiatic  plants,  hy  so  mueii  increase  of 
hreadlh  of  support  that  they  do  not  .slinnp  in.  Claws  are  also  variously 
cariuatc,  suleate,  etc.  They  are  always  horny.  'I'hey  take  name  from  and 
are  reckoned  hy  the  digits  they  helong  to:  thus,  k7.  ==  claw  of  \( :  2cl. 
=  chiw  uf  2(,  etc. 


eJ 


now  TO  LSE  Tin:  Ki;v, 


58 


pd. 


olll 


ors 

1)0 

OS, 
llt(! 
)11.S 


lio 


§  U-2.    Wk  liiivc  ill 


SECT.  IV.     DiKKCTioNS.  —  now  to  lsk  tiik  kkv.  —  now  to  mkasuwk  a 

Sl'KCTMBN,  ETC. 

1.     now  TO  isv.  Tin;  ki.v. 

liMiid  ii  liiid  wliicli  we  know  iidtliiiii:-  iilioiit,  iiiul  dcsiro 
to  iilciifi/i/;  (liiit  is,  lo  discover  its  iiiiiiu'  mid  i»(i>ili(iii  in  the  system;  mid  to 
Icani  wliiitever  else  the  prescMil  voimne  iiiiiy  Milord.  Let  us  suppose  it  to  l)0 
tliMt  little  l)l;iek  and  white  spotted  liird  which  we  ol'leii  seo  clinihiiii,' about 
our  Criiit  trees,  liorini;'  holes  in  the  liark. 

The  Key  opens  witli  an  arhitrary  division  ol'  our  birds,  acconlinj,'  to  the 
nuinl)er  and  position  of  their  toes.  Our  speeinieii.  we  see.  has  I'our  toes, 
arranired  in  pairs;  that  is,  two  before  and  two  Inliind.  It  Ihereioru  eoiues 
under  the  third  division  (III),     'ruruing  to  HI,  we  read  :  — 


Mill  Willi 


■re,  ;iiul  sirniiirly  cpii.'iKiliiiiii-^.  I'tt 


—  uol  ccrcd ;  inner  liiiul  tiic  willi  ;i  Joints,  etc. 


-dhlv  -'  JDinls.     (f ) 


w 


tiiat  the  bill  of  tl 


le   s|)e( 


iiiieii   is   neither  eered   nor  hookeil,  and 


tiial  the   inner  hind  toe   is  L'-joiiited.      Following,  therefore,  the  reference- 
letter  (f),  we  find  tiiree  alteriiativis,  viz., 


(f)  Tail  (if  s  IViillicrs.  <'|i'., 

—  10  sDl'l  rcalliiTs,  etc., 

—  l!i  (iipparcnily  only  Kn  ri;;iil 


niinalf  fcallicrs.     (>j) 


The  tail  feathers  of  the  specinieii  are  still'  and  pointed,  and  we  count  ten 
|)erfect  ones,  besides  a  rudiincnlary  pair  concealed  at  the  bases  of  tiie  others. 
Kvideiitlv,  then,  wo  continue  with  the  reference  letter  (g),  as  follows:  — 


i'\- 


IS 


111 


le 


7 


(ij)  liir<N>  I  I  inrlii's  liniLr,  clc., 

(j;)  lUrils<l  I  in.;  riilues  on  nppcf  niandilili'  i-iMcliiim-  lip.  eh' Piccs.  i;!l. 

The  siiecimen  is  much  less  than  fourteen  inches  long,  and  tiie  >harp  ridges 
on  the  sides  of  the  upiu'r  inaudible  run  ipiite  to  the  end  of  tlu-  bill;  and 
here,  at  last,  instead  of  a  reference-letter,  wo  find  ii  genus  named;  which 
is  the  one  to  which  the  specimen  belongs.     The  liird  is  a  /'/iiis. 


on. 


§  !i;i.    Tins  the  key  conducts  to  a  genus.   Iiy  presenting  in  successi 
oortaiii  (iJlcrudlivcii,  on  meeting  with  each  of  which,  the  student   has  only  to 
determine  which  oiio  of  the  two  w  more  sets  of  charai'tcrs  agrees  with  tiioso 


)rded  by  his  si)ecimcn.     There  will  not. 


it   IS  liebcvcd 


be  anv  troidilo 


in  determining  whether  a  given  character  is  so,  uv  is  nut  so,  since  only  the 
most  tangible,  deliuitc.  and  obvious  features  have  been  selected  in  framing 
the  key.  After  each  deteriiiiuati(Ui,  eitlu'r  the  name  of  a  gciins  is  encoun- 
tered, or  else  a  n'fcronc<'-letter  leads  on  to  some  new  alternative,  until  by  a 

few 
11    bo 


cr  a 


gradual  process  of  elimination  the  proper  genus  is  reached.     Afl 
trials,  with  specimens   representing   dillereiit  groups,    the  process   \vi 
shortened,  for  the  main  divisions  will  have  been  learned;  still,  the  btiideiit 


► 


I'  i ' 


L 


64 


llnW    TO    l>K   TIIK    KKV. 


iiiiisl  lio  carcrnl  Imw  In-  -liikrs  in  imy  wlicn-  cxiciil  iit  IIki  ll('l.'illllin^^  for  ii 
false  sliirl  will  .s<inii  sd  iiiiii  liopdrs-lv  ailiifl.  Tlic  Key  lias  liccii  levied  • 
h(i  tliorouL'lily  lliaf  tlnTf  is  lillli-  tlaiii,'t'i-  nl"  his  niiiiiiiiir  nil'  the  track  except 
llin)ii!.'ii  cai'eiessiie.'.s,  or  iiii^'(iiici|ili(»ii  of  Icrlniical  teniiH  ;  bill  there  is  no 
excii-^e  lur  the  Ininicr,  and  the  lalhr  may  he  ohviatiMl  hy  the  Glossary  and 
the  Inlroduitidn,  which  -linnM  lie  c(Hi>nlted  when  any  donltt  arisi's.  Tinio 
Kpent  npiin  ihc  inlrddndidn  will  he  linn-  saved  in  the  end. 

Jj  '.M.  Now  the  fjcniis  /'iriis  thai  we  t'uiind  has  a  niiniher  after  it,  which 
rel'ers  Id  the  Svsleniatie  Synopsis,  wheic  the  ■:enera  are  niniihered  consecu- 
tively. The  rinminir  nnnihei's  at  the  top  of  tli-  paL't's  catch  the  eye  in  ii 
liionieni,  and  enahle  n-  to  turn  direclly  lo  /'irns,  \.\\.  Here  we  (in d  a  few 
rcniarivs,  illustrative  of  the  jreneral  character  of  all  onr  species  of  the  ircnns  ; 
and  these  we  see,  are  six  in  nnniher.  We  have  now  to  lind  out  which  one 
of  the  six  ours  is;  and  to  this  end  they  are  (iiiali/.yil,  that  is,  mapped  out 
in  LH'onps,  ill  >ii(ii  way  thai  we  perceive  their  most  striUin;,'  features,  or 
diau:ni(stie  cliaiacteis.  alnio-.!  at  a  i^laiuc  : — • 

*  Mddv  iidI  liiiiKli'd.  slniikcil  nor  ^|loll(•ll. 
*•  S|iiill((|  1111(1  (TKN^wiM'  IkiihIi'cI,  I)|iI  mil  -I  i'i:iki'il. 

••♦  .S|ll>llfll  lUlll   jcllLrlllW  isc  sll'C'ikl'll.    lull    Mill    llMlillrd. 

t  l'>iiiilly  li-jii  Ion:.';  culler  l;iil-rc;iilii'is  wlioll.v  while. 
t+lMially  (;-7  liiiiu;  eiili'i'  liiil-(VMlliiT.s  Imi'red  willi  lilacU  .iml  uliile. 

'{"he  specimen  has  no  tran>vi'rse  hars  of  color  on  the  hody,  hut  a  loiij^ 
while  streak  down  the  hack,  and  a  profusion  of  while  spots  on  the  wiiitrs  and 
their  (M)Vei'ts;  il  i-i  not  over  seven  inches  loiiL',  and  has  the  outer  tail  feath- 
ers lilack  ami  white:  so  that  we  know  il  comes  nndei'  **'ff.  As  then) 
is  liiil  one  species  uivcii  there,  oiir  liird  is  at  last  idenlilicd.  It  is  tlio 
downy  Woodpecker,  /'/<■//.<  /m.'jrsffiis.  The  term  /in/irsi'iiis,  at  the  end  o!" 
the  desciiplive  |iara!:rapli,  is  the  spccifu'  name,  u  liich,  Joincil  with  the  L"n- 
erie  name,  /'ims,  coii^lilnlcs  the  scieiililie  designation  of  the  species,  a- 
plained  in  llie  Inlroduclioii,  p.  l.">.  In  this  case  of  the  downy  woodpc( 
no  full  drxiiplion  appears,  merely  liecaiise  the  hinl  "is  exaittly  iik((  /  . 
rilli).sii>:"  (liie  prci'tvliiiLT  species)  except  in  the  diairnostie  points  of  size  and 
harred  rcdrices;  hul  in  ireiieral,  a  concise  specilie  description  will  l)e  found. 
'I'hese  descriptions  are  not  always,  or  even  usually,  full  .and  coiiiplele ; 
I)eiu<;  desiirned  simply  to  diseriuiiuate  the  several  species  of  the  same  <^enus, 
or  to  certify  that  the  student  has  diseovere(l  the  riijlit  speckles,  if  there  ho 
hut  it\H'  undci'  the  iremis.  Iiiit  since  mere  idenlilicatioii  of  ;i  specimen  is  not 
ill!  that  we  may  desire,  many  other  paitiiailars  are  I'eally  e;iven.  Thus  wo 
discov(>r  that  the  downy  woodpecker  inhahils  Kastern  North  America,  and  is 
replaced  in  the  West  hy  a  variety  closely  reseiiddinj,'  it.  Wo  discover  its 
oxiict  ridatioiis  to  its  conironer,  /'.  ril/o.siis,  and  of  both  thcso  to  the  other 


•  111  llie  cii-i's  c.f  (HIT  iiiiiC'Iciillin  of  till-  Ki"in'r:i.  Iiy  ailiial  riini|i;M  i~i>n  h  illi  llii'  s|ii'iiiiicii->  lliiMiischrs.  ami 
IiiiiimI  I"  nivc  {iii'iiiair  loiiUs.  U  i.'JiiMt  ii">i-iiilc,  lliat  an  iK-caNiinial  inininluri  s|u;iiiiK'ii,  nf  iiiii'  iillViiiiK  mi- 
UHiial  (Ifvialiiiii  fruiii  tlio  iiorilinl  Ktaililaril,  ranimt  he  lU'lcnniiunl  liy  thr  Key. 


I 


iMi!i;(  TioNs  roit  >ii;.\?<i'I!i;mi;.nt. 


.).') 


species  of  the  ireiiiH.  We  liave  a  relereiiee  to  sevenil  sliiiiiliiid  aiillmis, 
wliieli  may  lie  ((insulted  if  desired,  'riirniiiir  liai  k  a  lew  paL'es,  we  lind  llial 
the  ireillis  I'IriiH  heli)llLrs  to  llie  sllli-familv  /'I'li'inr,  ol'  the  I'lllllily  /'iriihr,  ol' 
the  (iider  Si-tnisnrrs;  and  each  ol'  tiie^e  LTiDups  is  delincd,  ilhr-liahd,  or 
otiicrwise  noticed.  In  tliis  \\ay,  it  is  heiievcd,  a  sinLde  specimen  may 
he  ma(h'  tiie   means  of  impail ini:  no  ineoiisideraltie  amount  of  information. 

•J.     \\(>\\   ID  Mi'.Asrui;  A  si'i:ci.mi;n. 

§  Il."(.  1'"(>IJ  lari.'e  hi  I'd  ■^,  a  tape  line  >lio\\ini^  inclics  and  foiu'liis  will  do: 
for  small  mies,  a  fool  rule.  Ljradualed  for  iiiclu'^  and  ciLdiliis,  or  licltcr,  deci- 
mals to  hundredlhs,  mu-t  lie  used  ;  and  for  all  nii'c  mc,i-uremciil->  the  divid- 
ers are  indispensahle. 

^  IM).  I\  eoinparimi:  nn-asiirements  made  wilh  those  u'iven  in  the  Synop- 
sis, ahsolule  airrermenl  nm^l  iiol  hi<  expected  ;  individual  specimens  vary 
too  inucli  fur  this.  It  will  Licucrally  lie  sali-facti>ry  ciionLdi,  il  ihc  discrep- 
ancy is  Mot  lieyond  certain  hounds.  A  v.iriation  of,  say,  five  per  ccni..  may 
lie  safely  allowed  on  hirils  not  larirer  than  .i  roliin  :  from  this  si/e  up  to  that 
of  il  crow  or  hawlv,  ten  per  cent.  ;  for  larirer  liirds  even  more,  .''^nme  liirds 
vary  up  to  twenty  (U'  twcnly-live  per  cent.,  in  their  total  leiiLilh  at  least. 
So  if  I  say  of  a  spai'i'ow  for  iiisliuice,  "lenulh  li\i'  inches,"  ;uid  the  speci- 
UKMi  i.s  found  to  he  any\vhcre  licl\\('en  four  and  three-fourths  and  live  and 
one-foiirlh,  il  will  lie  (|uile  near  enoiiiih.  /Inf.-  —  the  relative  propoilions 
ol  llie  (lill'creni  parts  of  a  liii'd  are  mucli  more  conslaiil .  and  here  jess  dis- 
crepancy is  iillowalile.  Thus  "t.ai-ns  loiii:cr  Ihan  the  middle  Idc,"  or  the  I'e- 
verse,  is  often  a  mailer  of  much  le-s  than  a  ipiarler  of  an  inch  :  .and  as  it  is 
upon  Jii-I  sui'h  nice  puints  as  this  lli.'il  a  '^reat  many  of  the  i^encric  analyses 
rest,  the  neccs>iiy  of  the  utmost  accui'acy  in  me.asiirin.i:',  for  n.-e  of  the  key, 
heeomes  olixious.  When  I  find  it  necessary  to  iix^  the  (|ualiiicalion  "ahoul" 
(iis,  "liill  (i/iiiiif  tarsus")  I  prohalily  never  mean  to  indicate  .a  dilference  of 
more  lliau  li\e  percent,  of  the  len,;;lii  of  the  p.iil  in  (|iic-lion. 

§  !I7.  "  liKNCiii."  Disl.iuce  lielweeuihe  tip  of  the  hill  and  the  end  of  I  h(^ 
hini^est  tail  fe.allur.  Lay  llie  liird  on  its  hack  on  the  rnlei-  on  .a  talile,  lake 
hold  of  the  hill  with  one  hand,  and  of  liolh  lec:s  with  the  other:  pull  with 
re.ason.ahle  force,  to  i^'cl  llie  curve  all  out  of  tlie  neck  ;  hold  the  liird  thus 
with  tip  of  the  liill  llnsli  with  the  end  of  the  iiile,  and  see  how  much  the  end 
of  tilt)  tail  points  to.  I'lit  the  tape  line  in  pkna-  of  the  ruler,  in  the  same 
wiiy,  for  larfrer  liirds. 

\)  !IS.  "  lOx'ri'.Ni'."  Distance  helwceii  the  lips  of  llie  outspread  wind's. 
'I'liey  must  he  /«//// ontstrelched.  Willi  llie  liiid  on  ils  liack,  (aos^wise  on 
the  inler,  its  hill  pointintr  to  your  hrca>l,  lake  hold  of  ridit  .and  h'tt  meta- 
carp.ns  with  tlinml)  and  forelinirer  of  your  riiihl  and  lefl  hand.  rc-pccli\'ely, 
sirclch  with  reas(Miah|e  force,  ireltiim'  one  wiiiir-lip  llii-h  with  one  einl  of  the 
lailei',  and  .^ee  how  much  the  other  wiiiL''-tip  jioints  to.  \\'iili  laive  hinN, 
pull  away  as  hard  as  you  please,  and  use  (he  ImIiIc,  Ihior,  oi'  side  of  the 
room,  as  convenient;  m.irk  the  points  and  apply  tape  line. 


:  I 


r>c, 


muECTioNs  roi!  Mi:.\siKrnii:.\T, 


As  this  inpiisiiroiiiciit  cmiukiI  he  irot  ;it  all  rrmii  dric'd  skins,  I  do  iiol  ol'tcn 
use  it  ill  this  l)ii(i!<.  liiit  it  is  liiLrlii.v  iini)()rlniit,  and  lor  Uiu  very  I'L-asoii  that, 
it  caiinol  he  Lfut  al'tcrwaiMls,  always  iio/f  !l  ilmrn  iVoiii  IVcsh  spt'ciinciH.  Tlu; 
lirst  iiu'asiireiiiciit.  likrwisc,  can  only  he  irot  at  a|)|iro.\iinalcly  in  .skins,  and 
the  followiiijr  d<'tail>  arc  really  otir  cliict"  data  in  all  cases  : — 

vj  W.  "Lkmiiii  ok  wiNii."  Di-tancc  t'loni  the  ani;lc  formed  at  tln^ 
(carpus)  liciiil  of  the  wiiiii.  to  the  end  of  the  loin;cst  prini.ary.  (ict  it  with 
compasses  foi'  small  liinls.  In  liirds  witli  a  convi-x  wini;',  do  not  lay  the  tapo 
line  over  tiie  curve,  Im*  imder  tiie  winii',  .-trctchiiii;'  in  a  straiirht  line  from 
the  carpal  anjrie,  to  end  of  loiii,'e.-t  i)rimary.  This  measnrement  is  the  one 
called,  for  short,  "the  win;;;""  thus  when  1  say,  simitly,  "wir.  12,"  I  mean 
tlial  this  di>taiice  is  twelve  inches;  so,  also,  "wjr.  =^i  tl.,"  means  that  this 
di.^tance  is  h.alf  a-  i^rc.il  as  the  leiiiilh  of  the  tail. 

§  llMt.  "J^KNOTii  OK  TAii,."  Distance  from  the  roots  of  the  rectriees, 
to  the  end  of  the  loisL'est  one,  whicliever  one  that  may  In-.  Feid  for  the 
pope's  nose;  in  either  a  fresli  or  ilrieil  -pecimcn.  lliere  is  more  oi'  less  of  a 
palpahle  lump  into  wITk  h  the  t.iil  feathers  stick.  (iiie>s  as  n>ar  as  yon  <-an 
to  the  niiddii-  of  tliis  lump:  place  the  end  of  tiie  riilei- (ipposile  the  i>i>int, 
and  see  how  much  the  lip  of  the  l(Hiu:e>t  tail  feather  points  to.  "  Depth  of 
folk  "  and  ".amount  of  irradatioii."  in  a  t.iil,  is  (he  ilill'crcnce  lietwccn  the 
shorlot  and  the  loiiL'cst  tail  fc.illicrs  ;  in  tic  one  lasc  the  outer,  in  the  other 
the  middle,  pair  ot'  rectriees  is  ihi-  lomicst. 

vj  Idl.  "liKNiiTii  <iK  mi. I.."  Kx.ictly  what  this  is,  depends  upon  the 
writer,  .'^oine  take  the  cmve  of  liie  upper  mandihie;  others  the  side  of 
the  upper  ni,iiidil)le  t'roiii  the  feathers;  others  the  fX-'ipt'i  t'te.  I  take  llf 
rlinnl  iif  llii'  ciihiini.  I'lace  one  foot  of  tile  dividers  on  the  enlmeii  just, 
where  the  feathers  end  —  no  matter  whelher  the  eulmeii  rims  up  on  the 
forehead,  or  tlie  I'l'oiit.il  featiicrs  run  out  mi  the  ciilnu'ii,  and  no  matter 
whether  the  cnlineii  is  >traiu'lit  or  i  iirvcd.  'I'hcii  witii  me  the  li'iKjtli  of  IIk- 
hill  is  the  >liortesl  dist.ance  from  the  point  jiist  indicated  to  the  tip  of  llu^ 
upper  mandihie.  Measun'  it  with  the  dividers.  In  .a  straiudit  liill,  of 
course  it  is  the  leiijrlh  of  the  culinen  itself;  in  a  curved  hill,  however,  it  is 
(piite  another  tiling',  'the  "depth  of  hill"  is  determineil  opposite  the  s;ime 
point  ;  it  is  a  p<M-pendiiailar  tiimsverse  dimension  :  the  "  width  of  the  l)ill  "  is 
determined  at  the  same  point  ;  it,  is  the  horizontal  transverse  dimension. 
"The  pipe"  is  tile  >ii.,itc>t  di>lance  hetwcen  the  coinmi>siire  proper  (see 
§  .">"•.  and  fiLT.  •">.  /')  and  the  tip  ol'  the  upper  mandilile. 

^  Itii'.  "liKNorii  OK  TAi:sis."  Tliis  is  the  most  impoit.int  measurement 
for  the  pnr|)oses  ot"  this  volume.  Measure  it  'ihrm/s  with  dividers,  and  /// 
/roil/  of  the  li'L'.  It  is  the  distance  liclweeii  the  joint  of  the  tarsus  with  the 
\r>jf  ahove.  and  that  \viih  the  first  phalanx  of  the  middle  toe  helow.  Place 
one  foot  of  tlie  di\  iders  exactly  npi'i.  till'  middle  of  the  tiliio-tarsal  joint  in 
front.  'I'he  front  of  this  juint  is  rounded  on  either  side  by  two  little  scnii- 
cir(ailar  rims,  or  lateral  elev.itions.  more  ,,r  less  evident  in  dillerent  hirds ; 
you  want  to  Lfet  ju^t  lietwccn  them.      In  the  .-ofler-Ie.L'L'ed  wadini;-,  or  water 


DIItyfTKINS    roi;    MKASUKEMF.XT. 


57 


hinls,  llicrc  is  a  slii'lit  clcv.itcil  pninl  ri^rlit  in  tin-  iui(]illr  ;  llii-*.  or  tlio  |)n>i- 
tioii  (if  it  ill  otlicr  liinls.  is  tlic  prcci.-c  piat'c.  I'lacc  tin-  otlu  r  t'nnt  ol'  (lie 
diviiK'Ts  (ivcr  tlic  tiaiisvcrsc  line  ol' jiiiiitiiiii  "if  the  hasc  cil"  the  iiiiddlc  toe. 
'I'lii.s  latter  ixiiiil,  in  all  liinls,  wlicn  tin-  Iocs  aiv  Itciit  liackward,  Iutomu'.s  a 
more  or  less  salient  aiiu'lt'  easily  detonnined.  In  lianl-leL'ired  liirds  it  is 
usually  indieated  liy  tiie  termination  of  la>t  tarsal  senleilnni :  in  water  liirds, 
there  will  he  seen  a  little  er(is>\\ise  nick,  sliowinir  jnst  where  the  skin  has 
shrunk  into  tin-  eraik  hetween  tlu;  end  of  the  metatarsus  and  the  lia-e  of 
the  loe.  It  will  he  t'vident  that  a  measurement  taken  as  here  direeted  will 
not  always  he  the  sanu"  as  one  taken  hehind,  up  over  the  eonvexity  of  the 
heel,  and  down  to  the  level  of  the  >ole  :  hut  there  are  hehind  no  (.tlier 
tanjrilile  points  of  termination.  (See  IIl;'.  '.'.  hs.)  What,  now,  is  the  mean- 
in  jj;  of  the  expression — "/i.  _    .\  frs."'.' 

§  l(i;>.  "Li:N(iTii  OK  TiiKs."  Distanee  in  a  straiirht  line  aloULT  the  upper 
surfaei-  of  a  toe.  from  tiie  point  last  indieated,  to  the  root  of  (he  claw  ou 
top.  Ohserve  that,;is  the  (laws  are  inserted  upon  the  I'Uils  of  the  toes, 
somewhat  as  tlu'  nails  ar<'  on  our  linLr<'rs,  this  niea^urenu-nt  is  a  dillerent 
thiuir  from  one  taken  aionir  the  under  >urt'aee  of  the  toes.  Always  makt? 
il  wilii  the  di\iders.  Length  of  toe  is  always  taken  irlllimit  the  claw  uidess 
otherwise  specified,  ^\'llc^.  MO  iiarliciilar  toe  is  speeilied,  'M  is  alw.ays 
meant.     (Sec  IIl:'.  H,  ;'.a7.  )      Deline  this  exprosion  : — "  frs.>  ',]f." 

§  KM.  "Lr.Miiii  (ir  riir,  claws."  l)i>lanee  in  a  sti-'ii-jlii  Vnn-  from  the 
point  last  indicated  to  the  tip  of  the  claw.  (See  §  lnl.)  When  this 
measurement  is  meant  to  lie  included  in  the  leuL'th  of  toe.  I  .say  iri . 
l)etcriiiine  thi.-«:  —  'Vc.s\  <  :>/<7." 

§  ln."i.  "Li;N(.rii  ni-  hi;  \ii'"  is  an  otteii  <'on\cnieiit  iliiiK'n-ion  for  coiniiar- 
isoii  with  the  hill.  Set  one  foot  of  the  dividers  on  the  liasc  of  cuhiieu 
(determined  as  ahove ),  and  allow  the  other  to  just  slip  sniiufly  down  over 
the  iireh  of  the  occiput.  This  is  the  reijuired  mea->urement.  What  does 
this  mean  : — "//(/.     -  h.'"'. 

%  I'M).  .\i.i,  Mi',Asii;r.M!;Nrs  are  in  the  I''.ni:lish  inch  and  viilpir  fractions 
or  decimals,  nnle-s  otherwise  speeilied. 

§  107.  FiNAM.v,  il  may  he  widl  to  call  attention  to  the  tact,  that  nio»t 
persons  imaeciistoinccl  to  hauillinir  liirds  are  liahlc  to  lie  deceived  in  allenipt- 
w^  to  I sliiiiiiti-  a  j.n\en  iliineie  ion  ;  they  ireiierally  make  it  out  h s.-i  than 
measurement  shows  it  to  he.  This  seems  to  he  an  optical  elfeet  eoniiected 
with  the  solidarity  of  ihe  ohjeel.  a>  is  well  illustrated  in  tlrsiwiiiir  plates  ol' 
liirds,  which,  when  made  exactly  of  life-si/e,  always  look  I.aru'er  than  the 
ori,L'iiiaI,  on  account  of  the  llatness  of  tiie  paper.  The  ruler  or  tape-line, 
therefore,  should  always  he  used,  and  are  more  jiarticularly  necessary  in 
those  cases  where  analyses  in  the  Key  re^t  upon  iliineusious.  Il  is  h.ardly 
necessary  to  add,  that  in  takini:,  approximately,  tlie  total  IciiliIIi  from  .1 
prepare(|  spicimen,  reirard  should  he  had  for  the  "make-up"  <if  the  skin.  .V 
lillle  pr.ietice  will  enalile  one  to  determine  pretty  accurately  how  nnieh  u 
skin  i'  •Iri'lched  or  ~liiuuken.  and  lo  mike  ihe  due  alhiwaiicc  in  either  ea>e. 


hi  ^      ill    N       \.     IlIKO".        M 


h 


5H 


AltlJKKVIATIO.V.S    AM)    JilUNS. 


Ai;i!i;i:viAii().N,s  i  skd. 


Ilh:l.        Alilll'lllUII. 
»./.        Ailllll. 

iittt.     Aiitiiitin. 
luill.     AxillMi-ii's. 
I:      liill. 
hi.      lilllC. 

(///.-.    lili.k. 

A'r.  .4m.     flritisli  Allicrjc;!, 

f/i'ii.     lirouii. 

/.r.«/.     liiia^-t. 

i7.    (  law.  rliiws. 

1-../,      Cl.T. 

(•i.e./.  rcpinif.i 

ciiiiiin.    ('■■niini-Miru. 
rttlin.    rtiltii'-'i. 
/.iir.     l",mM|H'. 
fllir.    l-'cathi'r. 

Jllll'il.      K.MllliTl'cl. 

j'tliri.    KiMllior-. 
hil.    Ilia.  I. 

lir.    tiraj'. 

j/rH.     (iroi'ii. 

inti'f:ir.    |ri!or8-'apn]ari(M. 


/,;"i.     r.rhirlli. 

iniiint.     Maii'lililo. 

iiri.f.    M;(\illa. 

M'.i:     McNi'M. 

A'.  .-Im.    Niirlli  Anirri-a  mI  laigi". 

tt'mt.     Nn-li'iN. 

ii(..<.     (ili-iTvation. 

iH-iip.    (►■i-i|iiii. 

fh  .    (Hive. 

}>liti;i.     I'liiinriirr. 

}'fitn.     ri'iliial  \  —  ii')<. 

y-";/..     riM|.l... 

n.7.     i:ri'tri.i':<. 

rrH(.      UiMllt;iCS. 

I-. '/.■.     l!''li<'iil  ilioas. 

ritirr.     li'rl  i>-||l;(lt'. 

rrji/i.     Kiiin|i. 

S'-afi.    >'-aiMilarit'*. 

,trut.      Sflltrlla, 

sriill.     >i  iilill  ale. 

sn'.    Si iitiary  —  ii'i*. 

V/i.     Diiiiliii^l.   It;  Millix  ;  ic  IH'.^/i. 

I.lai'ki-li. 
$lir.    bpriiiff. 


5'/r/i.     MimniiT. 

miinn-.    .-iiiM'Pilinry. 

«■</.  ir7.«.     Wing.  niii(;!i. 

iriti.    Winler. 

ir  /.    \Vf.«t  IinliuH. 

<.    T"i'.  I..i"<. 

I  i.    Toe  .ami  claw  lii);L'tliri' 

tirl.    'rcrliiiry  — io8. 

Iil>.    Til.ji. 

»i;r    ■riiinat. 

//.     Tail. 

Ir.t.     T'lsim. 

1/11.  iiiiihil.    I'liiliT  mamlilili*. 

nil  -11  -ii'i'.    I  iiil.f  l.iil  riiv(it<. 

un  -ir;/  'I'tir,     rmlcr  \viii;r  i-ovcrtr*. 

»p.  iHtniit.    rpiHT  in.aiiililili'. 

i(/i..//  -iiir.     l'|p|uT  lail  ciivi'il". 

fifi.'ii'i/.-<-ni\     l'|iiM'i-  \\  iiig  ruvrrlrt. 

I'.  S.    Iiiilcil  >i.ii(s.oxr<'|il  .Mai'k.'i; 

ii'iial  allllrt'vlali.lll^  I'ur  iiiuiiom  uf 

stall'"  ami  I'LTiitorit's. 
vht.    While. 

yrll.     ^fllow. 

iiy.     v.. ling. 


A  I'fW  ('iiiitrai'iiiiui",  imt  givi'ii  iiliuTc,  nro  siU'-exiilniialiin-. 


si(;.\s  rsi;i). 


if.    Mile. 

f.     tVlnalu. 

"'•"I"  I/;/    f.    Yoinip  mall'. 

iy<i.<>riig.  V-     Yiiiin;;  r.anali". 

=-    Sinn  111'  i'<iiialily ;  ;i<iii'r:ilhi,  a»  \<>»i:  as. 

^  Mori':  i/iiitnifh/.  I"ii;;fr  tli.aii ;  n/.^  »,  ^ru-alrr  than. 

i>r  iiinrt'  Iliaii. 
<  l.i'Hh;  r;iiicr<i////,  hliiMliT  Uiaii ;  rr/.^n,  finialliT  tlian, 

(ir  li'>ti  Uiaii. 


!  tVrt.-iinty,  n-itli  pci-imal  rospnnsiliility  (not  ex- 
clainntiun  iir  fiii'iiriiie).  All  utlicr  inimtiiit- 
linn  n*  ni-uul. 
*.  t.  t.  eti'.  IlilVr  as  usual  In  fimt  nnli's.  wlwn  al 
tlio  emi  111  a  wiinl:  wliin  licrne  n  wnnl  or 
pitraKi'apli.  IIh'V  art-  u>i-il  In  puint  nil'  siii-tiniiri 
ill  a  iniiniier  lliat  will  ]<v  vviili'iil. 

•,*     liiti-i'piilati-il  seiiti'nci'K. 

^     r.iiiipli-tr  paiMixraplis    in  tin-  iiitrnitin-tioii  uiilyN 


i 


\V(>i!K>  ciri:i).  59 


WOHKS    UKFK15UK1)   T<). 

I  (iiiole  thnMiL'lunil  Mi"  liillnu  ihi;  -tMinlMiil  Ann'rii'Mii  wnrkf  wlii'ii  Ihcy  iHili'i'  the  -prrio  in  nm -lion  :  — 
'■  inif."    Wir.siiN.  .\l.l.\  xsi'i.i;.      AuMii  •,in  iMiiiilinlM^'y.     IP  v.!-"..  Iln.     l-ii-ll.     .The  i>iij:in:il  til.  and 
Ui'il'i*  ■onlinuutiiiM.) 

••  Xiitl."  Xl  II'AII..  I'lliiM*-.  M:iiiii:il  ■■I'llic  ( iinilli..|n-\  iirilio  t  iiiti'.l  Still's  anil  nl'  Canada.  .!  vula. 
l.'imi.     (Thr  lll-t  I'll.,  i.r  I'!-.'    !l.  llllli'r.s  lln"Jil  ,.ir  IMll,  is  >| illiil.) 

•■.Iiiil"  Ai  niiiiiN.  .li.ilN  .I.\Mi;s.  Ilinlj  nl'  Ann'ii.a.  7  vuls..  Svii.  miii-tl.  (O.'tuvo  ri'print  <•(  tlio 
••Ornilhiil'iKiial  liiiPKra|ili.v."  i('|pa(,'i.'il  ami  willi  .-y.-linialii'  ananj,'i'ni(!nt  and  i-enuniln'iinj?  iif  tlii'  jjlali'-  of 
till'  I'liliocdiliiin.) 

••  rii.<.«."    (  .K-i^iN.  .liiilN.    Illuslialliin.s  1)1' llio  Itiidaol' (.'alil'innia.  Ti'xas.  etc.    8vo.  1  vi>l.    ls.Vi-.Vi. 

•■/111."  •C./.i*.  in  li'l  "  ••  l.iinr.  in  lid."  I(MI||>.  S|'|:m'i;ii  K..  uilli  Ihi'  i'iii<|i(-rali<>n  of  .lii||\  Cassin 
and  (;i:iii!i.i;  N.  I.xwukm  i:.  I'.inl^  nl'  Si'iili  .Snuniia;  riin-liliiliii},'  llic  niiilli  vol.  iiT  llii'  I'ai  ill.'  K.'iilroail 
Kv|il'iratiiiii-  and  Sni-vi'v-.  l.'^.'iS.  Al-n  ii'pnlili-lii'd  -i'iiai'ali'l.\ ,  \Mlii  a  U\\  additmn-  .-ind  a  i>\  vul.  nl'  Iml 
lilati'-.  In  Ihf  Nalnrali  l>' .\/(MM'y.  1  "i.) 

"  i:ii:'  Kl.l.l'iT.  I>.  (i.  liii'd-  111'  Nmlli  .\ini'rii'a.  i  V"!-..  I'.ilin.  i  I'lalu-  and  il.-rri|iii.iii',  nl'  many  -|ie.ii'S 
rni'i'iilly  intiiiihii'i'd  In  mir  lanna,  nr  In  Ini'i'  iinll^'Ui'L'd.) 

••''."•;i."  Iliril-  nl'  talilornia.  Kroiii  the  Slss.  imtus  ol'  J.  (J.  loiii'iii.  K'lited  liy  .S.  K.  Ilainl.  1  \iil. 
Svn.  i«7n. 

I  iilsi)  i|unle.  ill  ini'iinilar  ca-e^.  |ia|ifrs  rrmn  tlio  piin'ri'dini-  nl'  inrri'iiil  'o  ii  lii's,  iiir.,  in  vari.nia 
writers.    The  lel'rrenii-*  in  llir-c  i>i>l,'ini'e.i  are  snlUrienlly  exi'li   il. 

'I'Sif  li'iinnni  iiiinii'r.d-  imini'dialily  al1ir  llie  iliili'  i/cd  anlliin '-  name.  nl'iT  In  l!ie  r.Jinin  .  ihe  nrxi  fi;.MMe, 
to  Ihe  ii'iyi  ■  •■  |i|.  "  « illi  iIkiii'i'-  alVr  il.  In  llie  nnin'er  nl'  the  /i/'i/i  ;  ••  11^'."  In  ilie  niiinln'r  nl'  Ihe/i'vi/i-.'. 


Y^'vi 


I.)  le  lliril  ol  Aii>lralia.    (Sec  $  70  j 


KEY     TO     TIM-;     (iKNKKA 


TOICS  .1,  —  :.'  IS  iitoNi-,  1   it!:iiiM> I'liimiKs  I:!l' 

'I'OI'.S   ,".—;»   IX    IIIUNT.       ill.) 

'I'OI'.S  4.  —  L'  IN   I'ltoNi,  2  lii-.iiiM).     (III. 

TOKS  4,  —  ;'.  IN  lltKM.   1   li|-.iiiNi>.      (IV.) 

II,  [idKS   y,  — .1    IN    IKciNr.] 

Ti^fa  infiiniiitrtrhf.  or  lint  i-ihttfil,    (a) 
Tuff  rnmiilililji  iiihhnl,     (d) 

(a)  Naki'il  li'K  ami  fiiii!  I  i^'i'thiT  nlii>iil      wiiip.    Hill  ^iilnil:ili';  mn' lia-:il  wcli IIiM  vvTiin  <  U'7 

—  imirli<lhi' wilier,    ib) 

(b)  Itill  iiiiich^tiiiBii-.  iniiiiiilr  al  ti|i:  li-i.  iiliiiil  itc.     ninl- nvcr  12  iiii'liix  l.m;,',       .    .     .     II.I.MA  nil'l  s   I'll 

—  iuii<'lt<;,  III- about      trn.     Ii(i'i|>  iiihtn- IJ  liii'lii'- |on^.     (c' 

(0)  Tamil- ill  fi'Diit  MUlrll  Id',  alinul     hill C  ii  TiHils  'JIJ 

—  lelirulale.  .^bill;  jiliiiiiaf,-!' >|icikli'il (11  Mi  Minus  I'.m 

—  uul  ~in>ckk'i|;  Ir-.  iiraily  l\vii'i'  =  :it., i'liinsiicvs  I:i2 

—  ma  mill  ly  twill- =  .11. KiiiAT.iris  |;i| 

(d)  NiiitilN  tnliiilar;  siili's  ul' iiiiilrr  mamlilrlr  mil -.nli  air l>|iiMi;i'I' \  'Jmi 

-  «itli  a  Ion;;  rcil.iieil  jiroovi', I'i|ii;iii:riil  V  -J'JT 

—  not  liiliiil.ar  .  liiir.ii.  oval,  rti'.:     o, 

(O)  .^■o^t^ils  naked;  lyiliil- lioiiiy;  liotli  iiiamliMi"^  Kiilrnti'.    Not  iii'HimI I'liATflu  I'l.A  .'ilS 

—  hliiil'li'.    Itinl-    -IJlou^':  lip.  iiiaiKl.  ^iil' ,'iit'.    (.'ii'.ti'il I.iMn  "l:i 

—  not -iilialiv    Civ-liil.   .    .    .    C'l'.iiAKiiiniNA  I'.'Jii 
—  <  IJ  lonv;  nil.  iiiaml.  lahatt'.  lip.  inaml.  oval.       .     .     I'llAT  i;i;T'*  :1JI 

—  not  rali'ali';  lip.  niaml.  wiiiiklicl,     .     I'l  VCMcHiilAMi  111  ■*  IW  I 

niooll SlMiil.lH  N<  in>   .IJ'i 

fo    Nooliil.1  inroniplilfly  fi'allicii'il :  t.iil  m-aily  pvrn;  li.  nml  Irt.  ri)iiipri"'-i,'i|.       .    .SvNTIII.IiiuiMIAMl'lll  ■<  :i'J.') 

—  ^'i;ol.ili''l;  bill  ami  t.iisiis  not  I'oiiipiossfil,     ....     Miiiiiiri.i'i  :)■.'» 

lOi  No-li'iU  I pb'li'ly  rt'atlii'riiil :  tarsii..  in  Iron!  rt'Ii'  iilalu.     liinl.^  iMnU'r  I.'  Ioiil'.     .   III!  M'ilVilllA.MI'lll  s  ;H(] 

—  U  or  ni.iri' liiiiK'.      .    .    .    I'liiA  :i'i7 

—  81'iitcllali):  li.  not  siilcalc  or  fiiltrati',  ....    I.iiMvi  A.:i-.'.t 

--iikato.     Ilir.|<il,   .     .     .    ITamama  HIT 
Willi ;»  11 Al.CA  ,111! 

III.     [TiiK.1  4,  IN  I'Aiiis,  '.'  IN  iitiiNi',  L*  ni:iiiNi).J 

Hill  Willi  II  I'l'iv.  and  Ktiiintrly  cpiimatlioim;  tar.'<ii*  trraiiiilaliil CiiMuls  l:is 

—  not  I'l'icil;  iiinur  lilnJ  tiif  Willi  :i  Joint-;  iiliiniat,'!' iii'li'^tfi'iit ,    .      Tikiuon  l-ih 

-only.' joint.,    (f, 
(rTilU  of  H  ri'.itlii'i'!";  iippiM- iiriiidiblo  Mibiili-;  »iili'- lit' lu'Hil  partly  ii.iki'd <  UiiTiil'IlAi!  \  IJd 

—  Ill  soil  iVritlii'i-;  laiML^-iniddlc  toi'  and  rlaw  ;  loirs  bri-lly  ;  binl*  about  1  Iim'I  loiif-,  lii:iM'iit'r\  \  PJ7 

—  <  iiiiddli' t'n' an,l  il  iw:  lorfls  sol) ;  birds  about  I  loot  loint.      .    (,'iici'V/l  s  lis 

—  VI  inii/inri'iith/  onl\'  111)  ri;.'ii|  ai'iiininalt*  fi'.'itlirrs.    (jj) 

(B)  Binls^  II  imliis  loiift.  i'on.~piriioii-ly  irisli'd  ;  bill  and  nasal  Ifatlu'is  noi  dark.  .     .    .    rAMI'K.rilii.l')  li'J 

—  dark,   .     .     .        Ilvi-iiiciMi  <  i:iO 
(g)  ltiri|s<  II  ill.;  ridL'i>s  on  nil.  mind,  ri'iirliinit  tip;  toiiirni' ai'iili'.  b  irlH'd.     Nii  yi'llow I'li.t  s  l:il 

—  rid^i's  iiiniiiii^' into  toniiiiin  ;  toii);iii' til,tnsi>.  bni-liy.    .Soiiii"  yi  IIoh  ,     .    Srill  liAI'li  I  .4  1:H 

—  ridu'i'-  «  aiiliii;-'.  or  iiidi-liiii't  .and  not  nvicbinu'  lip  or  toini  i.    ,g-) 

iK')  pliiniaiic  of  lii'lly  bristly,  of  bark  nilli  niilallii' in. Ii'-cmi'i',    ....    AsVMiK!<Mt»  1.1(1 

—  iionnal.  Willi  niiiiv  nniiid  lil  h  k  spi,|.i I  nl.AI'TI  s  1:17 

—  uot  •piitti'd;  not  wliili' CK.Miiiis  i.ii 

—  wliiti- MKi.AM.uri;'*  135 

(lU) 


62  Ki.v  TO  Tin:  ckm.ha. 

IV.      I  This    I,  —  ;!   IN    IHONT,    1    Iir.IIIM).  | 

5       IIIMi  TiiK  INSKIITKIl  AI:iH  1.  Illl    I.I  \  II.  HI'   llli:   III  >!     ,VMi  Al  WA^S  MKiinlR    I  HAS    Illl:  .•'IKlinFST 
AMl:llliill   IliKl.     (A) 

5     lli.Mi  nil.  M>r  iN«i:ini.i'  aiiih  i.  iiik  i.i;vKi-(ir  iiir.  i;v>T  Unh  ijun-nithj  l.iit  imt  nUniyx  ndi  shohtlii 

MIAN    JIU.  hill  111  rL.M'  AMI.IIKill    Illl...       B) 

A.     (Thiliiiiil  li.rihriih'l.) 

I.     flit  loTII'AI.MATK;  (illl  I  turn  villiil :  liiiiil  liir  uniiiliilfriil iiiiil  hiirilii  iliriitnl.)  (A) 

•i.     Illl  I  AIMMI.;   I  :i /<•"«/  /i'(<  lUiiiiiilililii  ml. hut.  hiiiil  till-  inll  ii/i,  nhniilv  nr  lulu  it,  free  nf  fiiuiiecltd  liij 
tliiihl  iriltliinif  ii'ilh  I'lim  uiilii  i;/*  iiimr  t*>i\]    (Itj 

3.  I've!  l.iiiiAII.::   l.\  friiiil  /<. in  i /mr//i/ in/iAo/.  tn- ii^V.  ii/m/   <<iNMIi  I  "i  -\.y  h^'nli  ml  irilli  iilnin  nr  sculli'inil 
nti  mhniiii.*  -'  liiinl  luf  J'ni\  itiiil  aiiiijili  m'  lulitil.)    (<  "j 

4.  /'it/  skmi  rAKMAIi:;  ('i.  nr  '.i.  /ruitt  tuiii  iriltlml  III  lni.<i'  viih/  III  finiill  yvt  iriih  lit  nti  nihriint ;  liiihl  luf  iri^lt 
lip.  nimjilr  )     ,  1 1, 

ft.     I'll!  SI  \\y\,\'. :  fyiml  tin-ii  with  tin  i  rlilfiil  mi  mltriniii  i  liiii'l  It.i  iiult  i//*.  iiiu.iilr.  (K) 
( A)  Tiir>ii>  r.jiliiTril.  |>:iill>  ;  liiil  iliM'|il>  fiiiki'il;  lull  c'|ii;:ii.illion> Ta(  iivi  i  irs  277 

—  iiiiki'il;  liiil    -ijil.  I kol  rl  li|i,  liiriiMii'<l  \\  illl  an  I'liiiniM'ii- imii'l I'l.l.l  iaM'S 'J7I 

—  <liiil;  lliin.ii  IiiiMmitiI;  iiilihlli  I:iil  lcs;lliiT>  llliiiiiriiliiii< rilAi'niiiN  'J78 

—  iiaki'l ;  I;iil  |i'Uiilri|.  Mill ;  li'ini:i  Mili-fiiiilr sii.a  'J7:l 

—  rMiiiiili  i|.  ^lll1 ;  ti:ll  p.'ii:i(.'n:illiiiii!< I'l.ims-JTil 

-r|.i);":illMM|. <;ilA<  I  I.I  .s  ■J7.'i 

(II;  llii.il  l.'O  i-..iimhIii,I  l.ili'iMl.  iiihl  j...iuil  liv  -ii^'lil  HI  li  li.  li:i-iM.iilj  111' inner  l.ic lnHMlUs:)!! 

—  iliriM  lly  iMi-liTiiir.  IVrr.  lllnl  -illlj  lu  ur  hilicil,     (h) 
(h    Hill  —  iiTuiM'il.  >li'piv— I'll  nl  liu-f,  ^nlMllllll'.  i'\lr<'ni<'l\  arnli' ItKi  I  iivikiisika  r.ii! 

—  Iii'iil  Mliiniitly  il<>»nwanl  iM'Mi' il>  niiilillr.  iinil  lanii'll.'ili' I'liin.Mi  ol'll  III  .s  Jli; 

—  iiritliiT  I'l'finvi'il,  niii-  alini|'tl>  lu-nt.    .i] 

(ii   Kill  ~ /i,v//i.;/;iii//i..H.<.  riiiiictin.-.  lullralf.  .-nliali' Km  .nliiiiIK 'Jl'S 

—  |':iia;^iKitlinu>i.  I'll]  in'on^,  11"/ i.inirlkili':  ini.^ti'il^  fii'Mnliiilar ;  (nil  nii/i'\i'n.    (k) 

—  i'|i't;niillHiii«  (111-  imraKii.  ami  tl.  imii,' rnf"ii>,  iml  laini'llalr;  nii»llil~  iml  liilmlar.      Ij 

—  i'l'i;fiuillinn-.  I'Ki'iu'iur^,  iii'l  lanirllati-;  ni>slviU  tiihuhn'.    ;n)' 

—  |iaraKliallKMi>.  inn.-ltv  niiniliraiinii^.  Iiiimituli-.  nii^tiil."  nut  Milnilat'.     (n) 

(k)  Tliil  »;i'ai|ualnl.  ami  iniil'lli' l'('allii'i'> -lioili'i' lliMii  ni'Xl  pall',    riniiiai,'!' -oniliii' Inim  n     .    .    .     AmH" '.'!i| 
•— i'lirki-'il;  toi"- ainm-l  -rmiialnialc.     Illark.  Iii'i>\\  ii  ur  a^ll,v,  ami  while II  t  l>i:i>(  IIKI.IIniN  'J:'J 

—  VM'II  wi'IiIr'M;  li't'l  mil  lilai'k  :  liai'k  pale;  no  I'K'-I ."■IKIIS A  'Jl'l 

—  lilk.:  Mill.  I'li'-crnl  (in  rmi'liiail  (Mi'ina.'Jiil.  HI')  .     IIai.H'I.asa  'J'.tl 

—  iiin'ii'-rint ;  niil  ^ll'^ll'll:  li.  lianlN  T^h'i..  iif;i.iiriii:i.llMi\  'J.^it 

—  rn'>li'il;  li.  Iniii'li :»  II'- .    .    Tiiai.\msi:i  s '.".hi 
1    Hill  Willi  a -i.rl  iif  iri'i':  iniililli' tail  IVi.llii'i  -  i'\-erli'il;  lar-u- <:;p  I., Ill  i  ilAi.i  s  ':7;i 

—  =  illil -I  l.l;i'(ili\i.'ii  H '.'-11 

—  milri'iiil:  liimi  PM>  rmliiiiriil.ir>.  mil  iM'ariii).' a  pin'i'i'l  rl.iw I.'i-»a  'J->l 

—  pi'iii'I:  lail  »i'il>;i'--li.'i|  i''l ;  a  <lai  k  inllai' imiml  nn  k.  .     .       lil|ii|Mi<riii  i  illA  '.'-i; 

—  r.^iki'il :  IkII  lilac'k.  lippicl  Willi  Mill. w \i.Mi  '.'.-; 

~  ri'iMisll.  h>>l  Ilppril  W  till  .M'lliiW  .       .      .     .     riM  AlilM  s  '.isM 

—  i'\i'n;  tai'-ii- lihi'k,  i'"ii'*ii :  wi'li'*  inri-ril I' vi.iii'iiii.x  ■.;-.*i 

—  mil  Mai'k.     I'mli'i' pliiina;;!' —    ;1') 

(I-   il.iik.  Iii'ail  while,  tail  lilark.  liill  anil  li'i'l  |■l.•l|lli^ll Ili.A.i-iri  ,< '>2 

d')  while,  hi  "111  ilai'k  ill  ilaik.  hcail  Hhilislp.      .     .     .    (  iMjiii  ii(  i;i  ||AI.I>  •>:! 

(1-    while,  he:. il  while  '  ir  ilaik.  heail  m.l  wliili.-li) I.ai:I'j<  •J^1 

(mi  Tai'-ii- iii'l  <  !l  :  il.iw- ilepn  r-e.l.  ..lilni-;  la|■^al -I'lilell.i  I'li-e.l ;  weh- w  ilh  u  lluw  ,  (ii  i  vmi>,>  :i(i7 

—  ili.-iimi :  Wilis  hhii'k Ihkliii  a  a  X 

—  eiiinpri'!.-!  il;  l.il  I'liiieale :  im  w  hite  aiij  w  here II  Ai m  » I'l  i.n  a  ;iii:l 

—  niarl\  even,     Illk.  nr  Mmik\  Ihhw  n,  .iml  Hlnie.  riiui  ki.i.aiiia  :iiH 

—  liii'ki"l.     Itlk.  ur -ninkv  liriiwii,  ,'iml  w  hili*.  rx  .Mm  iiiiiti.A  ;UiA 

—  Niil  hlai'k  ami  Hhile Oi'l'.A  mUiKiiMA  :iiHi 

III   Ti  -    <  Iti'l.;  tail  "I  I'J  lealhri-^  ;  n:l^al  Inhe  iililii|ael,\  li'iineaie, -eplniii  iliii'k I'l  i  i  i  M  n  :,|ii 

—  \i  riir:.ll>  liniieali-,  ."epdiin  Ihiii,      ....     'riiim  IM  H  :iii'.i 
— -- 1-J  llhi'  . ;  pliii).'.  lun-pirmiii-ly -p'tii'.l IiAi'ims  :nil 

—  Ila-l.iill..l;  II.  I'Mlleale Ali'*  I  111  I.A  I  A  ill.'J 

—  mil  eiineale:  liMlliiM.        o—iniAiiA  'J'.iN 

—  Illlliiil.  Ii.  <li'..  I  ri.MAids 'i;i',t 

—  =  irr-.,    I'linni.i.i.A  :iiiii 

n    I.nini'lhi' annle.  like  inw  le.'ili,  reli'.ii'.,':  hill  leiele.  Iil.'ic'k  :  Ir.  =  1  ;it I.iii'iiiini  i  ks  •J7'2 

—  mil  l.l.iek:  Ir-.    -  J  it. .Mi m.i  «  'J7l 

—  .-iinple:  iiilMeprr-^.'il  i.,\v  ml  eail;  lure- nake.l.     .\ilnll  eiiliiely  w  hile (  viiM  s 'i|7 

—  re.ithei'eil ;  ti'.-.  ill  IViint  —  I'l  lii-nlate.     (o; 

—  M-nliih.lc.    ;p) 
(oM'i.  nut.— lil'I      l'liim;e;    piillv  |a\emUM'-.''il"ie.l.  hen. 1  while,  llii'ii.'il  hi, uk I'llil.ACi  i; 'Jp.i 

—  ^:'.M  :  li'll  Mii'l  h  >,•- mil  hl.'iek.     While  ur  trix,  Mni-li,  .peekleil,  ete VsM  ii  'JIS 

—  hlaik;  neik  all  lilai'k;  Illl. nil- iiieilian lliiAM  A  '.'.'lO 

—  mil  ali  blink  :  mn-tiilii  eulihiii^ul,  ,     ,     .      lti;Milii)i'Vo.NA  'J,'!! 


KKY  TO  TriK,  or.Nr.iiA. 


as 


(p"  Ilimi  I'lP  .iiM/'''"''  licilil  iT'^-'i'''. '"I'l  "1"'""  li|i  "I' '''ll  rinin'il  wimlly  liy  till' niiil MX  2.'i!) 

—  iKit  ri'L'tnl;  liill  «('(./(  uiilri- .ir  ciiil  lliaii  :it  li;i-i' M't  ri  I.A  JM 

—  not  wi'U'i;  tail  I'liiic'ili',  ]  III' iii'irc  III' Mil' ujii^r,     .     .      Daii  l.A  i'lj 
—  lint  I'liiir.'ili',  iml  .^  till' Hill);,     (p') 
(p=)  Itill<lii':iil;  I'i'dWM  ^tl•l';lkl■ll:  II.  niir- l.iiii'i'-ai-iili';   9  iiml  j«.  of    .     |i  \i-ii.A  •^"i.l 
—  riiiiinj  111- wliitr;  ;-ii('.ii!:ii;i  Kiruii M  m;i<a  'J.!.') 

—  aliiiiil  =liil.;  i-|ii'riiliiiii  uliili':  wiiin  ruMil-  rhi'^liiiil,    (  u  M  l.l.T  \>MI  ■■  ■-'."il 

—  lilllr.-*liil.  ^|ll'^•^lllllll  viiili'l.  Iihi'k  iinil  wliili' liiinliiril \nasJ.VJ 

—  i,'i-i'i'ii;  wiiiK  I'lui'i'l  ■  >ky  Mill',       .    (^ii:i!i;i  i.ini.x  J.'i? 

—  lint  lllui'.         .      .      .  Nil  IIIIV    '.'.Vl 

(pj  lliml  II"' ("''!'(.  rlirik- Ini-tlv.    (  mIoi'- lil.'ii'k  .'iinl  wliilr Cami'Iih.  i  mis 'Ji'^ 

t.iil /MiH^i/;  ill  till' i(i/«//  =  'ii'=- will;.';  Iiill  lil:iik  mill  iir.iiii.'i' II  Aiii:i.tiA  ■J'lll 

-.riiiiiKJi'il.  till' l'i'.'illii'i'<  .'■till',  laiii'i''liiii':ir.  t'xpii-i'il  t'l  llii'ir  Im-i'-,    ,     .     Kuismamua  '270 

—  Dlllk-  Willi  llillll'  III'  I'lC  filll'ttiiill),'  I'iKII'.'irll'l'-.      (p  ) 

(p')  rp.  iimiiij.  i/////'*'«.'i  jil  il  -  iiiili'.illii'ri''l  li.'i^i'.     Ilt.'ii'k  III' lii'u\v'n, (KliK.MlA  'J'lU 

—  hill  ,i.'ililinii~  wliiTu  I'liri'allirri'il;  nail  tiarriiw.  li-liiii't.    (p') 

--liinail.  ru"i'il.    ;p') 
(p')  lli'ail  lilai  k  iii'jti':!.'' ,  Willi  whiii';  imsi.  iii'.iily  iiii'ilian:  li.  alii>iil=ti's.,  lini  riiAi.v  '2il2 

—  i'i'<|i|i~li  III' liriiwiii''li,  nil  uliili';  I.  iii'.irly  iiiiiliaii ;  b.'.^li's..      .     .\»iiivA  'Ji''l 

—  Iiliik  111- InnvMi;  iiii-I.  sulilia-.il:  li.--li'» I'ri.i.x  -."iO 

(p  .  Ii'.illii  r- mil  I'XlriiiliiiH  nil  riiliiii'ii ;  liill  liaii'ly  l:i|ii'i'iiiK  I"  li|>.       .     .     INiLVSi  HIA  '.'i:i! 

—  iiiiH'li  laiu'iin;;  III  liji.    .     .      IliM  iiiuMi  i  s  ■Jil.l 

—  I'Mi'iiilin;;  III!  I'liliii.,  aiiil  |iarll>  mi -iili'- of  ii|i|ii  i' iiianil.,  *'iiMA  ir.isiA  '2*'>i 

—  I'liliri'ly  nil  >ii|i'- of  iiii.iiiaiiil.,    .    I.ASiriiu.M.i  lA  li'il 


(l")  Koi'clirail  nakfil.  Willi  a  I'lV'.'i' liniiiy  pliili"  t'lin I  liy  <'\l:'ii-iiiii  nl"  I'liliiini Fri.irA  215 

—  I'l'allii'i'i'il;  lull'-  r.'allii'i'L'il;  t.iil  in'rl'i'i'l;  hill  11  illi'tii'il,  iiii'inlir.'iiii'<  m'ii1|ii|ii'i|.     I'iiai.  Minil-i  '2IK) 

llillll. III'. iiiliiani"^ -ri.lliiiK'.l,   .     .     I.oiiii  i;s  I'.iiJ 

—  >iiliiilali',  iiii'iiiliraiii'- plain.   .     .    .■*  I  l.in  \<il'r.'»  l:iS 
—  ti.'iki''l;  t.iil,  iKiai-;  riii'rlir.nl  lii'i-II,\  ;  liill  i'pi.;iialliiMi~,    .     .    .     I'liini.i  Miu's  ;il.') 

—  Mill:  bill  pai'af.'ii.'itliiiii-'.    (q) 

(q;  Tar.'iii-  =  iiii'Mli' loi' ami  il.iw.     ISinl- '."n  imlii'-.  nr  iiniri'.  Imit.' iU'liMiii  llniM'S  :il'J 

—  <niiililli' l.ii' ami  rlaw.     Ilii.l- I'lmii  I'J  In  I'.i  iiirlii'- I'.iijr I'limrKi'S  ;11;| 

Itiiil-*  uiiilri-  I'J  iiirlii'>  Imix SVi.llKoi'VCI.fS  Ui 


(I>:  MiiMlu  rlaw  ;iii'(iii(/<i' ,■  It    l-Jninti'i|;  II    latoial ;  t.iil  iniinliit :  loiic  rictal  lirl"^tli>s,      .     ANTIlnSTDMrs 

—  I'lnkcil',  -linil  rii'ial  liriftli's,      .    .    Cliiiiiinai.ics 
(D)  .Miil.rlaw  im(  pi-iliii.ili' ;  lirail  iial.ul :  ii.i^lril-  iinpiTlcirali';  iiaki'l  li'i;  ami  I'lint  <  t.iil,    .     Mi;i,K.,ni!IH 

—  pi'ilniati';  iiaki'il  II';;  anil  I'linl  <  tail,      .     .('atmauii:s 

—  pi'ilnrali';  naki'il  li'ir  ami  I'liiil  ;:- l.'iil liiii.s 

—  fi'atlii'ri'il ;  ii(i~li  il.-  ri'allii'i'i'il.  nr  nvinliiiiiL'  liy  a  sralr.  in  ik'cp 

fiih-a  III'  ^tllnt.  li.iiil  liill.     T) 

—  lint  li'.'iilii'ii'il  mil' si'ali'il.  ill  luii({  Kiniive  of 

sli'mli'i-.-^iini-h  hill,    la 
(r)  Toon  fi'atlirri'il;  tai'.ii  ami  n.T'al  fii^-a' fiMlliiMi'il.     rinni.iirr  piiri' wliiln  ii.  «  iiiliT I.Adoi'r'* 

—  uukoil;  — larai  fi'atlu'ii'il.  part  Ha>  iliiVMi ;  tail  of  Is  .<oi1  lii'o.nl  fcatlii  Ts linVASA 

—  to  tlio  tni's;  tail  nf  — 'Jii  .-lin'ai'iitiiinati' fratlii'i'".   .    .    .    I'KSTiiiK'KiK  r.s 

—  'Jll  111-  lli  Mill  liro.'lll  ll•allH'l'^< TiCI'lIAO 

—  Islllir^;  ni'ik  Willi  lani'rolaliri'allii'i'.i.  <  ri'imiMA 

—  willii  111  -mil  I'i'.'illii'i's,  I'i-|iIi|;ri:iKS 

—  nnkpil;  tail  iii'iirly  —  win);;  cii'.-t  —  hli'mli'r.  iliililicil,  i'i'riii'vi.'i|,     .    .  I.iii'iiniM  Y.x 

—  full. -oil.  ili'pii'-si'il rAi.i.ll'iri.\ 

—  J  t"  J  111!' Willi;;  I'l'r.-t  —  Iniit;, -tiaiKlit.  tllaiiKMitoii-i,     .     .  .    oiiKiiitivX 

—  full.  Mill,  ill'pU'--l'il CVIlTllNVX 

—  rmliini'iilary  ir  mine, Oiirvx 

(■)  TrK.  pnlirely  I'ptidilato;  liinil  too  iniinitu:  liill  ^trai^'lll.  not    -  lic.iil Sijiataiuha 

—  Kiiiti'll'itu  in  flout  only ;  bill  inmli    -  Inl.  very  sli'mlir.  ili'iiiivi'il M  Mi.MI'.s 

liaii'ly  :  -  liil ini|iaialivil>  -bnit.  slrai(;lil..       .     .      111.11, iiusiri. is 

—  unil  bi'liinil ;  tl.  not  baiiuil:  one  ininiili' wnli;  pi'iin.ii'iU'- iiiotllril.      Tin  Minis 
—•i  plain  Wilis;  li.<.  in  about  .=  liil..  KitrrM.ri:^ 

—  inni'll  >-  llil..         Ml('K<)l'AI.A.MA 

—  tl.  bari'cil  I'rnsswisr  with  li^'lit  ami  ilark  rolois.    (s'') 
(8')  Gap(!  not  rearliin.i;  lipyoml  lia»i' nf  —  fiii'i'nwi'il  riilnnn.  I'liilii' a  t'oni  lon)f,     .     MAi'lumilAMriir.s 

— iinfiii'iowi'il  iiilnnn     <  ivrr  n  fnnl  Iniij; I.niiiSA 

(s^l  H.'ipi' loiiKi'i'      Li'ni;lli  < '.I  ill  , 'Jl.  iiiiHi'lilii'il;  bill  ffioovi'il  m.'irly  111  tip TlilMiiiIiiIs 

—  aboiil  halfway  to  lip.       ItllY  Ai'iMliiil  s 

—  .--'.liii.;  b  mil     -  inl  .  Ki M'll  j  il- li'nf;tli :  tl.  almiit       J  Ihi' wj;  ,  Aciinurs 

—  mil      lIlii'Mim;.  rilll.iiMArili  s 
—  s-  liuail;  'Jl.  wi'bbi'il :  Irj;.-  not  Ki-i'i'ii  nr  yillnw,      SVMl'IIKMi  \ 

—  b.iri'lynr  tint  wi'libcil;  Wgn  t;i'<'<'u  or  yell.,  IJUMTIS 


111 

I  LI 
177 
li'iCi 


IS'2 
17'.l 
17(1 
ls| 
ISO 
isi! 
1S7 
l.s.'i 
iss 

|S1 
IS'.t 
.».M 

■m 

'-■'JO 
21  Hi 
■20.) 

■2(H 
•213 
'217 
2li'i 
2l;i 
•2IS 
211 
213 


r 


i;i 


ki:y    hi  tiii:  i,i;m;i!\. 


(fc,  I'.iifiiii.l  !•  m-liM  >l]Ih  u  iMi.icI  li  Trij  j.lali';  MCI  till"  IliMMT.  n™.  <■•' ill.  Iniix (.  M  I  IM  I.  v  -.'l:; 

-  li.Mil>  I'iniilai;  ti>.  ■-' ill.  liMijt,  .     .  I'olil  m  HI  I.A  Jll 

-  li'iillu  rc'l:  lli-l  priiiiiry  .iilrmi.ilis  I'ill  "IniL'lil.    •  liil.i'iilm.  Ki'""*"l m  iii.<ii-\.\ 'Jiri 

—  3iiiil   r  |iiiiii.iii< '-  III  It'll  II. Ill':  Mil  miiiio:  lililir  riiallii'ii'il ;  H>.  <  Ut.     .    I'm  l.niiii  a  JOI 
—  iii'l  iillrmnli';  llr-l  |iriliiiii)  iiiiirli  <  sitiiihI.    (t) 

—  _r,  iir  ,-,  Ki ml.      u) 

;ti  I Kill .' li'i  "I  iii"i''    I'll  i"ii 'li    ■  lii'.i.l,  iliM'iii'Vf.l:  lilii.i  liiiiriKiri'i  ITM.  nut  <:ili-l /  '.amih '.':ili 

-<  JI..I.  ImII    ■  li.a.l,  .li-'inn'cl;  lilii;ilillli' Ikiic;  Ii-.<;!|i'I .»I,I.I  s  •JKI 

—  <  iii-ail.  (.triiKlit:  li'i'l  i'"  l"l"ii'.     l.riiKlli  I"  iiK'li''''"!' i""i'<' t  Ki.x  ^12 

—  1.'--  Ihslll  10  illilir^ l'iil(/\\A  'Jll 

{U    Ir-  I'vi'liMillv  <.lli  1.;  Iiliiii'  iiaki'il  liclnw  ;  bill  iiIm.iiI  twice  -  lipail.  ciiliii.  I'iumhi'.!,       ,    ti  M.i.iNAiiii  'Jii:t 

-  t'calliiTi'il;  li.  litllr    ■  hcail.  I'lilin.  11    riin'i>»<'<l Miijl  AiKT.I.A  '.■III 

-al I  =,  iir    -.  :lt'l  ;  Ir-   ill  li-.inl-ii'liciilat,' Miiki/a  I'.KI 

(.niii'liiiti'.  li't:- ii'(Mi.-li;  liill  ai'iilt'.  <  lii'ipl.       .    .'«riil.l'.«ii.A.s  IIU 
li'K-  clai-k.  ( v.i 
iv    IMI -li^-'illv  ■iinr'i  mil  li    •  l.il  :  l.ii-ii->  cviil.'iitli     •  ipii'll.' t"i' aii'l  i-l-nv,     .    .    .     Am  >  l.niHi  111  ■< 'Jihi 

_  _  „|.  I,.,,.,  I,       .  ,l,i,l,l|,.  1,„.  ,,ll,|  ,.],.,« I'Kl.lliNA  'iiw 

—  >tl,lij:lil.  lull "li  <  111' I'l,     I'lilil  il-ii'*  I"    ..ii'il  Willi  lilai'k 'I'll!  M.I  11  s  'i'Jd 

~  al>.>iil  —  HI-    -  h  I;  l.irii'- iiiiii  h    •  iiiiilillr  till' ami  1  law 'I'lilM.  v  '.'I  I 

—  aliiiiit  =  iiinlilli' hii' .111.1  •  law Ac'i<i|iUiiSlA>  'JiiT 


n.       lUehiiiil  I, 'I  ,i„t  iliniliil.) 


I.  Trill  i;  N  \Ki.ii  r.i.i.iiw.    ;w, 

.'.  N(i«i  lai.-  iiii.MM.  i;i:\i.  \  111  .»iii  1  .-w  III  1,1  N  Ml  Mi'i;  \m;    (x  ■ 

;l    till  I.  iiiiiiKi'.ii   \M>  II  iisiMihii  Willi  A  (  i.iii:.     y 

4    liiiiii>  wiiiiiii  1   niK  Aiiiivi:  ciiAii  ti  Ti:iis.    (z) 

OV;  .^lil  III' el  iw  >iiiiii|i';  t.ii-ii- ri'Iiiiiliili';  li;ll  II  it. -iiii'iii-liaiH'il  .It  c'liil I'l.vivt.r  x  -J'JT 

—  nut  tl.it,  vrry -liiiit   ta|ii'i'iii;.'.  ili  rin  Mil,      .     .    'i' \MM,ls  'JJI 

—  siiitc'llalc;  Mil  Kii'i'^'il- iiii^'il;  ilaW"  —  ^ll■.li^.'llli  li.      .     I- il.i  I.M;i.l.i  .s  -J.'.". 

—  rlll-M'il litis  'J'ili 

(W,  Mill,  flaw  iiiiliiiiili  .  I.iil  "I  III  I'lalliir- ;  luwt  r  in.  k  liiif  liiliiiiil.— I.i'ii(!tli  uvrr  l.«  in. lit'-,     Iliii  ai  til  »  'i:!" 

—  Li'ii^illi  iimli  I- l.s  iiirlii--.      .\lilil;i  lA  •.':W 

—  IJ  li'allii  1-;  lali'ial  In'-  iml  iiiuir  tliaii  i^  a>-  luni;  a-  tar-ii<,     JIVtiltl>A.>.«A  'illt 

—  iiiiirr  Mian  \  tin'  lar-ii-.    .w-'j 

vW  Tiliia' li.ni' 1  iH./i  (./■ /i.i.f  Mr-.    •  :;i.l  :  liill  over  i  iinli  ili'i'p  at  lia-i',      .    .      N)(  riir.iiKiiM  s -.Mii 

—  <:ili|.;  Ii.  iml  llii'ii'i' .1- lull;;  an  liiKli N»  i  1 1  \i,'iiF  v  'i:;.") 

Ii.  iinur  lliaii  tlnii'i' .1- liiiii;  II- lii^li.  .     .    Ill  n  >liiiil> 'J.'ll 

—  ■iiil.  (11-  liiiin.     I.;;lli. -J  li'i't  tn- li--.     Illin- (III- wliitf.  U'K- Mk.  anil  lillli'.  It. li\  '.Mil 

Wliili':  It').-- lilai'k  atnl  yill.iu,       dvii/i  ri\  i:\[ 

—  :i  I'l'i't  111' iiiiiri'.    llliii-li.  ii-li\ .  Iii'i.wii.  .tt' Mini  v  'Ji" 

Wliitc;  ti.-.  <  7  ill.  Ii.  <  li,      .    .    Ill  iiiini  i> 'i:i'J 
Wliilf;  ti'!-.    -  7  ill.  Ii.  ^-11,    .    .    At  III  iKi.MA 'i'J!) 

i\    Tail  fiatlit  r-  -  li      (Vi-i.  iii.«/i .  Iiii'il  i»ii' Is  imlii- Imi).' oiirAt.tHA  17il 

—  II.  l.iii;.'.  I  i|ii'iiiiu.  niiii'li  i;railii.'ili'.| :  I'lii'iiiiitii'liit.'il  ^|lal'l>  iiakt'il /in  l.lii  IIA  H'.'-l 

—  IJ;  li-.  niiiM  .ilnni':  tail  liiiiail,  II  iiinli'il.  iiinrli  <  wiii^" (iil.iMiiA  l"17 

—  iiariiiw.  iniiiitt'il,  alxnit  =  will).'",  .     .     .     Ki  iiii'i-n;s  lilK 

ti.-.  wlmllj   iiaki'il,  -  ii'lii'iil  ill' MAUMl.Nvs  I7."i 

—  i-i'utrll.ili'in  rruiil :  tail  iHiiiitt'il X'Min \i  i.i.i. i  I7:i 

—  I'liiiiiili'il.    (X-) 

.X')  Tl>.  iiliiuit  ='ll..  witliniit  flaw  ;  wiiiK  rmiiiili'il.  l-t  iniiiian  <  nil (iliilllliiiiN  171 

—  I'Viili'iitly  <ai.;  wiii(f  |i"liili'il.aiii|  -  iitiilir  I  iiiflii- l.iiiK' I  mam  M:ri:t  i  \  I7'J 

—  iiMTl;  Itiri'K— iiaknl Mi.i.nri  i.i  \  171 

—  ri'atlii'if.l /i:n  tin  I7i( 


•  'rtit''iiii  iiiliriiiH'  unit  -I'ali'i.Mlikli  ill-ilii;-ii|..lii'n  iliii  /ii.friiiK,  >lirliik-  III  ili'jiiiii,  whi'ii  It  limy  In.  ri'rii»iil2i'il  l.y  Hi 
I'll. -lull  >i|i  Hit' iiiiHll'll-.  Ill  III  lia-l  iiiukliiK  llii'iii  iiifiii'-ir  :  lilil  II  nllll  in  ilniilil,  nlisci'vu  tiirnl  lellculiiU  on  tiihi  and 
heiitu'f,  mill  .;ti-ii('nillvi  .I'-fWi'//.!/.' Ill  riiiitt,    N-f  lix.  II,''. 


f 


t 


T 


t 


H 


f 


KEY    TO   THE   OKNEUA.  66 

(yjNnutriU  (it  rih/f  o/ tin'  rt'ii';  ryes  iiuln-Uir.  siiiT"\iiiiliil  liv  rf.ilMiuij  fcalliorK,  tlio  niitoriiir  of  uliiili  iiro 

hritthj  ami  IimIi'IIil-  Iiiit  ciC  the  hill;  nuliT  iiiitiTinr  t"C  ilitirlirWv.m  \\\wv  aiiliTiiir  tin',     ly') 
y)  N'.i-liili  111  llii'  riTi'i  I'.vc'M  luliiul.  iwt  Mini.iiinli'M   liy  a  ili-c;  (lUtfr  iiiilcrioi-  Imc  (Ki'iu'iiilly)  iwt  Hlnirter 
lli.'in  iiHHT  aiilcTiiM' Inc.    (y') 

(yi)Tis.  nakc'.ldiKciiiil-ruiilliiivil.    Kaiial  ili-i' pcrfrcr  i  ;iil.  fomi'wlial  iiorllnalo Sriiix  l:'9 

—  iiiilicif.'c-l;  ;til.hlni|'l";  ti"---'''''! Si'Korvi"  l.'.O 

—  <»lil SIlCllAlllIM;  lilt 

—  riillfLathcTCil;  lii'mllHllid;  lailaljnnl  j  llic  «in>:.    Over  18  iiii'lii'- IdiiB llriio  UU 

—  1  [ho  «iii».'-    I'lHlir  IJ  iiiclu- l"ii({, Scciis  HI 

—  Over  IJ.  miller  in;  liill^  —  of  H  In  IJ  fllns..   .    OHH  112 

—  iif  lltiHiniirs..  lUlAi  llVoTIs  lt:i 

—  noHiillf.l;  tail  aljciiil  1  Ihi' will).'.     I.cnulli  liiilrr  IJ  Inches,     .     .     .    NvilAI.KliT 

—  JtlioWK.   I.K'li- l'"'i'iiii'''t"'    I'liir  will,  ("iPoltrO.  Nil  IK.V  145 

—  Ndl  lnili'  Mhilr,     SVICMIM   111 

—  ItlM'WB.   Liin-'tli  i>\if  li,  iimlvr  IS  iiiilu'^,      .     siumaUiI 

l.l'liplll  IllllclMlll.'l  T  IJ,     .     .     .     til.Alc  mil  M  IIH 

(y'l  Ti-p.  fiatlii'iTil  til  llic  liic-  — ill!  aniiiiiM;  tail  a  I'miiI  or  iiiMii' liint.' Xi^i  ii.A  ln.l 

-  ixrcl't  a  n:inii«  rlrip  liihiii.l:  tail  hill  a  I'lii'l  ImiK.     •     •     •     AllcilMii  1  i;ii  I'lU 

—  rctiiMilalc  — iip|"T  iiiaiiil;lili'  I.m.iIm'iI.  umliT  inaii.lililc  rmlrliiil,  nn-liil-'  riii-iilar,       .     .       1-M  i"  IM 

—  (law- all  of  r-aiih- Ii-iikUi.  riiiiii'li'.l  iiinl'Tiii'Mtli;  lil.ial  riMllicivrlii,-i',    .     .    l"AMil<i\  li:'2 

—  Tail  ciiiaiiiinali'.  (i//i/iMMiTlValliri-s  mil  I'liit-'i'illiaii  iniililli' Kl.AMS  l.'ij 

—  Inikiil.  niitci  IrallMT  aliiml  iHii'i' a- liuitf  a-^  miililli' Naic  l.l.ltlH  IM 

—  BCiilolliitu  ill  fniiil;  iiiiwrli  al  liaH' "lliii,";  lail  a  :i.ia  111- iiiiini  liiiitr, IIai.i.kum  IM 

—  a  wi'l);  nn-lril- niiMilar;  tail  mil  J  at^  lim>.' a- Willi.', Iciima  IW 

—  oval;  liill  lint  I  a- ilc'i'p  nl  lia-i' a- Imik'.      .     .   ItnurilllvMI  H  1.'<!J 

—  iivul;  lai-.-u:-  fcathoinl  alimil  1  way  ilnwii  in  IVniit,     Amih  1.'i7 

—  hanlly  I  «ay  iliiw An  Jinili  I.Vi 

—  an.l  liuliiiiil  -Tiliial  fi-illiL'i' mil  riMi-hiiii;  licl.nv  III!' jiiiiil Owi  Hull  s  ir.l 

—  Hill  yi-lliiMi-li;  mi-l.  liiifar,  nliliiiiir.  iiuai- up.  filKO  "I' ri'iv,  I'lii.utnUI  <  H'.') 

—  Kar.r  Willi  a  nilV;  liH.  twiiii  :il  ;  up.  lail-iiiviits  Hliilir.    .    .    .    (mk  IR  l.'il 

—  Ilnwka  wltliout  tlu'«u  diarnrtiivi,      IILtEo  13U 


(E)  PniMAmrs,  — 10  ;  Hip  I'l  fncvor  spiirinu")  ntvntis  mmv  tUnn  \  ii.i  hmij  n>  the  lomjtst,    (a) 
(Z)  I'UlMAItirs,  — 10;  I  111'  \A  iMiuri.ills  nn  nl  »!...«/  ai.(  ;|  ,isl,ill;l  11.1  the  tnmjift.     (b) 
(Z)  rill.MAliII'.s,—  0;  till'  l>l  'iii'nr  nimriiiiis,  nf  vaiialili'  IriiKtli.    (Oi 

(a)  Fei't  jij(m/iii7.i//.inji  bill  i^i'iialn:  iiiiililli' tail  fcallirr- ImiK-i'X-iiti'l SIiimciti'R  112 

—  nut  KTialf.  uiiilillc  lail  Ic'illiiT^  imt  rx-irliil fiiKVi.i;  113 

(8)  Foot  iiormni  i  t<iil  o/ 10 /cithers  ^  imiru  than  i!  Jfc-wiii/iirics;  trs.  iV.itlii'iiil ;  4t  .IJniiitcil,   .       Tanvi'IM.a  IIG 

—  iiakci';  tail  iKit  cpiiiy,    .    Ni;iiiii.(i:tks  117 
—  Hpiiiy,     .    .    C'll.l.riMiA  118 

—  only  <i  .'iv.iiiff.jrfM;  liill  ouliiilalp.  =or>'lioail.    (a') 

(a')  TiK.  fenllioreO.    (iinss-irrcpn,  lica.l -iripi'il  with  hi  ii-k  ami  whiti' llKI.Ioi-.HDirA  119 

—  nakoil;  1>.  !'cirnli',twici'  =  hiai|.     Itlai-k  hchiw,  Ihniat  iinl  ncaly I.AMIoIlsis  I'JO 

—  not  bcinili!;  1-1  priniaiy  lik'i'l ;  tail  tnimaio.    firi'i'ii Stki.i.ii.a  123 

—  imt  iiKiil;  altiMiii.ili';  m— riiruiimin  siih's;  nri'iowii  fcaly.  siii.asI'IIiiihk  122 

— mil  atti'iiuati;  no  riihiu-*;  tlimal  crciii,      .    AiiiiVlii  hia  \H 

—  not  k'ri'pn,     .     .    'rmxilli.i  ••  121 

(a)  Fi'i't  iifirrim/.-  <(n7o/ IS/iMf/icrj.  1st  pilniaiy  —  alleniiatc;  tail^-winc^,  foillcati' JlTI.VI  t.i  H  IDl 

—  niits^wiiiK'-:  fmki'il  or  not,     TviiANNt  .s  Wt 
—  not  atli'iiiialo;  irown  plain,  or  rull-i'ii'i-leil.    (a) 
(a")T»il  =  or  litllc<\viiiK.  not  forkiil.  f'/;/i'i/ ir;7/i  <7i.ji^i»f .  Iri^.  =  or.-»:itrl.,       .    MviAlli  Ills  11X1 

—  r-lichlly  or  not  forknl;  not  nlKfil:  trs.:^:ltrl .•iAVnliMS  107 

—  mMt7i<  w  inn,  a  litlh' I'orki'il;  li''.<3li'l.    t.i'iiKth  ill  or  more.       .    .    .    (.'oMorr.H  lOS 

—  <or  iii'arly  =  WK  ,  liaii'ly  or  not  forkc'l:  trn.  =  orr-.'lti|.    Length  ilj  in.  or /imj.    (a') 

(a')  •  oloi>  (jni'iiir-h.  olivi'.  I'ti'.;  no  hiiir,  rcil  or/mri' hinwii,       .     .     KmI'IDdna.x  lt)!> 

—  ludwni.ili  olive.  I'tc;    hiilly  hi'low,    .>*iiliiri'sliMl,      .     MiTKKl'llolil'S  110 

—  Ili'ry  (orro-y)  roil,  .•iml  iltvp  hiowii;  ,/  riilliivi-loil,  r>  hurl  111  Ml  s  HI 

(b)  7'iir.il(il '■()(Mi<fi/i"  Hin);-<  tail,  both  niiirh  roiui'li'il ;  pliinia){i' iiinarkably  lax ClIAM.f.A     II 

win>;.-i -»lail :  iio-lriN  linoar;  no  riftal  liri-(h'-;  pliiinagtM'losi'.     Aiiuatip,   CiNri.i  .s      7 

~  not  liiioar ;  I  lil  ilonhli'i-oiimli'il SIviAiu-srrs    .'i3 

—  not  iloiible-roiniiloil.    Umlor  .'i  in.  Inii),'.      Itl'iil  I  I  s      '.I 
Over.'!  in.  IiinR.    (b'') 

(b'    Tarsin  not --mill,  loo  ami  riaw.     /.'/iir  tin' rliirf  I'olor SiviiA      (i 

—    -nvil.  loo  aii'l  I'law.    No  hlnr.    T.iil  only  j  Ihr  win);,    .    Swum, a      .1 

—  moiTlhaii  S  llu' will).', 'I'l  um  •>      1 
tb)  T'iVHHi  >rntt'fl<iit' :  no.tril-  c-ixori'il  w  itii  tiifl-  of  .aninir-c  lit  i-lly  fi-atln'i'.-.    (O) 

— iiii-liil-'  ('Xpii.-ei| ;  lia-c  ol'  lull  Willi  IV»     iirli  I'lalhi'i  -,  or  mint',    id) 

KRV   Tu  N.    A.    niUltS.      f) 


fi(J 


KKV   TO   THi;  (iKNKUA. 


(Oi  Hill  -  •IriiiiKly  I'pllfiialtiiiU''.  tcHilln'.l  nn<l  nolotiP-l  near  lip.    IJiny,  wim.'<  and  lail  lil;iiU. 


-|iara»tiiaIliiMi''.     N'>t  7  in  I'ln;;, 


l>  lUMily  =  li.l..  ««  iiiurli  - -11 ,  II  -   nii|-^:ili| 
—  Ii.irdi  <ir  imt  \  a»  I"I.k'  "•<  liil  — I  iv-li'.|, 

_N„l,.M-liM. 
;o';  ll>>ail]r<ll"Wl  li<'t»l  nf  wiiii.'<'lii"tiiiii,  .    . 


('iii.iriiiii 

,      .     SI  11  A 

.    l.iiriiiiriiAM  X 
.     .     Al  Illi'.UII  H 


—  li'it  v'I'i ''''"**'■  aii'l  llini.'ii  lilU.  Ml' <lark I'miim 

—  ••inHii  a-li\  or  liclil  liiiiHii,    ,      Thai  nil. I  AMI  H 

—  Ovi'iT  liiiijt.    rri--li'<I.    /(/iir.  wild  lil.irk  liar- "II  «iiiK- iiii'l  lull.    .    ivvMllls 

NuiTi'l.     Iiiili'-i'vnt '«<'  aii't  H'Ar^  \\K>.  Iiiiirli<ll.,      .     .     I'lrt 

—  riiHiiriii  ^.-lii-'j  Mil- .«»:-.  iiiiii'li- II  ,  .     .    <iiu>i« 

—  ilnii/.  Iilk.  W(f«.;-lilk.  «ih1  hIiI.  Iiil,    I'lcii  mivi  h 

—  »;ni.v;  ii>.  Iiliir;  «K-.  alHUil  =-liill,     .     ri;illS(iiil.i  m 

—  /;/«<■•  A- .  IKi  KiiMii  i.r  y.  IImh,     .     .     Alin:i  m  mm  \ 

—  Illilf.  1.1  !•  k.  •/riYii  iiii.l  j/i7/.'H',  .     .     .     XamiiiiI  IIA 
r..r.rr/.irl».r..irM.  n.iiii'li-l  lail  111.1  <  Willi:-' r.»ll.iiulllM  « 

(iVMM.KII  TA 
I'll  I.M.l'KI'I.A 


,  .  .  .  ri.llllll* 
.  .  r.i||..llll  \ 
I'IMI  I'll'NKI  HTl: 

tT'/.lt  li|',         VlllKll 


(d    I.ii.^l'i  ..111  II  iiii'ln" 

—  III  -  U  iinlii''' ;.'.>/■. r.i// /./ii.'. -.|iian' ril<»iii^'« 

—  7  — s  iii.'lii- ;(/(.•<•>/ ''/.ci-    1  I. .•■Mil   wil.i  l.irK'.' nli.li- wiiiii  iMili'li.    <'ii;-tril, 

—  H  — .'.',  iii.lH'-;  liiiiwii.  -InMki-'l.  I.fl'.w  wl.lli'.  I.il  fiiilLiT"  i  iiiiil.iinimitiiil' 

—  I      :.  iii.'lii'-;  hliii-li  </r.ii;.  iiii-lr.'ak."l.  Im-|..»  hM  ,  Inil  f\il.  Iilk   an. I  ttliil.', 

—  I—:.  III.:  i.livi'-Kr.'i'ii.  ImI.iw  ><'ll.>wi-'i.  i.iil  llkf  Lack.  I.ill  n..!  hi'iikiil,     .    . 
--  |j_i;\;  i;ii'i'ni-li  i.r  ifrivi-li  ••lir-,  wM'-li  ..r  jcIlVI.  1..  I..H,  I.ill  .ll-linrlly  /i.i'i 

(tl    Hip  I-  pri'-iiiliiii,'  nil  ..111'  "f  llii'  r.'ri'u'"iiii;i".nil>iiial  ..11-  .-I'  rlinia'i.r-.     tl') 

(d)  Hi' 111- lin-lli'l;  iniii'i' '"■  ill'"  I" ''•'•<•:";;  ""'<lail;  1"  Mtl''<li''»il (JichiiNiiil'TKH 

—  <la!l;  I. .11  iniirli<li.'.i'l,      . 

—  lilll.'<,=.  iir;-li.|.. 
willi.li-'tinrl  n.iin'l  l.lnrk '|.nl-;  b.<li.| < 

1;  l.a.-k  — iinifiinii  in  col.ir;  «:.'.  =..r<lail:  li.  <lii'a'l, 

—  (MM-kUil:  Uironl  |>iir.'  wlillc;  I.,  ii.-.irly  ~  li'l  . 

— -Iiv.kr.l;  li  iiiiicli  <lii|  ,     . 

—  bam-l  ••ri>--Hi-.';  lail  ii.:rl)=>VK.; 

—  iiHii'li  <  »ir 

—  ^IreakiMl  li'!i|tt!i«i-o;  lull  nli'. ill  ]  a- L.iiK  »>■  lirail 

—  Iianlly  nr  iml  \  =  li.| 

(e   Hill  mr^l</Il(l/Af)M^.■  lii.lli  nmn'lil.l.'- r.il'-al.',lln-ir  |".inN  "T..**../ 

(O   'I'ar-n- srnlrllalc '.. /ii"./    Iiiipl  .law  .<fr.ii;;A/ .  tril- .uniivilrl ;  lillli' oarluHi'.  . 


M 
HI 
M 

\!> 
11 
II 

IIKI 

im 
lift 
'.111 
l>i:i 
li'l 
in: 

I'H 

ii7 
.'.I 
17 

10 

fit 


•iinliii-ll'-l;  l.ri'.'i  I 
—  iin-|..ill  • 


.//i..rwy  •i/'/i.'ii.'.i.'/'j' .  lail  lipiH'l  uilli  >  I'll'. «'.     I'ltiteit,     .     . 
I-  hl'iil  inMr  iiiiMli-.     llrluM  r../.  ..i  nr.  tiiifli  anil  yill..\v,      . 

'■/.■.     I.i'nudi  7-c  In.'lii'" 
•liitti/i     LciiKtli  .''1 


....     MlMIs 
llAiii'i.niii  M  III  -i 

\s\v\  I  iiiiin.M  III  -. 
'riiiii.'iii'.Ki  - 

.       .      (' Mlll'lll'KN 
.      .      !<AI.I'IN<IK.H 

.    'rinii.i.iinvii.H 

.     .      AmiIITIII'IIA 

.    Tki.mai(iiivti:« 

..  .    <'i'>r<miiii!i  " 

.    (  rii\iiiii'<riiA 

.    ,    Kiii'..Miiriiii.A 

.XMIT.I.I.S 

l'\l(\MiA 

ll   II.IIIA 

I,     VlllKO 


(o) 

(f) 


if) 


(o:  (jiiill-  (n.<ii:illy  '  ll|.|..  .1  uilli  >' 

(o   'I'liniia  i.r  ii|i.  man. I   /.."(/(.</  >. 

(O'  i.r.'.iil«li  .ir  K'l.iyi-'li-i.lin'.  /.r/..i/- ;;•■/./.  h  yr//..i<-,  l..-lly  «liil.'.  I..11-.  hi, 

(0'  lir.'.'iii  li'ir  Kia)i-li-..|iv>'.  I.il.iu  \\liil.'..r  ji'll'iw  ;  ''•//  n,l.h<:l  mi,!  //"../.■ 

I  Hir.l-  Willi  11.1  i.n.-'  ..i"  llie**'  f|.i*.'ial  rliara.-lrr.*.—  <'"i«m(«*i.rf  •  utrnij/hl  ..r  ijvutl'i  i-iirft'l. 

—  (\immi<*iirt  '  nl'fitittly  ituiitiUtttil.     (i) 

I  Hill  lrlanirnlar-.li.|irc'i'i;i'il.  ali.nit  a»  wi.U-  al  l>n-p  a«  I'.iii.  ^m|h-  i«  i  •.•  a-  I'.n^  an  .'iilnn'ii,  ica.lilng 
111  all' ml  (.|.|...-il.'  I'M-.  Ir>.  nol .  -  .iiit.r  l.ili-ral  l-w  ami  .law  ;  l-t  iirinmry  =iir.-^'.'(l.    (i) 
(f  1  Hill  II. ll  iii'arly  -n  wi.lra''  I. mi.'.  ;;a|if  mil  Ini.v  a-  l..iik'  a-  .iiliiiiMi ;  Ir-. :  -  lalcial  lues,    (h) 
(H  Oiilir  »i'li  iif  l-t  ininian  .«a«liki-,  willi  a  M-rii- "f  niiiiiit.' r.-.iirvi'i|  li..iik-,  .     .     .    .■<ri:i.iilI«ii.TI'.llYX 
(gi  A  liHIi- I'l'alliiry  lull  at  lia-f  i.f  liin'l  I'H".    I'liin  >.Tay.  Ih'|..w  whit.',  liira-t  lik.' I.a.k.      .     .     .    riirvi.r. 
(gi  N.I  li"..k- ii'ir  Inn.    'r.iil  .li'<  "ly  t'.irk'.l,  .iiiIit  r.  itlirr- alli'iiii.il.'.  ..r  with  whilr  i-|"'l-.      .     .     lliiii'Mni 

—  link.  I      ll.l'.M. /iwrr  wli't.':  ali'.v.'.  Iii-ti"ii- IT  vrlv.ly.      .     .    'rACMVi'ivhrA 

—  f.irkiil.    rnif'Tiii  lii-tr.iii- lilni-M  Ilk.  i.r  I'arlly  Willie  licl.iw.       .    .    I'iiiiiink 

—  Iiaiily  iirn.il  r..rk>-.|.     Kiiini.  ii..t  .•.•l.iii'l  lik.' I.a.k,    .    .     .     I'K'riKirilKl.llniN 
(h'  I.nnifi'-t  scroii'l.iry  nearly  =  |.rMnari>-  m  rl.i-iil  wiiiu-;  liiii'l  rl.iw  .■'liKlitly  I'lirvoil,  twli'C  n*  l.iiiK 

a- iiii.l'lliM'law.— Tail  11..1  <  wini.    N.i -|...i-  ..r  Hn- .k- I1.I..W HriiVTKS 

—  <  wiiiB;  tr-. .- liin.l  I'C  rin  I  rliw.     Hri'a-t  npi.ltiil \Mlli  > 

—  nol  ^- II  I.    Hark  ami  l.n-a-t -iii.lt.'.l NrncotiVH 

(h)  I...ii^'K-l  s imlaiy  min'li  <  primaric-  in  rl.i-t-l  Hiiij;;  hiii.l  .  l.iw  will  .invr'l,  nut  nearly  twii'e 

a*.  I  .ii;r  a>  niiiltlli'  elaw.    ^h-i 
(h')  llielii-  Willi  many  eiin-piiU'.n>  l.ri-lli-  rparliinir  .leei. Icily  liry..ni|  n'l^t^il-.    (h') 
(h=)  Hii'lii-  «  illi  II. 1  evi.l.'iit  liri-tli'-  or  a  (•■«  -leirt  one-  r<a'liin.i.'  lillle  if  any  l.eyiin.l  m.^tiiln.    (h') 
(h';  Hill  li:iiel\  iir  in. I  t«i.-.'  a-  |.>ii;.'a-  wi-li-  al  li.i-e:  tail  Iilk.  an.  I  iiranu'i'.  m'  Inn.  ami  yill..  Sktihiiaiia 

(h  I  Hill  I'lilly  Iwiee  a- lnii^  a- uiile;  ta.l  iiiini.irke.l.  or  Willi  uiiite  I'I'.i.'Im'- .Mviiiiiiiicni.s 

(h')  Tr-.  <.  i.r  al..iiit  =  :it'l.;  Iiiiil  t  .e  niu.li    -it.-  ■  law.     Kniirely  Iilk   .ii.'l  wlil..  -lie.iKe'l.     .MMiilll.rA 

—  lilll.-   -il- el.iH  ;  l.rea-l  aii.l  niiii|.  Mlliiw.       .     .     .     rKinillni  A 

(h')Tr-.    -itl'l.;  II.  mit<  w;;-.    Oliv.'.  will.  j.II   I..-I..H.  Ii.l.  .11    '  u  ill.  lil!..  or  a-liy,    .     .     (il.iinil.vris 

—  <wi{-  ;  t.-iil  feallier-  y//..iroii  mi.,  r  w.l.-.  .Inky  ..11  .niter  webs.     HkmiiiiiKia 

—  all  UHiii'trlt'l.  -:ini. liir  ..11  li'itli  Well-..     (h'O 

—  -..mc  or  all;  murkcil  Willi  ichilc  hhitihe$.    (h") 


*  A«  lilts  Initi'.rtiinl  illnlinrti.>n  may  11.. I  Ih>  fw-rfirtlr  plain  I.,  lit.-  filii.leiil  In  K.iiiir  lirlril  (enp.ci.-illy  It*  .1lstiirle.ll  ppecl- 
IllH'tis,  It  lli:iy  lli'Ip  lilm  t..  Im'  here  I'.l'l,  tt.at  1/1  «lll  like  liiiii  to  the  nnitlutrt  ,111. 1  the  y[vvi\\  tnirf'Ifr  irroilp  .it'  little  Ins.  C- 
llvi.r.iMs  lili'.i-;  nhih'liMvill  riirr>  liliii  t.i  llir  l.lackl'ir.|s.  "riol.  s.  111.  .iih.w  i-liirlliiirs.  r.mhlril-.  ami  lii>li"llnl.s,  ami  Hie 
tfrvat  eoiilriiitral  Kiaiilviirnn^/i'i'-^  lanillr.  liicIii.|lnKiEruslM*ak«.  Iltiiitls.  liiiiiliiiKft.  flnclieff,  ami  all  the  spar  run  «. 


;i 

4 

IS 

■i\ 
20 
HI 

•a 
'a 
•n 

21) 

M 

4:1 
:i'j 
sa 


4« 
47 

41 

ift  ■ 

4:1 

411 


41 
40 

;iii 
i: 

lis 


i 


ki:y  to  Tin;  oi'NKitA. 


67 


1'7 
.'.I 
17 

ID 

H 

.1.1 


rii'ii.c)  K) 


(h')  C>iii*|ili'iii>ii<'ly  it/rfii/.-n/ licl'iw;  c'iMMii  I'l.ilii.  or  Willi '.' Iilii<  k  i-tilpp' ><t:il  ill  h  iKI 

(h'J  No  nli't'iiki  lit'lmr;  l>.  al  Iim.-I  \  imli  loim  ;  lliliuk  ^tl'l|ll•<  on  hcail,  or  iiono,  .    .    .    IlKi.Mlllll  III  4  :IU 

—  llol  i  iiii'li  Ioiik;  \>k -'•i  ill'!  '  Town  |iI  liii  or  ivilli  lilmk.   .     .    .    oi'uiinliNM  ^7 

-<'j\lii.;  I'louii  |.l:il I  nlili  lni»:lii  -|ioi,  IIi.i.mimii<i|'ii\<.  «  :il 

(b*J  Uii'tul  lii'lr-tU''<  notiniili'iit;  li  al  lia^I  \  liirli  loU);:  Mliolr  InlaiKl  mm  k  rirh  yi'll'iu.  I'IHiiunciI  viii  \  .VI 

Mil  <  I  In.  loni;;  vtholr  Im'.I'I  iiii'I  i k  iiol  yi  Hon,    IIki.mimiiih  ii\i.  k  .11 

(h")  Itlrliil  Iirl>lla4  cvhtmit;  lilii'l  toi' uiiii'li   •!(<  <  l.iw.     Liii^ih  iimlir  .'■  Incln", I'\i,'ii\  .'l| 

—  Illllc  II' any  lonKcr  lliiiii  11^  I'liiw Iiimhkiii  k  'M 

(i)  l.iMiKlli '•'<•<  ""III  A  In.  winunii'l  t.'iil'.' Ill  or  ji'H-.  tail  ri'.'illii  r>  aiMili' M'I;ii>oi|'|||i.a  hJ 

(i)  llinil  i'l:i»  ^ll|flllly  rniiol.  Iwli'i' a<  lonx  a-- nii'liltc  I'lau' I'l.l.iilKii'ii  tM.H  i'..l 

(ii  KralliiT- of  I'Mwn 'i;/<">-/(/v"''     .><lri'akc'i| :  ln.|.i«  yi'llow.  «  illi  lila^  k  Inia-l  iialcli.     .     .     .""I  I  IIM.I.I.  »  HI 

(il  l,onx('-l  »i nilary  nr.irly  .-•  inlniary  In  cIm-i'.I  wg*.     Illii'l-.  Willi  wlilln  wintt  |>al 'li.       .    (   \l  \Mii«ii/a  70 

(li  (;>ni'|il<'iioii-ly  <'n'«^'l/.     ili-.l  Ihr  in'ivaillnKi'olor.    Illll  n'<MI~li,  laic  lilaik imiiiismih  r<l 

—  not  rr.Mi-li.  fai'i.  iio|  lilai'k,      .    rviiniii  i  ii\l  t  Kl 

(1)  TnilfiMlln'in  iiiiWi'.    Ill.irk.  iia|ii' InilT.    f ;  or  i-lruuki'tl  ycllMilirn  .  v  ;  w«  ■-:i  inrlii-i,    .     Inn  k  ||">»  \  b7 

—  >ni,ill -Inakril  niai>li-ii.inow-<,  HH.<:1  Ini'lic'^.  IN  ccl^fc  _\cll..     .     .\»IMiiiiii.iMi  s  IM 

(I;  t'ii|or<  i/ci'i»iiiA  aihl  wliilo,  Willi  yill.  on  I'll;.'!' of  wing;  —  riiloii- ln'ai|--lrl|.i'- KmiiKIIs.viiIia  NO 

—  iTown  ilirlnni,  Ini'ii-I  ai-liy  1 
(i)  I.iiliKlli  aliiinl  K  in.;  Il.^wii*.    ri.iiil  liroH  ii.  .Ic,  or  liliirk,  w  liiU' iiml  iln-lnnl.  f 

(1)  lliiirr  I'law  ruarhliix  at  liMi«l  \  way  lo  tip  of  II 'I.     Illark,  u  hiic  aiiil  ilii'.  hint.  J 

-  Illk  (or  lirn  )  liil.  .vW/oH'j    -slon;:.  .\  \MII"»  i.l'll  M  i  ^^  IK) 

—  SlMiiii.,!  anil  wiri'.iknl;  <N  lon)f(    .     ■     .     I' »>-i;lll  II.  v  77 
(1)  Itinl'i  Willi  iioni'  of  llii'  r.iri'Kolni,'  roiuliln.ilion-  ol  rliar".—  Hill  irilli  ii  villi'  itf  nnlmrn  lirhlluhiilliirt.    (Ic) 

~  Hill  ii'illti'ill  rlij^i  muti-ih  r.i-fionril.     t|. 

(k)  l.ciiKtli— ^  or  inori'.    /.'•</.  iir  ^ra>  w  iili  liroMiii-li  m'IIow  on  In. I'l  ainl  niiii|i.      I'imiuia  .Mi 

—  iimlcr.l.    ir/ii7.',  Willi  lilk.  on  »'!.'■  .'inil  II  :  or  n'a»lii'i|  Willi  ili'iir  lirown,    .     I'lli  limrmMs  ill 

—  Itlni-li-Kniy.  Iii'low  ii'.|i|i-li  ;;r.'i>,  rrown.  Tare,  w^'  .  .V  II  .  Iilk.     .     .     rviililll  i.  v  .'i7 

—  Ili'iMi-li  lirowii.  Mk   -lic;iKii|.iiiiwn  ii-liy,  lliroal  lilk.     IliijMiili'.l,      .     Ta.-k.!;!!  7ii 

—  Iii-iii':iki.'il.  I'lior.il.iii-liioH  11.  ro-yliiili'il.  Ill  I.  Willi  lilk.  anil  a>li.  I.l;i  <  n-  I  n  1 1;  Cll 

—  .'•Yi'fti/.d/    no  Mil  ,  I'l'.iwn  rriin-im.  fur  ami  ilno.il  i/i(.»/i/,      .     .     .     Ali.liiiiiis  r.l 

—  Sin  Ill-Ill  r  no  vill.;  no  nil;  or  rl-i'  iiown,  ami  iliroat  too,  ii'il.   .    ('  Miicmvi  i  s  :m 

—  Mri'akiil  or  iio/i  with  MHiii' yolliiw,  bill  no  ri'il, (  llliVnn.MUUlii  (!i 

(I)  S|ii'i'ii'-  al  Icri'-t  ovi'r  7  ini'lic-  loll).',    iin) 

(1)  SlitM'Ics  at  nio-l  not  ovrr  7  imlii'-  loiii-;  |.|uiiiaKi'  noHlicii'  ilniiluillj  >|iotlii|  or  i-lri'akcil.    (n) 

—  Miimwiiiic  or  cvrrywlii'ru  ».|io|iiil  iir  rilroaki'.!.     (o) 

(  Willi  li.'.nl  iiml  111  rk  rirli  Ar..H')i Mui.iii  mil  s  HH 

(m)  UilljiV-''^iW.-^  |iliiiiiaj,'i' Klo--y  lilk..    I  Willi  lirml.  ncrk  ami  liria-l.i/i//oi(' .\an  I  IKii  I  IIIAI  i  s  liO 

,    ,                ..,.,..               J  Hilh  lir.ol  lilai'k,  lifiiil  of  win;:  I'll/ A(iKI..I.I  »  Hll 

11  iinnm'o  o    V  p  aiii  lirowii)  .,  ,  ..      .    .,  ,    ,  ^ 

'                        '                          with  iioii'il  or  \(.'ll.;  tail  1 mliil,<  wk' .    •    •    ."'rnl.KiiirilAiii  s  let 

I                                    — Krjilnalril,  =  or    •  W)t.,     .     .     .    (^I  i«i  \i,i  h  !U 

(m)  IliU  ilaik  lioniljlnr.  very  ai'iili';  |iliiiiia;,'c' Mark,  with  or.iiiKi'.  yi  How,  or  wliid'- ^                        ...  ,„ 

— |i|:iin  oluari'on-.  yi'llowi-li  lii'low.  V- ^       .... 

—  oliiii-c;  |ilniii.ip' lilk.  wliili' anil  lirowii,  II.  Willi  wilt,  i-pol-,     .    .    (.nsiMiiiv  HO 

(in)  Dill  Kr(M<ni..|i  yi'llow.  a>  loll;.' a    larrii-;  Wk'-.  M.'K'k.  iiniiiy  ^t'loiiilarid...  w'liilc.   .    .    .     Ili>i  i  kiiiiiina  fi.'i 

/M.\  iiin  ....I  i.i..;-i 1^1.  .  i..;i  ..  lii.  *.  I.O..  ^....i. 1....  ..  ..  ...... ....i^  .......  ..»  ....;/ 1 1.  .*.  .  .  ..■•■■  >  f^^j 


(m)  Hill  Kr(M'ni..|i  yi'llow.  a>  loll;.' a    larfii-;  Wk'-.  M.'K'k.  iiniiiy  ^t'lonilariv...  wliilc.   .    .    .     IIi>ih:ii'IIiina 
(m)  Hill  not  l)lni-li  nor  K"  i^ni'lii  tuil  with  wliilo  ^pot-;  nmlir  WK-iovi'il-  nmii  nr  i/illinr,      .    liiiMAiiii.A 

—  not  r<i-v  or  Mil.:  vl'.  of.  .     Ciiii.u 


tall  plain;  entire  pliiinaKi!  I'l'mA"/.     V  of \i.i  i  i  i  s  Ki 

(n)  lllai'k  ami  ilii'-lniit.  or  or.mv'i'.    '.  or  ollvi' yrllow  i-li  lit'low,  V:  li.  ai'iilr.  horn  Miii'.  or  Inn..      Iilllil  ■<  i'i 

(n' liii-ky  k'lii.i  i-'i 'iiown.  iirarly  iinilonii;  Mil  Maiki-h,  olilii-t'.    Vol' .Miii.m  iliii  •*  Ml 

(n)  lllarki-li,  or  a-liv,  liolly  ami  I  to  :i  oiilir  tail  fi'.'illiir- wliilr;  liill  lU'^ll  I'olor h  srii  7i 

(n)  Throat  iiii'l  lail  Mai'k,  lalU'i  Willi  whlli' -poN:  lii'ail  Willi 'J  n  lull' "Iripi'- I .'■I'l/A  71 

(nl  Illuf.  with  or  »  ilhoiil  nil,  piirpli~li.  \i\;  or  Kricni-li  ami  yrll.;  or  plain  lirowii;  <.i\  loii^'.  (  vamisI'I/a  HI 

(n)  Wiif.  with  rhi-liiiit  oil  wiiiK-i.    ';  or  plain  Inowii.  ',:  "-I'llmiK (iuMMMliA  HO 

(o)  WiDKii^taU;  i(ri>i.i(  more  or  III-- j/i7/oi(;  tliro.it  patch,  or  niaxill.'iry  Ktri-ak",  lilark Ki  sri/A  7'J 

— not  yi'll;  wy.  <J1  imlii'".  il"  c'tfi' yi'lliiw;  tail '.*  In.  nr  Ii'n..',  .    .    .    (imi  iimi  i  i.i  s  Ij7 

:j.J1  in..  — wilhoiii  yell;  li'.-i^i'r  WK-cov.  rli(..~innl,     .    .    rudii  i.tk.s  CO 

with  yi'll.or  not;  loiiKC-t  -it.  nriirly=priiii..rA.iSF.IIfli.fs  O.'J 

—  Hitlioul  yrll.;  loiiKc-l  m'i'.  iniiih<primarii'M,    t'KMilONVX  (II 

(O)  V.'in([fl  not   -  t.iil?  tail  forkoil.    I.Rlli.  .'i  toil  in.  wk'"r  tl. 'J^  to  ;l,  im.  ;|  to  j si'1/i;i.i,a  73 

—  Kiailiinti'il.  tijipril  wilh  wht. ;  Invnl  -Iripril  with  chui-liMit  anil  whl.,    (  inisiir,'- 1  i:s  7.1 

—  littlu  roiimlt'il. 'i/i.ii'.  outer  fiatliir  pall- oilk'i'il rmiMiirA  71 

—not  black.    .strcakcU  below  or  i  row  n  rliexlnnt.       .     .     .Mr.i.iisii/.v  (10 

Not  Btrookoilbelow.    I.Ktli.O  or  more,      Zi).s(iTliirill.v  74 

I.uiigUi  under  tiiu.,    .    rct'ci^A  70 


i 


I 


SYSTEMATIC  SYNOPSIS 


OK 


Noimi  AMKincAX  r,ii{i)s. 


1  ♦ 


Subclass  I.     AVES  AEREtE,  or  INSESSORES. 

AEItlM.    II It,' lis.  or   l'i:ii('lli:i!S. 

TiiK  first  ami  lii^hcsl  dih'  oI'  llircc  |iriiri,'ii'v  divisions  ol"  tiic  ciasst  .Icc.t,  cmlprjic- 
iiifi  nil  cxisliiif^  birds  ilowri  to  llic  (lulllinr. 

TIk-  kii('(!  iiiid  |i:irl  of  llic  tlii'^li  md'  lVi'i>  from  llii>  liody,  and  the  Ic;;  is  almost. 
nhviiys  fcatlu'rcd  to  or  licyond  llic  tiliio-tarsal  joint.  Willi  raro  t'xct'|ilioii.s,  tin; 
toes  nn-  all  on  tin'  sanu'  livrl,  and  loiidi  llu-  support  lliroii^ilioiit  ;  litin^^  thus  filled 
for  (jruHpin^  or  //c/v/i //(;/.  In  olhcr  nsptcts  the  nicnilicrs  of  this  ;^ri'at  ^'roiip  arc  too 
various  to  he  dclincil  hy  cNli'rnal  characlcrs.  unh'ss  it,  lie  n(';,'ali\rly,  in  thf  aliscnco 
of  the  special  I'calnrcs  of  the  olhcr  two  <^ronps.  'I'iicy  arc  Allrins.  'I'licy  arc  now 
usually  divided  info  ./('"  Orders,  of  wliich  the.  first  is  the 

Order  PASSERES.    Porclicis  Proper. 

The  feet  are  perfectly  adapted  for  ffraspinfj;  hy  the  lenj^'th  and  low  insertion  of 
llio  liinil  toe.  jjreat  power  of  opposin;j  wliieli  to  the  front  tiu's,  ami  j^real  moliilily 
of  which,  are  seeiu'cd  by  separation  of  its  principal  nmscle  from  'lial  that  liends 
till!  other  toes  collectively.     The  hind  toe  is  always  |)re.sent,  and  never  turned  for- 


I 


•  Niiilli  <il'  till-  |irr-i'iil  Mc'Xiran  IlmiiKlary  ;  lm'lii.-.in'  nf  l.ouci-  ('alirnrni:!^  I'Xi-lii-lvr  •>(  dii'iiilaiMl. 

t  A"  niMiiiHinlv  iiM  riv«'i|.  willi"iil  nrii);"i'i'i|t.  li""rviT.  Ilii' fii-'-ii  Anhirnitlrri/.r  <'vr  liilniil  5|i.l.'):i  mrHii- 
x<>)<'  III  I'll,  wliii-h  |ii-olialily  aintir  i'i'|ii'f.-ciil^  a  pi'iinary  ^'i'uii|.  SuHntnr  :  ailniitlin^  u  tiii-li,  ^onw  liit;)i  ;iiilh<*i  icitM 
tlu'ii  iliviilr  all  rxi-tiiii;  liinil.  iiil.i  Iwii  nthiT  |iiiiiiary  (frciiip-.  Ilnlitn-  O-tiirlic^  .  in  wliiih  tin'  "liniiJii  lin-'  im 
kiM'l.  anil  Citriiiiilir,  itiiitirni'in^  nil  ntlicr  hli'iln.  On  (his  ba-*i^.  *iur  At-'  ^  n*  ntr  woiiM  r(-|>n'<t-nt  a  k<'"II|>  "f  l<''"4 
viilui'  tli.'iii  a  itiilii'litKK;  and  I  clu...irutu  lie  iiiiilcri.loiMl  niitiaiuKUiH  trrm  |>l'llvi^illn^lly.  iniii'uiiM'iilumal  hoiihv. 


(fi9) 


'  3hnir  » ■«* 


I 


i  t 


i 


WL 


70 


osnxKs,  siNoixo  iii;ti)S. 


«(iiiN  (ir  (Von  Kidownvs ;  its  cImw  i>  iis  loiiir  us,  or  lnn;;('r  lliiiii,  the  d.-nv  (if  tlio 
iiiiililli'  titf.  'I'lic  Irct  arc  iicMT  /v';(iil:ictyl('.  nor  syiulaclvlf,  nor  sciniiialinatc, 
1lioii'_'li  till'  IVipnt  lues  arc  i-iiallv  initnovalily  joined  to  each  other  at  Ka^c,  fur  a 
[i'lrl,  or  the  wIidIc,  ol"  ilic  lia-al  joint-*.  N'aiious  as  arc  tiic  slia|pi's  of  ilic  winfjs, 
tli''S(' iiicnilicrs  airrt'c  in  Irivinir  the  '^W'.xX  row  of  cowrts  not 
lonjit'i  tliaii  half  tilt'  secomhirics  ;  the  piiniarics  cither  nine 
or  ten  ill  niiinlior.  ami  the  scponilaries  iiKire  than  six.  Thu 
tail,  extremely  xariaMe  in  sli.ipo,  hns  Iwi'lvc  reef  rices  (with 
rertain  .•ukpmimIhiis  (■N(e|)lii.ii> ).  'I'ln'  liill  is  too  varialtle  to 
furnish  eliarai'lirs  i.f '.'ii  .ips  liit.'li.r  liian  fainilii's;  Imt  it  is 
always  eoriieou ',  eitiier  ulioll\  or  in  part,  is  never  lar;^ely 
nieinliranoiis,  ;{-\  iji  many  wailin;.'  and  swininiiii;;  liirds,  nor 
eered.  as  in  liird-;  of  I'lfS'.  No  I'asseres  are  known  tc  have 
Kii,  u.  I'iiK  cniii' I.  .1  iiidie  tiiau  one  (■i>mMion  earutiil  artery;  and  they  all  ha\e  llie 
sterniiin  ea>l  in  one  iiaiticidar  ini>nl<l.  with  >liulit  minor  modirK-'alioiii  of  slia[ic. 
They  are  the  typical  IiiKissnrin,  as  sucli  n  prcsi'ntinu'  the  hijiliest  yradc  of  ili-vclop- 
iiH'iil.  and  the  ino-t  complex  orL'aiii/atioii.  -if  the  class.  'I'hcir  hiuli  physical 
irritnltility  is  coi.idin:ite  wilh  the  ra[  Idily  of  their  rcspiiation  and  circulation  ;  they 
consume  the  iu<>^\  <i\yi;in.  and  live  tlic  f;i>tc-l.  nf  al'  birds.  'I'hcy  h.aliilually  reside 
alio\(>  <lie  ea^'tli,  in  the  air  that  surrounds  it,  ainoii;^'  the  plaiits  thai  with  then  adorn 
it ;  nut  on  the  e^ronnd,  nor  on  '•  the  waters  uniler  tins  earth." 

PiiMXins,  (•(iiropoiiiliii;,''  to  the  Insi'i,ores   proper   of   mo>l    oniil!iiplo;;is|s,  and 

comprising;  the  !.'rc:il   injijiprily  (pf  l.irds,  aic  di\i>ilile  intip  two  ;^r(pups.  ( un<piiiy 

called  Milpiivilers,  maiii'y  accor'in^x  to  tin'  struit'ne  of  tlu'  lipwer  lai\ii\.  in  one, 
this  orjiaii  is  a  coni[!!.x  musi'ular  vocal  ;ip|taratus;  in  the  (pther  the  sin^intr  parts 
are  less  I'^'Vclopcd,  rudimeii'.ary.  ipi'  vaiitin^.  In  the  lirsl,  likt'wi>c,  thi'  tarsus  is 
unnniill;/  covered  on  either  sidi'  with  two  entire  hcprny  plates,  that  meet  hi  liiuil 
in  a  sharp  rji'i^c  ;  ii.  tin-  (pth.r.  these  plaits  are  snlpilivi<lcil  (pr  (pthcrwise  dill'erently 
urruiif^ed.  This  1  ui,-r  ii  ahoul  the  ipuly  ijicrmd  feature  that  can  Ipc  pointed  out 
'w  of  exte/.sivc  applioahilily  ;  and  e\cn  this  does  not  ;d»ays  hold  jjood.  For 
example,  an.on;^  our  hirds.  tlie  larks  (Almiiliil'i ),  hcM  to  he  ( I- vine,  and  certainly 
to  he  called  sonj'-U  rs.  have  the  lar-us  neif^v  tlv  !-:''Mtelhite  hi'liind. 


The  fir^c  ami  hi;^hi  r  ip.''  the  two  Hiihorders  jusi  indica'cpl.  All  ipf  the  hirds  com- 
l>osiii;jC  it  have  a  more  or  less  cipinplex  voi  .al  i.ppariilus,  cusisliiig  of  live  paira 
of  inii'scles  ;  hut  maii\  of  them  do  not  siii}{. 

It  is  It  (|iiestioii.  wliich  one  f  the  numerous  Oseinc  families  should  he  placed  at 
(he  lieail  of  tin-  siries.  Lar^el\.  perhaps,  throiiirh  the  inlluence  of  those  orui- 
tholo;:isls  who  hold  th.al  fusion  (pf  the  tarsal  eindope  into  one  coiilimiuus  jiluto 
imlicutes  the  acinc  of  Ipird-structure,  the  iilacc  of  houor  has  of  lute  been  usually 


¥ 


s 


r 


■-Ji  t. 


■•<m»- 


TniDiD.i;,  TiinusiiKS.  —  ckn.   1.  71 

assi;j;ncil  to  the  llinislics.  lliit  only  a  part  of  tlu'  llmislics  tliomsolvos  sliow  this 
cliMraclcr ;  on  wliicli  ji-roinit.  idulml  1\ .  tin-  ri'>t  were  a>-i!ciali'il  liy  Caliaiiis  willi 
till-  wriiw.  It  sci'Mi-'  til  nic  iiiosl  inMlialilc  that  tliis  iliaraitor,  t!inii;^li  imi|iics- 
lional)ly  of  lii'ili  inipoil.  ■-Iiiiiilil  Im'  lakm  as  of  liss  \aliii'  llian  tlu'  icilnrtinn  ol'  tli(> 
niiniluT  of  primarit's  from  ten  to  nine  ;  and  I  am  at  pifsonl  im-lincil  to  liclii'vc  tlial 
ovi-ntiially  some  Oscini'  I'aiiiily  with  <inly  nine  primaries  — as  tiic  linclii's  or  laiiai^a-rs 
—  will  lake  till'  leading  po?-iliun.      Here,  liowcver,  1  follow  usage. 


f 


^ 


I 


Family  TURDID^E.    Thrushes. 

The  oval  no^trilK  are  ni'arly  or  (piile  reaclhd,  Knt  not  coxcred,  liy  fealhors. 
There  are  lirinties  in  all  our  genera  almut  the  rielns  i>nd  ha^e  ol'  npper  niandilile. 
'i'lie  toes  :ire  deeply  cleft ,  the  inner  oni'  almost  to  its  very  hase,  the  outer  t(»  the 
end  of  its  liasal  joint.  The  hill  is  not  eonieul,  nor  deeply  lissin'ed,  and  nnunlh/  has 
.  slight  notch  near  the  tip.  'I'lien-  are  12  tail-feathers  (in  all  <inr  forms),  and 
10  priniarie~i.  of  which  the  \  <\  is  -hort  or  spurious,  und  the  :.'il  is  shorter  than  thu 
•llh.     Oui'  twij  siilpfapiilii-  are  sharply  defined  hy  the  eliaiaeter  of  thr  tarsus. 

>.ii>i)n„,'>i  'rrnhix.i:.    yv/.;,-,,/  rhn'shr.-^. 

W'HU  the  tarsus,  in  the  adull.  enveloped  in  one  continiinns  plate,  or  "lioot," 

rornied  liy  fusion  of  ail  the  seutella  except   t«o  m-  three  jll-t   .'ilioVe  the  toi  s.        Thus 

i-asily  (lislingni>hei|  ;  f.ir  our  few  other  liird~  that  show  tiiis  fixture  are  \er\  dill'er- 
cni  in  otiiei'  res|M'c|s.  'I'he  ls|  ijuill  is  spurious  or  very  short  ;  the  '.'il  is  longer 
than  the  I'.lii;  the  Itli  toe  is  Innu'er  than  the  :.'d.  I  pwards  of  one  hun<lred  ;iiid 
fifty  reeorded  >jMeies  .are  now  ii~ually  a>>-iLrMid  to  the  '/'/( ;•'//,<"  [iioper,  most  of 
them  lieing  rel"i  lalile  to  the  singli'  genus  7'iirihi.i  with  its  suligenera.  They  are 
nearly  I'osniopoliian,  and  lia\e  a  great  de\e|iipinent  In  the  warmer  parts  of 
America,  where  the  snlifaiiiily  is,  hc^Mver.  mainly  represented  l.y  types  elcscly 
allied  to  'i'linliis  proper:  more  alierr.ant  forms,  eou^iiinting  very  distinct  genera, 
oc'eur  in  the  old  World.  We  have  liiit  one  genus  in  till'  I'nited  States,  of  which  the 
roliin  is  till'  most  familiar  example,  though  sevend  other  >peeies  are  common  and 
well  known  birds.  Thesr  are  diifn«ed  over  .all  the  woniliand  parts  i.f  our  eomitry, 
and  are  all  strictly  migratory.  They  are  ins»'cti\orou>,  hut  like  many  other  niscet- 
eafing  lards,  feed  much  upon  In  rrics  and  other  soft  fruits.  .Mthough  not  trnl^' 
gregarious,  some,  as  the  roliin  for  in-tan;e,  ..fteii  folhct  in  troops  at  favorite  feed- 
ing places,  or  mignite  in  companies.  'I'lny  Imild  ratin  r  rude  nests,  often  plastered 
with  mud,  luver  pensile,  lait  saddleil  on  a 
I'ough,  or  llxed  in  a  forked  liriinch.  or  mi 
the  ground ;  and  lay  1  '".  gnenwli  or 
Muisdi  i'ggs,  sometimes  plain,  somriiims 
ripotted.  They  are  all  \oeal,  and  some, 
like  ihc  woodtliru--h,  .are  e\i|uisil('!\  im  lo- 
dious. 

1.    QomiH  TURDUS  Linnceus. 

*  Not  spotted  nor  li.anded  helow  ;  t'lroat 

strci.ked.        ('S||li._r(.uilS   /'''(((•■.■i//',i/,s'.  )  |.,,^     ,.      |;,,i,|„;  ,1     ,,r,l    I?.' 

I'nhiit.      Dark    olive-gr.iy,  lieml  ami   tail   lilacUi-li ;  liclmv  icddisli-lirown, 
tiiroat  lil.'iek  ami  wliilc,  iiinU'rIiiil  covl'H.s  mid  cri.s.'^iiin  wliite  witlxl.-irk  mark*, 


u 


I 


)' 


[I        I 


II 


'«i 


!    9  I 


1  ai 


)   I 


Pf»jff«  «  <»».'«■> '^■r 


Ik.   II.    \\ ri'liin-li;  nalunil  m/.i 


72  Tl  IMtlD.i;    TIIIMSIII'S. <iKN.     1. 

cvdiils  ;iii(|  ti|>-i  of  outer  l.til-Ccallicrs  with  wliitc  spots,  Mil  lirnwii  nr  vcllo'.v, 
(■(•ft  (I.'iik.  \'iM'v //'/"//.'/  liii'I-  inf  .-|)<ill('(|  ;ili()Vf.  '.l-Ki  loiij:.  wiii^'  ^f-^'fi, 
l.'iil  t-l.^.  N.  Am.  Nf>t  ill  Inrs  iiiiil  imslics;  cl'l's  plniii.  Wii.s.,  i,  IJ.'i, 
|il.  1';   Ai  i>.,  iii.  II  pi.,  II-';   Ni  n..  i.  ."l.'S.s  ;  III*.,  21<s.       .     MiiiUAToiMi  s. 

Var. '•'. /»_ ///(/.<,  (iL'scrilpci I  IVoni  Ciipc  SI.  I.ih'iis,  is  piilcr,  iliiiicr,  i^lC.     IJh.,  Ucv. 'J'.I. 

*•  niinilcil  criisswisc,  not  ■ipottcij.  Iicluw.     (SiiliijrciHH  Ih  hjh  ri'i-iihln.) 

Viirird  'riirnsli,  .'^jjilc-color,  liclow  orjinirc-lirow  ii,  willi  lihick  pcctonil 
l)!iii(l  wliicli  runs  up  on  .sides  of  neck  iiiitl  head  ;  eiissuni  ami  iimler  t.iil  coverts 
wliitisli ;  eyeliijs,  postoeiilar  stripe,  '2  wiiiLr-lmrs  .'iiui  iinuli  ediriii;;  of  (piills, 
oraiii.'e-itro\vii ;  liill  dark,  feel  pali' ;  V  and  i/nim;/,  duller,  Itrowner,  pectoral 
liar  ol)>(iire,  etc.   Sv/.c  of  the   la>t,      I'arilie  slopes.   X.   Am.  :  aeeideiital   in 

Mass.,  .\.  .1.  liiid  LoiiLr  Island.     Ai  i>..  iii, 
■JJ,  pi.  J  t:; :  Hi).,  21'.).     .     .     .     N.i;viis. 

■  '  '  SpDtleil,     mil      liaiiiled,    lielovv.        (Sul)- 

^'•iiiis  il,/!,„;,i,' ,.) 

I  rppi'i'  pMi'ls  not  iiiiirdi'iii  ill  color.' 

I  Ijipcr    pMi'ls    tawny,  shadiiej;    inio    olivo 
on  riiiiip. 

\]'iiiitl  'I'linisli.  I'lider  parts  white, 
lianly  or  not  inill-tinlcd,  inaikcd  with 
l!ir,i,'e  di-!inct  diisky  spots,  middle  of  throat  and  hclly  only  imniMciilate  ;  hill 
dusky  and  ytdlowish ;  leirs  lloh-eidor ;  T—"^  loiiu ;  win;^'  1-1],  tail  .\-'.\\. 
Kastern  I'liiled  ."states.  Nest  in  hushes  and  low  Ines;  ci^irs  plain.  Wii.s., 
i,  .'l.'i,  pi.  2;  .NiTT.,  i,  ."Vl,! ;  Ain».,  iii,  21,  pi.  Ml  ;  Ud.,  212.  .mistkllms. 
II  I'upcr  pials  oli\c,  -.liiiiliii..;  iiiiii  iiil'dU--  oil  ri'iiip  iinil  l:iii. 

J/eriiilf  r/iriis/i.  I'mler  parts  while,  with  sli;,dit  linlly  tint  anteriorly 
and  olive  shaile  on  .sides,  lireast  and  sides  of  throat  thickly  luarki-d  with 
lar;,'e  distinel  dusky  spots;  liill  dusky  and  yellowish;  Icl' •  pale.  Ahonl  7 
loni,';  Willi.'  :\\,  tail  J'l.  K,i>tern  (and  Arctic)  North  America.  Nest  in 
liiislies  ;  e<r<js  plain.  W'li.s.,  \,  '.''>,  Iiiit  /c/  his  liij.  2  of  p|.  j,")  ;  Ni  rr.,  i, 
.".|i;;  All).,  iii,  2'.',  pi.  I  It.  :  Ud..  212 I'ai.i.asii. 

\'ar.  iiiiili(lin,i,\  is  mlirclv  siiiiil:ir  in  coloi'.  Iml  nillicr  laii^er.  Soulli-«e>l- 
erii  I  liile  I  .Stales  into  .Mc\jco.      Kn..  |{c\,  |i.. 

\iir.  ii'iiins.  is   eiilirdy  similar   in  color.  Iml    rallu  r  smaller.      KmlvV  .Moimtaiiis 
to  I'aeilie.     Ai  i>..  iii,  .".J.  pi.  117;  Iln.,  I'l'., ;   Ucv.  U; ;  (  o..i-.,  1. 
il  fpper  parts  uiiil'>rm  in  color.* 
H-  Tppcr  parts  olive. 

f)!iii:f,iii/cf<l  T/inm/i.  I'mler  parts  wliile,  (dive-shaded  on  s'nU'n.  the  lore 
partH  and  sitles  cd"  head  and  eyelids  stroiiLdy  tiiifjed  with  linU".  rhe  hre.ast 
and  throat  thickly  marked  willi  l.irire  dusks-olive  spots.      ii'|-7-f    loni;' :   wiin-- 

•  l.rj,  ,/••«'!;/ 1  II.I-..I  ail  Ml.' Hi.i.iii-..  ..I  •l,il,Hi,hlu  .irr  •'|Hi|lc<l  iilo'Vo;  lull  tlii-.j  -iml-  cli.a|.|'f.ir  llii-  nri.1 
iiistiiiiiM.  Hinl  lli.i'  (III'  ko'iiihI  riiliii  i-  hIw.  yn  >.  >||||,  ,|, 


eyw..  :~,/;t\^'f^.^y'Mf^^' 


.'i 


fi 


TiJuniD.i:,  Tiii;isiii:s.  —  (ii:N.    1. 


r.\ 


.'U-l,  (ail  i.''|-;').      Noi'lli  Amorica,  oxccpl  perhaps  soiitli-wcst  l'.  S.     Nest  in 
liiislics;  (■^.'•m;,  spci'lvlt'd.      Wll.s.,  V,  pi.   1.'),  I'.  '2,  liut  imt  \\i>  <Ics(iipli(in  on  p. 

I".')  ;     I5r>.,  L'ld .sWAlNSOM. 

Var.  "/(■>•'■"',  Aliir'.i  'i'liru.i/i.  Similar;  Imt  williiml  any  lnilly  tint  alioiit  lii'ail. 
nnr  yfllowJNli  rinj^  anmnil  rye  ;  (irini'jhuj  a  trillc  larirtT.  with  limLicr,  slfmliTiT  liili. 
Much  the  same  ilistrihiition,  hiil  Id-i'cils  riirthiT  nuilii.  NL'>t  ami  »'L',i.'s  similar. 
I'.i...  lM7.  ami  K'fv.  -J I. 

\'ar.  ii.-iliiliihi.i.  Similar;  lnil  wilh  the  iip|)er  parts  sli;,'hlly  --iiirii^ed  with 
lawny,  .-iiiil  llie  spots  heinw  smaller,  fewer  ami  paler;  thus  appr<>\imatini;  In  the 
I'diliiwih'^  spceies.  N'csl  ami  c'JtLis,  however,  as  in  .tii-'iiiisuiii.  I'.-ieilie  Cciast.  [' .  S. 
Ni  ir..  -.M  eil.  i.   100;    l!i)..  L'l.');  (cine.,  .".. 

-t-  -I-  rpper  parts  tawny. 

UV/.'c*//'.'*  Tliriixli.  Vccri/.  I'lnler  parts  wliite,  witli  oli\e  sh.nle  on  si(i''s. 
.•iml  slroiitr  I'lilvoii.s  (almost  piiiUisli-^lirown)  tint  on  lireast  :  lucast  and  siiie.s 
of  iie(  k  with  very  small,  .><pai's(',  sonieliines  indistinel  diisky  spots.  7-7A 
lonir :  winu'  1-11,  tail  '.\\.  ivisteni  N.  Am.  .Nest  Imilt  on  ih.-  irroimd  ; 
cL'^'s  plain.      Wii.  .,  V,   lis,   pi,    |;i;  Ni  n.,   i,  .'H'.';    .Vi  i».,  iii,  l'7,  pi.  I  !.'> ; 

I'll!.    I'll M  sCIXKNS. 


i    \ 


.^ 


(( 


Distinirnisheil  from  the  last  hy  liMvin^;  the  tarsu-  s(Mitell.ile  in  fiont,  the  t.-iil 
loiiLier  anil  ruimdei'  (usiimIIv  lon;.'er  than  the  winL'^',  hnl  not  so  in  O/vknc  ././e.s).  the 
wiii^js  .shorter  and  roimijer,  \\\\\\  1--I  primary  hardly  ti>  lie  ealliil  ^lanioiis.  liiiils 
very  nmeli  like  overumwii  wriiis  (with  xvliieh  they  used  to  lie  as-.c«'i:itc(l ).  Imt  ilis- 
tin;:iiislied  therefrom  hy  more  ileeply  eh^ft  toes,  iliifcrent  nostrils,  and  liristly  rielii:i 
(eompare  dia'Jinoses  ol'llie  l\\<i  families).  'I'he 
liill  is  Usually  liiu:jer,  or  at  le.-isl  slenilerer,  .and 
more  eurveil  than  in  tin-  typical  thrnslu's:  in  '    ^       , —        .  ""  ^ 

some    sjieeies  111'    //(iji'irlnliiiliiis   it    attains   e\-  ,     .^^'^^^  ^ 

traorilin.ary  !en;.;lii  ;iiiil  einvatme.     As  a  uroup        ))      -..^.y 
they  are    rather   siaithern,   hardly   passim;  lie-  / 

yiiml   the   Initeil   State. ;    ami   atl.ainiiiji   their  f 

masimum  developn'ait   iii  Ceiitr.'il   .and   South 
Ameri'M.      'I'iie   Mliiiiiiif  may  he  properly  re-  ~^^ 

«  strict. '.l  t..  these  .\meri.an  l.inN.  repres.mted  ■■''"''  "i"^  "f  "■"V".r».../.../.i.  .ulm»l  .i/... 
liy  the  iicnera  Minm.',  litriKirliiiiicldis.  and  live  or  si\  other  ehisclv  lelatecl  forms. 
I  pwanls  (if  flirty  -peeies  are  ri'corde  I.  alioni  two-thirds  .if  which  are  certainly 
^enuine.  .Muml  nne-haif  nf  the  current  spicics  fall  in  the  iremrs  Miniii.i  alone;  of 
llnri-nrliHii'li'is.  !ill  Imt  one  nf  the  known  s|iecies  necnr  within  our  own  limits.  In 
their  ;.'emial  haliits  they  rocmlile  the  true  tliiushcs;  Imt  they  haliiluallv  reside 
nearer  the  ground,  relying!  for  ;.ell-preservatiiin  mine  ijpun  the  eoiKvahnent  of  tlu> 
shruliliery.  than  upon  tlnir  own  activity  and  vi;_rilance.  'I'hcy  are  all  melodious. 
and  some,  like  the  nioikiie^liiid,  are  eeleliraled  Mm;j;ster<.  famous  for  their  iiowers 
of  mimicry,  and  ilnir  hrilliani  \ocal  cNcraitiiii.  In  compensation,  perlia|is,  foi  this 
;.'reat  fiitt.  liny  are  plainly  cl. id. -rays  and  luiiwii.s  lieinu:  the  prev.ailinij  eoUirs.  The 
mst  is  ^T' 111  rally  placid  in  a  ImisIi;  the  ejjj^.n,  lour  or  li\e  in  mimlui.  are  fireenisli- 
lilue.  plain  or  si>.ck!ed. 

Kf.V    Ml    \.    A.    lUIUlS.       10 


r?5P 


r 


74 


TniiuD.r..  Tina  siii:>.  —  ckn,  2,  3. 


2.    Gonus  OREOSCOPTIIS  Daird. 

Mniiiifdiii  Mn(l,!ii(il)liil.  I'liiiwiii-li  !i>li.  Iicliiw  wliitisli,  .-haded  l)cliiiid, 
lliickly  spidlcd  willi  dusky:  N  ;  wiiiuf  nearly  ">  ;  tail  I.  Ifocky  Miimitaiii 
rcLrioii  of  Ciiited  Slates.      Ai  n.,  ii,  l!M,|tl.  l.".!':   Iii>...".l7.     .     mumams. 


i    . 


:i.  OonuH  MIMUS  Boio. 
Mnrkhi'jhiril.  Asliy  irray,  Itelow  white,  sli;xhlly  shaded  across  hrea>il 
and  ahmir  sides,  \viii;:,s  and  tail  lilaeki-!..  I'urnier  with  tui)  wliite  liars,  and 
nnieh  white  at  liase  of  |iriniaries,  latter  with  l-'i  onter  feathers  pailly  oi' 
wholly  white.  The  ,/  is  known  I>y  the  inneli  u'reater  extent  of  white  on  the 
primaries,  which  is  the  niai'k  ol'  a  'SiiiLTer,"  as  he  is  called,  the  y  he;. in 
Mindless,  in  captivity  at  any  rale;  i/nini'i  liirds  are  spotted  Ixdow  the  tirsi 
.-nitiinni.  '.i-lD  lont.' :  \\'\\\<i  ahont  I;  fail  aliont  .'i  (nearly  'i  in  var.  from 
California).  Sonthern  l".  .'~^.  to  Massaelmsells,  Init  not  coemnon  north  if 
iiS  ;  tinoniiinu;  the  iLrroxcs  \A'  the  Sontli  Atlantic  and  (inlf  ."^tatcs.  Two  or 
three  liroods  mti-  L't'ncr.aiiy  reared  each  season.  When  taken  from  the  nest, 
the  niockinjihird  liecoines  a  ( (intented  captive  ;  and  has  Iieen  kno\N  n  to  livo 
many  years  in  contincnienl.  .N'alnrally  an  aeedinplislied  sonirstcr,  he  |)rove.s 
an  apt  scholar,  siise(  [itilile  of  improvement  liy  edue.ation  to  an  a>tonishini!; 
dcLirce  ;  inil  there  is  a  .treat  ilitlercni-e  with  individnal  liinls  in  this  respi'ct. 
U'li.s.,  ii,  II,  pi.  1(>.  Ii'_'.  1  :   .\i  n..  ii.  1>>7.  pi.  l.'iT  :  I'>ii.,  .'.  II.  I'lii.viii.orn  s. 


V\i,    III.     MiH'kiiiKl'inI  ^  nli'Mit  j  ii:iliinil  ^i/.^. 


CalhiriL  Ulaeki>h-ash.  or  d.ark  slate;  crown  and  t.iil  lilaek  ;  nnder  tail 
coverts  clieslnnt.  s-'.i  Ion;,';  winu' 11 1'.  tail  1.  Kastern  I'nitcil  Slati'.s;  also 
Washinirlon  Territory,  Mexico.  (^Mitral  .Vmorica  ami  Iiernmda.  .\n  almnd- 
ai't  and  famil'  sr  inhahitant  of  onr  i:n.ives  .and  hriery  tracts,  remark. ihle  for 
its  liJirsii  cry,  like  the  mewin^  of  a  cat  (  whence  itfs  name),  lint  .also  possessed 


^■■t 


' *|^ •*••»**'■*•.'< -W"!"  fc^M-i-W  I^WillWltHMS.   *t„^  ^ 


Tri;i)ii>.i;,  tiiki  .-iii;.s.  —  (ii:N.    1. 


<;> 


of  im  iiifiiii  V(»('!il  powers.      '  .  "   I'lic  larsul  sciiIcIIm  .'ire  fr('(|iiciilly  ohsoldc. 
U'li.s..  ii.  '.ID,  pi.  1  t,  r.  ;i :   At  i>..  ii.  \'.>'>,  pl.l  I0;  15i).,  .(IC..  caiiui.inknms. 

4.     GoniiH   IIARPORllYNCIIUS  Ciibmiis. 

*  Mill  chimI  Id  ill'  sIlolliT    tllMII    lir;ii|.  ll<il.  Ill-    lint     liillcll.  "Ill  \  ii  I  ;    l.'lil    lllod'IMl  cly 

Imiiicr  lli.'iii  wiii^s.      /Iri'isl  sji  fiinl. 

/I'r'iirn  'I'lii-iisli.  'I'liiiialiir,  Smi'l'/  Mn  ■/.iny/iinl.  Kcdilisli-hrown, 
Iiclnw  wliitc,  witli  iimri'  or  less  tawny  tiiiir<'.  ■ihI  llii'lvly  >p()ll('(l  with  ilaiU 
lii'owii,  cxi'i'pt  (HI  throat  aii<I  iiiiildh-  of  liclly.  tiic  ••piit-'  h'tiixthi'iiiiiLr  into 
slrcalis  on  the  siih-s  ;  wini.'^  witli  two  white  liars;  tail  tcathiTs  with  pale 
tips;  liill  lilack,  yellow  lielow ;  lee(  pah  ;  iris  yellow;  uf/mi/  II  ion^ ; 
win;;  ■!,  tail  ')  or  U ;  hill  nearly  >traiirht,  1  iiieii  lonir.  IOa>tei'ii  I'nited 
States;  a  «lcli,trlitriil  son,i;>tei-,  ahiiiul.iiit  in  tlTh  !iet<,  etc  Wii.s.,  ii,  M,  pi. 
II;  .\i  TT.,  1,  ;i-'.s  ;   Hi).,  ii."!.'. i;i  I  I  s. 

\'ar.  hiiKjir'tslius.  I.'iini-liilliil  'I'hrnsh.  Smneuli.ii  siiiiilar ;  ilaiker  laown 
aliove  ;  tiie  iiiailviii;i;s  Ih'Iow  lilacMsli  ;  liill  loii'jer  aii'l  :i  lilt  le  mkhc  iiiiveij.  .Mesico 
to  the  Kio  (iraiiile.     lJi>. .:!.'>_•.  pi.  .'fJ  ;   K'l.v..  It. 

Cnrrt'-fjillril    '/7ints/i.      Dull  irniyish-lii'own,   helou    whitish,   Inea-I,  etc., 

spoiled   with  eolol-  oT  till'   liaek,   \vinLr  eoVei'ts  and    lllelMl    t;iil    feathefs    lipped 

witii  while;  si/c  of  tlie  la>t  ;  hill  over  an  ineh  lon^',  and  deeidedly  eiirveil. 
\  alley  of  Itio  (Jraiide  and  Colorado.  I>ii.  '•>'>],  pi.  .')!.  .  ci  i;vii;(>sri;is. 
('hicre'tiis  '/'/iriis/i.  IJrownish-a^h,  lielow  whili>li,  shailed  with  I'nlvons, 
ospeeially  lieiiind,  and  wilii  lirowii  >po|s;  two  winL,'-l)ars  and  tips  of  lateral 
tail  feathers  ohscnrely  uhite.  iJather  smaller  th.iii  tiie  foreiroiiii.'.  Capn  St. 
liiieas.       P.I).,   I'v.    .\ead.    I'hil.    \syj,  MC,  an<l    Uev.    Hi;    Ei.l.ior,   pi.    1; 

Cool'.,    Ill CINKUl'.lS. 

*'Mill  luli;j;er  liiiili  lii'.'nl,  airliulel  'I'aW  liilleii  |uiiL;ei-  than  wilius.  Ilrmsl  ii'd 
.Ijllltll  ll. 

tSii'h'Ir-liilhil  Thrii'tli .  ( 'iili/'niiiniii  M'lrhlii'iiilril .  l)arU  oily  olive- 
hi'own,  paler  helow,  deepeiiinir  into  rusty  lirowii  on  lielly  and  under  tail 
coverts;  throat  rusty  whitish;  anrieiilars  streaked  :  liill  lilaeU,  at  a  nia.virnuiii 
of  eiirvatnre,  tdionl  lA  loiiir.  hut  very  \ariahle  in  leinrlh  ami  deirrei;  of 
eiirve  ;  tarsus  ahoiit  \h\  total  leiiL'lh  11  or  more;  wiiiL'  I  or  less,  tail  '»  or 
(I  iiu'lies  loiiir.  Coast  remioii  of  California.  Cass..  III.  I'lld,  pi.  I.'l ;  Hd., 
.'U'.l;   Uev.   IS-  Cool'.,  It; i;ki.im\is. 

\ WW  lifiiiiiri.  I.ii-iiiiti's  'I'liriisli.  I'nle  ;is|i.  Nlilj  |i:i|ci'  lieldw,  >liail;iiti  into 
lnii\viii>li-velli)w  on  miller  liiil  eoveiU  ;  lliro:il  w  liili-li,  with  >liulil  iiiaxiilary  slre:iks  ; 
liill  lilaek  ;  no  deeiijcil  ',ii:iikiii.;s  iiiivw  liele.  .\  lileaeiiecl  desert  i;iee.  (''i|ur:ii|o 
N'alley  ;  only  two  specimens  known.  il'i.  ^'mlla.  l.ifniilf  ;  I'l .  Mojave.  r-.K)  ,>-. ) 
Hi>.,  :i."iO.  pi.  .'id  ;   l{ev.  17  :  Coop..  17. 

(friKSdt  'riivush.  Olive-ltrown,  paler  on  throat  and  iielly  :  throat,  whitish 
with  lihwkisli  maxillary  stre.ak>  ;  under  tail  eoverts  ehe>liiiil  in  m.irked  eoii- 
tnist  ;  anrieulars  sliirlilly  streaked;  hill  hlaek.  ."^ize  of  (he  last,  or  rallier 
larger;  tail  (!  or  more.  N'alley  of  Ivio  (iiaiide  and  Colurailo.  \\\k,  o.'il, 
pi.  «2;    Uev.   17;  C •.,  is ii!i.>8.\M,><. 


.        I 


i. 


J:i 


Tii  sAXicdiJD.i.,   lU.i.iiiiiitDK.  —  (ir.N.  T),  (!. 


Family  SAXICOLID^.    Stono-chats  and  Bluebirds. 

<  liirlly  ( lli|  Wiiilil ;  ir|)ri";i'nt('(l  in  Nurlli  America  \>y  <iiu'  iCiiriipciiii  slrii-r^U'r  aiid 
llii   rmiiiliiir  Miicliiids  ;  aiitliurs  iisxi'j;ii  iliHrrcnt   limits  to  it.  ami  lV('(|m'iitl_v  tiiiiis- 

•^»   \ui<i'  till'  iii'iicra  ;  it   miulil  cumc  iimltT  '/'nnlithr 
(*M^7^  witliiiiit    Niciifiici'.       As    ii-iially    (■oiisliiutcii,    it 

contains  u|iw:ii'i|s  of  one  liiui'linl  •>|Miic-i.  rom- 
monlv  I'cl'i'rrril  to  aliont  a  ilo/cn  ;.'cnt>i'a,  l.iko 
most  otiicr  ;rnni|)s  of  I'nnsrrrs,  it  has  never  lieen 
ilelineil  with  [iiTcision.  the  family  liein;;  known, 
^!>*j:_; - J.'V     _         /     Ii3"ti'^         ciinvrnlionaliy.  I'V   the  liinis  oinilholoLtists   pnl 

'nVvj?  •-, F^jSiS         '"   ''•      '"'"'  '""""^vi'irJ  I'ii'il-^  lia\e  I le(|    tarsi; 

x,^  \XJ»  ^^^,^1     ||,,^(|i|^.     lifistlecj    ririiis;     riilluT    short, 

Hi.   IT    si.iiir -iniii  iiiiiiiiiii  »i/c.         ^(luarc  or  iiiiarLiinate  tail;  ion|;,  |iointeii  win<j;s, 
with  MMy  short   siimious  Isl  i|nill.  aiiil   the  tip  lornieil  liy  tiie  I'll,  M  ami   Ith  ciiiills. 

5.     QonuH  SAXICOLA  Dcchstoin. 

S/')iic-r/i(i/.  \\  licdi-rdf.  Adult  : — asliy  i.M'av  :  Ibrelieail,  siipereiiiary  line 
and  under  pai'ts  while,  Iall<>i'  (»t"leu  in'owiiisli-liuted  ;  iippei'  tail  coverts 
wiiite,  \viiii.'s  and  tail  hIacU,  latter  uilli  uiosi  oj'  llic  feallicrs  uliile  tor  liall' 
their  lenirtli ;  line  iVoui  nostril  to  i}\v,  and  hroad  liaiid  ou  side  ol'  head,  Maei;  ; 
liill  iind  teel  Mark;  ;/i>iiii'/  everywhere  einnauKUi-ltrown,  paler  ludow  ;  \vin;j; 
;U,  tail  L'A,  tarsus  I  :  middle  toe  and  claw  ;|.  Atlantic  coast,  astiay  from 
iMirope  ''"'  (ireeniand;  also,  Xoi'tli  I'acilie  Coast,  I'roni  Asia.  Cvss.,  III., 
•-'()}<,  pi.  ;U;   Hn.,  L'Jd,  antl  lii'v.  til (UNAsnii:. 

0.    Oonua  SIALIA  SwainHon. 

•.♦More  or  loss  hlid  :  hill  luid  feet  hlaek  ;  V  ^;ra\  ish  or  hrownisli,  with  hlue 
traces,  especially  on  rump,  winj^s  anil  tail.  yniniti  like  the  V,  hut  curiously 
Kinttti'd.     t;-7  Ion;;,  win^'  ''''i    !]•  ':'il  - ,'    'W-  '''"  j  '"■  '''^"^i  tars\is    ■  or  less. 

ICiis/irii  /iliit/iird.  ,'  rich  sky-l>lue,  unil'orni  aliove ;  Ixdow  reddisli- 
hrown,  belly   white.      Kastern    V.  S.     Wii.s.   i,  M,  pi.   ,1;  Niri.   i,    tl.')  ; 

li,    171,   pi.    l.'il;     lil>.,    -'-'-' SIAM.S. 

Wesft'i'ii  IJlncfiiril.  ;(  aiiove,  and  the  tiirout,  deep  Mue,  with  a  dorsal 
patch  of  same  color  .as  lucist  and  sities,  which  are  I'athcr  darker  than  in  the 
last  species  ;  liidly  dull  hluish-irray.  Kocky  Moimt.iin-.  to  I'acilie.  Nirr., 
i,  .'•i;{;  .\i:i>..  ii,  ITil,  pi.  l.i."i;   15i>.,  J-J'A:  ("unr.,  2S.     .      .      .     mk.xk  ana. 

.\rrlli-  lihivliinl.  ,(  everywhere  clear  pale  hlue,  with  .i  faint  i.'rei'n 
Hhade,  paler  helow,  failiuir  into  white  ou  helly.  Chiclly  central  rc^i(Ui  ol 
N.  A.,  iVoiM  •"i.'i '  into  .Mexico;  also  Pacific  coast,  .\i  rr.,  .M  I  ;  .\t  d.,  ii, 
ITS,  pi,  i;5(;;   Hi..,  ^^-'t  ;  ('(.(u-.,  2'.i Aitt  TirA. 

Family  CINCLID^.    Dippers. 

Ai|imlic !  thrush-like  iiinls  (formerly  iiiclmii'l  muliv  Tunli'l'i),  with  thii-kset 
lioilieri,  compii  t  plunia)ie  to  resist  wiit«r,  short,  siul,  conenve  winns,  with  lt»  piima- 


» 


i 


I  INCI.ID.i;,    Dll'l'l'.liS.       SVI.VIlD.r.,   sVI.VIAS.  —  C.V.S.    I,  s. 


7T 


rics  of  wliicli  the  Ut  is  spiiiioiis,  utill  sliortcr,  squan'  tail,  almost  iiidili'ii  liy  llu> 
coverts,  liiicnr  nostrils,  slcinkT  Mil,  alinosl  a  little  tiiniiMl  up  (^oiiys  coiimx,  nil- 
incn  slii,'litly  •■oiiPdVc),  \vitli  no  trace  of  rictal  liristles.  'I'lii're  is  only  one  j;ciiiis. 
witli  alionl  a  ilozen  species,  all  inlialiilinif  clear  mountain  streams  of  most  p.i'ls  df 
tlie  worlil,  easily  pro^^ressini^  ini'hr  water;  I'ecil  on 
a(|uatic  aninml  sulistiUiees ;  nioileiately  xmal  ;  onr 
specicH  liuiiils  a  rcmarkal  lr  :ini|  elci^ant  dome-like 
iicsl  <>r  moss,  with  a  hole  in  om-  side. 

7.    GonuH  CINCLUS  Dochstoin. 

W'li/ir  Oii-.rl.      /);/ii,ir.     I.ciul-colorcd.  neaily        '"■'"■   I'iri'r;  ...■.imimi  ^i/c■. 
iinitnrni.  Init  apt   to   lie   lu'ownisli  on    head;  7;  nimj;   'AS;  tail    J].      Ifockv 
MiMintiiiii  ri'i:ion  t\\'  X.   A.      Ni  ir.,   ii,  ."iil'.i ;  Ai  r>  ,   ii,  \sj,  pj,  l,;7;   I'.n., 
•_'J:i  ;  Cuor.,  -J.) Mi;xi(AMs. 


Family  SYLVIIDiE.    Sylvias. 

A  larj^e  Taniily,  ehielly  Old  World,  spaiinu'ly  repre-enled  in  the  New.  Primaries 
in.  ihe  Isl  short  or  spnri(ais,  alxMil  li.ill'  the  L'd.  which  is  shorter  than  the  (illi  ; 
liill  >h'nder.  alioiit  strai-^hl.  shorter  than  Ihe  jicad.  nsmilly  sli'^litly  notched  .and 
hooked  at  lip:  riilus  liri'-lly;  no^li'iU  e\;i,ised.  or  .-li'zhtly  overhnn'_',  Iml  ne\cr 
ilen>ely  iiidden  :  pari  have  liouled  tar>i,  and  those  are  dillii  nit  to  disliniiuisli 
technically  iVom  I'n riliinf  ami  Siixii'nliflir,  l>nl  here  size  is  a  ^.''""1  criterion,  none 
of  our  Si/irii'il'f  lieiuL!  over  li\c  inclic--  lontr  :  Ihi'  i'c>t,  \ulli  scuti'llale  tarsi,  .are  of 
course  distiuLlfui-'liahlc  (Ui  sit;hl  from  llii'  ia->l  nii  ntioncd  families;  from  Ihe 
('r,iliiiil<i\  liy  nol  li.aviniT  still'  acuminah'  l.ail-l'eallu'is ;  from  the  /':iriil<r  .and 
Siilldii'  \>y  U'<[  lia\inu'  densely  fcalliercd  noslrils;  fri>;ii  Ihe  Truijl'iliiliiln,  \^\  the 
less  cohesion  of  Ihe  Iocs  ril  liasc  ;  ,'ind  from  all  the  SiilricnJiihv  hy  lia\in:4  more 
than  nine  primaries.  'I'lircc  sulifamllics  occur  in  North  America  ;  <im'  of  them, 
/'(i//'iy/^7//(<'.  peculiar  to  thi>  coinil  r\  .  u-ed  lu  !»•  associate  I  with  Ihe  /'//•/i/if,  w  ilh 
wliiih,  however,  it  h.is  no  spici.al  alliuil\  ;  another,  /i'< ;/"///("•,  is  sjniply  warlilers 
with  Ipootcd  l.arsi  ;  a  third,  Siilrilim  ,  with  its  several  not  well  di'lineil  i;roup>.  ci>n- 
stilules  ,au  imuicusc  a-;seiulilaiic  of  upwards  of  fnc  Imulii-d  I'ceordcd  species, 
;imon|_'  llicm  lie.'  lamoiis  ni'^iil  iu;j,ale  of  {■liui'pe. 

Siihf„,nihl   SYl.yilS.K.      Tuiiir,!/  Ii!,!    \\:„-ltl    UW/-///c;-,s. 
Ueiui'scntcd  in  N'lUlh  Ann  lica  liy  a  single  waif  from  Asia. 

8.     GoiiiLs  PilYLLOPNEUSTE   Moycr. 

Id  luiiroN's  Si/lriii.  (  )livc-;rrccM  ;  lirlow  yellowisji  ami  while;  supcr- 
ciliiiry  lint'  yellow  ;  winirs  ami  tail  dusky.  olivc-cdu;e(| ;  w'w^  cvc-ts  vcllow- 
isli-tippcil.  \'\  \  Willi,'  -Ik;  tail  i'.  Alask.i  (/>'i//\.  I'>i>..  Triii-..  ("Iiicai.'n 
Aci  !..  ISC'.I.  ;!l;;,  pi.  ;'.(».  r.  1' ii.>i;i;ai,is. 


Siil.f.lr.llil    h'Udl'l.l  \.i:.       hni'llil.i. 

TarsiiR  liiuihd ;  win;is  lou'jer  than  the  emariiinalc  tail.  I'.lcLrant  t;ri'ciiisli-.  Jive 
piLTmies.  with  hriUi.an!  colors  nii  the  head  when  adult.  There  .ire  about  leu  spccii^s 
of  Ihe  folliHuu;;  ^•'UUs.   inhaliilinu   l''.uro[ic,    .A-^ia  and    .Vnierici;   Iwo  of  lliem  are 


!. 


7.S      i!i;iiii,i\  r,  Ktsci.r.TS.    roi.ini'm.is  r,,  (iwicvrfiiiOKs. — (jkn. ',»,  li». 

\vr\  ciiiiiiiiiiii    ill   mil-  « 1-i,  lliicIii'H    iiii'l   urcliiiiil-t,     .Mi;^r!it'irv,  iiisin  li\niiiiH  ; 

havf  ii  -wi'il  -oil;,'. 

■» 
IJ.    Ooiiuu  KEQULUS   Cuvior.  ' 

»,*  (  !li'i'iii--ll-i>li\r.     Iicliivs     whili^ll    or    yrllow  i-ili  ;     «i|i;,r,    mill    t.'iil    (|li-.K_v,  nljffcl 

Willi  ;.'ii>iii>li  Ml    \(ll(iui-li.  will-  1  oMil  .  «liili>li-li|i|Hi|,      I    P    lull'.',  wiiijj  I'i-'JJ  ; 
l.'iil  I.',   i;. 

Iliilni-iriiii-iiril  l\'lir,lil.  (  riiuii  Willi  ii  ricli  xiirlft  jialili  (in  Imlh  m-xcs, 
liiil  wMiitiii'.''  ill  liotii  llic  lir^l  veil)  :  iii>  lilaiU  aiioiil  licad  ;  liill  ami  I'l'it  lilacU. 
Nuitli  Amu  ri<a.  Wii.>.,  i,  N.",.  pj.  .'i, 
r.    i  ;    Nil).,   i.    1 1.''  :    Ai  i>..   ii,    IH.S, 

|il.  i;;;; ;  Wu..  I'l'T.    .    im.i.m.i  lis. 

(I'li/dt  ii-riiiil'iiril     /liiii/h/.  ( 'I'uW  II 

linnlcri'd    ill    IViiiit    ami    on    -iilr^    liv 

Mark,    iiiclo-iiii:   a    vcllow    .'iiitl    llaiiic 

ciiliinil  palcii   ( ill  111!'   ,(  :  in  tlic   9  , 

the    srarlcl    waiiliiiLri:    cxlnini'   Inic- 

licail.    ami     liii''     <i\ci'    r\  c.    wliilisii  : 

'/""/(;/,  il'  f\i'r  w  itliniil  lrarc.>  (if  KlacU     ^^^ 

ami  ycliiiw  nii   llir   Inail.  may  lie  tnlij 

riniii  liic  la-l    >iiccii'-,  liy  >iiiall('r  ^i/l■     '  _ 

iiml  pri'.xi'ini'  i>\'  a  liny  liii>lly  Icallu'r 

dvcflyiii!.'  ill"'   in»>lrii>;    lliis   is  want-  ki...  r.i.   1..  i.iiri.-rinmiMi  uinKiii. 

\\\<JC  in  I'lilriiiliihis.     Nmlli   Aimrica.      Wir.s.,  i,   12<!,  pi.  x,  f.  '2;  Aid.,  ii, 

litl.'i.  pi.  l.'.J:  i'.n.,  Jl'7 SATi;\rA. 

()ii>.  Ciiviri's  Kiimlil  (  I,',  rnrnri  .\i  i)..  Ii,  Id;),  jil.  i;U  ;  Ni  rr.,  i,  IKl,  .Scliiiyl- 
Kill  IJiMi'.  .iiiiu  .  1^1:').  iiiil  iiM\\  liiiuwii,  is  siiiil  to  liiivr  tim  \>\>wk  stripes  nii  i'mi'Ii 
siili'  111'  lii'Mil.      I,'.  li-ifih,r  Ni  1!..  i.  Ijn.  1,  /;.  suirniiii :   ^o  is  his  /i'.  rristntun,  wliitli 

is  llic  IKIIlif  I'f   llic   llllliipi'.ili  -.piriis,  linl    riillliil  ill   Ndllll   AllH'l'i<'a. 


V 

! 


i 


\,il,r<iwil;i     I'Ol.lOl'lll.lS.i:.       (hmlntlrhii-H. 

'I"aisiis  iii)t  iMiiitcil,  aiiil  wiii;^s  nul  Ihiil;(  r  IIkiii  tlii'  roiniili'il  tail  ;  liill  s|ciii|cr  (tun 
lliicK  ill  the  ri;;-^. ),  ilc|iii'^sc.|  mimI  will  niisllcil  iil  |p;isc;  lip  f\  i'liiit  l\  n\  iTliaii;4iii;4 
(iiiil  ill  till'  li'_'-'. )  ;  Imi'^iis  lipiiv',  sliinli  r  ;  Incs  \  rry  slinil .  l)t'liiah'  little  wunillainl 
liinls,  pei'iiliar  In  Ainerien  ;  iiiiur:il"iy.  iiiseeliMnniis.  \eiy  ;ieti\e  aiiil  spii<jlitly. 
with  sliai'p,  si|lleMkiii'4  iKiti's.  'I'liei'i'  are  aliulll  a  ilii/.eli.  eliielly  Celll  lal  and  .Sniilli 
Allielieaii.  species  nf  tile  single 


!   I'' 


10.    Oonus  POLIOrTILA   Sclatcr. 

*,*  llliiisji-asli,  paler  ur  v\liile  l'e|,,\v  ;  tail  Mark  ami  white  ;  wind's  dusky,  ed^ed 
with  Imary  while  ;  Mil  .'lU'l  I'eel  lilaeU  ;  (inly  I  11  hni;.;  ;  winu^  seareely  l',  tail  rather 
inure. 

/Um-i/ni;/  <  liinlcnlrl'i  ,•.  Clear  asliy  Mne,  lilner  on  head;  (uicliead,  ami 
line  over  eye,  hlacU  (waiilinir  in  9):  (inter  fail  reallier  wliile.  I'liitiMl 
Stales  to  .Ma^s.  ;  Ari/uiia  ;  .Mexieo.  Wii.s.,  ii,  HW,  pi.  l.s.  f.  .". ;  Nirr.,  i, 
'.".•7;  -'d  ed.,  i,  .127;  Ai  n.,  i.i'll,  pi.  7l»;    Um.,  ."J.SO ;  ('(.oi-.,  ;!.">.   «•  kuiji.ka. 


I'MMh.r;,  TiTMici:,  <ii;  < mcKADi'.ns. — «!i:x.  11. 


^ 


^ 


d 


/!lfii/:-/iiiti/ril  (liiiili-(tlflin\  ,t  l>Iiiisli-a>li.  w  ill)  w  lii'li'  iiowii  Muck,  9 
(\illi  ciowii  liki'  liMilx  ;  imiIi't  l:iil  t'fiilliiT  wliilc-cilu'nl  (Uilv.  Smilliwi'st 
I'uilf.l  Slater.     Cvss.,  111..  I'll.  pi.  i'7  :   l'.i>..  .".sj  ;  ("our.,  .il .    Mn.AMiiA. 

I'liliilltKiiin  (1  iiiilcillrhi'i',  l)illl('r 
Ic'iili'ii  \i\\\\  ;  cnnvii  like  liiulv  ;  .'i 
while,  aixl  al-o  :i  lil.'ici^  (killci'  iidI 
ill  9  )  ^iiprriiliiM  y  liiii' :  while  mitei' 
\v«  it  of  iMiler  tail  rr.'ilhei',  ami  il>  li|i 
tur  .><iiiiie  (li>taii('i'.  while.  Ai'i/.uiia. 
lilt.,  ;!si';   ( 'uiii'..  i'>7.       .      ri.i  Mi'.r.A. 

Family   CIIAM/EID-E.     Wron- 
lits. 

Ki'ieiilly    IValiieil    I'lir   a   siii'jle    sliceie-*, 

,     ,.,     '       ...  .  ,  Fill    '.'ii     IimIit  (Ijr  ,  liliH- ifi'iiv  iriiiilnitiliiTI   iiiiiiiT 

iiiMi'li  like  a  liliiiiiiiHe  in  ^'einaal  appear- h;.  ,  .,i,„.|,  i„.„,|,..i  t'hiii.Mi.i,.  1;  .'•.mii  ..r  tin.  ►^■in.i  </. 

I      ,     .    ■,i      ,1        ,  ,  •  I       ,1      Inil  .if  ).|iiml 11- K>><il<''il<'li<  r,  :iM  nl  ii  iliiial -i/.r 

niiee,    lull    Willi    llir   l.ii'in    mil     eM'leully 

seiilcll.'ile  ill   I'll  ml  ;    iiiiiiiileij   wiie^s   mill  h  slmrlri-  Ijiaii   tlie  fii-ailii.'ilci!   lail  :    Infes 

lii'i>lly.   aiiil   phiiii.'i'/e  e\lraiinlliiai'ily   miI'I    aiiil    l:i\.       \\  illi   the  ;;eiieral   iialiits  iif 

wieii-i,  Willi  wliiili  llir  v|M'eie-i  w.i-  ruiiinrly  iis^neialeij. 

11.    OomiH  CIIAM.fl2A  aiunbol. 

/•'iisri(if<  1/  Til,  III'  (I'riiiniil  Willi.  |)iill  L;ia_\i^li  <ir  (ili\  aceiiiis-lirowii, 
lielnw  paler  ami  iiime  fiilMnis ;  Ihrnal  and  lirea>l  .'sln'aUed  willi  ilaiUer; 
winirs  ami  lail  Ihmwii,  (ilis(aiii'ly  w.ived  wilh  dnsUy ;  whitish  riiiir  nmnd 
eye;  iris  white.  ."lA-d  ;  w  inu"  <'"ly  ■_' j-:.'l.  I:iil  .">.<  ;  'In'  gradual  inn  an  imh. 
('nasi  rei.'ii)n  nt'  ( 'aiiriiiiii.i.  A  enrinii-^  liird.  wilii  im  speeial  reM'nililanre  to 
.•my  (illiei- specie^.     ('\^--..  III.,  ."ill.  pi.  7;   lln.,  .'iTn;  CiMir.,  .",',1.     ia^iiata. 


**'  Family  PARIDiE.    Titmice,  or  Cliickaclocs, 

(tin-,  are  ail  --iiimII  (iiii'iei'  7  in.  Iuii'_')  liiiiN,  at  uini'  ilisiiii.j;in>,]ii'i|  Ky  lia\iii^  I" 
luiinarie-*.  -lie  isl  itiiieli  ^-Imilei' than  llie  •Jij  ;  wiii^s  luirely  or  iml  lunger  lli.aii  llie 
lail;  lail-l'e.allii'is  imt  i.iiU'niir  aeiuiiinale  :  lai-i  ■•eiilillale.  Imiirer  tli.aii  llie  iiiiil'lle 
Idc,  .•iiileri'T  liii'--  nineli  :m>1i1cii'i!  ;iI  liM^e;  im-lriN  <'iiiicealei|  ly  dense  tiil'ls,  and 
liill  ei)iii|ii'essi'il,  >liiiil,  straiulii.  iimiihIi  lied  .-iiid  niiieli  slmrler  than  llie  head  ;  eiiarae- 
lers  that  readily  iiiaikeil  lliein  oil'  fniin  jill  their  allies,  as  wrens,  la'eepers.  el<'. 
IJeally,  they  are  hard  In  ili^liiiuni^li,  leehnieally.  Cimiii  Jays;  Iml  all  our  Jays  are 
nni<  li  over  7  iiiehes  lon;.r. 

'I'liey  an-  ilistrilmleil  ovir  Nmlii  .\iiieiira,  luil  llie  (aesleil  speeies  .arc  rather 
siiiilhi  111.  and  all  Iml  mie  nl'  llniii  wolciii.  .Mn-I  nf  Ilicin  arc  hardy  liird<,  ciulnr- 
\\\\t,  till'  riu>"'s  ol'  winli'l'  williiiiil  ineiili\eliiinec.  .mihI  as  a  e<insi'(|llelice.  iiiilli'  nl" 
lliein  are  priiperly  iiii;zraliiry.  'I'liey  are  inn^ical,  al'ler  a  rashimi  nl'  tlieii'  own, 
eliirpin;^  ;i  i|iiaiiil  ililly;  areailivi'.  ie>tless,  and  very  ht'edless  of  man's  presence; 
and  eat  everythin','.  .Sume  nl'  ilic  wr-.tiiii  species  Imild  a^liiiiisliinjily  lar^re  and 
(anaonsly  shaped  nests.  pcn-.ile,  likr  a  Imiilc  or  pnr--e  with  a  Imlc  in  one  side; 
others  live  in  knnllinlcs.  and  vimilar  Miu;ij;i'ries  thai  they  are  saiil  to  di;.'  out  I'or 
Ihenischi's.  Tlicy  aic  \rr\  pnil'lic.  I.iyiiri;  nmnenms  citijch,  ;ind  raising  more  lli.in 
one   liruiid   a   season  :   ihe  yniiii;;  cln^ely    rr>inilile  tin'   parents,   and   there   are   no 


80 


I'AUIN.K,    Tl:t  K   TITMICK. — (ii;N.     ]J. 


1  I 


iiliviiiliH  si'MsDiiiil  oi  sfMliil  I  li:tlli;r<<  nf  |iliilii:i;_'<-.  All  lull  ulii'  nl'  mil'  spccii'M  iiro 
|ilnliiiy  cIikI  ;  still  tli",-  liavc  :i  |>l<-:t<in;;  I<hi!>,  uilli  tjicir  trim  runn  iiiiil  tlio  tiiHtenil 

(■dIiiI'S  III'    llli     Ili'Mll. 

Siihfiimihj  J'Ali'l.y.f:.      Tnir   TUniln: 
l''.\rli|-.i\r   III'    ci'l'Miill    :ilirn-:ilit    rnriils,    ii-^IImIIv    nllnwi'il    Id   riilisl  illllt'    II    S('|ini'tlt<' 

siilir.'iMiiJN ,  mill  siiiiii'liiiii's  tiliii.,'i'tlii'r  rriiiM\t"l  i'luiii  J'uriiln,  \\tf  'rilmiii'  ciitiiiMisn 
II  iiMliir.'i!  :iii<l  |ii'i'tly  \M'II  ili-liiii-<l  •^riiiiji.  t<i  »|iii'!i  ilic  r<ii'i't;iiiii|4;  iliiiM|iiisis  ;iiii|  n>- 
miilk-i  ;ili'  |i;irli>'lll.'iil\  :i|i|ilii':il>li-.  'I'lu-ii-  iii:iy  I'l'  iiImiiiI  •.(•viiiI_\ -I'im'  ;;imii1  s|iiMiiM 
of  tin-    /'iii'i'iiir.  tlllli    lr-llii'li"l.  liKi-l    of  llii'iii    r:illiliir    ill  llii-  •4CIIIIS  /'iiriis,  ur  ill  In 

iiiiliii'i|i:ili'   lici;ililiiil'li I.      \\illi   I'l'W    i'\i-i  |>liiiii->   tliry   iil'c    Imi'iU    nl'   Ilic    imi  liii'ill 

liriiiis|i|ii'ri',  iiliiiiiiiiliii'^  ill  rjiiii|ii'.  A»i:i  .■iii>i  Nniili  Aim  rii'.'i.  'I'lir  l:ii';ii  r  |<i'ii|Hiiiinii 
III'  till'  •jciii  1:1  ;il|i|  ••|irrii'-  ilili:iliil  llii- MM  Woi  |i|  :  :il|  lliiisciil'  llir  Nrw  Wnljil  ini'iil' 
<\llliili  mil  lilllils.  i'\ri'|il  l»ii — l'.Hiill$'i]iii''i>  nil  I'lii'itis  ninl  /'urmt  im  riiliniinlii, 
wliirli  Mil-  .Mc\ic!iii.  Iliiiiirli  llifv  JKiVf  Imm-ii  hitflv  iiiriiiilcil  ill  mir  syNlfiiialir  \M>rk-<. 
Till'  rniiiirr  is  !i  MTV  ili-liiir;   iiiiij  lii-aiit il'iil  s|i(i-ii-?^ ;  tin-  liillcr  is  |ii'iiiii|is  only  11 

Milllllrlli  \aiirly  III'  llii'  rnlllllliill  (  liii-kaiicc. 

12.    Ocnus  LOniOPlIANKS  Kiiup. 

•  ,  •(  oil  ■|iiiiiiiii'-ly  ricsli'il.  I.('a(li-ii-<;ray.  ollrii  "illi  a  faiiil  uliv  aciiiiis  siimli', 
|iali  r  or  uliili-li  lulow:  uiiij.'-'  aiiil  tail  iiiiiiiailtr<l.  (All  liic  li;;iii-i's  an'  uf  iialiiial 
i^i/.r.) 

'/'iif'fri/    '/'i/ iiifiii.fr.       I''iir<'lirai|    uliiiif    Mark:    iicaily    wliilc    iu'low ;    sidi'.s 

\Mi-lici|   willi   iii-ly-liiii\vii ;    ("ii't   Irailcii-liliic.      Voiiiiu'  liinls  liavc  llic  cii'sl, 

|ilaiii,  Mills  iTMiiiliIinji  (he   ncxl   ^|iciics  ;   Iml   tiny  arc 

iirarly  \\liilc    Im'Iuw,  tin-    sjiji-s    slniwiii;,'    riisly    traces. 

F/iiL't-st  III"  our  *|MH-ie.s  iif  ilie  laiiiily,  iJ-i'iA  ;  \\\n<f  'A-'.\\t 

tail  aliiiiit   llie  same.      Kastiiii   I'liiiid   Stall  s,  iiiiiili  to 

j(^  •     ■)*?^v''*V   li 'ii;_'  I<lainl  :   "  Xiiva  Sinlia"  (  .  I'"/. ) .    W'li.s.,  i,  i;(7,  pi. 

'*,/..-.     fr^  ^1  '•  ■'• ;   Ai  !>..  ii.  1  t:>,  |il.    li'.'i;    Iii>.,  .'IS  I.        iiinii.Di!. 

.i;'.'-/-  '(f  IHinn  THhtini.il'.     I'laiii  li-adeii   L'lay  willi   f'aiiil    olive 

sliaile,   merely  paler    Iteiow  ;     no    markiiiu's    aiiywlicn". 

.'■lA-lI;    win;:    ami    tail    alioiil   i','.       New   Mexieo,   .\ii/oiia    ami    ("aiiloriiia. 

Cass.,  111.,  p.  I'.l ;  Hi...  .".si;;  Ki.i.ior.  pi.  '.\:  Cooi-.,  \1.     .     .     imhinatis. 

liliifl,--rri  still    'riliiiDii.ti.      >\/x'  of  tin-   last,  iir   lallici'   less;  siinilai'  to   the 


\> 


•>/r.- 


Klil.  'Jl.     Tiifliil    TilniHiM. 


Kli.    'JJ.     I'laiii 'Hi(in.pn-i>.  Kli,.*l.    Illarkrrotril  Titmxuiir.  Ilii.JI.     liu.ll.  il 'lilu n'. 

(irsi  ill  color,  Iml    forcli.  ail   wliilisli.  ami  wiiole   crest    Mack.      N'allcy  of  tin; 

JJii) '.  irande.     Cass.,  p.  l.'l.  pi.  ;!;  Uk.,  .'iS.', ;  Cnoi-.,  K'..        a  i  niriasrA'n  s. 

liriilhd    'J'lfiiiniisr.      f  )livac(>ous-:isli ;     lielow    .-oilcil    wliiti.-li;     cliiii    and 


N 


.  ><J 


\il 


".\uir>.r.,  TiTMifi;  on  ciikk  \i»kkm. — rii;\.   l.'l,   II. 


H\ 


lllick  ■■.•i|ii.i' I  I  111.  kii.li'i'; 
iitMih  iiiitiM  ill  ^i/i' 


throat  piiro  hl.ick  ;  siilcs  ..f  IicmI  anil  m-cU  wliili-,  .•oimiioiily  HlriptMl  willi 
It'ack  ill  two  or  llirco  pliiccx  ;  nc-il  liUc  l»ai-U,  marj.'iiit(|  willi  Mack  ;  smallest ; 
rt-rtf;  wini:  and  (ail  almnt  lM  ;  i/mm;/  uilli  (lie 
lilack  lirad-inarUinirH  dlisciiii'.  N'fW  Mi'xii'o, 
Arizona,  and  soiilliward.  Cass.,  III.,  I'.l  ;  \\\>., 
;{H(1 ;  Conr.,  i;( \vui.i.\M:ni:i!i. 

i:«.    OonuH  PAIIUS  LinnwiiH. 

•  Ci'dwii  :iiii|  ii.i|M',  Willi  rliiii  Miiil  lliid.'it,  lilaiN, 
scparali'ii  liy  ashy  or  whitish;  aliovr  liniwnish 'or 
jfravish  ash,on('ii  with  laini  nliviicfoiis  liiii^c;  lu'luw 
whitish  or  nisty  or  liruwni^li  siiMiiccl  oti  sich's  ;  winjis 
anil  tail  iilaiii,  iiiurc  <ir  li'ss  whilish-i'il^'cil. 

t  No  while  siiiii'i('iliai\   liiii'. 

'/'i/iiioitsr,  !  (irh-nijijii  il  (!li!rhitiln\  Ai'ii'mji' 
iliiiinifiiiiiis:  —  li('ii;.'lli  ."»i\  ;  cxtciil  f^\ '.  wiiij,' ami 
tail,  t'acli,  L'A  ;  tarsus  7-l(t.  I^.i'lri'mrn:- 
Li'iiirtli  ■\'\-'\K  ;  cNlciil  7A-NA  ;  win;,'  and  tail 
*J;\--'H  ;  larsns  V]-'/.  Nortli  .\iiirrica.  ilvrry- 
wlicrc  alinndant.  Wii.s.,  i,  |;;7,  |il.  s,  f.  |  ;  Aid.,  ii,  1  K!.  pi.  l-'i!;  Ni  it., 
i,  •Jll:   Hi).,  .".'.Mt ATi:i<\ni.i.i  s. 

Var.  sKi'TKNTitioN  Ml-.  Ijiiiij-tiillril  ( 'hiiliinhf.  Avcratiiii^  hir^icr  ,  paler  lielow, 
aii'l  less  shailcd  on  sides;  wiiiLTs  and  tail  iniieli  ed^jnl  with  whitish;  tail  luiij;i'r 
eoiiipareil  with  the  \viii;,'s  (iieailv  or  i|iiiie  ."■).  Missouri  and  lioeUy  Mountain  ru- 
(.Mon.     Cass..  111.,  Ml.  pi.  I  I  ;    l!i...  ."..s'.i. 

Var.  I  Ai!oi,iM,N-is.  ( 'iiriiliini  '/'('hiinii.ii'.  Averaeinii  smaller  llian  /'.  nlfii-n- 
jiilhis;  win;;s  and  tail  less  ediied  with  whilisji,  l^asteni  Lnited  Sliites,  southerly. 
.\i  II.,  ii,  I.VJ.  pi.  I-JT;    III...  :'i'.i-J. 

N'ar.  o('i;iiii;NrAi.is.  IIV.s/c/'ii  Tilnimniv.  Si/e  ol'  the  first  ;  said  to  he  darker, 
with  lon;:er  tarsi.     I'aci He  Coast.     Itn.,  ;i;i|. 

ft  A  dislinel  whiti;  liin'  in  the  lila<'k  over  eyes  ,'iiid  across  fnrehead 

Miiini/'ii'ii  C'/ii(/:iiil(r.  Otherwise  exactly  like  /'.  nfrifiipilliis.  liocky 
Moimlains  to  I'acilic.      I>i). ,;!'.» 1  ;   Mi, i. tor,  pi.  2  ;  Cooi'.,  HI.    .      mi  ".NT  an  U.S. 

•*  liody  with  ehesliMil  brown;   chin  :iiid  throat   lirownish-lilael  . 

Ilitihoiiidii  ('/i.'(/,iiilci\  I'alc  olivc-lirown  :  crown  similar  Init  iirowiicr; 
licdow  (III  sides,  :iiiil  iteliiiid,  p.dc  clicstmit.  .Mimit  .") ;  wiiii;  'Jfi,  tail  2n. 
Ilritisli  Amciic.i  into  .\nitliein  States  (Alaska,  Ihill).  Aid.,  ii,  I. '>.">,  pi. 
I  2.'1  ;   l>i>.,  .'11'.").      \';ir.  IlllnfuHx  is  des(. rilicd  iVoiii  Nov.a  Scotia,     in  dsoniis. 

(Jhrsliint-liiirhi il  Cliirkiub <■.  ('rown,  nape  and  throat  alike  in  color,  sooty 
lirown  ;  li.ack  .iiid  sides  cliestnnl.  I'lider  .'')  ;  winir  -h>  t^dl  less.  I'acilic 
coast.      .\i  I).,  ii,  l.'i.s.  pi,   iL'it;   Hi),,  .".'.I  I  ;  Coi)f.,17.    .      .      .      i!i  |.'i;sci;x,s. 


14.    GonuB  rSALTRIPARUS  Donnpnrto. 

Dwarfs  ainon^  pvjiiiiies  I     .'t^- l|   luiij;  ;  winu  u'  or  less,  tail  •_' or  more  ;  asliy  or 
Ki'.v  lo  N.  \.  mints.     II 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


V 


// 


"i"     A    ^ 


<? 


f/. 


1.0 


M 


11111^= 

iir  iiM 


IIM 

120 

1.8 


11.25  11.4   IIIIII.6 


<? 


%/ 


^, 


/i 


o^^ 


/: 


7 


>^ 


J 


'//A 


HiotDgraphic 

Sdences 

Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  NY.  14580 

(716/  872-4503 


^  Mi. 


#3     "^         ////, 


% 


^ 


1 


82 


SITTID^E,    NUTHATCHES.  —  OEN.    15,    1(). 


olive  gray;  paler  (whitish,  etc.)  l)elow.  Botli  species  arc  western;  these  and 
Aurijiiinis  Jlai'iri'iits  build  the  curious  pensile  nests  aliovc  mentioned. 

Least  TihuodKc.  Crown  dark  hrown,  ui.liko  l)ack.  Pacific  coast  to 
Sierra  Nevada.     Ald.,  ii,  IGU,  pi.  L'50 ;  Bd.,  3117  ;  Coop.,  48.   .     minimus. 

Lciidcn  'rihiiouse.  Crown  like  i)ack.  Iris  brown  or  yellow.  Arizona. 
BD.,3t>8;  Cooi'.,  49 tlumbkus. 

15.    Gomis  AURIPARUS  Baird. 

YeUo7c-/icaded  Tifnuinse.  Ashy  ;  paler  below  ;  head  all  yellow  (this  color 
wanlinir  in  the  younij)  ;  i)cnd  of  wing  chcstnnt ;  Ah  ;  wing  ami  tail  about  2^. 
Texas,  New  Mexico,  Arizona,  Sonth  and  Lower  California.  Bd.,  400,  aad 
Key.,  8,5;  Coop.,  i")!. flaviceps. 


f. 

i 


i 


"'     Family  SITTID.ffiI.    Nuthatches. 

These  birds  diffei;  in  so  many  respects  from  either  Ccrt'iiida'  or  Parhkv,^y\i[l  both 
of  which  they  have  been  associated,  tiiat  I  shall  give  them  independent  family  rank. 
CnAKs.  —  I5ill  sul)cylindrical,  tapering,  compressed,  slender,  acute,  nearly  or  about 
as  long  as  the  head,  culnien  and  commissure  al)out  straijiht,  gonys  long,  convex, 
ascending  (giving  a  .-ort  of  recurved  look  to  a  really  straight  bill).  Nostrils 
rounded,  concealed  by  bristly  tufts.  "Wings  long,  pointed,  with  10  primaries,  the 
1st  wny  short  or  spurious  ;  tail  much  shorter  than  wings,  broad,  soft,  nearly  even  ; 
tarsus  shorter  than  the  middle  toe  and  claw,  scntellate  in  front ;  toes  all  long, 
with  large,  nnich  curved,  compressed  claws;  1st  toe  and  claw  about  e([ual  to  the 
3d;  2d  and  Ith  toes,  very  inieiiual  in  length:  plumage  compact;  body  flattened  ; 
tongue  horny,  acute,  barbed.  Nuthatches  are  amongst  the  most  nimble  anil  adroit 
of  creepers  ;  they  scramble  about  and  hang  in  every  conceivable  attitude,  head 
downwards  as  often  as  otherwise.  This  is  done,  too,  without  anj'  help  from  the 
tail  —  the  whole  tarsus  being  often  applied  to  the  support.  They  are  chielly  insec- 
tivorous, but  feed  also  on  hard  fruits  ;  and  get  their  Kuglish  name  from  their  habit 
of  sticking  nuts  and  seeds  in  cracks  in  bark,  and  hannnering  away  with  the  bill  till 
they  break  the  shell.  They  are  very  active  and  restless  little  birds,  quite  sociable, 
often  going  in  troops,  which  keep  np  a  continuous  noise ;  lay  4-C  white,  spotted 
eggs,  in  hollows  of  trees.  The  family  is  a  small  one,  of  less  than  thirty  species, 
among  them  a  single  remarkable  IMadagascan  form' II>i2^hcrpcs,  a  genus  peculiar 
to  Australia  {Siftella),  and  another  confined  to  New  Zealand  {Aatntlu'sitta)  :  but 
it  is  chiefly  represented  by  the  genus  Siltn,  with  12  or  14  .species,  8  or  9  of  Europe 
and  Asia,  and  the  following  of  our  country  :  — 

16.  Gfonus  SITTA  Linnaeus. 
*  White  below,  flanks  and  ui  der  tail  coverts  washed  with  rusty  brown;  ashy- 
blue  above,  niiildle  tail  feathers  the  same,  other 
tail  feathers  bl.ack,  spotted  with  white ;  croioi 
and  nape  gloss;/  black,  u-ithoul  .itn'pes;  wings 
varied  with  black,  white  and  the  color  of  the 
back.     Large;  .">4-tJ ;  wing  ;U,  tail  2. 

Fii,.  211.  whiic-iiciii.ii  Niiniauh;  iiat.  Bizii.  ^i.'  MltHe-hclUed  JVul/ia/c/i.     As  above;    bill 
over  1. 5-100  deep  at  base.     In  the   young  and  many    9 's,  black  of  head 


T 


SITTID.i;,    NUTHATCHES.       CEUTIinD.i;,    CREEPERS. GEN.    1(5. 


83 


\. 


restricted  to  nape,  or  .altogether  ahscnt. 
Plains.  WiLS.,  1,  p.  40;  NuTT.,  i,  581 
374 


E.isterii   United   States   to   the 
AuD.,  iv,  175,  pi.  247;   IjD., 

CAROLIXEXSIS. 


Var.  ACULEATA.  Slender-billed  Nuthatch.  Exactly  like  the  last,  except  slen- 
derer bill ;  not  over  1.5-100  deep  .at  base.     Plains  to  P.acific.     Bn.,  375  ;  Coor.,  51. 

**  Kusty  brown  belon-,  nearly  uniform ;  back  bluer  than  in  the  last,  head  K\'th 
white  stripca,  crown  black  or  like  back ;  tail  as  in  the  last ;  wings  plain ;  medium 
in  size  ;  44^  to  nearly  5  ;  wing  2'j,  tail  H. 

lied-beUled  J^ntliatch.  $  with  crown  glossy  black,  bordered  by  white 
stripes  meeting  across  Ibrehead,  below  these  a  black  bar  through  eye  to 
hind  nape,  below  this,  and  tlio  chin,  Avhitc.  9  with  crown  like  back,  and  the 
lateral  black  st»'ipe  merely  dusky  ;  young  with  no 
black  on  the  crown  and  lateral  stripes  obscure. 
North  America,  but  rather  northerly.  Wils.,  i, 
40,  pi.  2  ;  XuTT.,  i,  583  ;  Aud.,  iv,  179,  pi.  248  ; 

i  ■\,  r"'! CANADENSIS. 

'**  I'ale   rustj^   or   brownish   white   below ;   wings, 
tail  and  back,  much  as  in    the  last ;  crown   and   ncipn 
lro2cn  to  bolow  eyes,  the  lower  border  darker  ;  head  without  white  stripes, 
est;  4,  or  I'^ss,  long;  wing  2^,  tail  IJ. 

Brown-headed  N'utliatdi.  Crown  clear  hair-brown;  .a  distinct  little 
whitish  spot  on  nape ;  middle  tail  leathers  like  back,  with  no  black,  and 
little  or  no  white  at  base.  Soutii  Atlantic  States,  strictly.  WiLS.,  ii,  105, 
pi.  15;  XuTT.,  i,  584;  Aud.,  ii,  181,  pi.  249;  Bd.,  377,       .     .     tusilla. 

Pi/r/mi/  Nuthatch.  Crown  dull  olive  brown,  its  lateral  borders  blackish: 
the  nuchal  whitish  spot  wanting  or  obscure ;  middle  tail  feathers  white  at 
base,  and  there  black-edged  on  outer  web.  This  species  is  apt  to  be  quite 
brownish  underneath,  instead  of  merely  muddy  white,  as  in  the  last;  but 
both  vary  much  in  this  respect.  Kocky  ^Mountains  to  Pacific,  United  States. 
Aud.,  iv,  184,  pi.  250 ;  Bd.,  378  ;  Coor.,  55 pygm^a. 


Fig.  27.    HciMicllieil  Niitliatcli; 
iKitiiral    si/c. 

Small- 


G 


Family  CERTHIID.3S.    Creepers. 


A  very  small,  well-marked  group,  of  .about  a  dozen  species,  and  four  or  five 
genera,  which  fall  in  two  sections,  commonly  called  subfamilies ;  one  of  these, 
Tichodromimr,  is  represented  by  the  well  known  European  Creeper,  T.  muraria,  and 
several,  chioll}-  Austr.alian,  species  of  the  genus  Climacteris;  while  the  genus  Cer- 
thcd,  with  live  or  six  species  or  varieties,  and  one  or  two  .allied  genera  (all  but  one 
Old  AV^orld)  constitutes  the 

Suhfamihj  CERTHIINurE.     Typical  Creepers. 

Our  species  ra.ay  be  known  on  sight,  among  North  American  Oscines,  by  its 
rigid,  a:uminatc  tail-fc.athcrs,  like  a  woodpecker's.  Besides:  —  bill  about  equal  to 
head,  extremely  slender,  sharp  and  docurvcd  ;  nostrils  exposed  ;  t.arsus  shorter 
thjiii  3d  toe  .and  cl.aw,  which  is  connate  for  the  whole  of  the  1st  joint,  with  both 
2d  and  4th  too;  1st  toe  sliorter  than  its  claw;  el.aws  all  much  curved  and  very 
sharp  ;  t.arsus  scutellate  ;  wings  10-primaried,  1st  very  short,  not  one-half  the  2d, 


f 

I 


84 


TiiOGLOinTin.1;,  avuexs.  —  gen.  17, 


wliic-li  is  k'ss  tliaii  tlio  Inl;  \hhuI  of  \viiig  fonncd  l)v  IJd,  4tli  and  5th  quills;  tail 
rounded,  eiiual  to  or  lonu't'i'  tiiau  wing,  llestlcss,  active  little  forest  birds  that 
make  a  liviiiLC  liy  iiitUin;j;  lni;a-.s  out  ol'  cracks  in  hark.  In  scrambling  about,  they 
use  the  tail  as  \vuoil|n'ckoi's  do,  and  ni'vor  hany;  head  downwards,  like  the  nut- 

liatchcs.     Lay  numerous  cjrgs  in  knotholes  ; 
fljM       not  migratory  ;  no  song  ;  slight  seasonal  or 
'^  'N^'^^H^fc^'^fefc.  'y  sexual  changes  of  plumage. 

17.    Genus  CERTHIA  Linnaeus. 

Jhvicn  Creejicr.  Plumage  above  sin- 
ularly  I)arn'(l  with  dusk}',  whitish, 
Kio.as.  ii,„wncr..eper;nat.Mzc.  (awny  or  fulvous  browii,  aiid  bright 
l,n)\vii — latter  chiefly  on  the  rump;  below,  white,  either  pm-e  or  soiled, 
and  generally  slightly  brownish-washed  behind;  wings  diislcy,  oddly  varied 
with  lawny  or  whitish  bars  and  spots;  tail  plain;  about  5A  ;  wing  and  tail 
!d)out  2:|.  North  America.  Wils.,  i,  122,  pi.  8;  Xutt.  ;  Aui).,  ii,  109, 
pi.  11j;  Bi).,  372 familiakis. 


Family  TROGLODYTID^.    Wrens. 

Embracing  a  number  of  forms  assembled  in  considerable  variety,  and  difficult  to 
limit  with  precision.  Closely  related  to  the  last  two  or  three  families  ;  known  from 
these  by  non-.icuminate  tail  A'athcrs  and  exposed  nostrils.  Very  intimately  re- 
sembling, in  particular,  the  mocking  grouj)  of  thrushes — those  with  scutellatc  tarsi 
and  not  strictly  spurious  fu-sl  [jrimary  ;  but  all  our  wrens  are  smaller  than  any  of  the 
MhniiKV,  and  otliurwise  distinguished  by  less  deeply  cleft  toes,  as  stated  on  p.  73  ; 
"  tlie  inner  toe  is  united  by  half  its  basal  joint  to  the  middle  toe,  sometimes  by 
the  whole  of  this  joint ;  and  the  second  joint  of  the  outer  toe  enters  wholly  or 
partially  into  this  union,  instead  of  the  basal  only."  Nostrils  narrowly  or  broadly 
oval,  exposed,  overhung  by  a  scale  resembling  that  of  the  Gallincc;  bill  rather  or 
very  slender,  straight  or  slightly  decurvcd,  from  half  as  long  to  about  as  long  as 
the  head,  unnotched  in  all  our  genera;  no  evident  rictal  bristles:  wings  short, 
more  or  less  rounded,  primaries  10,  the  1st  short,  but  not  strictly  spurious;  tail 
variable  in  length,  nnich  or  little  rounded  :  tarsus  scutellatc,  hind  toe  very  long. 

Excluding  certain  Old  AVorld  forms  sometimes  placed  with  the  Wrens,  but  prob- 
ably better  assigned  elsewhere  ;  and  excepting  the  European  wren  and  its  con- 
geners, tlie  I'roijloih/tiilff  arc  confined  to  America.  If  thus  restrietetl,  the  family  is 
susceptible  of  more  exact  limitation,  as  shown  by  IJaird  in  his  eliiboratc  'Review' 
(p.  !)1).  There  are  about  a  hundred  recognized  species  or  varieties,  usually  referred 
to  about  sixteen  genera  or  subgenera ;  most  of  these  belong  to  tropical  America, 
where  the  family  reaches  its  maximum  development ;  for  instance,  over  twenty 
species  of  Cumpi/lorIi;iiii:liHf!  alone  are  described.  Of  the  North  American  forms, 
genera  18,  H)  and  20  are  confined  to  the  West,  and  represent  a  section  distin- 
guished bj'  the  breadth  of  the  individual  tail  feathers,  which  widen  noticeably 
towards  the  tip.  fipccies  of  all  our  other  genera  are  common  and  familiar  eastern 
birds,  much  alike  in  disposition,  manners  and  habits  ;  the  house  wren  may  be  taken 
to  typify  these.  They  are  sprightly,  fearless  and  impudent  little  creatures,  apt  to 
show  bad  temper  when  they  fancy  themselves  aggrieved  by  cats  or  people,  or  any- 


t 


TKOClLODYTII>iE,    AVRENS. — GEN.    18,    I'J,    20. 


85 


i 


thing  else  that  is  big  or  unpleasant  to  them  ;  llicy  quarrel  a  good  deal,  and  are 
particularl}'  spiteful  towards  martins  and  swallows,  whose  homes  they  ol'ten  invade 
and  occupy.  Their  song  is  bright  and  hearty,  and  tliej'  are  fond  of  their  own 
music;  when  disturbed  at  it,  tliey  make  a  great  ado  witii  noisy  scolding.  Part  of 
them  live  in  reedy  swamps  and  marslies,  wliere  they  liang  astonishingl}'  big  globular 
nests,  -with  a  little  hole  in  one  side,  on  tufts  of  rushes,  and  lay  six  or  eiglit  dark 
colored  eggs ;  the  others  nest  anywhere,  in  shrubbery',  knotlioles,  hollow  stumps 
and  other  odd  nooks.  Nearly  all  are  migratory  ;  one  is  stationary  ;  one  comes  to 
us  in  fall  from  the  north,  the  rest  in  spring  from  the  south.  Insectivorous,  and 
very  prolific,  laying  several  sets  of  eggs  each  season.  Plainly  colored,  the  browns 
being  the  usual  colors  ;  no  red,  blue,  yellow  or  green  in  any  of  our  species. 

18.    Genus  CAMPYLORHYNCHUS  Spix. 

Broivn-headed  Creeper  Wren.  Browu,  conspicuously  whitc-strcakcd, 
crown  brown,  plain;  holow  whitish  becoming  pule  brownish  behind,  with 
many  very  distinct  round  Ijlack  s^jots,  largest  and  closest  on  throat  and 
breast;  tail  feathers  black,  only  the  outer  and  central  pair  with  more  than 
one  wiiite  bar  on  the  inner  web.  Largest  of  all,  8  ;  wing  and  tail  about  3.J. 
South-western  United  States,  and  southward.  Cass.,  III.,  15(5,  pi.  25; 
Bi).,  355  ;  Cooi'.,  fil brunneicapillus. 

Allied  Ci'eeper  Wren.  Similar;  smaller;  fewer  and  smaller  black  spots 
on  breast ;  tail  feathers  all  with  white  bars  or  spots  on  both  webs.  Cape 
St.  Lucas,  Xantus,  Proc.  Acad.  Philada.,  1859,  p.  298;  Elliot,  pi.  3; 
Bd.,  Rev.  100  ;  Cooi'.,  62.     A  variety  of  the  last?        ....     aefinis. 

19.    Qonus  SALPINCTES   Cabanis. 

Jioc/c  Wren.  Brownish-gray,  often  obsolctely  waved  with  lighter  and 
darker  shades,  becoming  cinnamon  or  fulvous-brown  on  rump,  cver3'where 
speckled  Avith  black  and  white  dots ;  below  whitish,  throat  and  breast 
obscurely  streaked  with  dusky ;  belly  and  sides  fulvoiis-brown-tinted,  under 
tail  coverts  blackish-barred ;  Avings  dusky,  obscurely  waved  with  paler, 
chieHy  on  outer  webs ;  middle  tail  feathers  barred  like  wings,  others  with 
broad  subterminal  black  bar  and  fulvous  tip ;  outer  feather  often  with 
several  such  markings.  5J-t) ;  wings  2^,  tail  2J  ;  all  the  markings  are 
obscure  and  blended ;  the  brown  has  often  a  slight  pinkish  shade.  Central 
and  Kocky  ^Mountain  region  of  the  United  States  into  ]\Iexico.  (2Ii/io(hera 
obsoleta,  Boxai'.,  Am.  Orn.,  i,  G,  pi.  1,  f.  2.)  Nutt.,  i,  435;  Auo.,  ii, 
113,  pi.  116;  Bu.,  357;  Coop.,  65, obsoleta. 

20.    Genus  CATHERPES  Baird. 

Mexican  or  White-Uiroated  M^ren.  Brown,  grayer  towards  and  on  head, 
becoming  rich  ferruginous  or  brownish-red  behind,  both  above  and  below  ; 
chin  and  throat  pure  white ;  back  and  crown  finely  speckled  with  black 
and  white  dots  ;  wings  dusky,  waved  with  brown  ;  tail  rich  l)rown,  like  the 
rump  and  belly,  with  numerous  narrow  distinct  black  bars;  belly  waved 
or  speckled  with  dusky  and  whitish ;   bill   long  (|   or  more) ,  extremely 


VfiS 


80 


TnOfll.ODYTIO.F.,    WREXS. — fiEX.    21,    22. 


slender;  ."j-r)*  ;  winij  2.t,  tiiil  2^.     SoutlMvcstern  United  States  and  south- 
ward.    Cass.,  III.,  17;>,  pi.  ."0 ;  Bd.,  3')(i ;  Cooi'.,  GO.       .     .     mexicaxus. 

21.    Genus  THRYOTHORUS  Vioillot. 
*  Tail  not  longer  tliiiii  wings,  !ill  its  fesitliors  retltli.sh-brown  witli  nnincrons  fine 
Mack  liar.s. 

Cin-oliiui  Wtcn.     Clear  reddisli-l)ro\vn.  slightly  grayer  on  head,  l)rightest 
on  rinnp ;   below  tawny  of  varying  shade;   long  conspicuous   superciliary 

line  white  or  tawnv ;  Mings  edged 
with  color  of  hack,  and  dusky  waved  ; 
wing  coverts  usually  whitish  spotted  ; 
under  tail  coverts  usually  blackish 
barred;  sides  of  body  unmarked. 
ilA  to  nearly  (! ;  wings  2}(,  tail  rather 
-'i  less.  Eastern  United  States,  rather 
southern  ;  north  to  Connecticut,  and 
scarcely  or  not  migratory ;  winters 
,  at  AVasliington,  D.  C.  A  voluble 
';  J  songster.  Wils.,  ii,  (51,  pi.  12,  f. 
") ;  XuTT.,  1,  42!*;  Aui).,  ii,  110, 
pi.  117;  15d.,  oOl.  LUDOViciAXUS. 
Var.  iiKia.ANDir.ifi.  Borland icr's 
Wirii.  Similar;  rather  smaller;  bill 
larger  ;  darker,  especially  below  ;  sides 
(liisky-barrcd.  Near  Mexican  boundary. 
A  gcograijliical  race  of  tlie  last,  witii 
wliicli  it  is  perfectly  connected,  aceonling  to  Mr.  Allen,  by  intermediate  Floridan 
siiecimens.     Bo.,  3G2,  pi.  S3,  f.  1  ;  IJev.  124. 

**  Tail  longer  than  wings  ;  its  feathers  mostly  black. 

Jiewki-'s  Wren,  f  irayish-brown  ;  l)elow  ashy-white  ;  superciliary  line 
white ;  wings  dusky,  faintly  waved  ;  under  tail  coverts  dark-barred  ;  two 
middle  tail  feathers  like  back,  with  numerous  fine  black  bars,  others  black, 
several  of  the  lateral  with  M'hitc  or  gray  spots  or  tips.  f)i ;  extent  0^  ;  ' 
wings  little  or  not  over  2,  t;iil  2;j.  United  States,  southern  ;  in  Xew  ^le.xico 
and  Arizona,  whiter  below  (var.  leucof/aster)  ;  on  Pacific  coast,  grayer  above 
and  bill  longer  (var.  f^pihirnn).  Xutt.,  i,  434;  Aud.,  ii,  120,  pi.  ll-S; 
Bd.,  303;  Kev.  120;  Coor.,  09, bewicku. 

22.  Genus  TROGLODYTES  Vieillot. 
TTniise  Wren.  Brown,  brighter  behind;  below  rusty-brown,  or  grayish- 
brown,  or  even  grayish-white  ;  everywhere  waved  with  darker  shade,  very 
plainly  on  wings,  tail,  ilanks  and  under  tail  coverts;  breast  apt  to  be  darker 
than  either  throat  or  belly;  bill  less  than  head,  about  half  an  inch  long; 
wings  and  tail  nearly  ecpial,  about  U-2i;  total  length  from  4i-5J  (aver- 
age 4i).     Eastern  United  States,  very  abundant  anywhere.     WiLS.,  ii,  12tt, 


CiiniliiiM  With. 


T 

1 


TROGLODYTIDiE,    WRENS. — fiEX.    23,    9.L 


87 


pi.  8;  XuTT.,  i,  422;  Aun.,  ii,  125,  pi.  120;  Bd.,  IJiu.  Very  vaviiiblc  in 
precisic  tint,  distinctness  of  the  burring,  etc.  ;  old  sprinir  I)irds  are  apt  to  ho 
grayer  and  clearer  l)olo\v ;  joun'j  fall  specimens  are  nsnally  Ijrownor.  T. 
americaiius  Aun.,  as  I  have  said  (Proc.  Essex  Inst,  v,  18()7,  27S  ;  specimen 
in  niyeal)inet,  personally  identified  hy  Andnl)on  ;  see  also  Mavnaku,  Guide, 
p.  !>.")),  is  not  otherwise  dillerent,  and  I  shall  no\s'  drop  it.  .  .  .  ^edox. 
Vur.  iiarkiiKDini  Aid.  On  an  average,  grayer  and  paler.  AVestern  United 
States  (see  Colics,  I'ruc.  Acad.  I'liil.,  18GG,  p.  4:5).     J'.i>.,  oiJl ;  Cooc,  71. 


.] 


like 


23.    Gonus  ANORTHURA  Rennio. 

Winfev  Wren.  Deep  brown,  darkest  on  head,  brightest  on  rump  and 
tail,  obscurely  waved  witii  dusky  and  sometimes  Mith  whitish  also  ;  tail 
rump ;  wings  dusky,  edged  with 
color  of  back,  and  dark  barred ; 
several  outer  primaries  also  whitish 
barred  ;  a  superciliary  line,  and  ob- 
scure streaks  on  sides  of  hciid  and 
neck,  M'hitish  ;  below  pale  brown  : 
belh',  llaidvs  and  under  tail  coverts 
strongly  barred  with  dusky  and 
whitish.     Only  4-1^  long;   extent 

().i-(JA  ;    wing  2  or  /e.v.s',  tail   \k  or  ri<;..;ii.   wimoiWicn. 

/e.s'.s — so  short  that  the  outstretched  feet  reach  beyond  it.  Tarsus  and 
middle  toe  and  claw  together  al)out  IJ  ;  I)ill  „.  Xortli  America;  L'nited 
States  in  winter.  S'/Ivid  /ii/emalif,  AViLS.,  i,  Hi!',  pi.  8,  f.  (i ;  7Vo'/. 
hi/etnaUs,  Aui).,  ii,  128,  pi.  121;  Hi).,  3i!!) ;  Tiwj.  euyo^uvux,  Nrrr.,  i, 
427.     Var.  7)rtc'///c«s  is  dcseril)ed ;  Bn.,  llev.  14").     .     .      .     tuoolodvtks. 

Ahi.iJcan  Wren.  "Form  like  that  of  tiie  Avinter  wren  ;"  size  and  colors 
nearly  the  same;  darker;  l)ill  larger;  culmen,  gape  and  gonys  almost  per- 
fectly straight  —  latter  slightly  ascending.  St.  George's  Island,  Bering's 
Sea.  One  specimen  known.  A  variety  of  the  last?  Bn.,  Trans.  Chic. 
Acad.,  18011,  31j,  pi.  30,  f .  3 alascexsis. 


24.    Genus  TELMATODYTES  Cabanis. 

lionff-hiUed  Marxli  Wren.  Above  clear  brown,  unbarred  back  with  a 
black  patch  containing  distinct  white  streaks,  crown  brownish-black,  super- 
ciliary lino  to  nape  white :  wings  not  noticeably  barred,  but  outer  webs  of 
inner  secondaries  blackish  ;  tail  In'own,  dusky  barred  ; 
below  dull  white,  often  quite  pure,  the  sides  alone 
brownish-washed,  and  inidcr  tail  coverts  somewhat 
barred.  4?-") J  long;  wing  al)()ut  2,  tail  less,  tarsus 
;J-J  ;  bill  ^  or  more,  barely  cm-ved.  North  America  ; 
particularly  reedy  swamps  and  marshes  of  United 
States,  al)undant.  Wils.,  ii,  58,  pi.  12,  f.  4;  Xutt.,  i,  43!);  Aud.,  ii, 
135,  pi.  123;  Bu.,  304;  var.^y'^/«(?/c'o/(^  Bd.,  Rev.  148.     .     .     fALUSTUis. 


I'lii.UI.    I,nii;;-bill('cl  Miirsli 
Wren;  iiat.  .-izc. 


M^^^^^^^^^^^H  ^ 


88 


Ai.Armn.T,,  LAnics. — oe\.  25. 


i  1 


25.  Qonus  CISTOTHORUS  Cabanis, 
Shorl-hiUod  Marsh  ]\'rcn.  Dnvk  brown  above,  crown  and  niitlcllo  of 
back  l)lackisli,  nearly  cceri/wherc  iminpinHOUsl)/  tilreaked  irtfh  ic/iite;  below 
bully  wiiite,  shading  into  palo  brown  on  sides  and  behind;  wings  and  tail 
barred  with  blackish  and  light  brown  ;  Hanks  barred  with  dusky  ;  throat  and 
middle  of  l)elly  whitish:  lA  ;  wing  ;mkI  tail  al)out  1:J  ;  bill  not  A  long  and 
very  slender ;  tarsus  and  middle  toe  and  claw  together  about  1  J.  Eastern 
United  Slates,  in  reedy  swamps  and  marshes,  not  common.  Troijlodi/len 
h re ri rosin's.     NuTT.,  i,  431;  Aui).,  ii,  138,  pi.  12-1;   \\d.,  3i!5.    stkllauis. 

"^  Family  ALAUDID^.    Larks. 

A  ratlier  small  pcroup,  well  lU'linccl  1)3'  the  eliaractcr  of  the  feet,  in  adaptation  to 
terrestrial  lU'e.  The  siilicyliiulrical  tarsi  are  scutoUatc  and  blunt  bcliind  as  in  front, 
with  a  (lecii  iiroove  aloiin'  the  inner  side,  and  a  slight  one,  or  none,  on  tlu;  outer 
face.  Other  cliaraeters  (sliared,  however,  with  some  ^rnldcHlidd'')  are  the  very  long, 
straiji'Iit,  hind  elaw,  wiiich  eiiuals  or  exceeds  its  dii;it  in  length;  the  long,  pointed 
wings,  with  the  1st  primary  spiu'ii^us  or  wanting,  and  the;  inner  secondaries  ("terti- 
aries")  loiigthened  and  llowing.  Tlie  nostrils  are  usually  concealetl  by  dense  tufts 
of  antrorse  feathers.  The  shape  of  the  hill  is  not  diagnostic,  being  sometimes 
short,  stout  and  conic,  much  as  in  some  /V//*;/////'/"',  while  in  other  genera  it  is 
slenderer,  and  more  like  that  of  insectivorous  I'asscres.  The  family  is  composed, 
nominally,  of  a  hundred  sijccies  ;  with  the  exception  of  one  genus  and  two  or  three 
species  or  varieties,  it  is  confined  to  the  Old  World.  Its  systematic  position  is 
open  to  question  ;  Lilljeborg  removes  it  from  (hcinns  altogether,  probably  on 
accoinit  of  the  peculiarities  of  the  podotheca  ;  authors  geneially  place  it  near  the 
FriiiijiUiihv.  ])iM'haps  from  the  resemblance  of  the  bill  of  some  species  to  that  of  the 
linches  ;  but  it  has  many  relationshijis  with  the  MotwlUi(J<i\  and  in  the  arrangement 
of  this  work  I  lind  no  better  place  for  it  than  here,  though  it  has  no  si)ecial  adinitj' 
with  the  preceding  family.  ^Moreover,  the  fact  that  it  has  iudilferently  nine  or  ten 
primaries  may  indicate  a  natural  position  between  the  sets  of  families  in  which 
number  of  in-imaries  is  among  the  diagnostic  features.  According  to  shape  of  bill, 
structure  of  nostrils,  and  number  of  primaries,  the  family  may  be  divided  into  two 
subfamilies,  the  AlutuUno',  typified  by  the  celebrated  skylark  of  Europe,  and  the 

Suhfamib/  CALANDRITINJE, 

Represented  in  America  by  the  single  genus  EromojTiliilKi  of  which  there  are 
nominally  ten,  really  four  or  live,  species.  The  birds  of  this  genus  have  the  bill  com- 
pressed-conoid, shorter  than  the  head,  the  nostrils  densely  feathered,  and  appar- 
ently only  nine  primaries  (though  1  suspect  that  a  rudimentary  1st  primary  exists 
in  the  condition  mentioned  imder  AmpcJi's  aiul  Virci)  ;  the  point  of  the  wing 
fornu^d  liy  the  first  three  primaries;  the  tail  of  medium  lengtii  and  nearlj'  square; 
and  a  peculiar  little  tuft  of  lengthened  feathers  over  each  ear,  like  the  "horns"  of 
certain  owls.  Tiiey  fretiuent  open  places,  are  strictly  terrestrial  in  habits,  and 
never  hop  when  on  the  ground,  like  most  I'asseres ;  they  are  migratory  in  most 
localities,  and  gregarious,  except  when  breeding ;  nest  on  the  ground,  and  lay  -i-h 
speckleil  eggs  ;  sing  sweetly  in  the  spring  lime. 


■^ 


^ 


I 


MOTACILLID.K,    WAOTAII.S.  —  (li:\. 


■2C,. 


Hit 


28.    Gonus  EREMOPHILA  Boie. 

Horned  Lurk.  /Shore  Lurk.  In  spring:  —  I'inkisli-browii,  brightest  on 
rnnip,  nii[)(!  and  wing  oovorts,  thicUy  strciikcd  willi  dnsky  ;  In-low,  wliito, 
I)reiist  and  sides  shaded  with  tiu)  color  of  the  l)aek,  ciiin,  tliroat  and  super- 
ciliary lino  pale  yellow,  or  yellowish-white  ;  a  pcctiu'al  crescent  and  curved 
stripe  under  the  eye,  black ;  tail 
black,  outer  feathers  white-edged 
and  middle  ones  like  the  back. 
Tints  extremely  variable;  young 
birds,  and  fall  and  winter  .specimens 
of  the  Atlantic  States  are  plain 
graj'ish-iirown,  streaked  witii  darker, 
below  soiled  whitish,  and  MJth  the 
black  markings  of  the  head  and 
breast  obscure  or  wanting,  though 
the  3'ellow  is  usually  bright — even 
more  so  than  in  spring.  Length  7-7i,  wing  4;^,  tail  2!J-3,  tarsus  2,  hind 
claw  A-g,  very  slender  and  sharp.  North  America;  in  the  cast  retires  in 
spring  Ijcyond  the  United  States,  but  in  the  west  bnieds  on  the  plains  imich 
further  south.  Wils.,  i,  85,  pi.  5,  f.  4  ;  Nurr.,  i,  455;  Auu.,  iii,  44,  pi. 
151;  Bd.<  403 alpestims. 

Var.  cnuYsoL.KMA.  A  rather  smaller,  brighter  colored  race,  occurring  in  south- 
western United  States  and  ^Mexico.  It  looks  quite  dillereiit  at  fust  sight,  Imt  is 
not  distinguishable  as  a  species  by  any  defniite  or  constant  cliaractors.  Aldiuhi 
riifii  Ari).,  vii,  3.J3,  pi.  497;  Bu.,  40:?.  The  foregoing,  with  E.  pervijrina,  a  Soutii 
American  species  or  variety,  are  tlic  onl}'  American  AI((i«Uda\ 


Fiu.  3J.    Horned  Lark. 


s 


Family  MOTACILLIDiE.    Wagtails. 


liill  siiorler  than  tlie  head,  verj'  slender,  straigjit,  acute,  notcliod  at  tip.  Rictus 
not  evidently  bristled,  rriniaries  nine,  of  which  tiic  1st  is  about  as  long  as  tiie  2d, 
and  the  fn-st  three,  four  or  five,  form  the  point ;  inner  secondaries  enlarged,  tiie 
longest  one  nearly,  or  quite,  eciualling  the  primaries  in  the  closed  wing.  Tail 
lengthened,  generally  about  0(iualling  the  wing.  Feet  large  ;  tarsus  scutellate, 
longer  than  the  middle  toe  and  claw ;  iinier  toe  cleft  to  the  ver^-  base,  but  basal 
joint  of  outer  toe  soldered  with  the  middle  one ;  hind  toe  usually  bearing  a  long 
and  little  curved  claw.  A  pretty  well  defnied  group  of  one  hundred,  chielly  GUI 
World,  species,  which  may  be  tertiied  terrestrial  Sylvias,  all  living  mostly  on  the 
ground,  where  they  run  with  facility,  never  hopping  like  most  Oseincs.  They  are 
usually  gregarious ;  are  insectivorous  and  migrator3'.  They  have  gained  their 
name  from  the  characteristic  hahit  of  moving  the  tail  with  a  peculiar  see-saw 
motion,  as  if  they  were  using  it  to  balance  themselves  upon  unsteady  footing. 
They  maj-  be  distinguished  from  all  the  foregoing  birds,  e.Kcept  Ahtudida;,  by 
having  only  nine  primaries  ;  and  from  all  the  following  birds  bj'  having  long  flow- 
ing inner  secondaries;  and  from  Aktudida',  with  which  they  agree  in  this  respect, 
as  well  as  in  usually  having  a  lengthened,  straightish  hind  claw,  by  having  the 
tarsal  envelope  as  in  Oseincs  generally,  slender  bill  and  exposed  nostrils.     Two 

KET  TO   N.    A.    lUUnS.       12 


1 


n^"^^i 


11  i 


' 


i 


90 


»iotacilmi)-t;,  ava(itaii,s. — (jen.  27,  2S. 


Hiiliriiinilii.'s  iu'c  pcnciiilly  icc'ojrni/.cd,  tlu)iijj;li  the  (listiiictidiis  mo  scarculy  more  than 

gCllL'lic, 

SnbfnmHn  MOTACUJJX'E.      True  WiKjIaih. 

IJ('))r('soii)('(l  in  AniciicM  liy  si  sintrlf  spirios  ;  in  tiic  ()I<1  'Woriii  by  noiiriy  lirty 

species  or  varielies,  eliiclly  liiloii,uinji'  to  tlie  f^enus  Mntitrilhi  iind  its  siiliilivisions 

or  iniinediiite  allies,  of  which  lintJi/tcs  is  one.     In  ^futiwilla  itself,  the  hind  claw  is 

of  aliont   the  onlinar}'  lcnj;tli  an<l  enivatinc  ;  in  JSiidi/tcs,  the  hind  claw  is  h)n<?er 

^.^^^^  ami  nearly  straji^ht,  and  the  tail  is  ahont  as  lon^  as  the 

wini;',  the  jioint  of  wliich  is  foinied  hy  only  three  (jnills. 


P0^- 


X 


ri(i,  :i:i.    Vclliiw  WiiKliiil; 
n.'ilnnil  si/.c. 


27.  Qonus  BUDYTES  Cuvior. 
Yi'lJoic  ]\'(ii/t(i!l.  Grcciiisli-olivc,  bcltnv  yellow  ; 
(i'ouii  and  na|)('  asliy,  superciliary  line  uliito,  wiiifrs 
and  tail  hlacki-li,  wiiite-edgcd.  Lenutli  (> ;  wing 
and  tail  ahotit  ;5.  Alaska;  a  well  known,  widely 
spread  and  oxtrcinoly  variahlc  Old  AVorld  species,  unknown  in  Aiuericii 
until  tlio  recent  discoveiT  !)y  Dr.  J'annister  that  it  is  abundant  nt  St. 
iMichael's.  Dai.i,  and  IiANX.,  Ti'ans.  Chicago  Acad.,  18(!!),  277,  pi.  30, 
f.  2 TLAVA. 

Suhfidiiih/  AXTinX^E.  Tltlnrks. 
Consisting  of  the  single  genns  Aiilhiis,  of  which,  however,  there  arc  several  sub- 
divisions. In  typical  Antlms,  the  wing  is  longer  than  the  tail,  and  its  jioint  is 
fornieil  hy  the  four  outer  prinuiries,  the  oth  being  abrui)tly  shorter;  the  hind  claw 
is  nearly  straight,  an<l  nearly  or  quite  equals  its  digit  in  length.  Hero  belong  our 
species  ;  in  ceitaiu  South  Anierieau  forms  even  live  primaries  enter  into  the  tip  of 
the  wing  ;  in  sevei'al  Euroi)ean  subgeni'ra  oul}'  three  primaries  are  abruptly  longer 
than  the  succeeding  (uios.  Our  A)ifliii,s  is  strictly  congeneric  with  the  European 
^'1.  sjiiiKilrttu,  type  of  the  genus:  Xcnrori/s  only  dillers  in  having  the  feet  larger 
and  tail  shorter.  About  lifty  species  (among  them  six  or  eight  Central  and  South 
American  ones)  are  ascribed  to  Anlhiuo',  of  which  half  may  prove  genuine.  They 
are  terrestrial  and  more  or  less  gregarious  birds,  migratory  and  insectivorous. 

28.    Genus  ANTHUS  Bechstein. 
livown  Lark.      Titlark.       Wd'jfail.     J'tpi'f.     Dark  brown  Avifli  a  slight 
olive  shade,  and  most  of  tlic  i'eatlicrs  with  dusky  centres,  giving  u  slightly 
streaked  appearance;  eyelids,  superciliary  lino  and  all  the 
tnider  parts  pale  bully  or  ochrey  brown  (very  variable  in 
shade),  the  breast  and  sides  of  the  nock  and  body  thickly 
streaked  with  dusky ;  wings  and  tail  blackish,  inner  sec- 
ondaries palo-odgod,  and  one  or  more  outer  tail  feathers 
wholly  or  partly  white  ;   ().i-()|,  wing  '6\-U,  tail  2:f-3. 
North    America,    everywhere ;    an    abundant    and   avoU 
known  bird  of  lields  and  plains.     In  the  United  States, 
soon  chicHy  in  Hocks,  in  the  fall  and  winter:  broods  in 
high  latitudes,  and    in  the  Kooky  Mountains,  above  the 
timber  lino,  as  far  south  as  Park  county,  Colorado  (Allen)  ;  lays  4-6  very 
dark  colored  eggs  in  ti  mossy  nest  on  the  ground;   voice  querulous,  gait 


Fi<i.  :U.    Urown  L.tik ; 
natural  size. 


r 


f 


r 


T 


SYLVICOLIDiK,    WAItUMOUS. —  (!KN.   29. 


91 


tvoiniiloiH,  lli,!.'Iit  V!U;ill,itini;.      WiLs.,  v,  S'.t,  pi.  S'.t ;  Xirr.,  i,  4'jO  ;  Atrr)., 
iii,  40,  [)l.  110;  l\\)., '2:>-2 ludovicianus. 

20.    Qonus  NEOCORYS  Sclator. 

^lissniiri  Ski/hirk,  limwii,  tlio  lout Ihts  with  paK-r  ('(Itros  ;  below  mid  ii 
superciliuiy  liii<',  wiiitisli,  liio  liirast  sliiirply  spcckliul  with  cliisky  ;  wiii'jjs 
iiiul  tail  diislcy,  iiiiuT  sccondarios  palc-cdircd,  (tutcr  tail  IVathin-s  whito  ;  ')A  ; 
wiiii:;  ;},  tail  2h,  llcsiioii  of  tho  Upper  Missouri  and  Saskateliewaii,  ox- 
tfomely  rare;  said  to  reseinhlo  closely  the  Fiiiroi)eaii  skylark  in  hal)its. 
Auu.,  vii,  3;}5,  pi.  4H(; ;   \\\).,'2\V2 si'UAdUEi. 


^ 


Family  SYLVICOLID.aj.    American  Warblers. 


IVini.'U'ies,  nine  ;  inner  secondnrics  not-  cnhirj^ed,  nor  hind  toe  lcn;^lliened  ami 
Htraij^htened,  as  in  tlio  two  prceediMu;  I'aniilies  ;  liill  witlioiit  a  lobe  or  tootli  near  the 
middle  of  the  conimissuro,  as  in  Pi/rdiiijii,  nor  stronj^ly  tootlied  and  hooked  at  eml, 
as  in  Ciilhirid  and  IV/vo,  nor  <j;reat!y  llattened  with  <xt\\n'  reaeiiing  to  e^'es,  as  in 
IliriDiiliiiiild!,  nor  strictly  conical  witl\  aniiuiate(I  conwnissnre,  as  in  FrinijUltihv. 
Tho  family  presents  such  a  numlier  of  minor  modifications  of  form,  tliat  it  seeins 
impossilile  to  characterize  it,  except  negatively  ;  in  fact,  it  has  never  heeii  satis- 
factorily delined.  IJiit  doulitless  the  student  will  he  able  to  assure  himself  that  his 
specimen  is  a  sylvicoline,  by  its  not  showing  tho  peculiarities  of  our  other  ninc- 
priniaried  Oseincs. 

All  the  sylvicolas  are  smiill  birds  ;  excei)ting  Ictorin,  and  perhaps  a  species  of 
S('ii(rni>,  not  one  is  over  six  inches  loajf,  and  they  hardly  average  over  live.  With 
few  exceptions  they  are  t)eantifiilly  clothed  in  variegated  colors;  but  the  sexes  arc 
generally'  unlike,  and  the  changes  of  plumage,  with  age  and  season  of  the  year,  are 
usually  strongly  marked,  so  that  diti'ercnt  specimens  of  tho  same  species  may  bear 
to  each  other  but  little  resemblance  ;  this  of  course  renders  careful  discrimination 
necessary.  The  usual  shape  of  the  bill  may  l)e  called  conoid-elongate  (something 
like  a  slender  minie  bullet  in  miniature),  but  the  variations  in  precise  shape  arc 
endless.  Tlu;  rictus  is  usually  bristled  ;  the  bristles  sometimes  have  an  extraor- 
dinary development,  and  are  sometimes  wanting.  The  wings  arc  longia-  than  tho 
tail,  except  in  G('othl;ip(s,  Icteria,  and  one  or  two  exotic  genera ;  neither  tho  wing 
nor  tail  ever  [jresonts  striking  forms.  The  foot  have  no  special  peculiarities,  thongli 
they  f  how  some  slight  niodilications  corresponding  to  somewhat  terrestrial,  or  more 
strictly  arboricole,  habits.  Some  of  the  warblers  lias'o  the  habits  of  titmice  or 
wrens;  others  of  creepers  or  nuthatches;  the  iidinri  closel}-  resemble  tho  tit- 
larks in  some  respects,  and  have  even  been  placed  in  the  Jfohou'lllda' ;  while  the 
Si'tojihafihid'  simulate  the  Tymnnido;  (of  a  dilferent  suborder)  so  pert'cetly  that 
they  used  to  be  classed  with  the  true  tlycatchers.  The  warblers  grade  so  perfectly 
towards  the  tanagers  that  they  have  all  been  made  a  subfamily  of  Tannijrhhn 
(where  possibly  they  belong).  The  allinity  of  some  of  them  with  the  Caircbiike, 
or  honey-creepers  of  the  tropics,  is  so  close  that  the  dividing  line  has  not  been 
drawn.  The  position  of  Irtcrid  and  its  two  associate  exotic  genera,  Grdimti'l/ns 
and  Teretn'Mis,  iii  open  to  question;  perhaps  they  come  nearer  Virconidir.  It  is 
probaldo  that  final  critical  study  will  result  in  a  rcmaiiping  of  tho  whole  group  ; 
mcanwliile,  the  vciy  diversity  of  forms  included  in  it  enaldes  us  to  mark  olf  sec- 
tions with  ease. 


,.>M^^H 


U' 


SVI.VK'OMD.K,    \V.\1{MI,I'.IIS. (IKN.   '.W,  .'H  . 


As  nt  picsciit  ooiiHtiliitcd,  tlic  S)/lrif(,l!(l(i\  CDiiiiirisiiifi  iipwiirdn  of  a  hmiilrcd 
jicmiinc  species,  may  'n'  considered  to  i^'prcseiil,  in  Anieiicii  ti>  uliicli  liiey  inc 
(■iinlln('<l,  tlie  Si/lrilda-  (ir  tvpiciil  Old  World  warlilerH.  1  divide  tiieni  into  three 
snlil'aniilie.H,  nnilin;;  the  (irntlih/jiiiHr  of  JJaird  wilii  llic  true  !<iilric(illiitv.  'I'heir 
characlcrs,  mostly  hoiio\vi'(l  IVom  liaird's  excellent  analysis,  will  he  found  in  I'nil 
hiydiid  ;  here  they  may  lie  shortly  contnisted  :  — 

Si/lriciiliiii".  —  Win^H  lon^^er  than  tail  (except  in  (liothhiplx)  \  coinniissui'o 
Hli;;htly  cnr\('(l.  with  short  bristles  or  none. 

IrliriiiKV.  —  Winjfs  shorter  than  tail ;  coniniissin'c  nuich  curved,  uiihristlcd. 

SifiijihiiiiiKir.  —  AViic^s  lonjicr  than  tail;  eonniiissnio  slijilitly  cnrved,  with 
liristles  reaching  heyond  th(!  nostrils. 

Snhfmn  ihj  S  YL 1  'ICOLINyE.     Murhhrs. 

liil!  onnoid-eloiigate,  shorter  than  the  head,  idiuut  as  liigh  as,  or  rather  hiiiher 
than,  wide  ojiposile  the  nostrils,  not  hooked,  hnt  with  a  slight  noli'h,  or  none,  at  tip  ; 
eonnnisstnc  straight  or  slightly  cnrved;  a  few  rictal  bristles,  reaehing  little  if  any 
beyond  the  nostrils,  or  none.  Wings  pointed,  longer  than  the  narrow,  nearly  even 
tail  (excc|it  in  (nnlhli/pi.^i). 

This  group  is  specially  chnractcristic  of  North  America;  all  the  genera  and  the 
great  majority  of  the  species  occurring  within  our  limits  in  summer,  though  nuist  of 
them  winter  in  the  West  Indies,  3Iexico  and  Central  America.  Dendm'.ca,  the 
largest  and  most  beautiful  genus,  is  particularly  characteristic  of  the  Eastern 
I'nited  Stat<'s.  All  are  strictly  insectivorous,  though  not  such  expert  llycatcliers  as 
the  ScUiphdijIiKV ;  none  I'ank  high  as  songsters,  though  they  have  pleasing  notes  in 
springtime.     With  us,  thoy  are  all  migratory. 

•,*(Ienera  ;10,  .'$1,  are  ovpping  warbli-rs,  having  the  hind  toe  longer  than  its 
claw,  .Mud  the  front  toes  more  extensively  soldered  together  at  base  than  in  any  other 
forms.  (Jen.  .">(!,  ;i7,  ."SM  are  (/round  varhlcrs,  with  the  feet  relativi'ly  stouter  than 
in  the  rest.  (Jen.  d->,  .■};>,  ;i|  are  ironn-ciitinij  inn-lilrrs ;  these  have  no  rictal  bristles 
at  all.     IJcnus  3;'>  comprehends  the  nvod  imrbkrs  par  ciruUvnce. 

30.    Genus  MNIOTILTA  VieiUot. 

n/iirk  ami    W/n'le  Creeper.       (Pi.  ii,  tigs.   12,   13,  It,  12a,  13rt,  ]4«.) 

Entirely  black  and  wiiito,  in  streaks,  except  on  the  belly ;  tail  wliitc-spotted, 

wings  white-barred ;  5-,')i,  wing  2i-2;J,  tail  2^.     Eastern  North  America; 

a  common  bird,  generally  observed  scrambling  like  a  inithatch  about  tiic 

trunk  and  larger  branches  of  forest  trees.  WiLS., 
iii,  22,  pi.  11);  Nutt.,  i,  384;  Auu.,  ii,  105;  pi. 
114;  Bi).,  23() VAiUA. 


V  V  1.V  V  •»-'^  s.-\^ 


!••[<!..•«.    inaok;iii(l  White 
Crci'iior;  natiirul  size. 


31.    Oenus  FABULA  Bonaparte. 

Jiliie  Yellov-backed  Warbler.  $,  in  spring: 
blue,  back  with  a  golden-brown  patch,  throat  and 
breast  yellow  with  a  ricii  brown  or  blackish  patch, 
the   former   sometimes  extending  along  the  sides ; 

belly,  eyelids,  two  wing-bars,  and  several  tail-spots,  white ;    hn-es  black  ; 

ui)per  mandible  black,  under  llesh  colored  ;    9  ,  in  spring,  with  the  blue  less 


1 


8VI,VlCOMl).1'-,     WAUIILEUS. — (IKN.  .1l',   'M,  15  I. 


'X\ 


briglit,  the  back  and  tlu'oat  patrlu's  iKit  ho  well  (IoI'humI  ;  i/mni;/,  witli  tlio 
l»liu!  <;l()s.s('(l  with  fjrocnish,  and  thcso  patehos  olisciiro  or  wanlinjr;  l»"t 
always  rceoifnizalilc  l)y  tli(3  other  marks  and  very  Huiall  si/c ;  4A-4:i ;  winu; 
'2\;  tail  l:f.  Ivistcrn  Xorlh  Amcrira;  an  t'It'i;Mnt,  dimiiuitivo  sijccics, 
al)inidant  in  lii;j;ii  opi'ii  woods,  wlicrc  it  is  <r('nt'rally  oliscrvcd  lliitlcrinj,' 
among  tiio  smallest  twig.s  and  (orminal  foliage.  \\'ir.s.,  iv,  17,  \)\.  '2s,  f.  .'i ; 
Nurr.,  i,  ;J1)7  ;  Aiii).,  ii,  •'»7,  1)1.  I'l  ;  15i>.,  2;5^f a.mkuicana. 

32.    GonuH  PROTONOTARIA  Baircl. 

Prothouiildi'i/  W'irhler.     (lolden-yellow,  paler  on  tho  belly,  elianging  to 
-  olivaceons  on  the  I)aek,  thence  to  blnish-jishy  on  the  ninip, 
wings  and  tail  ;  most  of  the  tail  feathers  largely  white  on  tho 


nCffif"^  inner  webs;   no  other  special  markings;  bill  entirely  black, 

^N^       very  large,  at  least  A   long;  aA,  wing  2:|-3,  tail  I'l.     Sonth 
Atlantio   and    (iidf    States;    straying,    however,    to   Ohio, 


Fl(^. 


Wciiincatiii);  Warbler. 


Kli).:tll.     I'niMiciiKi- 

lary  wariiiiM-.  Missonri  aiid  even  Maine;  swamps  and  thickets;  not  com- 
mon.    Wii,s.,  iii,  72,  pi.  24,  f.  ;> ;  Xi  rr.,  i,  11(»;  Aid.,  iii,  Ml,  lOl'.;  lln., 

2;;!i (iTK.KA. 

33.    Gonus  HELMITHERUS  Raflnosquo. 

Wonii-Pdfhi;/  Warhlcr.  Olive,  below  bnlly,  paler  or  whitish  on  the  belly  ; 
head  bull",  Avith  four  sharp  black  stripes,  two  along  sides  of  crown  from  bill 
to  nape,  one  along  each  side  of  head  through 
the  eye;  wings  and  tai'  olivaceons,  unmark(".l : 
bill  and  feet  pale;  bill  acute,  nnbristled,  nn- 
notched,  at  leasl  A  hmg,  stout  at  base;  tail 
rounded;  5A,  wing  2'1,  tail  2.  The  sexes  are 
not  particularly  dissimilar.  Eastern  United 
States,  rather  southerly,  but  north  to  Elaine  ; 
woods,  shrubbery  and  swamps;  rather  connnon.  WiLS.,  iii,  74,  pi.  24,  f. 
4;  NuTT.,  i,  409;  Aui).,  ii,  8(5,  pi.  10");  Bd.,  252.     .     .     .     vkkmivouls. 

Sivainnon's  Wnrbler.  Somewhat  similar;  colors  l)r()wner  above,  includ- 
ing the  head,  and  more  bntly  below;  a  whitish  snperciliar}-  line  ;  no  dcciiled 
markings  anywhere ;  bill  still  longer,  shaped  something  like  a  meadow- 
lark's  ;  tail  emarginate  ;  nearly  (i  long.  A  rare  and  curious  species,  contined 
to  the  South  Atlantic  States  ;  said  to  have  occurred  in  Massachusetts,  but 
this  is  ii  mistake.     Aud.,  ii,  83,  pi.  104  ;  Ui).,  252.      .     .     .     swainsomi. 

34.    Genus  HELMINTHOPHAGA  Cabanis, 

*j,*The  bill  sleiidfr  and  exceedingly  acute,  inmotclied,  niil>ristlc(l.  The  Collow- 
ing  analysis  will  determine  the  species  in  udnll  plumage  —  not  otherwise  :  — 

Tail  I'l'Mtlu'r^i  «liito-l)loli'li('il  —  liliiisli,  crown  ji'llmv.  tliroat  black c/ij'i/wyjfcm. 

—  irrt'ciii^li.  <  rnwn  ainl  all  iiiiiiei"  parts  yellow jiintin. 

—  Kreeni>li.  erow  II  (partly)  aniUliroat  black hiichiiKiiiii. 

—  upper  tail  coverts  cliolnut.  crown  patch  che-tiiut liiriw. 

Tail  leatliers  all  uiiniarkeil  — upper  tail  coverls  — yellow;  crown  patch  cliestmil rlnjiiiiif. 

—  not  yellow;  erowu  patch  — che.-tniit riificniiilUi. 

—  orani;e  brown iliilti. 

—  wanting inrryiiim. 


94 


sylvicolid.t;,  warhlkiis.  —  oe\.  34. 


Fill 


litnc  <HiMoti-\vini-'0(l 
WaiUlfi-. 


Jiliip-in'iif/ed  YeiJov)  Wavhier.  Crown  aiul  entire  under  parts  rich  yellow  ; 
ii|)l)('r  parts  yellow-olive,  becoiniiii^  slaty-Uliie  on  tlio  winjjs  and  tail,  former 
Willi  two  white  or  yellowish  hars,  latter  with  several  larire  white  hlotehes ; 
hill  and  stripe  through  eye  iilaek  ;  5,  Aving  ^i,  tail  2],  9  and  young  not 
very  dissimilar.  Eastern  United  States  ;  common.  The  resemhianee,  in 
color,  lietween  this  species  and  the  protlionotary  warl)ler,  is  striking.  WiLS., 
ii,  ID'),  1)1.  1.")  ;  \i;tt.,  i,  110;  Ai;n.,  ii,  !).S,  pi.  Ill  ;  15d.,  254.    .     riNUS. 

JJltte  G'ililcii-iciii;/ed  Warhler.     ^  ,  in  spring  : — shity-blue,  paler  or  whitish 
below,  where  IVcciuently  tinged  Avitii  yellowish ;  crown  and  two  wing-bars 
rich  yellow  ;   broad  stripe  on  side  of  head   through 
eye,  and    large    patch    on    throat,  black,  both   these 
bordered   with    white;    several    tail    feathers   whitc- 
_..  blotched;   bill  black.     The  back  and  wings  arc  fre- 

rlajjar  qnently  glossed  with  yellowish-olive,  especially  in 
inmiature  specimens,  in  which  also  the  peculiar  mark- 
ings of  tiie  head  and  throat  may  be  obscure.  Size  of 
j)ii>iix,  Ivistern  United  States;  rather  common,  in 
woodland,  like  the  i)reccding.  \ViLS.,  ii,  113,  pi.  15,  f.  5;  Nutt.,  i,  411  ; 
All).,  ii,  Ul,  pi.  107;  Bi).,  255 cuuysoi'tkka. 

Jiachinan's  M'orliler.  Greenish-olive,  tinged  with  ash}'  on  hind  head; 
under  parts,  forehead,  chin  and  lesser  wing  coverts,  yellow;  throat  and 
band  across  crown,  black;  outer  tail  feathers  white-blotched.  Small;  4.J ; 
wing  2J,  tail  2.  An  extremely  rare  sjiccies,  confined  to  the  South  Atlantic 
States,     Aui)..  ii,  93,  pi.  108  ;  Bn.,  255 bachmaxii. 

Lnc'/'s  Warhlcr,  Ashy-gray,  below  white,  sometimes  faintly  butry-tinted 
on  the  breast ;  upper  tail  coverts  and  crown  patch  chestnut,  the  latter  often 
concealed,  and  wanting  in  the  young;  outer  tail  feathers  obscurely  white- 
blotched.  Very  small ;  4J-4i,  extent  7.J-,  wing  2.[-2i,  tail  l;^-2,  bill  about 
\\  A  rare  and  curious  species,  lately  discovered  in  Arizona;  very  unliko 
any  other,  and  somewhat  resembling  a  Pol'mptila.  Colorado  Valley. 
Cooper,  Proc.  Cala.  Acad.  1801,  120,  and  B.  Cal.  84;  CouES,  Proc. 
Acad.  Philada.  18()(),  35  ;  Baiud,  Review,  178 Luci^:. 

Viiyiniu's  TUa/'Wer.  Phimbeous,  washed  with  greenish-olive,  especially 
in  9  and  autumnal  specimens;  below  white,  shaded  on  sides;  throat  with  a 
yellow  patch  ;  ni)per  and  under  tail  coverts  yellow  (entirely  yellow  below 
when  adult?);  crown  patch  chestnut;  a  white  ring  around  eye;  5;  Aving 
2A,  tail  2^.  Southern  Rocky  Mountain  region.  (Colorado,  abundant, 
Rii)(iWAY;  Arizona,  rare.  Courts.)  Very  near  the  next  species!  Baiud, 
B.  N.  A.  18()0,  p.  xi,  pi.  7!),  f.  1,  and  Rev.,  177  ;  Coop.,  85.     .     viroini.k. 

jVds/ii'ille  Warhler.  Olive-green,  brighter  on  rump,  changing  to  pure 
ash  on  head:  below  bri'jht  yellow,  paler  on  belly,  olive-shaded  on  sides; 
crown  with  a  more  or  less  concealed  chestnut  iiatch  ;  lores  and  ring  round 
eye  pale  ;  no  superciliary  stri[)e  ;  9  and  autumnal  specimens  have  the  head 
glossed  with  olive,  and  the  crown  patch  may  be  wanting.  4i-4J  ;  wing 
2i-2.J  ;    tail    V\-l.      Eastern    North   America,    common;    also,    California 


*^ 


sylvicolid^t:,   wakbleus.  —  gen.  35. 


95 


» 


(Xantus,  GuunEu).  Wils.,  iii,  120,  pi.  27,  f.  3,  iuul  vi,  15;  Nutt.,  i, 
412;  Aui).,  ii,  103,  pi.  113;  Bi).,  25(5;  Coox>.,  82.    .     .      .     iRFiCAriLLA. 

Oranr/e-croumed  Warbler.  Ollve-gi-con,  nearly  uniform,  rather  briiiiitest 
on  rump,  never  ashy  on  head  :  below,  f/reenish-j/eUaw,  "vatihviX  with  olive  on 
the  sides  ;  crown  with  more  or  less  concealed  onimje-hrou-n  patch  (sometimes 
wanting)  ;  eye-ring  and  obscure  superciliary  line  yellowish.  Size  of  the 
last,  and  often  difiicult  to  distinguish  in  inunature  plumage  ;  but  a  general 
olivenenii  and  i/elloicnexs,  compared  with  the  ashy  of  some  parts  of  ruficapiJla, 
and  the  dillerent  color  of  the  crown-patch  in  the  two  species,  will  usually 
be  diagnostic.  North  America ;  common  in  the  West,  rare  or  irregular  in 
the  Eastern  States.  IJonap.,  Am.  Orn.,  i,  45,  pi.  5,  f.  2;  Xurr.,  i,  413; 
Aui).,  ii,  100,  pi.  112;  Bi>.,  257;  Cooi\,  83 celata. 

Tennesi^ee  Warbler.  Olive-green,  brighter  behind  but  never  quite  yellow 
on  the  tail  coverts,  more  or  less  ashy  towards  and  on  head  ;  no  crown  j'afch  ; 
below,  2c/ii'k',  often  glossed  with  yellowish  but  never  quite  yellow ;  a  ring 
round  eye,  and  superciliary  lino,  whitish ;  frequently  an  obscure  Avhitish 
spot  on  outer  tail  feathers  ;  lores  dusky  ;  in  the  9  and  young  the  olivaceous 
glosses  the  whole  upper  parts.  4^-4!^,  2vIh'J  about  2.f,  (ail  2  or  less:  this 
comparative  length  of  wing  iuid  tail,  ■with  other  characters,  probably  always 
distinguishes  the  species  from  the  foregoing.  Eastern  North  America ;  rare 
in  New  England.  Wils.,  iii,  83,  pi.  25,  f.  2  ;  Nutt,,  i,  412 ;  Ald.,  ii,  HI, 
pi.  110;  Bi).,  258 rEUEOUiXA. 

35.    Genus  DENDRCECA  Gray. 

*,*Tlie  coloration  of  the  rcctriccs  is  a  gooil  clue  to  this  genus;  for  all  the 
siiccies,  excepting  centuxi  and  its  exotic  conspecies  or  varieties,  have  the  tail  feathers 
at  all  ages  blotciicd  with  white  —  a  feature  only  shown,  among  North  Anici'ican 
allies,  in  gen.  .'50,  31,  o2  ami  part  of  M,  40.  About  thirty-five  species  i)ass  current, 
but  only  twenty-seven  of  thcni  are  well  established  ;  tlu'y  all  occur  within  oiu-  limits 
excepting  these: — piti/oiihihi  (Cuba),  ndelaida'  (Porto  Hico),  jiltarcttui  (Jamaica), 
olivacea  (Mexico),  and  pctcclna  with  its  several  troi)ical  Ibrms,  all  like  a-nlica,  and 
of  which  ma  (Jamaica)  and  aureola  ((ialapagos)  seem  most  likely  to  prove 
genuine.  Of  the  twenty-live  species  ascril)ed  to  North  America,  one,  olinicca,  has 
been  admitted  ui)on  insullieicnt  evidence;  of  two  others,  "montana"  and  "car- 
bonata,"  nothing  is  now  known  ;  leaving  twenty-two  species  to  be  here  treated. 
Kirtlandii  is  exceedingly  rare  ;  only  two  or  three  specimens  have  ever  been  dis- 
covered. Tiijrina  has  been  lately  removed  from  the  genus,  as  type  of  a  new  one 
{Perissoylossa),  on  account  of  a  peculiar  structure  of  the  tongue,  which  resembles 
that  of  certain  Co;rebida' ;  but,  as  Sundevall  remarks,  we  have  yet  to  see  whether 
other  warblers  do  not  possess  the  same  character.  This  is  an  inviting  problem  ;  the 
student  may  render  good  service  to  ornithology,  and  reflect  credit  on  himself, 
by  examining  the  tongues  of  some  additional  (see  Bauu),  liev.,  ICi)  species 
under  a  moderate  magnilying  power,  and  publishing  his  results.  IJaird's  excellent 
analysis  of  the  North  American  species  known  in  \HoS  was  supplemented  in  1«G.J 
by  a  more  complete  review  of  the  whole  genus,  and  in  18(J'J  a  monographic  essay 
was  given  by  Sundevall  (Ofvers.  Kongl.  Vetensk.  Akad.  Forh.,  Clij).  The  follow- 
ing artilicial  analysis  will  facilitate  the  determination  of  our  twenty-two  established 


il 


r- 


96 


SYLVICOLID.K,    WARBLKUS.  —  OEN.    3">. 


I    i 


species  ;  I  hd'H'vo  it  to  he  ;m  iiif:illil)lo  key  to  tlic  perfect  male  pliiina.^os,  and  tliat  it 
will  pnilialily  liold  f^ood  for  spriiiij  .specimens  of  hotii  sexes  of  many  species;  l)nt 
it  will  fail  fur  nearly  all  aiitnnmal  and  most  female  specimens  of  (li).  It  is  dillicnlt 
if  not  impossible  to  meet  the  varied  re(|uirenionts  of  these  by  rigid  antil^'sis ;  and 
recoin'se  nnist  be  had  to  the  detailed  descriptions  of  the  species  arranjiod  in  what 
seems  to  be  their  natural  seijnenee.  The  supplementary  table  of  certain  pecnliar- 
ities  may,  liowever,  pi'ove  of  much  assistance,  though  it  is  not  a  complete  analysis. 

ANALYSIS  oi'  rr.UKixr  sruivc;  mai.ks. 

Tnil  fprilliiT-' nlp'il  with  yellow reflirn. 

'l';iil  IVatlirrrt  blot'-Iicil  with  wliitt'I  »  ^vliitc  ppot  at  tin' base  (»!"  iiriinarit,'.- cerntterfrenii. 

—  no  \vlnte  -ipot  at  I»a>e  ot*  priinarii'S.  (a' 

(tt' Winjiliars  not  wliito.    Hclow.  whili',  fiili's  I'lie-lniit-stioakcil.  ci-own  yrllow pciiimiilrdiiirn. 

—  yellow;  silk's  rciMisIi-strcakoil.  crown  ri'«Mi>li jinlntnnint. 

—  Ijlack-streaki'il;  above,  a-liy kirtlinnlii. 

—  olive,  rciiili.'ili-streaked,      .    iliiculor. 
(a^  Win.ir-bars  while  (aoinetinies  fused  into  one  lavpc  white  pat^'li).    (b) 
(b)  Ci'own  blue,  like  the  liaik  ;  below,  while,  piiles  ami  breast  stre.-iked ciirulen. 

—  ehe-lnul.  like  Ihe  throat ;  below,  ami  sides  of  nerk.  buffy  tiiigeil cimliinfii. 

—  rle;ir  a.-Ii ;  rnnip  anil  nmiei*  jiarts  yellow",  breast  and  sides  black-streaked, miwtttom. 

—  blackish,  with  median  line  oran^'e.hrown.  like  the  anrieuiar- :  ninip  yellow (it/riiifi. 

—  pi'i'leclly  black;  Ihi'oat  black;  a  small  yellow  loral  spot tiiijrcuceiin. 

—  not  black;  no  yellow;  feet  lle^h-color, stn'iitn. 

—  with  yellow  pput ;  tln-oat  ilanu'-color;  nimp  not  yellow hliicl-bitniitp. 

—  white;  rnnip  and  sides  of  breast  Tcllow ■nroniitn. 

—  yellow;  rnmp  and  sides  of  breast  yellow iiuiliihuiiii. 

(bi  Crown  otherwise;  throat  black;  back  ashy,  streaked,  rnnip  a<h,  crown  yell  )W nri-iileiiliitin. 

—  Idackisb,  rnnip  black,  crown  blackish, chnjMipnrviii, 

—  olive;  i-rown  like  back virvnu. 

—  not  Kke  back toictiafnilil. 

—  yello^v;  backolive;  no  black  or  a^hy  on  bead jtinus. 

—  aHhydjliie;  clieek>  the  same:  eyelids  yellow yntchr. 

—  black;  eyelids  white ilominiai. 

DiiUjnoMk  marks  of  certain  WarbUn's  in  any  phnnaijo. 

A  white  spot  tit  base  of  primaries  —  ctvridotirens. 

A  j'ellow  spot  in  front  of  the  eye  and  nowhere  else  —  in'ijresrrnx. 

Wings  and  tail  dusky,  edged  with  yellow  —  astiva. 

Wing-bars  and  belly  yellow — iJiscolor. 

Wing-bars  yellow,  and  belly  pure  white — ponnftyn-nnn-n. 

AVing-bars  white,  tail-spots  oljlique,  at  end  of  two  outer  fi-athers  only — plims. 

Wing-bars  brownish,  tail-Ri)ots  s<iiiare,  at  end  of  two  outer  feathers  only — jml- 
viariim. 

Wing-bars  not  evident  (?),  whole  under  parts  yellow,  back  with  no  greenisli  — 
kirthtmlii. 

Tail-sjiots  at  end  of  nearly  all  the  feathers,  and  no  definite  yellow  anywhere  — 
cirrulca. 

Tail-spots  at  middle  of  nearly  all  the  feathers,  rump  and  belly  yellow  —  maculosa. 

Kumi),  sides  of  breast,  aivi  crown  more  or  less  yellow;  thro;it  white — ror'iiiala. 

Kump,  sides  of  bretist,  crown  and  throat,  more  or  less  yellow — niidiibouii. 

Throat  delinitely  yellow,  belly  white,  back  with  no  greenish  — ihni>ii)i'ra  or  (jraritv. 

Throat  yellow  or  orange,  crown  with  at  least  a  tr:ice  of  a  central  yellow  or 
orange  spot,  and  outer  tail  feather  white-edged  externally — llackburniiv. 

Throat,  breast  and  sides  black  or  with  l)hick  traces,  sides  of  head  with  dill'nse 
yellow,  outer  tail  feather  white-edged  externally — viri'n.t  and  its  western  tillies. 

I5ill  ordiiwirv  ;  and  with  none  of  the  foregoing  special  marks  —  striata  or  raslanca. 

liill  extremely  acute,  pcrceptiljly  curved  :  rump  (generally)  yellow  —  li'jrina. 


. 


■P 


SYLVIOOMI),!.;,    WARHLEKS. — OEN.    35. 


97 


# 


Jiluc'-e>/cd  Yellow  Warbler.  Golden  Warbler.  Sununer  YeJhxcbird. 
GoKlon-ycllow ;  back  olivc-yollow,  frctiuently  with  ol)S()lcte  brownisli 
streaks  ;  breast  and  sides  streaked  willi  oraiigo-brown  ;  wings  and  tail  dusky, 
yellow-edged  ;  bill  dark  horn  l)luc  ;  9  and  young  paler,  less  or  not  streaked 
below.  North  America,  everywhere  a  familiar  and  abundant  bird.  Si/Jvia 
citrincUa  WiLs.,  ii,  111,  pi.  15,  f.  5;  S.  c/iihlreni  Avu.,  Orn.  IJiog.  i,  180, 
1)1.  35;  tS.  vathboiud  Auo.,  ii,  53,  pi.  8!) ;  50,  pi.  88;  Nutt.,  i,  3()1,  370; 
IJi).,  282 ;j':sTivA. 


Fid.  :i!i.    lilack-thioiited  Urueii  Warljlur. 

Blaclx-(]iroal('d  Green  Warbler.  $,'\\\  spring:  buck  and  crown  clear 
yellow-olive,  tbreiicad,  superciliary  line  and  whole  sides  of  head  rich  yellow 
(in  very  high  plumage,  middle  of  back  with  dusky  marks,  and  dusk}'  or 
dark  olive  lines  through  eyes  and  auriculars,  and  even  bordering  the  crown)  ; 
chin,  throat  and  breuxt  jet  black,  prolonged  behind  as  streaks  on  the  sides  ; 
other  under  parts  white,  usually  yellow-tingod ;  wings  and  tail  dusky, 
former  with  two  white  bars  and  nuich  whitish  edging,  latter  with  outer 
feathers  nearly  all  white  ;  bill  and  feet  blackish ;  $  in  the  fall  and  9  in 
spring,  similar,  but  the  black  restricted,  interrupted  or  veiled  with  yellow  ; 
ymuvj  similar  to  the  9  ,  but  black  still  more  restricted  or  wanting  alto- 
gether, except  a  few  streaks  along  sides.  Small:  about  5;  wing  "Ik. 
(Compare  Blue  Mountain  warbler,  beyond.)  Eastern  United  States,  al)und- 
suit  in  forests;  breeds  in  New  England  in  pine  woods.  Wils.,  ii,  127,  pi. 
27,  f.  3;  Nutt.,  i,  37(5;  Auu.,  ii,  42,  pi.  84;  Bd.,  207.  .  .  .  vikkxs. 
Western  Warbler.  Somewhat  similar  to  the  last;  crown  and  back  not 
continuously  olive  ;  back  olivaceous-asli,  with  blackish  streaks ;  crown  and 
sides  of  head  clear  yellow,  former  with  the  feathers  black-tipped  or  dusky- 
clouded  ;  no  black  stiipc  through  eye;  chin,  throat  and  fore-breast  pure 
black,  endin;/  behind  with  a  nharp  convex  outline;  sides  faintly  or  not 
streaked  with  black;  belly,  wings  and  tail  as  in  virens.  Rocky  Mountains 
to  the  Paciiic,  U.  S.     The  seasonal  and  sexual  changes  are  not  well  made 

Kiev   TO   N.    A.    1«K1).S.       1!! 


'\f 


I    i 


98 


SYLVICOLIIXK,    WAHRLERS. — OEN.    35. 


out,  I)iit  arc  (lotil)tl('ss  parallel  with  those  of  virens.     Aud.,  ii,  fiO,  pi.  93; 

Bd.,  2(!8 OCCIDEXTALIS. 

'loirusctid's  ]\'((rfjler.  Somewhat  ssiinilar  to  virens;  upper  parts  olivc- 
irreen,  iiiiich  l)lack-streak('<l,  crown  mostly  l)lack  with  olive  edgings  of  the 
feathers,  chin  and  throat  not  i)erfcitly  hlack?  IVrtVet  plumage  prohahly 
not  known,  and  changes  not  well  underst(->nl.  Kocky  Moimtaius  to  the 
Pacilic ;  said  to  have  once  occurred  near  Philadelphia.  Nutt.,  2d  ed.,  i, 
44(1;  Aud.,  M,  !)2  ;  Bu.,  2(;!),  and  Hcv.,  18.");  Cooi-.,  !»1.  .  townsendii. 
(I'ohlen  -  v/tei'keiJ  WarhJer.  Prevailing  color  of  the  upper  parts  black, 
pure  on  the  run)p,  elsewhere  mixed  with  olive-green  ;  sides  of  the  head 
yellow,  with  narrow  lilack  stripe  through  the  eye;  hclow,  witli  the  wings 
and  tail,  as  in  virens;  size  of  this  species.  Guatemala  {iS(iIcin)  to  Texas 
(San  Antonio,  Jleerinonn).  A  species  I  have  never  seen  ;  the  description  is 
abridged  from  Baikd,  Uev.,  183,  2()7,  who  took  it  from  the  type  of  the 
species.  Scr..  and  Sai.v.,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  Loudon,  18(!0,  2!l<S,  and  II)is, 
18()0,  273.  *^*  Tills  and  the  two  preceding  species  recpiire  further  investi- 
gation to  place  their  relationship  to  each  other  and   to  virens  upon   firm 

footing ciiuvsorAHEiA. 

Jihick-thrcaled  (.<r((>j  Warliltr.  J  ,  in  spring :  hack  hluish-ash,  with 
black  streaks;  head  and  neck  all  round  pure  black,  with  a  white  stripe  over 
and  behind  eye,  another,  broader  and  longer,  from  the  corner  of  the  bill 
on  each  side  of  the  chin  and  throat,  and  a  little  yelloio  sjmt  just  before  and 
above  the  eye  (no  other  yellow  anywhere)  ;  below 
from  the  throat  white,  the  sides  with  numerous  black 
streaks ;  Mings  and  tail  blackish,  former  with  two 
white  bars  and  much  whitish  editing,  latter  with  outer 
featiiers  almost  entirely  white;  bill  and  feet  black. 
Young,  and  9  ,  dilfer  chicHy  in  having  the  black  of 
the  head  and  throat  clouded  with  ashy,  and  the  black 
streaks  of  the  back  obsolete  ;  the  curious  yellow  loral 
spot  seems  to  be  persistent  and  diagnostic  of  the  species.  Size  of  virens, 
and  much  the  same  pattern  of  coloration,  bluish-ash  replacing  the  olive; 
stands  between  rt/CH.s  and  crcrnlescens ;  the  western  analogue  of  the  latter. 
Rocky  Mountains  to  the  Pacific.     Xurx.,  i,  2d  ed.  471  ;  Aud.,  ii,  (52,  pi. 

It4 ;  Bd  Cooi'.,  i)0 niouesckxs. 

Jihicl  '■  ..ed  Blue  Warbler.  $  in  spring:  above,  uniform  slaty-blue, 
the  perfect  continuity  of  which  is  only  interru[)te(l,  in  very  high  plumages, 
by  a  few  black  dorsal  strenks ;  below,  pure  white  ;  the  sides  of  the  head  to 
above  the  eyes,  the  chin,  throat,  and  whole  sides  of  the  body  continuously 
jet-black;  winfi-hars  n'onlin;/  (the  coverts  being  black,  edged  with  blue), 
bid  a  hiri/e  tvhi/e  spot  at  base  of  primaries;  quill  feathers  blackish,  out- 
wardly edged  with  bluish,  the  inner  ones  mostly  white  on  their  inner  webs; 
tail  with  the  ordinary  white  blotches,  the  central  feathers  edged  with 
bluish  ;  bill  black  ;  feet  dark.  Young  ^  ,  similar,  but  the  blue  glossed  with 
olivaceous,  and  the  black  interrupted  and  restricted.      9   entirely  different : 


Fill.  10.    Illiick-tliroiitcil  Giav 

Willl)|L'|-. 


\ 


'i 


mm» 


SYLVICOLID.K,    WAUnLERS.  —  OEN.    05. 


99 


(lull  olivc-grcciiisli,  witli  faint  hliiisli  shade,  holow  pale  soilcil  yellowish ;  but 
rccognizablo  h\'  the  white  s[)()t  at  base  of  primaries,  which,  tiioujrh  it  may 
l)c  reduecil  to  a  mere  speck,  is  always  (evident,  at  least  on  pushing  aside  the 
primary  coverts ;  no  other  wing  markings;  tail-blotches  small  or  obscure; 
feet  rather  pale.  Size  of  virens.  Eastern  United  States,  al)undant,  in 
woodland.  iS.  pmilhi,  WiLS.,  v,  100,  pi.  43,  f.  4;  S.  Kpluiiinotta,  Nutt., 
i,  40(1;  Aui).,  Orn.  IJiog,  ii,  27!»,  are  ?  or  young.  S.  cdiidilcusis,  WiLS., 
ii,  llo,  pi.  15,  f.  7  ;  Nutt.,  i,  31)8  ;  Aun.,  ii,  (!3,  !I5  ;  I5i).,  271.  iS.  crvm- 
h'scciiN,  Bi).  Key.  l.S(> c.eiiulkscens. 

OiiS.  The  only  other  warbler  with  a  white  spot  at  liase  of  primaries  is  the  D. 
oJicaiwa  of  Mexico,  and  ascriliod  also  to  Texas  ;  it  is  olivaceous,  the  head,  neck 
and  hreast  orange-brown,  with  a  lilack  bur  tiu-oiigti  the  eve.  Cass.,  111.  283,  pi.  48  ; 
r.o.,  Kev.  205. 

CivruJeiin  Warbler.  $  in  spring:  a/ure  blue,  with  black  streaks  ;  below, 
pure  white,  breast  and  sides  with  blue  or  blue-black  streaks ;  two  white 
wing-bars  ;  tail-blotches  small,  but  occupying  ever}'  feather,  except,  perhaps, 
the  central  pair;  bill  black,  feet  dark.  ?  and  young  with  the  blue  impure, 
strongly  glossed  with  greenish,  and  the  white  similarly  soiled  with  yellow- 
ish ;  a  yellowish  eye-ring  and  superciliary  lino.  Eastern  United  States,  not 
connnon  in  most  places;  north  to  Connecticut  Valley ;  "Nova  Scotia."  A 
small  and  very  beautiful  species;  4-4^.  S>/lvia  vara,  WiLS.,  iii,  110,  pi. 
27,  f.  2;  Nutt.,  i,  31)3.  S.  azttrea,  Nutt.,  i,  407;  >S.  ccvrnlea,  Wils.,  ii, 
141,  pi.  17,  f.  5;  AuD.,  ii,  45,  pi.  8(j ;  Bu.,  280 c.euulea. 

Yelloii'-rumped  Warbler.  Yellow-crowned  Warbler,  3fi/rlle  Bird.  ^ , 
in  spring :  slaty -blue,  streaked  with  black  ;  below,  white,  breast  and  sides 
mostly  black,  belly,  and  especially  the  throat,  pure  white,  innnaculate ; 
rump,  central  crown  patch,  and  sides  of  breast  sharpli/  yellow,  there  being 
\X\\\^  four  delinite  yellow  places;  sides  of  head  black;  eyelids  and  super- 
ciliary line  white ;  ordinary  white  wing-bars  and  tail-blotches ;  bill  and  feet 
black ;  $  in  winter,  and  9  in  sunnner,  similar, 
but  slate  color  less  pure,  or  quite  brownish ;  i/ounij 
birds  are  quite  brown  above,  with  a  few  obscure 
streaks  in  the  whitish  of  the  under  parts.  It  is  im- 
possible to  specify  the  endless  intermediate  styles  ; 
but  I  never  saw  a  specimen  without  the  yellow 
rump,  and  at  least  a  trace  of  the  other  yellow 
marks  ;  these  points  therefore  are  diagnostic.  The 
only  other  obscm'c-lookiug  brownish  warblers  with 
yellow  rump  are  maculosa  and  tiijrina,  when  3-oimg.  One  of  the  larger 
species ;  5i-5!^  ;  wing  3,  tail  2i.  North  America,  but  chiefly  eastern ; 
Alaska  (Dull)  ;  Washington  Territory  (iSnckle)/)  ;  California  (Cooper,  89). 
United  States  rarely  in  summer,  but  during  the  migrations  the  most  abun- 
dant of  all  the  warl)lers ;  winters  as  far  north  at  least  as  Washington, 
D.C  ;  occurs,  however,  in  Mexico  and  Central  America ;  seen  everywhere, 
but  is  particularly  numerous    in   shrubbery,  along   hedge-rows,  in    Hocks, 


Flii.  41.    Yplliiwruniiicd  Warbler. 


100 


SYLVICOLIDVE,    WA1!HLE1!8. — (iKN.    35. 


iissofiiitinsr  witli  troops  of  spiirrows.  Wir.s  ,  ii,  138,  pi.  17,  f.  4;  ])1.  If), 
f.  ;5;  Nl-tt.,  i,  ."{(il;  Am.,  ii,  23,  \A.7i\;  Ud.,  272;  Rev.,  187.    couoxata. 

Auduhoii'x  WavhJer.  Witii  a  clo.so  gcnoral  rcscMiiMancc  to  the  lust,  Imt 
tliroiit  i/i'l/oii\  not  white;  cycliils  wliito,  but  no  wliito  siiperciliiiiy  lino; 
ciiccks  iin/  (Icliiiitcly  hliick  ;  \viii<r-l)ar.s  gcuorally  fused  into  one  largo  white 
patfii,  ami  tail-l)h)tchcs  larger;  otherwise  lii;e  c(iv(ttiata,  oi  which  it  is  the 
western  representative ;  and  with  whieh  its  eiianges  of  phnnage  are  entirely 
eorrespondent.  North  Aiueriea,  from  I?ocky  Mountains  to  I'acitie ;  very 
abundant.     Aui).,  ii,  20,  pi.  77;  !>!).,  273;  Coor.,  88.     .     .     aldlhonh. 

JiJdckhitfinan  Warbler.  Ih'udoch  Wmhhr.  $  in  spring:  back  blaek, 
more  or  less  interrupted  with  yellowish ;  crown  blaek,  with  a  central 
orange  spot;  a  broad  iilaek  stripe  through  eye,  enclosing  the  orange 
under  eyelid;  rest  of  head,  with  whole  throat,  most  brilliant  orange,  or 
llanie  color;  other  under  parts  whitish,  more  or  less  tinged  with  yellow,  and 
sides  streaked  with  black  ;  wing-bars  fused  into  a  large  white  patch  ;  tail- 
blotches  occui)3-ing  nearly  all  the  outer  feathers;  bill  and  feet  dark.  9  and 
young  ((  :  upper  parts  and  crown  olive  and  black,  streaked  (much  like 
adult  9  and  young  t<(ria/(i,  but  is  smaller,  with  more  black,  and  usually  a 
yellow  trace  on  the  crown)  ;  sii))erciliary  line  and  throat  clear  yellow  (pale 
for  this  species,  but  as  rich  as  is  usual  for  adults  of  the  various  yellow- 
throated  species),  fading  insensil)ly  on  the  breast;  lower  eyelid  yellow,  con- 
fined in  the  dusky  ear-patch ;  sides  streaked  much  as  in  the  adult ;  wing- 
patch  resolved  into  two  bars;  tail-blotches  nearly  as  extensive  as  in  the 
adult,  the  outer  feathers  showing  white  on  the  oufcr  webs  .at  base  (t/n'.t  is  a 
xtroiKj  fculure).  Eastern  United  States,  abundant  in  woodland;  the  loveli- 
est of  the  warblers ;  none  can  compare  with  the  exiiuisite  hue  of  the  throat. 
<S'.  parns,  Wils.,  v,  114,  i)l.  44,  f.  3;  NuTT.,  i,  31)2;  Aui).,  ii,  40,  pi.  83 
(young).     Wils.,  iii,  ()4,  pi.  23,  f.  3 ;  Nutt.,  i,  371) ;  Aud.,  ii,  48,  pi.  87  ; 

Hi).,  274 BLACKBUIiNI.E. 

Bluck-poU  Warbler.  (Platk  ii,  tigs.  15,  16,  15rt,  Kir/.)  $  in  spring: 
upper  parts  thickly  streaked  with  black  and  oliva- 
eeous-ash ;  icliole  croini  jmre  black ;  head  below 
the  level  of  the  eyes,  and  whole  under  parts,  white, 
the  sides  thickly  marked  with  black  streaks  crowd- 
ing forward  on  the  sides  of  the  neck  to  form  two 
s5'''<>  stripes  that  converge  to  meet  at  base  of  the  bill, 
cutting  off  the  white  of  the  cheeks  from  that  of 
Kiu.c...  nia.k-p„n Warbler,  jjjj,  throat;  wing-bars  aud  tail-idotches  ordinary; 
inner  se(M)ndaries  white-edged ;  primaries  usually  edged  externally  with 
olive  ;  feet  and  under  mandil)le  flesh  color,  or  pale  yellowish  ;  upper  mandi- 
ble black.  9  in  spring:  upper  parts,  including  the  crown,  greenish-olive, 
l)oth  thickly  and  rather  sharply  black-streaked  ;  white  of  under  parts  soiled 
anteriorly  with  very  pale  olivaceous-yellow,  the  streaks  smaller  and  not  so 
crowded  as  in  the  ^  ,  but  still  plain  enough.  Young  :  closely  resembling  the 
adult  9  .but  a  Inighter  and  more  greenish  olive  aliove,  with  fewer  streaks. 


if 


mmm 


■I 


SYLVICOLin.'E,    WAi;nT.KI!S.  —  fiF.X.    3'). 


101 


ofton  obsolete  on  tlic  crown;  hclow  nioro  or  less  conii)Ie(('ly  tinjrcd  with 
l)alo  grci'iii.sli-ycllow,  the  streaks  very  obseiire  and  soiiictiines  ultoiretlier 
wantiiijx;  under  tail  coverts  usually  pure  white;  a  yellowish  superciliary 
lino;  wing-bars  tinged  with  the  same  color.  When  the  streaks  on  the  sides 
arc  obsolete,  the  species  l)ears  an  extraordinary  resenil)lancc  to  yoinig 
castanea,  which  see.  One  of  the  larger  species;  ')^-')''J,  wing  2:^-;],  tail 
2-2]:.  Eastern  North  America,  very  abundant ;  a  late  migrant;  when  tlus 
black-polls  appear  in  force,  the  collecting  season  is  aI)out  over!  AViLS.,  iv, 
40,  pi.  ;30,  f.  ;5;  vi,  101,  pi.  51,  f.  3;  Xurr.,  i,  3,S3  ;  Aui).,  ii,  28,  pi. 
78;  IJi).,  2S0 STiiiATA. 

Jknj-ln-eaKted  Warhlcr,  Anhimnal  Wavhlcr.  $  in  spring :  back  thickly 
streaked  with  black  and  grayish-olive ;  forehead  and  Ki'dps  of  Jtvad  hhick 
eiicliisiii;/  (I  htrge  deep  c/iesfinti  palc/i ;  a  duller  chestnut  (exactly  like  a  blue- 
bird's breast)  occupies  the  whole  chin  and  throat  and  thence  extends,  more 
or  less  interrui)ted,  along  the  entire  sides  of  the  body;  rest  of  under  i)arts 
ochrey  or  bully  whitish  ;  a  similar  bully  area  behind  the  ears  ;  wing-bars  and 
tail-spots  ordinary;  bill  and  feet  blackish.  The  9  in  spring  is  more  oliva- 
ceous than  the  male,  with  the  markings  less  pronounced ;  but  always  shows 
evident  clicxtind  coloration  ;  and  probably  traces  of  it  persist  in  all  aduH 
birds  in  the  fall.  The  i/nioi;/,  however,  so  closely  resemble  J'oung  .sin'o/a, 
that  it  is  sometimes  impossible  to  distinguish  them  with  certainty.  The 
up[)er  parts,  in  fact,  are  of  precisely  the  same  greenish-olive,  with  black 
streaks;  but  there  is  gencralli/  a  diilerence  below — raslaiK'n  being  there 
tinged  with  butty  or  ochre}',  instead  of  the  clearer  pale  yellowish  of  strUitn ; 
this  shade  is  particidarly  observiible  on  the  belly.  Hanks  and  under  tail 
coverts,  just  where  slriafa  is  whitest ;  and  moreover,  ca.sfiDiea  is  usually  not 
streaked  on  the  sides  at  all.  ^latnre  spring  birds  vary  interminal)ly  in  the 
extent  and  intensity  of  the  chestnut.  Size  of  fifriafa.  Eastern  United 
States,  abundant.  iSi/Iria  ctulniiiiKdis.  Wils.,  iii,  (!5,  pi.  23;  Nutt.,  i, 
3!)0;  Aui).,  Orn.  Biog.,  i,  447,  pi.  83  (young).  Wils.,  ii,  97,  pi.  14,  f. 
4;  Nltt.,  i,  3<S2  ;  Aid.,  ii,  pi.  80 ;  l»i).,  271! castanea. 

C/teK(nut-sid('d  Wavhler.  $  in  siiring:  back  streaked  with  black  and 
pale  yellow  (sometimes  ashy  or  whitish)  ;  irlioJc  crown  j)iire  yellov  inunedi- 
ately  bordered  with  white,  then  enclosed  with 
black ;  sides  of  head  and  neck  and  whole  under 
parts  2)Hre  icliite^  former  with  an  irregular  black 
crescent  before  the  eye,  one  horn  extending  back- 
ward over  the  eye  to  border  the  yellow  crown  and 
be  dissipated  on  the  siiles  of  the  nape,  the  other 
reaching  downward  and  backward  to  eoimeet  with 
a  chain  of  pure  chestnut  streaks  tiiat  run  the  whole  vw.  u.  ciio>(initsi,i,.,i  waii.ior. 
length  of  the  body,  the  under  eyelid  and  auriculars  being  left  white  ;  wing- 
bands  generally  fused  into  one  large  patch,  and,  like  the  edging  of  the 
inner  secondaries,  much  tinged  with  yellow;  tail-spots  white,  as  usual; 
bill  blackish,  feet  brown.      9   in  spring,  ipiite  similar;    colors  less  pure; 


r 


102 


svLvicoLin.i;,  waublkus. — (jkn.  35. 


I 


II.      I'.lnrk  ami  Vill.iw 


liliick  lonil  croscnit  ohsciiro  or  wiiiitiiijr ;  chestnut  streaks  tliiiincr.  Yonn'i : 
aliovc,  iiuliidiiij:  tlic;  crown,  clear  ycllowisli-prccn,  iKTlcctly  uniform,  or 
hack  with  sli^'hl  ihisky  tonchc's  ;  no  distinct  hcad-markini^.s ;  l)clow,  vnUrclij 
irlillc  from  liill  to  tail,  unmarked,  or  else  hhowinjr  a  trace  of  chcstiuit 
streaks  on  the  sides;  irhi;/-f/(i>i(l.'i  clear  i/eUoir  as  in  the  adidt;  this  is  a 
diatrnostie  fcatinv,  sliared  hy  no  other  species,  taken  in  comieetion  with  tho 
eontimiously  white  nn(h'r  i)arts  ;  hill  liirht  coh)red  heiow.  f)-!'}\,  w'iu<r  2h, 
tail  2.  Kiisteru  Tnited  States;  abundant  in  woodland.  "WiLS.,  i,  ill),  pi. 
1'.  f.  .") ;  XuTT.,  1,  HHO ;  Ai:i).,  ii,  35,  pi.  81;  Bi).,  271).  I'ionnsvlvanica. 
Ji/dik  iind  YcUoii'  WarbJi'v.  Jliif/fitih'a  Worhler.  ^  in  spring:  hack 
hlack,  the  feathers  more  or  less  skirted  with  olive;  rniDj)  j/el/oic;    cvaini 

dear  kk/i,  l)ordere(l  hy  hlack  in  front  to  the  eyes, 
hehind  the  eyes  hy  a  white  stripe  ;  forehead  and  sides 
of  head  hlack,  continuous  with  that  of  the  hack, 
enclosing  the  white  under  eyelid  ;  entire  iDider  parlti 
(excei)t  v/ii'/e  under  tail  coverts)  rich  yelloir,  thickly 
streaked  across  the  breast  and  along  the  sides  with 
l)lack,  the  pectoral  streaks  crowded  and  cutting  olf 
the  detlnitely  bounded  immaculate  yellow  throat 
from  tho  yellow  of  the  other  under  parts  ;  wing-bars  white,  generally  fused 
into  one  patch  ;  tail  spots  KiiiaU,  reclani/itJar,  at  the  middle  of  the  tail  and  on 
all  lite  featlierx  excepting  the  central  pair;  bill  hlack,  feet  brown.  9,  in 
spring,  quite  similar;  hlack  of  back  reduced  to  spots  in  the  grayish-olive; 
ash  of  head  washed  with  olive  ;  other  head-markings  obscure,  i)Iack  streaks 
below  smaller  and  fewer.  Yonnr/,  <juite  diflerent ;  upper  parts  ashy-olive, 
still  gra^'cr  on  the  head  ;  no  head-markings  whatever,  and  streaks  l)elow 
wanting,  or  confined  to  a  few  small  ones  along  the  sides ;  but  always 
known  by  tho  yellow  nonji  in  connection  with  extensively  or  completely 
yellow  under  parln  (except  white  under  tail  coverts)  and  small  tail  sjjots 
near  the  middle  of  all  the  feathers  except  the  central.  Small ;  5  or  less, 
wing  2i,  tail  2.  Eastern  United  States ;  a  dainty  little  species,  al)nndaiit 
in  woodland.     S.  mar/nolia  AViLS.,  iii,  63,  pi.  23.     S.  mactdosa,  NuTT., 

i,  370;  Aui).,  ii,  05,  pi.  9(3;  Bd.,  284 maculosa. 

Cajie  May  Warbler.  $  in  spring:  back  yellowish-olive,  with  dark 
spots ;  crown  blackish,  more  or  less  interrupted  with  brownish ;  ear-patch 
oramje-brown ;  chin,  throat,  and  posterior  portion  of  a  yellowish  superciliary 
lino  tinged  with  the  same;  a  Ijlack  loral  line;  rump  and  under  parts  rich 
yellow,  paler  on  belly  and  crissum,  the  breast  and  sides  streaked  with  black; 
wing-bars  fused  into  a  large  whitish  patch  ;  tail-l)lotchcs  large,  on  three 
pairs  of  rectrices ;  bill  and  feet  black.  9  in  spring  is  somewhat  similar, 
but  lacks  the  distinctive  head-markings ;  tho  under  parts  arc  paler  and  less 
streaked ;  the  tail-spots  small  or  obscure ;  the  white  on  tho  wing  less. 
Youmj :  an  iusignilicant-looking  bird,  resemliling  an  overgrown  ruby- 
crowned  kinglet,  without  its  crest;  obscure  greenish-olive  al)()ve,  rump  olive- 
yellow,   under  parts   yellowish  white ;  breast  and  sides  with   tho  streaks 


SYLVICOLID.T5,   WARIILEIJS.  —  OEN.    35. 


103 


oI)scuro  or  obsolete ;  little  or  no  white  on  win<?s,  which  (ire  edged  with 
yellowish;  tail-spots  very  siniill.  5-')^,  wing  2'{,  tail  2\.  Eiistern  North 
Amoricii  to  lliid-ioirs  Hfiy  ;  West  Indies  (where  it  also  lireeds).  A  siK'cies 
not  very  common  with  ns,  remarkable  for  the  very  acute  and  somewhat 
decurved  hill,  and  the  aniitomical  peculiarities  of  the  tongue.  iS.  muritinm 
Wii.s.  vi,  !)1>,  1)1.  .')  t,  f.  3;  Nirrr.,  i,  .'571;  Ai:i).,  41,  pi.  85;  D.  /i>/viiiu 

15i).,  280;  l\-n'sKOfjIoss(i  ti;/riii(i  \ii).,  IIqy.  IS\ tigimn'A. 

Prairie  War/ilar.  Yellow-olive:  hack  with  a  patch  of  hrlck-red  spnfs; 
forehead,  superciliary  line,  two  wing-l)ar3  and  entire  under  parts,  rich 
yellow;  a  V-shaped  black  mark  on  side  of  head,  its  upper  arm  running 
through  eye,  its  lower  arm  connecting  with  a  series  of  black  streaks  along 
the  whole  sides  of  the  neck  and  body;  tail-blotches  very  large,  occupying 
most  of  the  inner  web  of  the  outer  feathers.  The  sexes  arc  almost  exactly 
alike,  and  the  young  only  dilfer  in  not  being  so  bright,  and  in  having  the 
dorsal  patch  and  head-markings  obscure.  Small;  t'l-S  ;  wing  '2\;  tail  2. 
lOastern  United  States,  to  ^lassachusetts ;  an  iibundant  little  bird  of  tho 
AIi<ldlc  and  Southern  States,  in  sparse  low  woodland,  cedar  thickets  and  old 
fields  grown  up  to  scrub-pines;  remarkable  for  its  quaint  and  cmidtis  song; 
an  expert  flycatcher,  constantly  darting  into  the  air  in  pursuit  of  winged 
insects,  like  the  redstart  and  the  species  of  Mi/iodfoffes.  >S.  vu'undi  Wii.s., 
iii,  87,  pi.  25,  f.  4.     S.  discolor  Xutt.,  i,  31)4  ("21)4"  by  error  of  paging)  ; 

Aui).,  ii,  68,  pi.  97  ;  Un,  2i)0 niscoi.oi;. 

6'j\7ct''.s  Warbler.  $  in  spring:  bluish-ash,  back  with  black  streaks, 
crown  with  still  more  black  streaks,  so  crowded  anteriorly  and  on  the  sides 
as  to  become  continuous  ;  ch!n,  l/iroaf  and  breast  rich  i/elloir,  ending  abrni)tly 
against  the  white  of  the  other  under  parts;  sides  of  neck  and  body  with 
numerous  black  streaks;  a  broad  yellow  superciliarv  line,  changing  to 
white  behind  the  eye  ;  no  white  patch  l)elow  auriculars  ;  hirer  ej/elid  ijdiow ; 
a  black  line  from  bill  to  eye,  with  whicii  the  streaks  of  tlie  side  of  the  neck 
connect;  two  white  wing-bars,  the  anterior  one  much  the  stronger;  tail 
blotches  large,  the  outer  one  occujjying  nearly  all  the  feather;  bill  and  feet 
black.  9  not  particularly  diflereut.  Voimr/:  dull  brownish  (like  young 
corona/a)  with  few  or  no  black  streaks  on  back,  crown  or  along  sides;  throat, 
eyelid  and  suj)crriUarij  line  rich  i/elloir,  as  in  the  adult ;  other  under  parts 
soiled  whitish.  5-5^,  wing  2;f ,  tail  2.},  bill  under  i.  New  Mexico,  Arizona 
and  southward;  abundant,  and  breeding,  at  Fort  AVhipple  [Cones).  An 
interesting  lately  discovered  species,  closely  resembling  the  next.  Col'KS, 
Troc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Philada.,  18()(!,  p.  67.     liAiun,  Kev.  210;  Coopku, 

p.  —  (appendix) okacm:. 

Yelloic-thrnated  Warbler.  ]Much  like  the  last  species,  with  which  its 
changes  of  plumage  are  entirely  correspondent ;  no  yellow  in  the  black 
under  the  eye  ;  a  white  patch  separating  the  black  of  the  cheeks  from  tho 
bluish  ash  of  tho  neck;  su|)crciliary  line  usually  yellow  from  bill  to  eye, 
thence  white  to  nape,  sometimes  entirely  white;  bill  very  long  (at  least  A), 
extremely  compressed,  almost  a  little  decurved.     South  Atlantic  and  Gulf 


.  1 


mm 


il 


!  1 


<il 


'   i 


r-J       ! 


\ 


101 


fiVLVICOLID.F,,   WAUULKIIS, — (1E\.    Sf). 


States,  mthcr  coiniuon  ;  north  to  Maryliiiul  nnd  Oliio,  but  niro  ;  West  Indies 
(wlicro  it  hrcfds),  Mexico  iiiul  Central  America.  >S.  Jhi i:ivol I ix  Wiun.,  ii, 
i'>\,  pi,  12,  C  0;  .S'.  j,eii.ii/is  Nrrr.,  i,  374;  Atu.,  ii,  '62,  7i» ;  />.  xnppr- 

vi/ioKd  lii).,  2^[);  J).  (Ii)iuim'c(t,  liu.,livv.  '2(yj ixjminica. 

KIrthmiCs  Worhkv.  "Above  slate-blwc,  tlio  featlicrs  of  the  crown  with 
11  narrow,  those  of  tlie  baclv  witli  u  Itroadcr,  streak  of  black  ;  a  narrow 
frontlet  involvinj,'  (he  lores,  the  anterior  end  of  the  eye  and  space  beneath 
it,  black;  the  re.-t  of  the  eyelids  white;  under  parts  clear  yellow,  almost 
white  on  the  imder  tail  coverts,  the  breast  with  small  spots  and  the  sides 
with  short  streaks  of  black  ;  f^nrater  and  middle  wing  coverts,  the  quills  and 
lull  feathers,  edged  with  didl  whitish  ;  two  outer  tiid  feathers  with  a  dull 
white  spot  on  the  inn(!r  web;  yi  ;  wing  2',  tail  2ij "  {Ihi'inl).  Very  rare; 
only  two  or  three  specimens  known,  from  Oliio  and  the  Hahamas.  A  species 
1  have  never  seee. ;  I)Ut  I  suspect  that  its  relationships  arc  with  doiainka  and 
i/fdclw,  and  that  they  may  prove  still  closer  with  the  I'ortoriean  species 
of  the  same  group  {adi'htldiv).  IJaiud,  Ann.  Lye.  Nat.  Hist.  N.  Y.  v, 
18.^2,  217,  pi.  (J ;  Cass.,  HI.  i,  278,  pi.  47  ;  Bd.,  licv.  20().  .  kiutlaxdii. 
VcUDir  JiCiI-jjoll  Warhlei'.  Pahn  Warbler.  In  spring:  brownish-olive, 
rumi)  and  ni)per  tail  coverts  brighter  yellowish-olive,  back  obsoletely 
streaked  with  dusky,  cruwn  c/ientnut;  superciliary  line  and  entire  under 
parts  rich  yellow,  breast  and  sides  with  reddish-brown  streaks,  somewhat  as 
in  the  summer  warbler ;  a  dusky  loral  line  running  through  eye  ;  no  while 
irln<j-harx,  the  wing  coverts  and  iimcr  quills  l)cing  edged  with  yellowish- 
brown  ;  tail  spots  at  very  end  of  inner  webs  of  two  outer  pairs  of  tail 
feathers  only,  and  cut  nquarel;/  ajf — a  peculiarity  distinguishing  the  species 
in  any  plumage.  9  not  particularly  diHercnt  from  the  $  :  young,  an  ob- 
scure-looking species,  brownish  above  like  a  young  yellow-rump,  but  upper 
tail  coverts  yellowish-olive,  and  under  tail  coverts  apt  to  show  quite  bright 
yellow  in  contrast  with  the  dingy  yellowish  white  or  brownish  white  of  other 
under  i)arts  ;  pectoral  and  lateral  streaks  oI)scure  ;  crown  generally  showing 
chestnut  traces ;  but  in  any  plumage,  known  by  absence  of  white  wing-bars 
and  peculiarity  of  the  tail  spots,  as  just  said.  5^,  wing  2J,  tail  2J.  East- 
ern North  America,  abundant:  usually  found  in  fields,  along  hedgerows  and 
roadsides,  with  ycllow-rumi)s  and  sparrows  ;  the  most  terrestrial  species  of 
the  genus,  often  recalling  a  titlark  ;  remains  in  the  fall  latest  of  any,  except 
the  yellow-rump.  "Winters  in  Florida  and  the  West  Indies  {Allen).  jS. 
])(lir/iia,  WiLs.,  vi,  It),  pi.  28,  f.  4;  NuTT.,  1,  364;  Auu.,  ii,  55,  pi.   DO; 

lil).,  288 I'ALMAKUM. 

IHne  Warbler.  I'ine-creepini/  Warbler.  Uniform  yellowish-olive  above, 
yellow  below,  paler  or  white  on  belly  and  under  tail  coverts,  shaded  and 
sometimes  obsoletely  streaked  with  darker  on  the  sides;  superciliary  lino 
yellow  ;  wing-bars  while;  tail-blotches  coiijined  to  two  outer  pairs  of  feathers, 
lanje,  oblique.  ?  and  young,  similar,  duller  ;  sometimes  merely  olive-gray 
above  .and  sordid  whitish  below.  The  variations  in  precise  shade  are  inter- 
minable ;  but  the  species  may  always  be  known  by  the  lack  of  any  special  sharp 


\^ 


^'{\  • 


>" 


'i-1 


I 


i 


svr,vi(()i,ii).i;,  wAmu.Kus.  —  (ii:\.  .'i(i. 


105 


niiirkiii;:'*  wliatovor,  oxccpt  tlio  Hiipcrcili.iiy  lino;  aiul  hy  iho  fdinltiimlioii  of 
wliito  \viiij,'-l)iirs  with  hw^o  ol)li(|ii('  tiiii-spdts  <'(iii11ii(m1  to  tlif  two  oiitiT  pairs 
of  fciitlicrs.  One  of  the  l.'ir^'cst  species:  "»i  to  nearly  tl.  Kastern  I'liitcil 
States,  very  ulMindant  in  pine  woods  and  (scdiir  thickets;  has  an  cxti'nsivo 
hroedini;  rani,'e,  and  is  apparently  resident  in  southern  portions.  \'ii'en 
vii/orsii  NuTT.,  i,  'MH  ;  >S.  pimis  Wir.s.,  iii,  iT),  pi.  I'.l,  f.  t  ;  N'l  it.,  i,  .'187  ; 
Aui).,  ii,  ;}71,  pi.  H2;  Hi).,  :^77 i-ixus. 

Oils.  Tlu!  two  I'ollowhig  Hppcies,  iiserilied  to  Norlli  America,  arc  not  now 
known  : — 

Jilnn  M'liinlnia  Warhlcr.  Svi.viA  Montana  Wii.s.,  v,  ll.'l,  pi.  U,  1".  2  (Hhio 
Mountains  of  Virt?iuia).  Ann.,  11,  O'.t,  pi.  <JH  ("  Calilornia")  lJi>.,  '27H.  Professor 
IJaird  suj^jrests  llmt  some  piuniai^c  of  />.  iihnis  or  sln'dln  may  furnisli  the  clue  to 
this  lost  species;  Iiut  these  arc  amoiifX  tlu;  largest  wariilcrs,  whilst  Wilson  says 
"  Icnjith  lour  inches  ami  three-quarters."  Mr.  Tinnliull  (Itirtls  of  New  Jersey,  p. 
IH)  says,  without  (|Ualillcatioii,  it  is  (ho  younj^  of  I).  cutntUn.  I  think  myself  that 
it  is  simply  the  youut^  of  I),  vircnn!  of  which,  it  Hccms,  Wilson  never  rccoj^uized 
an  nntunnial  example.  A  Spptcml)cr  specimen  of  rirens,  before  mo  as  I  write, 
agrees  almost  precisely  with  Wilson's  description  —  rich  yellow  olive  ;  (Vont,  chocks, 
chin  and  sides  of  neck,  yellow  ;  *  •  two  exterior  tail  feathers  white  on  the 
inner  vanes  from  the  middle  to  the  ti|),  <in(l  cdijcil  on  tlu'  onli'r  side  with  irhifc,  etc. 
Now  I).  riri'iiH  is  the  only  Eastern  species,  showing  this  latter  fcatinv,  that  ajfrces 
with  the  other  assigned  characters  at  all.  It  is  curious  additional  evidence  that  1 
am  ri;>ht  in  this  surmise,  that  the  original  of  Auduhon's  llji;ure,  in  the  IJritish 
Museum,  came  from  "California;"  for  I  HU|)poso  that  this  specimen  wa8  tho 
j'ounj;  of  oiridi'iifalis  or  toiriincntlii,  some  of  the  pluma}j;es  of  which,  as  well  as  can 
1)0  made  out,  are  with  dilllcully  distinguishable  from  iunnatiu'c  riims. 

Carboimk'il  Warhlor,  Svi.via  cauuonata  Aun.  Orn.  Biog.  i,  30H,  pi.  (;o  ;  NuTr., 
i,  40,) ;  Afn.,  ii,  'Ja,  \A.  109  ;  IJo.,  287.  Only  known  by  tho  ligure  and  d(!scrii)tion 
of  a  pair  killed  in  Kentucky.  I  have  no  hlea  what  this  is ;  it  may  not  l>e  a 
Dcndru'ca  at  all.      Audubon   himself  put   it  among   the   worm-eating  warblers. 


36.    Genus  SEIUBUS  Swainson. 

•,*  The  birds  of  this  genus  have  been  classed  with  tho  thrushes,  and  also  with 
the  titlarks  (which  they  somewhat  resenilile  in  habits,  being  walking  birds),  hut 
they  have  no  special  afllnity  with  either.  They  are  simply  terrestrial  warblers, 
closely  related  to  gen.  37,  38.  Five  species  arc 
enumerated,  but  the  exotic  representatives  of  iiovc- 
lov:  ISM  and  htduriciiinuM  seem  to  be  mere  vari- 
eties. 

•  Crown  orange-brown,  with  two  black  stripes  ;  no 
superciliary  line. 

(foldi'ii-rroivned  T/intsh.  Oven  Bud.  IJriglit 
olive  green  ;  below  pure  wiiite,  thickly  spotted 
with  dusky  on  breast  and  along  sides  ;  a  narrow 

maxillary  line  of  blackish  ;  under  wing  coverts     *""'- ^'■'-  u«iJpn-<rottne(i Ti.insi,. 
tinged  with   yellow;    a  white  eye-ring;    legs  flesh   color;    wings  and   tail 
unmarked.     Sexes  alike  ;  young  similar.     Length  5J-GJ  ;  wing  3  ;  tail  2^. 

KBT  TO  N.   A.   IIIRUS.      14 


J 


I 


lOG 


SYLVICOLIDiF:,    WAKBLERS.  —  GEN.    37. 


Eiisteni  North  America,  "West  Intlios,  Mexico,  Alaska  {Dull).  A  very 
common  bird  in  open  woodland,  spending  much  of  its  timo  on  the  ground 
rustling  among  the  leaves  ;  noted  for  its  loud  monotonous  song,  and  its 
curious  nest,  which  is  placed  on  the  ground  and  roofed  over;  whence  the 
name  "ovenhird."  WiLS.,  ii,  88,  pi.  14,  f.  2;  Nutt.,  i,  355;  Aui).,  Orn. 
I>iog.  ii,  253;  v,  447;  pi.  143 ;  Bn.,  2G0 aukocai'illus. 

•*  Crown  plain,  like  the  back  ;  a  conspicuous  superciliary  lino. 
Water  Thrush.  Wiikr  W(i(jta!l.  (Plate  ii  ;  figs.  9,  10,  11;  Off,  10«, 
llrt.)  Dee})  olivaceous-hrown  ;  below,  white,  more  or  less  tinged  with^«/e 
ycUindsh,  thickly  and  sharj/li/  spotted  with  the  color  of  the  back,  except  on 
lower  belly  and  crissmn :  superciliary  line  yellowish  ;  feet  dark.  Length 
5i-(5 ;  Aving  2!{  ;  tail  2\  ;  hill  about  A.  North  America,  everywhere  ;  a  com- 
mon bird  of  low  watery  thickets,  in  the  habit  of  constantly  vibrating  the 
tail  as  it  moves  about  in  the  underbrush.  "WiLS.,  iii,  OH,  pi.  22,  f.  5; 
Nutt.,  i,  353  ;  Aud.,  Orn.  Biog.  v,  284,  pi.  433  ;  Bi>.,  2(51.  noveuouacknsis. 

Lor(jc-bilkd  Water  Thrush.  (Plate  ii,  figs.  8,  Ha.)  Very  similar  to  the 
last;  rather  larger,  averaging  al)out  (3,  Avith  the  wing  3;  bill  especially 
longer  and  stouter,  over  ^,  and  tarsus  nearly  1.  Under  parts  white,  only 
faintly  tinged,  and  chielly  on  the  Hanks  and  crissum,  with  butly  (not  sul- 
phury yellow)  ;  the  streaks  sparse,  pale,  and  not  very  sharp  :  throat,  as  well 
as  belly  and  crissum,  unmarked ;  legs  pale.  It  may  prove  only  a  variety, 
but  I  have  yet  to  see  a  specimen  I  cannot  distinguish  on  sight ;  the  size  of 
the  bill  is  not  by  any  means  the  only  character,  as  some  seem  to  suppose, 
tho\igh  it  is  the  principal  one.  Eastein  United  States,  rather  southern,  and 
not  very  common;  north  to  ^Massachusetts  (Allen).  Auu.  Orn.  Biog.  i, 
91),  pi.  19;  Bd.,  2G2 luuovicianus. 


t  ' 


'"> 


X 


37.    Genua  OPOEORNIS  Baird. 

Connecticut  Warbler.  Olive-green,  becoming  ashy  on  the  head;  below, 
from  the  breast,  yellow,  olive-shaded  on  the  sides  ;  chin,  throat  aud  breast 
brownish-ash  ;  a  whitish  ring  round  eye  ;  wings  and  tail  unmarked,  glossed 
with  olive  ;  under  mandible  and  feet  pale  ;  no  decided  markings  anywhere  ; 
5i  ;  wing  2'1 ;  tail  2.  In  spring  birds  the  ash  of  the  head,  throat  and  breast 
is  quite  pure,  and  then  the  rcocmblance  to  Gcothli/pis  i^hiladelphia  is  close  ; 
but  in  the  latter  the  wings  are  little  if  any  longer  than  the  tail.  In  the  fall 
the  upper  parts  from  bill  to  tail  arc  nearly  uniform  olive.  Eastern  United 
States,  not  connnon,  aud  very  rarely  observed  in  the  spring ;  a  quiet,  shy 
inhabitant  of  bruslnvood  and  thickets.  Of  late  very  abundant  in  the  fall 
about  Cambridge,  Mass.,  where  in  tWo  seasons  over  a  hundred  specimens 
have  been  taken  {Allen).  Wils.,  v,  «4,  pi.  24,  f.  4;  Nutt.,  2d  ed.  i, 
403;  Aui).,  ii,  71,  pi.  99;  Bi>.,  24() agilis. 

Kentuchij  Warbler.  Clear  olive-green  ;  entire  under  parts  bright  yellow, 
olive-shaded  along  sides;  crown  black,  separated  by  a  rich  yelloAV  super- 
ciliary line  (which  curls  around  the  eye  behind)  from  a  broad  black  bar 


/ 


i<r,,v  c^w 


5 


/ 


■■'  <:  ■]  I . 


- ^  ^^}  I  a  v* .- i  /Til  vi < 


/ 


STLVrCOLIDJE,    WARBLEnS. — GEN.    38. 


107 


cry 
und 
its 
the 
)rii. 
us. 


f' 


running  from  bill  below  030  and  thence  down  the  side  of  the  nock  ;  wings 
and  tall  unmarked,  glossed  with  olive  ;  feet  (Icsh  color  ;  5fJ ;  wing  2;{-3  ;  tail 
2-2^.  Young  birds  have  the  black  obscure  if  not  wanting;  in  the  fall, 
the  black  feathers  of  the  crown  of  the  adult  arc  skirted  with  ash.  Eastern 
United  States,  north  to  the  Connecticut  Valley ; 
not  alunidant,  but  common  in  certain  sections,  as  in 
southern  Illinois  (Ilklr/ivai/)  and  Kansas  (Concn). 
WiLS.,  iii,  85,  pi.  25,  f.  2;  Nutt.,  i,  391);  Aun., 
ii,  19,  pi.  74  ;  Bd.,  247 foumosus. 


Fiii.  40.    Kentucky  Wnrblcr. 


FlO.  47. 


Blnryldtid  Vellow- 
tliroiit. 


38.  Genus  GEOTHLYPIS  Cabanis. 
Maryland  Yelloio-throat.  $  in  spring :  olive- 
green,  rather  grayer  anteriorly,  forehead  and  a 
broad  band  through  the  eye  to  the  neck  pure  black,  bordered  above  with 
hoary  ash ;  chin,  throat,  breast,  under  tail  coverts  and  edge  of  wing  rich 
yellow,  fading  into  whitish  on  the  belly ;  wings  and  tail  unmarked,  glossed 
with  olive  ;  bill  black,  feet  flesh  colored.  9  in  spring,  Avithout  the  definite 
blactk  and  ash  on  the  head,  the  crown  generally  brownish,  the  yellow  pale 

and  restricted.  The  young,  in  general,  resembles 
the  9  ,  at  any  rate  lacking  the  head  markings  of  the 
$  ;  but  it  is  sometimes  bully  brownish  below,  some- 
times almost  entirely  clear  yellow.  In  any  plumage, 
the  bird  is  distinguished  from  warblers  of  any  other 
genus,  by  having  the  wings  shorter,  or  at  most  not 
longer,  than  the  tail ;  and  from  the  two  following 
species  by  having  no  clear  ash  on  the  throat.  Length 
4.?-5  ;  wing  and  tail  1^-2^.  United  States,  from 
Atlantic  to  Pacific  ;  Mexico,  West  Indies  and  Central  America.  An  abund- 
ant and  familiar  inhabitant  of  shrubbery  and  underbrush,  the  sameness  of 
which  is  enlivened  by  its  s^prightly  presence  and  hearty  song,  throughout 
the  summer  months.     AViLS.,  i,  88,  pi.  6,  f.  1;  Xutt.,  i,  401;  AuD.,  ii, 

78,  pi.  102;  Ud.,  241 triciias. 

Mournin'j  Warbler.  Bright  olive,  below  clear  yellow  ;  on  the  head  the 
olive  passes  insensibly  into  ash  ;  in  high  plumage  the  throat  and  breast  are 
black,  but  are  generally  ash,  showing  black  traces,  the  feathers  being  black 
skirted  with  ash,  producing  a  peculiar  appearance  suggestive  of  the  bird's 
wearing  crape  ;  wings  and  tail  unmarked,  glossed  with  olive  ;  under  mandi- 
ble and  feet  flesh  color;  no  tvhite  about  ei/es.  Young  birds  have  little  or 
no  ashy  on  the  head,  and  no  black  on  the  thi'oat,  thus  closely  resembling 
Oporornis  agilis,  but  are  of  course  distinguishable  by  their  generic  charac- 
ters ;  5.J-5i  ;  wing  and  tail,  cacii,  about  2^.  Eastern  United  States,  rare  ; 
Minnesota,  "abundant"  {Trippe)  ;  a  shy,  retiring  inhabitant  of  dense  shrul)- 
bery.     Wils.,  i,  101,  pi.  14;  Xutt.,  i,  404;  Aud.,  ii,  76,  pi.  101;  Bn., 

243 I'lIILAlJELIMIIA. 

MacgilUvray's   Warbler.     Precisely  like  the  last  species,  excepting  that  it 


><^.t^V<,^(„i^ 


108 


SYLVICOLID^,    AVAHIJLERS. GEN.     31). 


has  while  ei/clids.  Rocky  Moiiiitaiiis  to  the  Pacific,  U.  S.,  ami  southward. 
One  of  the  most  ahiiiulaiit  \varl)lcrs  in  the  mountains  of  Colorado,  and 
common  elsewhere  in  the  West.  Tricfias  tohniei  Nutt.,  2d  ed.  i,  460; 
AuD.,  ii,  74,  pi.  100;  Bd.,  248;  Coop.,  96 macgillivrayi. 

Subfamily  ICTElUIXxE.  Chats. 

A  small  group,  reccntlj'  framed  to  accommodate  the  following  gcnns  and  its  two 
tropical  allies  ;  it  is  perhaps  questionable  whether  they  are  most  naturall}'  classed 
with  tiie  Warblers.  Ideria  shows  the  foUowin^^  points: — Larger  than  any  other 
Si/lriculfda:;  bill  short,  stout,  compressed,  culinen  and  commissure  both  curved, 
tip  nnnotched,  rictus  unbristled  ;  wings  much  rounded,  shorter  or  at  most  not  longer 
than  the  tail.     Sexes  alike.     Probably  contains  but  one  species. 


39.    Qenus  ICTERIA  Vieillot. 

YelloiL'-breasted  Chat.  Bright  olive  green,  below  golden  j-ellow,  belly 
abruptly  white;  lore  black,  isolating  the  white  under  eyelid  from  a  white 
superciliary  line  above  and  a  short  white  maxillary  line  below  ;    wings  and 

tail  unmarked,  glossed  with  olive ;  bill  and 
feet  blue-black  ;  7-7i  ;  wing  about  3  ;  tail  about 
3J.  Ea.stcrn  United  States,  north  to  JMassa- 
^-\^  '-^^Bi^m^fi^mt-  chusetts,  abundant ;  an  exclusive  inhabitant  of 
low  tangled  undergrowth,  and  oftencr  heard 
than  seen,  except  during  the  mating  season, 
when  it  performs  the  extravagant  aerial  evolu- 
tions for  which,  as  well  as  for  the  variety  and 
volubility  of  its  song,  it  is  noted.  Nest  in  a  crotch  of  a  bush  near  the 
ground:  eggs  4-5,  white,  speckled  with  reddish  brown.  Pipra  pohjglotta 
WiLS.,  i,  90  pi.  6,  f.  2;  Ideria  viridis  Nutt.,  i,  299  :  Aud.  Oru.  Biog. 
ii,  223,  V,  433,  pi.  137  ;  Bd.,  248  ;  Icteria  i-jVph-sBd.,  Rev.  228.      virens. 

Var.  i.ONGicAUHA.  Long-tailed  Chat.  Very  similar ;  the  olive  duller  and  graj'er, 
sometimes  quite  ashy  on  the  head :  tail  usually  but  not  alwaj-s  longer,  averaging 
perhaps  3J.  Replaces  virens  from  the  Plains  to  the  Pacific,  U.  S.,  and  southward. 
Bd.,  249  ;  Cooper,  98. 


Fiij.  48.    Yc'llow-brenstetl  Chat. 


Subfamily  SETOPHAGINjE.     Flycatching  Warblers. 

These  have  the  bill  depressed,  considerably  broader  than  high  at  base,  notched 
and  usually  hooked  at  tip,  and  fiu-nishcd  with  long  stilF  bristles  that  reach  halfway 
or  more  from  the  nostrils  to  the  end  of  the  bill.  In  other  respects  they  are  not 
distinguished  from  the  rest  of  the  family.  Wliilc  many  or  most  other  SylvicoUdce 
are  expert  in  taking  insects  on  the  wing,  these  capture  their  prey  in  the  air  with 
specijil  address,  representing,  in  this  respect,  the  true  clamatorial  flycatchers,  with 
which  some  species  of  Setophaginai  used  to  be  classed,  in  the  extensive  old  genua 
"  Muscicapa."  As  I  have  said,  the  Sylvicolince  .are  peculiarly  North  American ; 
while  the  Setophagina;  are  most  developed  in  Central  and  South  America,  where 
they  .are  represented  by  three  or  four  genera,  and  upwards  of  forty  species.  It  is 
lianlly    necessary  to  add   that,  however   clo.sely  some  of  them    may  resemble  the 


aB= 


sylvicolid;e,  warblers. — gen.   40. 


109 


Ti/rnnnMce,  thoy  are  at  once  distinguishoil  from  these   cliimatoriat  birds   by  the 
oscine  character  of  the  tarsi,  and  the  presence  of  only  nine  primaries. 


4 


40.    Genus  MYIODIOCTES  Audubon. 

Hooded  Fhjcatchcr.     Clear  yclIow-olivc,  bcloAV  rich  yellow  sluulod  along 
the  sides,  whole  head  and  neck  pure  black,  enclosing  a  broad  golden  mask 
across    forehead   and   through    eyes ;    wings   nn- 
niarked,  glossed  with  olive;  tail  with  large  white 
l)Iotches  on  the  two  outer  pairs  of  feathers,  as  in 
Dcmh-oeca;    bill  black,  feet  flesh  color.       9   with 
no  black  on  the  head  ;  that  of  the  crown  replaced 
by  olive,  that  of  the  throat  by  yellow;  youmj  $ 
with  the  black  much  restricted  or  interrupted,  if 
Jiot  whollv  wanting  as  in  the  9    {^MnncicajM  KcJbi/i 
AuD.  Orn.  Biog.  i,  4(5,  pi.  9).       Length  fj-a.t ;       '''"•'"•  """'•«-' r'y-atrhe,-. 
wing  about  2:|,  tail  about  2^.     Eastern  United  States,  apparently  not  very 
common.     Musckapa  cucallnla  WiLS.,  iii.  101,  pi.  2G,  f.  3;  Nutt.,  i,  373; 

Aui).,  ii,  12,  pi.  71 ;  Bd.,  292 mitijatus. 

(Irern  JJIdch'-capped  Flycatcher.     Clear  yellow-olive  ;  crown  glossy  blue- 
black  ;  forehead,  sides  of  head  and  entire  under  parts  bright  yellow  ;  wings 

and  tail  plain,  glossed  with  olive  ;  upper  mandible  dark, 

under  pale ;   feet  brown  ;    9  and  young  similar,  colors 
^i,v:s^        not  so  bright,  the  black  cap  ol)scure.     Small;    A'i-^); 

wing  about  2:^  ;  tail  about  2.     North  America,  at  large  ; 

ccnnmon.     AViLS.,  iii,  103,  pi.  26,  f.  4;  Nutt.,  i,  408; 


Aui).,  ii,  21,  pi.  7.5;  Bd.,  293 rusiLLUS. 

Canadian  Fhjcalcher.  Bluish-ash ;  crown  speckled 
with  lanceolate  black  marks,  crowiled  and  generally  continuous  on  the  fore- 
head ;  the  latter  divided  lengthwise  by  a  slight  yellow  line  ;  short  super- 
ciliary line  and  edges  of  e3'clids,  j'cUow ;  lores  lilack,  continuous  with  black 
under  the  eye,  and  this  passing  as  a  chain  of  black 
streaks  down  the  side  of  the  neck  and  prettily  encir- 
cling the  throat  like  a  necklace ;  excepting  these 
streaks  and  the  white  under  tail  coverts,  the  entire 
luider  parts  arc  clear  yellow ;  wings  and  fciil  un- 
marked ;  feet  Hcsh  color.  In  the  9  and  young  the 
l)lack  is  obscure  or  much  restricted,  and  the  back 
may  be  ftlightly  glossed  with  olive  :  but  they  cannot 
be  mistaken.  In  this  plumage  the  bird  is  ^ryiodioctes  ^"'■•'''' 
bonapa rf i i  Avn.,  ii,  17,  pi.  73;  Nutt.,  i,  2d  ed.  330;  Bd 
about  5J  ;  wing  2i  ;  tail  2^.  Eastern  United  States,  an  abundant  and  beau- 
tiful woodland  species.     WiLS.,  ii,  100,  pi.  2(5,  f.  2;  Xutt.,  i,  872;  Aud., 

ii,  14:  pi.  72,  Bd.,  294 caxadexsis. 

0ns.     The  SmaU-hcuded  Fli/cutcher,  Mi'scicai-a  mintta  Wn..s.,  vi,  ((2,  pi.  50,  f. 
2;  Nirr.,  i.  2(1  eil.  :'>'M  ;   Ai  d.,  i,  2;J.S,  i>l.  (i7  ;  lin.,  29:3,  now  unknown,  is  conjec- 


FiG.  ju.  (Jreen  Klaik-cjipped 
Klyialclier. 


Canadian  Flycatcher. 

29.5.      Lenjrth 


■/  t 


n 


110 


ccF.nr.nwJE,  iioxey  CREEPEns. — oen.  41,  42. 


tiired  to  belong  to  tliis  germs ;  l)ut  this  can  hardly  be,  for  Wilson  says  it  has  two 
white  wing  bands,  a  character  not  shown  in  Mi/iodiodes.  There  is  no  reasonable 
prol)al)ility  that  any  species  of  the  family,  inhaliiting  the  Jliddle  States  in  June, 
remains  to  be  detected.  I  have  no  doubt  that  the  bird  is  a  Dendraeca,  and  nothing 
in  the  description  forbids  its  reference  to  one  of  the  endless  plumages  of  D.  pinus! 

41.    Qonus  SETOPHAQA  Swainson. 

I?edsf(i)'t.  $  lustrous  blue-black,  belly  and  crissiiin  white,  sides  of  the 
breast,  large  .spot  at  bases  of  the  rcmigcs,  and  basal  half  of  the  tail  feathers 
(except  tiie  niiildlo  pair)  Jlcry-oranfjc;  belly  often  tinged  with  the  same; 
bill  and  feet  black.  9  olivaceous,  ashier  on  the  head,  entirely  white  below, 
wings  and  tail  blackish,  with  the  flame  color  of  the  $  represented  by 
yellow ;  young  $  like  the  9  but  browner,  the  yellow  of  an  orange  hue. 
From  the  circumstance  that  many  spring  males  are  shot  in  the  general 
plumage  of  the  female,  but  showing  irregular  isolated  black  patches,  it  is 
probable  that  the  s|)ecics  requires  at  least  two  years  to  gain  its  perfect 
pliunagc.  Length  oi  ;  wing  and  tail  about  2J.  Eastern  North  America, 
very  al)undant,  in  woodland.  WiLS.,  i,  103,  pi.  G,  f .  G ;  Nurr.,  i,  291; 
Aui).,  i,  240,  pi.  08;  Bd.,  297 ruticilla. 

Painted  Fli/catchcr.  $  lustrous  black,  middle  of  breast  and  belly  carmine 
red  ;  eyelids,  wing  coverts  and  crissum  white,  inner  quills  edged  with  white, 
outer  tail  feathers  mostly  white.  9  not  particularly  diirerent.  5  ;  wing 
and  tail,  each  2%  ;  tarsus  5.  A  Mexican  species,  recently  found  in  Arizona. 
{Tnc^ow,  Bend! re.)     Bd.,  298;  Rev.,  25G riCTA. 

Oas.  One  other  Mexican  species  of  this  genus  (6'.  minkita),  and  two  species  of 
closely  allied  genera,  Basileuterus  rujtfmns  and  CardeUlmi  rubra  (both  Mexican), 
hav?  been  admitted  to  our  fauna,  though  they  have  not,  to  my  knowledge,  been 
actually  taken  within  our  limits. 

Family  CCEREBID^.    Honey  Creepers. 

rHmarics  nine,  and  other  external  characters  very  nearl}'  as  in  the  last  family ; 
but  the  bill  is  generally  slenderer  and  sharper,  and  often  a  little  decurved.  The 
line  between  the  two  families  has  never  been  drawn  with  precision,  and  has  become 
the  more  dillicult  of  expression  since  some  of  the  Si/Ivicolii}((;  have  proven  possessed 
of  a  peculiarity  of  the  Cwrebkhv  —  deeply  bifid,  penicillate  tongue.  A  small  group, 
containing  perhaps  forty  species,  of  pretty  little  birds,  confmetl  to  tropical  Amer- 
ica.    Our  species  is  merely  a  stray  visitor  to  Florida. 


V 


i 


^i' 


H 


m 


42.    Genus  CERTHIOLA  Sundevall. 


Honey  Creeper,  Dark  olivaceous  ash  ;  superciliary  line  and  under  parts 
dull  white ;  belly,  edge  of  wing,  and  rump,  bright  yellow ;  wings  dusky, 
with  a  white  spot  at  base  of  primaries ;  tail  dusky,  tipped  with  white  ;  bill 
and  feet  black  ;  "eyes  blue."  Length  4i  ;  wing  2i  ;  tail  1^.  Indian  Key 
(  Wiirdemann).     Bn.,  924 flaveola. 


•} 


t 


TANAGIUDili:,    TANAGEK8.  —  GEN.    43. 


Ill 


'■; 


'1' 


Family  TANAGRIDiE.    Tanagers. 

An  oxtonsivc,  brilliant  I'aniily,  confinod  to  America,  abonnding  in  species  be- 
tween the  tropics.  Its  position  is  a  point  at  issue  with  ornitliologists  ;  it  may  how- 
ever, not  unnaturally  follow  the  Cairehidin  and  *S7//iv'co/trfcc,  though  certainly  no  fam- 
ilies should  stand  between  it  and  Fn'ufjiUidai.  In  f^ict  certain  tropical  forms  might 
be  assigned  to  either  indillerentlj'.  Tlie  best  delinition  of  the  tanagers  I  have  seen 
is  that  given  by  the  distinguished  ornithologist  who  called  them  "  dentirostral 
flnchcs  ;"  but  this  important  generalization,  liivc  other  happy  epigrams,  is  insuscep- 
tible of  application  in  detail,  and  the  tanagers  remain  to  be  precisely  characterized. 
As  a  consequence,  the  number  of  species  can  hardly  be  approximately  estimated  ; 
but  upwards  of  three  hundred  are  usually  enumerated. 

The  single  well  established  North  American  genus  may  be  recognized,  among  all 
the  birds  of  our  country',  bj'  the  combination  of  nine  primaries  and  scutellate  tarsi 
with  a  turgid  bill,  notched  at  the  tip  and  toothed  or  lobed  near  the  middle  of  the 
superior  maxillary  tomia ;  though  this  last  character  is  sometimes  so  obscure  that  it 
might  be  looked  at  without  being  seen.  The  species  of  Pi/rawja  are  birds  of  bril- 
liant colors,  with  great  seasonal  and  sexual  dill'eronces  of  plumage.  They  are 
frugivorous  and  insectivorous,  and  consetiuently  migratory  in  the  United  States. 
They  inhabit  woodland,  lay  4-5  dark  colored,  speckled  eggs,  nest  in  trees,  juid  are 
fair  songsters.  In  distribution  they  are  rather  southerly,  n(jt  i)assing  northward 
beyond  the  United  States.  One  species  of  another  genus,  L'ujihonia  ckgantinslma, 
Las  been  admitted  to  our  fauna,  but  apparently  upon  insuflicient  evidence. 

43.    Genus  PYRANGA  VioiUot. 

Scarlet  Tcma^fer.  $  scarlet,  with  black  wiiips  and  tail ;  bill  and  feet 
dark ;  9  daav  olive  f/reoi,  below  clear  f/r.eoiish  yellow,  wings  and  tail 
dusky,  edged  with  olive  ;  no  ichlte  lOiHg-hars.  Young  $  ,  at  first,  like  the 
9  ;  afterward  variegated  with  red,  grceu  and  black.  Length  7-7i  ;  wing 
4  ;  tail  3.  I']astcni  United  States,  abundant.  WiLS.,  ii,  42,  pi.  11,  f.  3,  4  ; 
NuTT.,  i,  4(3") ;  AuD.,  iii,  22G,  pi.  20i)  ;  Bi).,  300 uubua. 

iSnmmer  Red-bird.  $  rich  rose-red,  or  vermilion,  including  wings  and 
tail ;  tlic  wings,  however,  dusky  on  the  inner  wel)s  ;  bill  rather  pale  ;  feet 
darker;  9  dull  broicni.sh-olive,  hclow  dull  hrownish-yelloiv ;  no  white  wing- 
bars  ;  young  $  like  the  9  ;  the  $  changing 
plumage  shows  red  and  green  confused  in 
irregular  patches,  l)ut  no  black.  The  9  ,  with 
a  general  resemblance  to  9  rubra,  is  distin- 
guished by  the  dull  brownish,  ochre  or  bufly 
tinge,  the  greenish  and  yellowish  of  rubra 
being  much  purer  ;  the  bill  and  feet,  also,  aro 
generally  much  paler  iu  oistiva.  Size  of  rubra,  or  rather  larger.  Ea^^tern, 
Southern  and  South-western  United  States,  hardly  north  to  New  England  ; 
abundant.    WiLS.,  i,  95,  pi.  6,  f.  3  ;  Nltt.,  i,  469  ;  Aud.,  iii,  222,  pi.  208  ; 

Bl).,  301 .KSTIVA. 

Obs.  The  Pijranga  cooperi,  lately  based  by  Mr.  Uidgway  (Pioe.  Acad.  Phila. 
18G9,  130)  upon  New  Mexican  specimens,  seems  scarcely  tenable.     The  characters 


Fiu.Si.    Summer  R."il-bir(J; 
b,  Cooper's  Taiiagor. 


t 

II 


^T 


?  t 


112 


niUUNDINIDJE,    SWALLOWS. — GEN.    43. 


Flii 


VI.    Ilcpatii'  Tana^tor. 


nrp  not  vory  taiipililo,  aiul  tliore  is  little  probaltility  of  their   proving   constant. 

Tlioiigli  the  (lillL'reni'e  in  the  shape  of  the  hill  of  the  type  specimens  is  evident  (lig. 

.52,  a  anil  b),  yet  this  is  no  more  than  that  oc- 
curring in  Ivistern  specimens  of  uiKpicstionablo 
(islini.  (See  Platk  ii,  figs.  It),  20,  o,  b.)  It 
niii3',  however,  take  rank  as  a  geographical  variety. 

Hepatic  Tanafji-r.  Ashy -red,  or  livcr- 
hrown,  hrighfer  red  on  the  head  and  nndcr 
parts ;  sides  ashy-shaded ;  bill  plumbeons 
black,  conspicuously  toothed  ;  9  like  that  of 
the  forcjroiiiir,  but  ashler  on  the  back.  Size  of  the  last.  New  Mexico, 
Arizona,  and  southward.     B».,  302;  Kiuoway,  Proc.  Acad.  Pliiia.  18G9, 

132;  Cooi'.,  114 iiepatica. 

Louhidua  'J'ini'i;/er.  $  brijiflit  yellow,  middle  of  back,  wings,  and  tail, 
black  ;  head  erinisoii  ;  wings  with  two  yellow  bars.  9  most  nearly  resem- 
bling that  of  rubra,  but  distingiiishod  from  this  or  an}'  of  the  foregoing  by 
presence  of  two  whitish  or  greenish-yellow  wlng-l)ars,  and  much  edging  of 
the  same  color  on  the  imier  quills.  Jn'matiu'c  $  shows  the  black  of  the 
back  mixed  with  olive,  and  the  head  only  tinged  with  red  :  at  first  it  Is  like 
the  9  .  Size  of  the  iirst  species.  U.  S.,  Kocky  Mountains  to  the  Pacific 
(not  in  Louisiana  I).  Wils.,  ill,  27,  pi.  20,  f.  1 ;  Xutt.,  i,  471  ;  AuD.,  ill, 
231,  pi.  210;  Iju.,303;  Coop.,  145 ludoviciana. 

Family  HIRUNDINIDiE.  SwaUows. 

FinsirostrLil  Oscincfi.  l$ill  short,  broad,  Hat.  deei>ly  cleft,  the  gape  wide  and 
about  twice  as  long  as  tlio  culmcn  —  it  generally  reaches  to  about  opposite  the 
eyes.  Nasal  fossai  short,  broad,  the  nostrils  directed  more  or  less  upward,  some- 
times circular  and  completely  open,  sometimes  overhung  by  a  straight  flat  scale. 
Rictus  with  a  few  inconspicuous  bristles  or  none.  Wings  extremely  long,  of  nine 
l)rimaries,  of  which  the  first  equals  or  exceeds  the  second,  the  rest  being  rapidly 
graduated,  the  ninth  hardly  or  not  half  as  long  as  the  fu'st ;  secondaries  and  their 
coverts  extremely  short.  Tail  of  12  (rarely  10?)  rectrices,  usually  forked,  some- 
times forlicate  with  filamentous  outer  feathers.  Feet  short  and  weak ;  tarsi 
scntellate  (occasionally  feathered),  comuionly  shorter  than  even  the  lateral  toes; 
basal  joint  of  middle  toe  adherent  to  one  or  both  lateral  toes  ;  toes  with  the  normal 
munber  of  phalanges. 

This  is  a  perfectly  natural  group,  well  distinguished  by  the  foregoing  characters. 
The  swallows  alone  represent,  among  Oscines,  the  fissirostral  type  of  structure ; 
they  have  a  close  superficial  resemblance  to  the  swifts  and  goat-suckers  of  another 
order,  but  the  relation  is  one  of  analogy,  not  of  afflnity,  though  all  these  birds 
were  formerly  classed  together  in  the  highly  unnatural  "order"  Fissirostres.  (See 
beyond,  under  Ci/pselkJw  and  Cajmmuhjidce.) 

A  hundred  species  of  swallows  are  recorded  ;  probably'  about  three-fourths  of 
them  are  genuine.  They  are  distributed  all  over  the  world  ;  the  most  generalized 
typos,  like  Ilinindo  itself,  are  more  or  less  cosmopolitan,  but  each  of  the  great 
divisions  of  the  globe  has  its  peculiar  subgenera  or  particular  sets  of  species.  Thus, 
all  the  American  groups  except  Ilirundo  and  Cutyle  are  peculiar  to  this  continent. 


mUU.VDIXID.E,    SWALLOWS. UKX.    44,    4"). 


ii;j 


Swallows  arc  insoctivorous,  nnil  thorcrori!  Tniiiratoiy  in  eoM  niul  tcmporato  lati- 
tudes;  unsurpassed  iu  iiowors  of  lliiilit,  tlicy  are  ciialiii'il  to  i)a-is  with  case  and 
HwiftiK'ss  (Voni  one  eouutrv  to  another,  as  tlic  state  of  llie  weatlier  may  r('((uire. 
Witli  us  a  lew  warm  days  in  Keliruary  and  .Mareli  often  allure  tlicm  northward,  only 
to  1)0  driven  hack  again  by  the  eold,  giving  rise  to  the  well-known  adiige.  \o  hirds 
arc  l)etter  known  t>  all  elassiM  than  tli  'se,  an  I  nom^  so  wele  )in  ■  to  min's  abode — 
cherished  witnesses  of  i)eace  auil  [jlenty  in  the  homestead,  dashing  ornaments  of 
the  busy  thoroughfare. 

The  habits  of  swallows  best  illustrate  the  modifving  influences  of  eivili/ation  on 
indigenous  birds,  formerly,  they  all  bred  on  tililt's,  in  banks,  in  hollows  of  trees, 
and  similar  j)lacea,  and  many  do  so  still.  But  most  of  oin-  s|ic('ies  have  forsaken 
these  pi'lmitive  haunts  to  avail  themselves  of  the  convenient  artificial  nesting  piat't's 
tiiat  man,  intentionally  or  otherwise,  provides.  J^ome  are  just  now  in  a  transition 
state;  thus  the  purple  martin,  in  setth^d  |)arts  of  the  country,  chooses  the  boxes 
everywhere  providi'd  for  its  aeeommodation,  while  in  tiu;  West,  it  retains  its  ol  I 
custom  of  breeding    in    hollow   trees. 


44.    Qonus  HIRUNDO  Linntcus. 
Ham    tSii'nlJnir.      Lustrous  stcol    blue  ;    below,  nifoiis  or  palo  cliestmit 
of  varying  sliado  ;  foreliead,  cliin  and  tliroat  deep  chestnut;  breast  with  an 
iiniicrtcct  stocl-bliic  collar ;  tail  forlicate, 
its  outer  feathers  attenuate,  all    but  the 
iiiitldle  pair  with  white  spots  on  the  inner 
M'cl) ;  bill  and  feet  black.     Sexes  alike; 
yoHtvj  less  lustrous,   uuieh   i):iler    Ixdow, 
tail  simply  forked.     Wing  4i-4;J  ;  tail  'Ih 
to  T)  inches.     Xortii    Aiiieri(!a,  al)undant 
in    the    United    States    in    the    siinnner, 
breeding    in    colonies    in  barns  and  out- 
houses; eggs  white,  speckled.     AViLs.,  v, 
34,  pi.  3«;  Xurr.,  i,  (iOl  ;  Aui).,  i,  1«1, 

pi.  48  ;    IJl).,  ;U)y.     .       .       .       IIOliltKOKL-.M. 

45.  Genus  TACHYCINETA  Cabanis. 
Wliite-bcllicil  fSird/loiv,  Lustrous 
green,  below  ptwe  white;  tail  simply 
enmrginatc.  Yoimg  similar,  not  so 
glossy.  <)-(ii  ;  wing  T) ;  tail  2i.  North 
America,  abundant  in  the  United  States  in  summer.     AVii.s.,  v,  4!»,  pi.  38  ; 

Nirrr.,  i,  00,j  ;  Aui).,  1,  17,"),  pi.  4f);  Hi).,  310 nicoi.ou, 

VinJcf-r/reea  SiraJJnir.  Opaipic  velvety  green,  pin-plo  and  vitrlet :  spot  over 
the  eye,  sides  of  rump,  and  whole  under  j)arts  pure  white.  Votmg  similar, 
duller.  A'\-')\  ;  wing  4.^  ;  tail  2,  emargiiiate.  l?oeky  .Monutains  to  tiio 
Pacific,  U.  S.  ;  an  ex(juisite  species,  breeding  in  knotlioles  and  woodpeckers' 
holes,  in  pine  woods  and  in  wcatiier-worn  holes  in  clills.  (Amj;x,  Am. 
Nat.  1872,  274.)     Aui).,  i,  18(),  pi.  4f) ;  Bn.,  30!) ;  Coop.,  107.  tiialassina. 

KKY    TO    N.    A.    IlIllDS.       15 


l.ini  -^\v;illii\v. 


I 


1 


\< 


111  IllltUNUINII)^.,    SWALLOWS. — OKN.    "lli,    47,    'IfS,     ID. 


46.    GonuB  PETROCHELIDON  Cabania. 

t'Jiff  SvaUovK  Eave  Su-aVov.  Lustrous  stccl-hliio  ;  torohond  wliitisli  (or 
brown),  rump  rufous,  c-liin,  throat  uud  sides  of  lioad  chostmit;  a  stcol-hluo 
spot  on  tlio  throat;  l)roast,  sides  and  jrcncrally  a  cervical  collar  rusty-,trray, 
wiiitcuing  on  thn  holly.  Yohu'I  sntKcienlly  siniiliir.  ft ;  winji  4i  ;  tail  2.1-, 
nearly  square.  Nortli  America,  in  all  suital)le  places.  Naturally  this 
species  huilds  on  clills  ;  but  throughout  the  settled  portions  of  the  country 
it  now  places  its  curious  bottle-shaped  nests  of  mud  under  the  caves  of 
barnsand  outhouses.  Nutt.  i,G03  ;  Aud.,  i,  177,  pi. 17  ;  Wu.,  301).  lunifuons. 

47.    Genua  COTYLE  Boio. 

Jianh  Su-alJow.  Sand  Mdrlin.  Lustreless  gray,  with  a  pectoral  band  of 
the  same;  other  under  parts  white.  A  curious  little  tuft  of  feathers  at  tho 
bottom  of  the  tarsus.  .Sexes  exactly  alike  ;  young  similar,  the  feathers 
often  skirted  with  rusty  or  whitish.  \h-V\  ;  wing  '^'\-\ ;  tail  2,  simply 
emarginatc.  North  America,  very  abinulant ;  breeds  in  immense  troops  in 
holes  excavated  in  banks  of  soft  earth.  WiLS.,  v,  4G,  pi.  38;  Nutt.,  i, 
(107;  Aui).,  i,  187,  pi.  50;  Bi).,  313. iupauia. 

48.    Qonus  STELGIDOPTERYX  Baird. 

linngh-u'inged  /SwaUoir.  Lustreless  brownish-gray,  paler  below,  whiten- 
ing on  the  belly.  Rather  larger  than  the  last ;  no  feathery  tuft  on  tarsus  ; 
outer  web  of  outer  primary,  in  the  ^  ,  converted  ;nto  a  series  of  recurved 
booklets,  which  are  wanting,  or  much  weaker,  in  the  9  .  United  States ; 
rare  or  wanting  in  New  England.  Aun.,  i,  li>3,  pi.  51 ;  Bi).,  373  ;  CouES, 
Proc.  Phila.  Acad.,  18G(),  37 skruipennis. 

49.    Gonus  PROGNE  Boie. 

Purple  Atari  hi.  Lustrous  blue-black  ;  no  purple  anywhere.  The  9  and 
young  are  much  duller  above,  and  more  or  less  white  below,  streaked  with 
gray.  Bill  very  stout  for  this  family,  curved  at  tho  end ;  nostrils  circular, 
opening  upward,  not  roofed  over.  Length  7  or  more ;  wing  nearly  6 ;  tail 
3 J,  simply  forked.  United  States,  very  abundant.  WiLS.,  v,  58,  pi.  31), 
f.  2,  3;  Nutt.,  1,  598;  Aun.,  i,  170,  pi.  45;  Bi).,  314.     .     .     puupuuea. 

Obs.  Other  species  or  varieties  of  Progne,  requiring  confirmation,  arc  attributed 
1o  North  America.  See  Cass.,  111.,  240  (California) ;  15d.,  923,  and  Rev.,  277 
(Florida). 

Family    AMPELIDiE. 

This  appears  to  be  an  arbitrary  and  unnatural  association  of  a  few  genera  that 
agree  in  some  particulars,  l)ut  are  widely  dillerent  in  others.  The  composition  and 
position  of  the  group  differ  with  almost  every  writer;  some  place  it  in  Clamatores, 
next  to  the  Tyroiniidm.  1  tliink  that  tlio  family  should  be  dismembered  ;  Baird  has 
already  shown  how  near  the  MijimkMiii'c  are  t(}  the  true  Thrushes,  and  doubtless 
tile  other  two  subfamilies  here  presented  may  lie  jiroperly  dissociated. 


I 


AMI'KLIN^E,    WAX\VI\(iS. — (IRN.    f)*). 


IIT) 


pliio 

m, 

[his 

of 

Ixs. 


)l 
ill 

tIA. 


Birds  of  the  tliioc  followin";  genera  agree  in  this  character: — Bill  short,  broad, 
flattened,  i)lainly  iiotcluid  at  tip,  witii  wide  rictus,  and  culiiicu  or  goiiys  iiardly  if 
at  all  exceeding  half  the  length  of  the  coniinissiire ;  hasa'  phalanx  of  middle  toe 
joined  with  outer  toe  for  ahout  two-thirds  its  length,  and  to  inner  toe  for  ahont  half 
its  length.  Tiic  three  genera,  or  subfamilies,  that  follow,  may  be  readily  and  pre- 
cisely delined. 

SubJuinUy  AMPELIX^E.     Waxidwjx. 

Bill  as  just  described  ;  nasal  fossaj  broad,  nasal  opening  exposed,  but  overarcluHl 
by  a  broad  scale  more  or  less  completely  covered  with  close-set  velvety  antrorse 
feathers.  Wings  with  ten  primaries,  but  the  hrst  si)nrious,  very  short  and  displaced 
(on  the  outer  side  of  the  second)  so  as  to  be  readily  over!o(jked  ;  \)o\ui  of  the  wing 
foi'med  by  the  third  i)rimary,  closely  supported  by  the  second  and  fourth,  the  fifth 
being  abruptly  shorter.  Inner  (luills,  as  a  rule,  and  sometimes  the  tail  feathers, 
tipped  with  horny  ajipendages  like  red  sealing-wax.  Tail  short,  s(juare,  ^  or  5  as 
long  as  the  wings,  the  under  coverts  highly  developed,  reaching  nearly  to  its  end. 
Feet  weak ;  the  tarsus  shorter  than  the  middle  toe  and  claw,  its  jiodotheca  some- 
■\^hat  receding  from  strict  oscine  character. 

Of  this  subfamily'  as  here  restricted  there  is  only  one  genus  with  three  species — 
one  of  Europe  and  America,  one  of  Asia  and  Japan,  and  one  confmed  to  this 
country.  They  ai'c  songless,  in  this  dilli^ring  altogether  from  the  Mijhuh'stiiuc  and 
J'tili>tjnu;/(h')av;  and  I  should  not  be  surprised  if  their  relationships  proved  to  be 
entirely  with  a  certain  exotic  chimatorial  family.  Although  by  a  strange  mis- 
nomer sometimes  called  "■chatterers"  th"y  are  among  the  most  silent  of  all  birds, 
their  only  voice  being  a  weak  wheezy  kind  of  whistle.  They  feed  chiefly  on  berries 
and  other  soft  fruits,  but  also  on  iniects,  and  are  gregarious  and  migratory.  The 
sex(!s  are  alike;  the  head  is  adorned  with  a  l)eautiful  crest;  the  wings  have  unicpie 
ornaments,  the  use  of  which  is  niduiown  ;  the  tail  is  tipped  with  yellow  (red  in  the 
Jai)anese  species,  jilio'iu'roptoruin )  ;  the  plumage  is  extremely  smooth,  and  of  a 
nameless  color.  Young  birds  lack  the  curious  horny  appendages,  and  have  the 
general  plumage  streaked. 


50.    Genus  AMFELIS  Linnaeus. 

lioheiniun  Wnxwiiif/.  Under  tail  coverts  cliostniit ;  front  and  sides  of 
the  head  tinged  with  a  richer,  more  orango-brown  shade  ;  primary  wing 
coverts  tip[)cd  with  wliitc  ;  each  quill  witli 
a  sharp  white  (or  yellowisli)  stripe  at  the 
end  of  the  outer  web  ;  chin  velvety  black, 


ill  a  largo  well  defined  area;   narrow  line 

across    forehead,    ahjiig    sides    of    head 

through  eyes,  meeting   its   fellow  on   the 

occiput    behind    the    crest,   also    velvety 

bliick ;    no    wiiite   on    niider    eyelid    nor 

across  foreiiead  ;    no   yellowish  on   belly ; 

bill  and  feet  black.     7  or  8  inches  long,  wing  about  4J.     Northern  North 

America;   U.  S.  casually  in  winter,  but  sometimes  api)oaring  in  immense 

roving  flocks;    S.  sometimes  to  35°.     Aud.,  iv,  2(39,  pi.  24(j ;  Nutt.,  i, 

240;  Bd.,  317 oaurulus. 


Fill.  M,    ISolicmmn  W.TXwiiijr. 
(I.  appcuila^'L'8  of  tlie  inner  qiiillx. 


iii; 


ITII.UCONVDIN.K,    MVI  MUvSTIN.i;.  —  (ii:\.     ')  1 . 


Ciriiliini  W'd.iiriiri.  Ciilur  liinl.  ('Iicrr;/  lUrd.  I'ikUt  tail  coverts 
wliiti.sli  :  lilllc  or  im  oraii^^'-lu'owii  iilxiiil  luiid  ;  no  wliitc  on  wind's  ;  cliiii 
black,  >lia(lin<r  iiiailiially  into  llic  color  ol  tlic  llimat  ;  a  black  frontal,  loral 
ami  Iransocniar  stripe,  as  in  i/arni/ns,  Imt  this  hoidcrccl  on  the  forehead  with 
whitish;    a  wiiite  touch  on  lower  eyelid,  feathers    on    side    of   under  jaw 

white  ;  alidoiMcn  soiled  yellowish.  (!  or  7  long; 
wini:  alioiil  ."!■,'.  Kastern  North  America  to 
llndson's  I»ay  ;  an  ahnndant  hird.  incgularly 
migratory,  going  in  Hocks  nearly  the  whole 
year;  breeds  late  (in  fliuio)  in  orchards  iind 
thickets;  the  nest  is  jilaccd  in  the  crotch  of  a 
tree:  ihe  eggs  are  JJ— I,  dull  pale  lilnish, 
speckled  with  pnrplish  and  lilackish.  W'li.s., 
i.   107,  pi.   7;  Nirr.,  i,   21S;  Aid.,  iv,   Itia, 

pi.   I'l.');    I'jl).,  ;)1.H CKDItOIIL-.M. 


I'lc.Vl.    Cainliii^i  Wjiwvinj;. 


S,ihj\ui,ll;i    I'TILOaOX  YDIWK.     J'/ilxiionna. 

15111  niucli  as  in  the  last  sulifaniily,  liut  slenderer  I'or 
its  lenutli ;  nasjil  scale  naked;  a  lew  ^lioit  lirlstles  aiiout  the  hase  of  the  Idll. 
'I'arsns  sciitcllate  aiitciioily,  and  sometimes  also  on  the  sides;  aliout  as  long  as 
the  middle  toe  and  claw  ;  hind  toe  reniarkahly  sliort.  Wings  not  longer  than  the 
tail,nuic]i  ronndeil.of  tea  primaries;  the  l>t  spurious,  less  than  half  as  long  as  the 
2nd,  which  is  only  aliout  as  Ioult  as  the  htli ;  ixiint  of  the  wing  formed  l>y  the  Itli, 
.Otli  and  (itli  or  .".rd  (|aills.  'I'ail  loni:.  ui'ai'ly  even,  with  broad  plain;  leathers 
(J'luviii'jicjilii)  ;  or  much  jzraduated.  with  taperinji  central  leathers  (I'liltujuiii/n). 
Head  conspicuously  crested  ;  scncs  (in  our  genus)  dissimilar;  young  not  streaked 
or  R|)otted.  Thi'ie  are  only  two  genera  of  the  suMamily  as  thus  restricted 
—  I'lianidliejiht  and  J'/iliiijuiii/.-i,  the  latter  with  two  strongly  marked  species  of 
Mexico  and  Central  America. 


51.    Gemia  PHJENOPEPLA  Sclator. 

Bhuk  Ptlloijoi! ;/.■<.  $  nuiform  lustrous  black  ;  wings  with  a  laru'c  white 
area,  most  of  the  inner  welt  of  each  primary,  except  the  iirst,  being  white  ; 
9  brown,  the  white  on  the  wings  restricted  or  obsolete  ;  J'oung  $  gradating 
i)etween  the  coloration  of  both  sexes.  7-3  :  wing  and  tail  .'?i-4.  A'alley  of 
the  Colorado  and  southward  ;  i(  ililiijlilfiil  t^miiiMcr,  though  the  fact  seems  to 
have  been  ignored.     Cass.,  111.,   KiU,  pi.  21);   Bu.,  320,  and  liev.,  41() ; 

C^OOr.,   131 NITENS. 


SnhjUmUif  MYIADEST1S\E.     Fhimtchiinj  Thruxhvx. 

Bill  as  in  the  last  subfamily.  Tarsus  hooted,  and  toes  deeply  cleft,  as  iu  TunliiJiv. 
Lateral  toes  very  unequal  in  length,  the  tip  of  the  inner  claw  falling  short  of  the 
base  of  the  middle.  AVings  often  primaries,  the  1st  spurious,  the  I'nd  about  as 
long  as  the  (Jth,  the  point  of  the  wing  formed  by  the  iird,  4tli  and  r)th.  Tail  long, 
about  equalling  the  wing,  (loitUe-roundeiJ,  being  forked  centrally,  graduated  exter- 
nally ;  all  the  feathers  narrowing  somewhat  towards  the  end.     Head  subcrested ; 


VIKKONID.V,,    VI I! EOS.  —  (IKN.    ^)2. 


117 


'(■l(.i 
llill 

oral 
kvitli 

jilW 

"i,ir ; 
to 
iiily 
lolo 
jiiid 
>f  a 
■li, 


liluinii)i(>    Homlii'O,  variogiitfil    on    the    «iii'j(s;    sexes   alike;    yoiiii}?   spotted,    like 
llini.HlieK. 

'i"he  liinis  of  the  <j:r(Hll>  IIimh  ilelllieil  tire,  lis  liiiilil  lias  |iiiiiiteil  out,  mole  elosely 
relateil  to  the  'J'lirilidir  tliaii  to  the  t'aiiiily  «ilh  which  they  are  usually  associated. 
'I'liey  consist  of  alioiil  a  dozen  species,  mostly  of  tlii'  ;.'c'uus  Mi/idth'slvs,  though 
there  are  others  called  ('I'rlihijisis  nnd  I'ldl'/clrliln.  Willi  one  exception,  they  arc 
Itirds  of  Central  and  South  Anierica,  and  the  West  Indies.  Our  species,  I'ornierly 
called  "  I'liliiiinKi/s."  simply  lor  want  of  an  I'lnjilish  name,  which  I  here  .supi)ly, 
is  not  to  he  coiifoundid  with  thi!  foregoing.     It  is  an  cxiinisite  .songster. 

52.  Genua  MYIADE8TES  Swainson. 
Toii'iixniirs  Fhifdlrliliiii  I'liriisli.  Nearly  iiiiironii  n.><Iiy-^ray,  soiiu'tiiiios 
p.iler  Of  iiiixt'il  with  wliilisii 
Oil  tliroiit,  liclly,  crissiiiii 
iiiid  iMnlcr  win^  coverts; 
a  wliitisli  riiij;  round  tlic 
oyc  ;  (piills  variciratcd  with 
pah*  ciiinainoii  or  l)nlly, 
sliowiiij;  as  two  <)l»li(iuc 
bands  in  tiie  closed  win*;; 
tail  hIacUisli,  central  feath- 
ers like  the  back,  tiic  oiilei- 
niost  pair  edited  and  tip|M'd, 
tlio  two  iK'xt  pair  tipped, 
with  whitii.  The  //""////  are 
speckli'tl  with  roiiiul  ful- 
vous   spots.       L('liu;tll    about  mil  and  lector  tmliinil -ize;  wiiijj-imnltMilJ. 

8  ;  win,ir  and  tail  about  4.1.     IJocky  ]\[()Uiitains  to  the  Pacitic,  Fiiitcd  States. 
NuTT.,  i,  I'd  ed.,  .'Jtll  ;  AuD.,  i,  24;$,  pi.   Hi);  15i).,  oi'l,  and  Kcv.,  42!l ; 

Cool'.,  l;}4 TOWNSKNDII. 


rowii-i'iiil'.-  I'lvcMti'liiiii;  'riini-h. 


!- 


Family   vIREONID.ffii.    Vireos,  or  Greenlets. 

liill  shorter  than  the  head,  stout,  compressed,  distinctly  notched  and  hooked  at 
tip;  rictus  with  conspicuous  bristles;  nostrils  exposed,  overhung  with  a  scale,  hut 
reached  liy  the  small  bristly  erect  frontal  feathers.  Toes  soldered  at  base  for  the 
whole  length  of  the  basal  joint  of  the  middle  one,  which  is  united  with  the  iiasal 
joint  of  the  inner  and  the  two  basal  joints  of  the  outer,  all  these  coherent 
phalanges  very  short.  (Lateral  toes  uiKvpial  in  the  genus  Vireo.)  Tarsus  eipial 
to  or  longer  than  the  middle  toe  and  claw,  scntellate  in  front,  laterally  undivided, 
excei)t  at  extreme  base.  Wings  moderate,  of  ten  primaries,  of  which  the  first  is 
short  (one-half  to  one-fourth  the  second),  or  spurious,  or  apparcnth/  wanting  (being 
rudimentary  and  displaced). 

This  family  was  formerly  united  with  the  next  (Lnnikhc),  chielly  on  account  of 
the  resemblance  in  the  shape  ol'  the  bill  of  certain  species  to  that  of  the  shrikes  ; 
but  the  likeness  is  never  i)erfect,  and  there  are  other  more  important  characters, 
especially  in  the  structure  of  the  feet,  liy  which  the  two  groups  may  be  discrimi- 
nated.    The  Vireonidi.e  arc  peculiar  to  America;  they  arc  a  small  family  of  live  or 


i: 


]]H 


VIUKOMD.r,,    VIUKOS.  —  OKN.    Ht'.l. 


Hix  }{niii'r;i  iiii'l  iiciirly  si'vcntv  n'<'i)ii|i'il  specie-.,  of  wliieli  nlioiit  (Ivo-sixtlis  ii|i|ii>iir 
to  lie  <.reniiiiie.  'I'Ik'  ty|iii'Ml  Mini  |iiiii('i|ial  u;eiMH,  IV/V",  coiitaiiiiii^  tieui'ly  thirty 
spt'iic-.,  is  es|>e<'i:illy  tli:il  :iilc'li>lie  of  Nollll  AllielicM.  Illoll^li  several  Hpeeii'H  oeelir 
ill  llie  \V  I'st  Ilhlies  mill  Celllial  Alllerica  ;  one  irelilis  ami  speeiL'S,  /lUlrlCH  iinlmriii, 
is  fxeliisively  NN'est  lii'liaii;  tiie  rest — ('iii-hirliis^  tliilniJiilns,  \'in(il(iiilii.i,  and 
Xrnrhliif  —  are.  with  one  exception,  South  ami  Ci'iitral  Anierican.  In  rnrlher  illns- 
ti'alii>n  III'  the  chaiacters  of  the  ;:i'oiip,  I  oiler  Monie  remarks  ninler  the  liead  of  the 
(inly  ^.'ciiiis  with  which  we  liaxc  to  ilo  in  the  present  eonneetion. 

6;J.    GcnuH  VIREO  Vioillot. 

The  iiiiinerons  species  of  this  i^enns  have  lieeii  diviileil  into  several  ^roiipn,  hilt 
III)  violence  will  lie  done  liy  eoiisideiiicu'  tlieiii  all  as  I'inn  —  in  {'act,  it  is  dillienlt,  to 
do  otherwise.  l''or  even  tiie  seemingly  siilistantial  division  into  two  jieiierii,  ae- 
cordiii;;  as  there  is  an  evident  spniioiis  lirsl  primary  or  apparently  none,  sepiiriiteH 
species,  like  ijilnis  and  jililldilil/i/iiriis,  hardly  otherwise  speeilically  ilistin};nishalile  ; 
while  another  division  into  two  j;eiieiii,  aecordiii;j:  to  shape  of  the  wiii^s  and  leiic;tli 
of  the  spiirimis  first  primary  or  its  aliscnce,  is  sniijeet  to  some  iiiieerlaiiity  of  detor- 
iiiinatiini,  ami  iiiiites  species,  like  ulirKrins  nut}  llurifrnns,  most  dissimilar  in  other 
rcspi'cts.  Tlie  fact  is,  that  aliiiost  every  siiiele  species  of  17/'i'«  has  its  own  peenliar 
form,  ill  shape  of  liill,  proporlioiis  of  primaries,  etc.,  and  these  details  cannot  well 
lie  coiisidereil  as  of  niole  than  s|)ecilic  value.     'I'liesc  slijihl  dilferences  are  perfectly 

tanpilile  ami  Mii|irisiiiL;iy  constant,  and  render  the  ileter- 
miiialioii  of  the  species  eomparalively  easy,  tlioii<;li  tlicso 
hirds  hear  to  each  other  a  close  ijeiieral  rcseiiihiiince  in 
si/c  and  color.  'I'liey  arc;  all  more  or  less  ollriiccDUH 
above,  sometimes  inelininj;  to  "lay  or  plumlifons,  witli 
the  crown  either  like  the  liaek,  or  else  ashy  —  in  one 
s|iecies,  however,  lirowii,  !inil  in  another  lilack  ;  and  whilo 
or  whitish  lielow,  usually  more  or  less  tinged  witli  yellow. 
Tlie  coloration  is  very  constant,  the  sexes  heing  iudistin- 
gnislialile,  and  the  young  did'ering  little,  if  at  all,  from  tlu!  iidiilts.  Ali  .ire  siiuUl 
liirils  —  alioiit  "(  or  (i  inches  long.  Ah  u  gioiip  tlie  studi'iit  will  prolialtly  litivc  no 
dilliciilty  in  recognizing  them  l>y  the  foregoing  diagnosis,  as  the  eharacter  of  tiic 
feet  si'i'iiis  to  lie  peculiar,  among  North  American  birds,  and  is  at  any  rale 
diagnostics  when  taken  in  eonneetion  with  the  eharaeter  of  the  hill  —  all  those 
Oseines,  as  wrens,  creeiiers,  or  titmice,  that  show  nineli  cohesion  of  the  toes, 
having  an  entirely  dill'ereiit  hill.  The  hill  of  Miro  may  he  described  as  resemhling 
that  of  a  shrike  in  miniature —  it  is  hooked  and  notehed  distinctly  at  tiic  end,  and 
there  is  sometimes  a  trace  of  a  tooth  liehind  the  notch,  and  of  a  niek  in  the  under 
inandilile  too.  .Some  of  the  weakerdiilled  species  might  he  carelessly  mistaken  for 
warlilers  —  hut  there  is  no  excuse  for  this,  nor  for  confounding  them  with  any  of 
the  little  clamalorial  llycatcliers. 

The  N'ireos  were  long  supposed  to  jjossess  either  nine  or  ten  jiriniaries.  15ut  that 
the  important  character  of  numlter  of  [)riinaries  —  one  marking  whole  families  a^^ 
we  have  seen  —  should  here  siiliside  to  sjiecilic  value  only,  seemed  suspicious;  and 
the  fact  is,  as  announced  by  l$aird  (IJeview,  pp.  Kit),  ."S^."))  that  all  the  species 
really  iiave  ten,  only  that,  in  some  instances,  tlie  first  primary  is  rudimentary  and 
displaced,  lying  concealed  outside  the  base  of  the  second  ((uill. 

The  North  Anierican  species  are  distributed  over  the  temperate  portions  of  this 


W.    Wai'liliiiB  Viieo. 


VIIIKOMI)*,    VIIIKOH. <!KV.    M. 


11!» 


|M'iir 
liny 
iTiir 
iriii, 
ami 
liis- 
IIk! 


I>iit. 
to 

IIC- 
tcH 


contiiiont,  nnd  Bcvornl  of  fhcin  iiro  nliundiint  birds  t)f  tlio  Atlantic  States,  inliahlt- 
iii;^  Woodland  and  slniililii'i'V.  'I"l"'y  art"  cxflnsivcly  inscctivurous,  and  arc  tlidt'loro 
nci'fs.sarily  nii;;ralory  in  oin'  latiludcs.  'I'licy  Imild  a  nciil  iicn-ilc  ni'sl  in  llu'  I'nrk 
of  a  liranclilit,  and  conunonly  lay  four  or  llvo  wiiili!  Hpi-ckli'd  v)in>*.  Ni-xt  ailcr  tliii 
warldcrs,  tlic  ;j;rt'cnli'ls  arc  the  most,  dcli^ditrnl  of  our  t'orcsl  liirds,  tlion|,di  tlicir 
cliarniH  aildrcss  llu^  car  ami  not  llic  eye.  (lad  in  siiiiplc  tints  that  liarnioni/.u  with 
the  M'rdin'c,  these  ;;entle  son|^slcrs  uariilc  their  lays  unseen,  while  the  I'oliajie  itself 
seems  stirred  to  music.  In  the  i|uaiiit  and  ein'ioiis  ditty  ol' the  wiiitc-cye  —  in  the 
earnest,  voluhle  strains  of  the  red-eye  -in  the  tender  seer('t  that  the  wariilin;^  \irei) 
eonlldes  in  whispers  to  tlie  passinj;  lireeze —  he  is  insensilde,  wiio  does  nol  liear  tlie 
echo  of  thoughts  he  never  clothes  in  words. 

ANAI.VSIS    III'    Hri-.ctKJi. 
I'riiiinrlpn  :i|'piirriill\  !i  {Mir  l»l  niiliiiii'iiliiry  iiml  illiiilacoil).    (ft) 
I'liiiiMi'liH  cviili'nMy   10  (tlii!  I>l  rlKirt  i>r  p|iiiriiMl»).    (h) 
(II)    'riiriiiil  .viliiiw ■     .    .     Jtiirl/roni. 

—  wliili-;  rrciHii  Ml  lij.  impI  lihiik-cilni'il.  liaiilly  ('^^^[►lln;,' Willi  l);ic'k philiiililiiliiiiit. 

—  Macl.-i'ilKC'il.  Iiiirk  nlivc;  iioiii.ix  llary  ^(^l'llk'' nfirtii'i  nn. 

—  Iiiaxillary  cirraks I'lithiliilni, 

(li)    Cniwii  lilni'k iiliiiiiiiilluii. 

—  iiKlliliiik:  »|<uniiiii<  i|iilll  at  li'a-t  .\  as  lull;;  n^  2n>l  ami  Willi; '.'^  |i»i;r viciiiiur, 

—  lint ',11"  liiiij;  ai- Jihl,  iir  wliiK  iHil  Jl  Inn;;  (c) 

()')    WiiiK-lianilH  \\ anting:  cnloratiiiii  iif  in /'/i//ii</r//i/ii>  ».< ffllruf. 

—  inu.-ciit;   leiiKlli  over  li  in. ;  liiK'k  dlivi',  I'lintiaHtini;  with  ap-liy  Mill' I'l'iiwii.    ,    .    .    loliliiriiin, 

—  liluinlii'iiuH,  rr.pwii  M('ariTl>  ilillVrcnt,    ....    jthimtivun, 

—  ."i  in.  nr  Icn.";  \vinK  =  tail,  Imlli  almiit  J);    Irt  i|iilll  == ',  .'ml jniailliin. 

—  >tiiil;  crnnii  a>^liy,  rliiii  ami  Mipi'ir.  liiiu  wliiti',   .    .    Ifiltii. 

—  olive,  chin  «lit  .  min'ii'.  lint"  Mil.,  .    iMicfcnr. 

—  mill  iiiiiliT  pari- yull'-h,     .    hntlonii. 

Ons.  Tho  IJartrainian  Viroo  of  Ai:i).,  Orii.  Uiog.  v,  "^UC,  pi.  .1.'51,  f.  4  ; 
IJ.  Am.  iv,  ir)3,  1)1.  212,  and  of  Xutt.,  i,  2d  ed.  Hl'tH,  lias  not  been  identilied  Ity 
later  ornitholoj^ists  ;  Imt  there  is  iillle  chance  of  its  liciti^  a  ^ood  si)ecies.  Tlii! 
de.seriptions  indietite  a  liiid  much  like  \'.iilir(tv(  us.  'I'iie  (U'ljiiiiiii  Virco  hminimii  ui 
SwAiNsoN,  Fanmi  IJor.-Ain.  ii,  2.'5o,  is  a  lira/.ilian  species  of  the  nln-iifciis  ).;roup, 
wroiifjly  iiscril)ed  to  .North  America.  The  name  I'iiro  rircuci'iiH  that  I5.mi;ii  applii'd 
to  tlie  Jtiirlramian  N'ireo,  in  15.  N.  A.  p.  ."i.'JO,  isdoiihtless  an  erroneous  identilication, 
as  lie  has  since  shown,  Vikii, lot's  rirosroin  heinji;  litised  on  a  I'cnnsyiviinia  spcci- 
nien,  :ilniost  certainly  nlintrons. —  For  the  discussion  of  these  i|iiostions,  and 
a  niiisterly  review  of  tlu;  whole  ,u;eniis,  see  li.Mitn,  l{c\iew,  pp.  .■l22-.'i7(). 


I'll). ."ill.    Itviliyi'il  Virei).    (Tliis.iiiid  suhs('i|iii!lit  II);m,  nf  lliis  lainily.or  iiat.  ,-izc.) 

Itcil-eiird  Virco.  Above,  olive-irreon  ;  crown  ash,  etlacfl  on  oiicli  sido 
witli  jv  I)lfickish  line,  below  this  a  white  siipeiciliaiy  lino,  below  this  agtiiii  ii 
dusky  stripe  tiir(>nii:ii  oyo ;  under  jiarts  white,  fiiintly  shaded  with  olivo 
aloiiir  sides,  and  tin<^ed  with  olive  on  under  winj;  ."iiid  tail-eoverts  ;  wiiijrs 
nndtiiil  dusky,  edged  with  olive  outside,  with  whitish  inside:  bill  dusky,  pale 


''     \ 


120 


AMUKONIii.i;,    VIliKOS. — fii:\.    r)3. 


Itc'low  ;  feet  Icjiilcii-Miic  ;  oyi's  red  ;  no  dusky  inaxillarv  streaks  ;  no  spuri- 
ous (|nill.  LiiriTc  ;  '>','- llj  ;  winir  ■■>}-'5;\  ;  tail  i';i-2A  ;  l)ill  aliout  3  ;  tarsus  '}. 
Kastciii  Noilli  AuuM'ii'a  ;  in  most  places  tlio  most  al)undant  species  of  llie 
jU'eiius,  in  wdodlauil  ;  a  volulile,  lirele.-s  soiiujster.  Wu.s.,  ii, !)',),  pi.  12,  t'.  .'1 ; 
Ni  TT.,i,  'A\'2  ;  All!.,  iv,  l.'>"),  pi.  '2i:'> :  l!n.,  'MW,  and  IJev.  'V,V,\.  oi.ivackits. 
/Ihick-ir/ii's/irrcil  ]'in<).  \\'/iij)-/oiit-l'r'l/i/.  Very  similar  lo  (lio  last  ;  distin- 
ffuislii'd  ity  a  nari'DW  duslvv  mixillary  lin(%  or  lini;  of  spots,  on  eaeli  side  of 
tlieeiiin;  liill  lonirer,  j  -  '  ;  proportions  of  (piills  s]i;j;!itly  dillerent  (see  tlio 
li.irs.)-  C"ul)a,  IJaiiainas,  and  easuaily  in  Florida.  V.  lon'jivdslvlx,  Xurr., 
i,  lM  eil.,  ."):)!I.  r.  (ilh'/of/iuis,  (iAMiiKL.  Proe.  Aead.  Pliila.,  1848,  127; 
Cass.,  /7y/,/.,  l,s,-,l,  1.-,l>,  ;,nd  III.  pp.  8,  221,  pi.  .'57  ;  I'.i).,  ;i:)l.  T'.  hdrhnlnhi, 
1>I).,    liev.  .").")! \i,rii,()(a'l's   var.   iJAiMiATCi.us. 


Ill.iik-whii-ki'ri'il  ViriMi. 


ViiTii  llavnviriilirt. 


Op.s.  Another  species  or  variety  of  this  lonii'-liilled,  O-priiiiaried  group,  T'.  Jla- 
rarii-idi.i  (('\<<.,  I'roc.  Acad.  I'liihi.  l.s,"il,  \'f2:  Ud.,  IVM  and  Kev.  .'I.'SII),  occurs 
ill  ^loxico  and  may  he  expected  ovi'r  our  border.  lhou;j:h  no  siieciniens  appear  to 
jiave  heen  taken  within  our  limits  ;  it  lias  Iteen  admitted  into  hite  systematie  works. 
It  closi'ly  reseniliU's  nllrKmis,  hut  tlie  mider  jiarts  are  yellow,  lirin'hler  juMhaps, 
at  least  on  tiie  asillars  and  erissuni,  than  tilirtirnifi  ever  becomes,  even  in  the  fall. 
Jirofhcrlii-hivc   Virin.     AI)ove  dull  ollvc-<rrcen,  hrijjfliteniui;;  on  the  rump, 

fadinir  insensihly  into  ashy  on  the  crown, 
which  is  not  bordered  with  blackish;  a  dull 
white  superciliary  line  ;  below,  palest  possil)lc 
yidlowish,  wddteninjj  on  throat  and  belly, 
slijrhtly  olive-shaded  on  sides  ;  sometimes  a 
sliirlit  creamy  or  bully  sliade  tliroujjhout  tho 
nnder  parts  ;  no  obvious  winji-bars  ;  no  s[)uri- 
ons  quill.  About  ■")  lonir  ;  winjr  2'r!  ;  tail  2[  ;  bill  hardly  or  aliont  A  ;  tarsus  '-J- 
Kastern  .Vortli  America  ;  a  smidl,  plainly  colored  species,  almost  indistin- 
guishable from  ,7//''».<(  exccj)!  by  al)sence 
of  spurious  quill ;  not  very  common. 
Ca.ss.,  Proe.  Acad.  Phil:.  1851,  \i)?,: 
Bi).,  .^;$.") ;  Pev.  ;>l().  riiiLAi)i:Li'iiicis. 
WarhUmj  Vino.  Colors  precis(dy  j's 
in  the  last  species  ;  spurious  (pull  jiresent, 

I  -  i^    as    lonu    as    the    second    primary.  tumm.   w.^niiiii,' vin'o. 

Eastern  Xoi'th  America,  an  abundant  little  biril  and  an  ex(pMsite  son;rster. 
Its  voice  is  not  strong,  and  many  birils  excel  it  in  brilliancy  of  execution  ; 


lv-I(ivo  Vil'CO. 


1^^- 


VIREONIDiE,    VIUEOS. —  OEN.    53. 


121 


I 


Km.  111.    Western  \Vaililin;i  Vii-co. 


l)iit  not  one  of  them  all  can  rival  the  tonilorncss  antl  softness  of  the  liquid 
strains  of  this  moilcst  vocalist.  Not  honi  to  "waste  its  ,sv\'octncss  on  the 
desert  air,"  the  warl)ling  virco  forsakes  the  depths  of  the  woodland  for  the 
park  and  orchard  and  shady  street,  where  it  glides  through  the  foliage  of 
the  tallest  trees,  the  unseen  mes^iMigcr  of  rest  and  peace  to  tlie  busy,  dusty 
haunts  of  men. —  Wils.,  v,  8').  pi.  42. 
f.  2  ;  XUTT.,  i,  ;}()!) ;  AuD.,  iv,  1 4!»,  pi. 
241  ;  Bo.,  335,  and  Rev.  342.  (iii.vi  s. 
Var.  swAiN'soxii.  "Similar  to  V.  tjilrus,  l)iit 
smaller  ;  colors  paler  ;  bill  more  d  'iivt'sstMl ; 
upper  mandible  almost  bbiek  ;  2d  qiiill  nuicii 
sliortcr  than  Gth."  Baiud,  Rev.  313  ;  C'ooi-., 
IK!;  Elliot,  pi.  7.  Rocky  Moimtiuiis  to  the 

Pacific,  U.  S.  The  Western  I'orm  has  been  described  as  distinct,  but  I  scarcely 
tliiniv  tlie  characters  assigned  will  be  found  constant.  In  one  of  my  Arizona  skins 
the  second  ([iiill  is  loii'/cr  tlian  it  is  in  an  Eastern  specimen. 

YclUnv-throated  Vlron.     Above,  rich  olive-green,  crown  tiie  same  or  even 
l)righler,   rump      -^ensiijly  shading  into  bluioh-asli ;     l)elow,  l)riglit  yellow, 

belly  and  crissuni  abruptly  Avhite,  sides 
anteriorly  shaded  with  olive,  postericn'l}^ 
with  plumbeous  ;  extreme  forehead,  su- 
perciliary line  and  ring  round  eye,  yel- 
low ;  lores  dusky ;  wings  dusky,  with 
tiie  inner  secondaries  broadly  white- 
edged,  and  two  broad  white  bars  across 
tilts  of  greater  and  median  coverts  ;  tail 
dusky,  nearly  all  the  feathers  completely  encircled  with  white  edging ;  1)111 
and  feet  dark  leiulen  blue  ;  no  spurious  quill  ;  h'{  -  (i ;  wing  al)out  3  ;  tail  only 
about  2\.  A  large,  stout,  highly-colored  species,  common  in  the  woods  of 
tlie  Eastern  United  States.    Wii.s.,  i,  117,  pi.  7,  f.  3  ;  Xutt.,  i,  302  ;  Auo., 

iv,  141,  pi.  238;  Bi).,  341,  and  Uev.  34(! flavifuons. 

Jilne-hediled,  or  SoVilari/  Virco.  Above,  olive-green,  crown  and  sides  of 
head  bluish-ash  in  marked  contrast,  with  a  Itroad  white  line  from  nostrils  to 
and  around  eye,  and  a  dusky  loral  line  ;  l)elow,  wliite,  Hanks  washed  with 
olivaceous,  and  axillars  and  crissuni 
pale  yellow;  wings  and  tail  dusky,  ^- 
most  of  the  feathers  edged  witli  white- 
or  whitisli,  and  two  conspicuius  liars 
of  the  same  across  tips  of  middle  and 
irreater  coverts  ;  bill  an<l  feet  blackish 
horn-color.  5}  -5-J  ;  wing  2-,'  -3  ;  tail 
2-1-2^;  spurious  quill  A-H  long,  about  one-fourth  as  long  as  2d.  United 
States  from  Atlantic  to  Pacitic,  except  perliaps  Southern  Kocky  Momitains, 
where  replaced  by  the  next  species  ;  not  rare,  but  not  so  common  as  iijlva- 
ceiiK,  //(M'//>o;/.s- and  iinrchnrtiri'iis/'fi;   inhabits  woodland.     Wir.s.,  ii,  143,  pi. 

Ki;V    TO    N.    A.    lUllIIS.       1(1 


w-tlirniitcil  Virco. 


lilue-ln'aili'il.  Ill-  Soliliiry  Virco. 


122 


VIUEOXlD.i;,    VlliKOS. CKS.    53. 


I 


17,  f.  (!;  XiTT.,  i,  ;}()•);  All).,  iv,  144,  pi.   2;'.0  ;  Bi).,  r)40,  and  Kcv.  347. 
(  r.  nissii,;;  Xaxtcs,  Proe.  IMiila.  Aoail.  is.^s,  M7  :  Bd,,  340,  pi.  78,  f.  1, 

is  not  (liU'crent. ) solitakius. 

J'huiihmtis  \'ir('i).  Loadcn-ifray,  ratlicr  liri;:Iitor  and  more  ashy  on  the 
crown,  l)nt  without  marUod  rontiast,  faintly  jrio^sed  with  olive  on  rump; 
a  conspicuous  white  line  from  nostril  to  and  around  eye,  and  below  this  a 
dusky  lorai  .-tripe;  helow,  pure  white,  sides  of  neck  ruid  i)reast  shaded  with 

coh>r  of  tlie  hack,  ilanks,  axillars 
and  crissum  with  a  mere  trace  of 
olivaceous,  or  none;  wing  and  tail 
dusky,  with  conspicuous  pure  white 
edj:inirs  and  cross-hars.  Size  of 
the  last  or  rather  larger  ;  hill  nearly 
Fi(i.i;7.  j'lumiHMiiis  vhci.  i;  tarsus  r!  ;  middle  toe  the  same  ; 

spurious  quill  ahout  ',',  one-third  as  long  as  the  second  (piill.  Central  Plains 
to  the  Pacific,  V.  S.,  and  especially  Southern  Kocky  .Aloiuitains,  where  it  is 
ahundant.  A  large  stout  si)ecies,  a  near  ally  of  siJi/oriufi,  hut  nearly  all 
the  olivaceous  of  that  species  replaced  hy  plumbeous,  and  the  yellowish  by 
white,  so  that  it  is  a  very  dillerent  looking  bird.  It  may  prove  only  a 
variety,  but  1  have  seen  no  intermediate  specimens,  and  cannot  reconcile 
the  obvious  discrepancies,  upon  this  supi)osition.  CouES,  Pr.  Ac.  Phila., 
lf<(ir.,  74;  IJi).,  Kev.  340;  Coor.,  119;  Elliot,  pi.  7.  .  .  I'LUMiiEUs. 
fi'nii/  Vh'cn.  With  the  general  appearance  of  a  small  faded  specimen  of 
pliiinh(ii.-<:  leaden-gray,  faintly  olivaceous  on  the  rump,  below  white,  with 
hardly  a  trace  of  yellowish  on  the  sides  ;  wings  and  tail  hardly  edged  with 
white  ;  no  markings  about  head  except  a  whitish  cyc-ring.  5^  ;  extent  8H  ; 
wing  and  tail,  each,  2A  ;  tarsus  nearly  %  ;  middle  toe  and  claw  hardly  over  h  ; 
tip  of  inner  claw  falling  short  of  base  of  niitldle  claw ;  tail  decidedly 
rounded  ;  spurious  (juill  :f,  half  as  long  as  the  second  primary,  which  latter 
is  not  longi'r  than  the  eighth.  Arizona.  If  these  peculiar  proportions  of  the 
single  known  specimen  are  constant,  the  species  is  distinct  from  any  other. 
It  is  our  plainest  colored  species,  resemliling  jihimlieKx,  but  apparently 
more  closely  allied  to  the  smaller  rounder-winged  species  like  iiorefxtra- 
<-iiis)s  and  especially  pusiJhts;  the  toes  are  almost  abnormally  short,  and 
the  tail  as  long  as 
the  wing.  Coiks, 
Proc.  Phila.  Acm<1. 
Sci.  lS(!(i,  p.  7")  : 
15i).,  Kev.,  3(11  ; 
Coop.  12') :  Ki.i.ior. 

pi.   7.        .      VKMNK.i:. 

\Vh!lp-ri/p(1  Virc  I. 
Aiiovc  bi-ight  olive- 
green,  including  crown  :    .a  slight  ashy  gloss  on  the  cervix,  and  the  rump 
showing  yellowish  when  the  feathers  are  di.-turbcd  :   Itelow  white,  the  sides 


Fid.  fl.".     Wliilt'-i'voil  Vin-o. 


kr-- 


VIUEONID^',    VIKEOS.  —  (JK\.    53. 


123 


of  the  breast  and  hoWy,  the  axillars  ami  crissum,  l)right  yellow  :  a  hriirlit 
yellow  line  fmin  nostrils  to  and  ai'onnd  eye;  lores  dusky;  two  I)road  yel- 
lowish winir-liars  ;  inner  secondaries  widely  edged  with  the  same  ;  l)ill  and 
feet  hiaekisli-piiiniheons  ;  eyes  white.  About;")  inches  long;  wing  2i  -  2A  ; 
tail  2\  :  sjtnrious  (jnill  :/,  half  as  long  as  the  second,  which  about  equals  tho 
eighth:  tarsus  about  :J  ;  middle  toe  and  claw  ^;  I)ill  nearly  i.  A  small, 
compact,  brightly-colored  s[)ecies,  al)undant  in  shrubbery  and  tangled 
undergrowth  of  the  Eastern  United  States;  noted  for  its  sprightly  manners 
and  emphatic  voice ;  eggs  4-5,  white, 
speckled  at  large  end.  Wii.s.,  ii,  2(i(!,  pi. 
18:  XiTT.,  i,  .'idti;  Ald.,  iv,  140,  i)l.  240; 
IJi).,  338,  and  Hev.  354.  xovkiiouacknsis. 
•  Jli(/(>itt''s  VIrci).  A  species  or  variety 
similar  to  the  last,  but  ditl'ering  much  as 
jfai;,ri'r/ilis  does  from  nJiraceiif,  in  having 
the  under  parts  almost  entirely  yellowish  ;  second  quill  al)out  e<]nal  to  the 
tenth.  Lower  (.'alifornia  and  southward.  An  accredited  species,  but  one 
I  have  not  tested,  and  cannot  endorse.  Cass.,  Proc.  Acad.  Phila.  1851, 
l.')i>.  1852:  pi.  1,  f.  1  ;  lio.,  33!),  pi.  78,  f.  2;  l{ev.  357.  .  .  iilttoxii. 
i>V//'.s'  l^ircd.  Olive-green,  brighter  on  rump,  ashler  on  head,  but  without 
decided  contrast;  head-markings  almost  exat'tly  as  in  r/ilcus;  below,  sul- 
])hurv  yellowish,  only  whitish  on  chin  and  middle  of  I)elly  ;  inner  quills 
edged  with  whitish  ;     two  whitish    wing-bands,  I)ut  one  more  conspicuous 

tlian  the  other.      Hardly  or  not  5 

.^    -'         ^ 


l.)ng;  Ming  little  over  2  ;  tail  under 
2  ;  spurious  (juill  al)ont  i  the  second, 
which  ('(jUals  or  exceeds  the  seventh. 
A  pretty  little  species,  like  a  niini- 
aiure  i/ilcits,  but  readily  distin- 
guished from  that  species  by  its 
small  >ize,  i)resence  of  decided  wing-bars,  more  yellowish  under  parts,  and 
dilferent  winir-formula.     Middle  rcirion,  U.   S.,  west  to  the  Kocky  Moun- 


^K,  ^JfV^ 


Km 


70.     r.ell'.s  v:rc) 


tains,  east  to  Kansas  (C 


id  Illinois  {lii'ilt/imii/)  ;  an  i^bundant  specie: 


inhabiting   cofjses   and   shrubl)ery  in    open    country,  with   much  the  same 
sprightly  ways    and    loud    song  of 


wivi-h 


'/nrareii'iis. 


All).,  vii,  3;)3,  pi. 


485:  111).,  337:   Kev. 


.)S.    liKLMI. 


sf     V 


( )livaceous-i:rav 


I)elow  white,  merely  tinged  with 
yellowish  on  the  sides  ;  head-mark- 
ings obscure  :  wing-bands  and  edg- 
ings, though  evident,  narrow  and  whitish:  no  decided  (dive  or  yellow  any- 
where. Size  of  hcllii:  wing  and  tail  of  eipial  lengths,  little  over  2  inches; 
bill  J  ;  tarsus  -J  :  middle  toe  and  claw  h  ;  spurious  (piill  about  -3  as  long  as 
the  second,  wliicii  is  intermediate  Ix'tween  the  seventh  anil  eiifhth.     A  small 


124 


LAMID.T.,    SIIRIKKiS. OKN.    53. 


ol)seiiri'-l()iikiiiLr  species  near  hcUii,  wliicli  it  ropliices  in  Soutinvcstcni  U.  S; 
j)<).ssil)lv  ii  irrayor,  loiijitT-laiU'd,  geoLrrapliical  race,  but  more  speeinieiis  will 
1)0  re(iiiiie(l  to  prove  tliis.  Its  lialtits  are  the  same  as  those  of  Bell's  vireo. 
CouKS,  I'roc.  Acad.  Pliila.,  l.S(;(l,  TO  ;  Bd.,  Kcv.  3(50  ;  Cooi-.  124.    (  1^  hi-llli 

Coop.,  Proc.  Cala.  Acad.   1801,  122.) I'LSILLUS. 

Jihuh-lH'inh'd  Vireo.  Olive-irreeii,  the  crown  and  sides  of  head  black; 
helow  white,  olive-shaded  on  sides  ;  4=/;  wing  2]  ;  tail  2.  Southwestern 
Texas,  I'xlreniely  rare;    only  three  specimens  known.      WooDiiofSK,  Troc. 

y  riiiia.  Acad.  1852,  GO;  Itep.  Expl.  Zuni 
IJiver,  75,  pi.  1;  Cass.,  111.,  153,  pi.  24 ; 
1)1).,  ;>.')7,  and  Kev.  353.     .     atiucai'ILLUS. 


2^ 


i,;ii.-. 


Fairily  LANIID.ffi.    Shrikes. 

Es^^entially  cliar.'utorized  by  the  combination 
of  compaiativoly  weak,  strictly  j)asscrine  feet 
with  a  notchcil.  toothed  and  liooked  bill,  the 
size,  shape  and  strength  of  which  recalls  that  of 
a  biid  of  prey.  The  family  comprises  about  two  hinidrod  ;ecoriled  species,  refer- 
al)le  to  uumeroiis  genera,  and  divisibh'  into  three  groups,  of  which  the  following  is 
the  only  one  occurring  in  America. 

Siihfiiiiiih/   LAXII.WE.     Tnif  Shrih:i. 

The  genus  Culhiriti  is  the  only  rei)reseutative  of  this  group  in  North  America. 
In  this  genus  the  wing  has  ten  i)i'im;u'ies  and  tlie  tail  twelve  I'ectriccs ;  both 
are  much  rounded  and  of  nearly  e(iual  lengths.  The  rictus  is  furnished  with 
strong  bristles.  The  circular  nostrils  are  more  or  loss  perfectly  covered  and  con- 
cealed by  dense  tufts  of  antrorse  Ijristly  leathers.  The  tarsi  are  scutellate  in  front 
and  on  the  outside  —  in  the  hitter  respect  deviating  from  a  usual  Oscine  character. 
Our  shrikes  will  tiius  bo  easily  distinguislied  ;  additional  features  arc,  the  p(jiut  of 
the  wing  formed  by  the  3d,  4th  and  ;")th  ([uills,  the  2d  not  hjnger  than  the  (itli, 
the  1st  about  half  the  3d  ;  the  tarsus  equalling  or  slightly  exceeding  the  middle  toe 
and  claw;  the  lateral  toes  of  about  equal  lengths,  their  claws  reaching  the  biise  of 
the  middle  claw.  In  coloration  our  si)ecies  are  nuich  alike,  and  curiously  similar  to 
the  mockingbird,  being  bhiish-.  grayish-  or  brownish-ash  above,  white  more  or  less 
evidently  verniicnlated  with  black  below;  wings  and  tail  bhick  variegated  with 
white,  rump  and  scapulars  more  or  less  wiiitisii,  and  a  black  bar  through  the  eye. 

These  shrikes  are  bold  and  si)iritcd  birds,  (|uarrelsoine  among  themselves,  iuid 
tyrainiicid  toward  weaker  s[)ecies  ;  in  fact,  their  nature  seems  as  highly  rapacious 
as  that  of  the  true  birds  of  prey.  Tiiey  are  carnivorous,  fecdiug  on  insects  and 
such  small  birds  and  ((uadnipeds  sis  tiiey  can  cai)tnre  smd  overpower;  nnniy  in- 
stances liavo  boon  noted  of  their  dashing  attacks  upon  cage-birds,  luid  their  reckless 
pursuit  of  other  species  under  circumstances  that  cost  them  their  own  lives.  ISnt  the 
most  remarkalile  fact  in  tlie  natural  history  of  the  shrikes  is  their  singular  and 
hiexplieable  liabit  of  impaling  tiieir  prey  on  thorns  or  sharp  twigs,  and  leaving  it 
sticking  there.  This  has  oecasioued  many  ingeiii<jus  sminises,  none  of  wiiich, 
however,  are  entirely  satisfactory.  They  l>uild  a  rather  rude  and  bulky  nest  of 
twigs,  and  lay  I  C)  s|)eekieil  eggs.  Tiiey  are  not  strictly  migratory,  although  oin- 
northernmost  species  usually  retires  southward  in  the  fall.     The  sexes  are  alike, 


i     I 


LAXIlD.i;,    SlIUIKKS. —  CiEX.    51. 


125 


S; 


and    tlio   yoniiii;  (lilTer  but  littlo.     Tliorc  arc  only  two  woU  (IctcnniiuMl  Aiiiei'ifau 
spt'cit's,  of  nine  tluit  compose  the  gi'im.s. 


rk: 


lilllrlll'll.iivl. 


54.    Genua  COLLURIO  Vigors. 

(f)-P(if  ybrf/ier))  Shrike,  or  JSiilclierhlrd.  Clciir  hluisli-ash  Itlunchiiifr  on 
the  rnnip  and  .scapnlars,  l)clo\v  white  always  vcrniii  iiiatcMl  with  fine  wavy 
hlai'kisii  lines;  a  hlaeU  bar  alonj;  side  of  head  nal  nicetini:'  its  fellow  across 
forehead,  interrni)ted  by  a  white  crescent  on  nnder  eyelid,  and  bordered 
above  by  hoary  white  that  also  occu- 
pies the  extreme  forehead ;  wings 
and  tail  black,  the  former  with  a 
large  spot  near  base  of  the  prima- 
ries, and  the  tips  of  most  of  the 
qnills,  white,  the  latter  with  nearly 
all  the  feathers  broadly  ti[)ped  witii 
white,  and  with  concealed  w  h  i  t  c 
bases;  1)111  and  feet  black;  il  - 10 
long;  wing  4i  ;  tail  rather  more.  The  yoinig  is  similar,  but  none  of  the 
colors  are  so  pure  or  so  intense  ;  tlu;  entire  plnmage  has  a  brownish  snirn- 
sion,  and  the  bill  is  licsh  colored  at  base.  Xortli  America,  northerly ; 
In'eeds,  however,  in  niounlainons  parts  of  the  United  States  ( Alleghanies, 
TnnihiiU)  ;  in  winter,  usnally  extends  sonthward  abont  to  '^'P  (Conrs). 
"WiLs.,  i,  74,  pi.  0,  f.  1  ;  Xutt.,  i,  i>.")S  ;  Ald.,  iv,  i;]0,  i)l.  2'M\;  lii).,  324, 
and  itov.  440 noitim.is. 

LiKjijcj'hciid  iShrikc.  Slate-colored,  slightly  whitish  on  the  rnmp  and 
scapulars,  below  white,  with  a  few  obscure  wavy  Mack  lines,  or  lionc  ;  black 
bar  on  side  of  head  nu'cting  its  fi'llow  across  the  forehead,  imt  interrupted 
by  white  on  under  eyelid,  and  scarcely  or  not  bordered  above  by  hoary  white  ; 
otherwise  like  hnreafii^  in  color,  but  smaller ;  <S-S^i  ;  wing  abiiut  4  ;  tail  rather 
more.  Young  birds  dillcr  much  as  described  under  hurtaUs,  and  are  decid- 
edly waved  below  as  in  that  species;  but  tiie  other  characters  readily  distin- 
ginsh  them.  South  Atlantic  States.  Wil.s.,  iii,  57,  pi.  22,  f.  5  ;  Nurr., 
1,  5(J1  ;  Aui>.,  iv,  1.'55,  pi.  2.')7  ;  IJi).,  325,  and  Rev.  443.   .     ludoviciaxus. 

Var.  KXcrniroKdiincs.  Whlli-ndiijici'l  Slin'hf.  "With  the  size,  and  the  essential 
characters  of  tlie  iicail-stripi',  of  hitlnriiu'iiinis,  ami  the  Mnder  parts,  as  in  that 
species  not,  or  not  olivionsly,  waviMl,  hnl  with  llic  clear  liuht  ash  n|)pcr  parts,  and 
hoary  wliilisli  superciliary  line,  scapulars  and  rnin[)  of  linrni/is.  .Middle  and  West- 
ern N.  Am.  ;  N.  to  the  Saskatclieuan,  K.  to  Illinois,  S.  into  Mexico.  15o..  ;>27, 
.".2.S,  and   Uev..  ;M  1,  .".1.")  ;  Cool-.,  l.'i.S. 

Ons.  I'.xtrenie  exanipU's  n{'  l((<hirifiiiiiiis  and  (•.rriih/'tnrdiili's  look  very  dillcrent, 
lint  tlicy  are  ol)ser\ed  t(')  melt  into  each  oilier  when  many  specimens  are  conipareil, 
so  thai  no  specitii'  chararter  can  he  assi;^ned.  To  this  siieeles  I  nnist  also  refer  the 
V.  I'liijiiiis  of  IJainl  considerin;^'  that  the  sin^ile  sfiecjnien  npon  which  il  was  haseil, 
re[)resents  an  indi\idual  |ieenliarily  in  the  si/e  of  the  liill.  This  siiecinien  is  snp- 
l)os(d  to  he  from  Calilornia.  hnl  some  ol  Dr.  (ianiliel's  to  which  the  same  locality  is 
assiiined,  were  certainl»   procnreil  elsewliere,  and  it,  may  not  he  a  North  American 


( 


120 


ii;ix(;ii,i.ii).i;,  rixciiKS,  ktc, 


liinl  Mt  all.  Tiu'  liiixlic-^l  aiitliority  on  lliis  frcniis,  ^Icssrs.  Dresser  and  Sliariie,  have 
sliDwn  tViiiii  exMiiiiiiatioii  of  Suaiiisiiii's  type  s[)('ciiiien,  that  his  flrijuna  is  the 
('.  /i/A/')/v(,  a  wliKly-spreail  A>ialie  speeies  |)rol)al)l3' oi'roiiecjiisly  attributed  to  North 
Aiiieriea. 

Family  FRINGILLID^.    Finolios,  etc. 

'riie  lari;csl  Nnrlli  Aiiuricaii  lainily.  coniiivisiiiu;  hi'twecu  (Mie-sevciith  and  onc- 
eij;htli  nl'  all  uiir  liinls.  ami  the  must  extensive  ^roni)  ol"  its  <r)'ade  in  ornilhology- 
As  ordinarily  cunstilnted,  it  ri'presents,  in  round  nnniliers.  live  hundred  enrrent 
species  and  one  hundred  ijenera.  ol'  nearly  all  parts  of  the  \v<jrld,  except  Australia, 
liut  more  particularly  of  the  noilhcru  heuiisphore  anil  throughout  America,  where 
the  "iroup  attains  its  niaxinnini  devclo|)nient. 

Anv  one  liiited  States  locality  ol'  avi'raije  attraetivcness  to  liirds,  has  a  hird- 
fauua  of  over  two  hundred  species  ;  ami  it'  it  lie  away  from  the  sea-coast,  and  con- 
sc(|uently  nniuhaliiteil  liy  marine  hirds,  aliont  one-fouith  of  its  species  are  Si/lrico- 
liilii'  and  Friii'j'illiihf  together  —the  latter  somewhat  in  excess  of  the  former.  It  is 
not  easv.  therefore,  to  give  undue  prominence  U)  these  two  families. 

The  Fi-iiiijilllihi-  arc  more  [larticularly  what  used  to  lie  called  "conirostral  "  liirds, 
in  distinction  from  ••  ll^sirostres."  as  the  swallows,  swifts  an<l  goatsuckers,  "ten- 
niid^trcs,"  as  liummiiig  liirds  and  creepers,  and  "  <lentirostrcs."  as  warhlers,  vireos 
and  most  of  the  preceding  families.  The  hill  aiiproaches  nearest  the  ideal  cone, 
coniliiuing  strength  to  crush  scim's.  with  delicacy  of  touch  to  secure  mimite  ohjects. 
'I'lie  coue  is  sometimes  nearly  expressed,  hut  is  more  frcijuently  turgid  or  couoidal, 
eouM'X  in  mo>t  directions,  and  sometimes  so  contracted  that  some  o\'  its  outlines 
are  loncave.  The  nostrils  are  usually  exposed,  hut  in  many,  chielly  boreal, 
genera,  the  base  of  the  bill  is  furnished  with  a  rulf.  or  two  tufts  of  antrorsc  feathers 
more  or  less  eomiiletely  covering  the  oiienings.  The  (aitliug  edges  may  be  slightly 
notched,  but  ari'  usually  [ilaiu  ;  there  are  usually  a  fi'w  inconspicuous  bristles  about 
the  rictus,  sometimi's  wanting,  sometimes  highly  developed,  as  in  our  grosbeaks. 
The  wings  are  eniUessly  varied  in  shape,  but  agree  in  possessing  only  nine 
developed  primaries;  the  tail  is  eijindly  variable  in  form,  but  always  has  twelve 
rectrices.  The  feet  show  a  strictly  Oscine  podotheca,  scutellate  in  front,  covered 
on  the  side  with  an  imdivided  plate,  producing  a  sharji  ridge  behind.  Xoue  of 
tlu'se  menibers  oiler  extreme  [ihases  of  development  or  arrestation,  in  any  of  our 
specie-^ . 

r»ut  the  most  tangible  characteristic  of  the  familv  is  dinjnhiti'in  of  the  aimmiK- 


T 


le  connuiss 


ure  rims  in  a  strtiight  line,  or  with  a  slight  curve,  to  or  near  to 


the  base  of  the  bill,  and  is  then  more  or  less  .•.bruptly  bent  down  at  a  varying 
angle  —  the  cutting  e(lge  of  the  upper  mandible  forming  a  rcentrance,  that  of  the 
lower  mamlilile  a  corres|)ouding  salience.  In  the  great  majority  of  cases  the  I'ea- 
ture  is  unmistakable,  and  in  the  grosbeaks,  for  exam|ile.  it  is  very  strongly  marked 
indeed;  but  in  some  of  the  smaller-billed  forms,  and  especially  those  with  slender 
bill,  it  is  harilly  perceiilible.  On  the  whole,  however,  it  is  a  good  character,  and  at 
any  rate  it  is  the  most  reliable  external  feature  that  can  be  f'<iunil.  It  separates  our 
friiigilliue  birds  pretty  trenchantly  from  other  (Jscines  except  Jctirkliv,  and  most  of 
these  may  be  distinguished  by  the  characters  given  beyond. 

When  we  come,  however,  to  consider  this  great   group  of  conirostral  Oscines  in 


mpared  with  bordering  families  like  the  Old  World   I'hinido'.  or 
especially  the   Dniniirlihr,  of  the  New.  the  dillleidly  if  not  the 
impo.ssibility  of  framing   a    perfect   diagnosis    becomes   apparent,  and    I    am    not 


its  entiri'ty.  as 
the   li-h  ri(l<i\  ai 


FI!I.\(iILUI).i;,    FINCHKS,    KTC. (IK.X.    T)"),    51). 


1^7 


10 


c- 

It 


iiwnro  that  a  rijj;iil  (IcCMiitioii  lias  ln'cii  siicccssriilly  alti'iiiptod.  ()riiitliolo;j;ists  aro 
iR'aily  a<j;rcc(l  wliat  liinls  to  call  fiiiigilliiu',  witlioiit  lioiim  vi-ry  wi'll  prepared  to  say 
what  "  IViiijiilliiii'"  means.  The  division  of  the  I'aiiiily  into  minor  jiroiips,  as  might 
ho  expecteil,  is  a  conventional  matter  at  pri'sent  —  the  siihlaniilies  vary  with  e\eiy 
leading  wi'itcr.  Onr  species  might  he  thrown  into  several  groups,  hut  the  distinc- 
tions would  he  more  or  less  arhitraiy,  not  readily  perceived,  and  doubtless  negntived 
npon  consideration  of  exotic  material.  It  becomes  necessary,  tlicrel'ore.  to  waive 
this  matter,  and  simply  collocate  the  genera  in  orderly  sctjnence. 

The  FrtiiijIlliiJiv  are  jiopularly  known  by  several  dilfercnt  names.  Here  belong 
all  the  siKUToic.i,  with  the  allied  birds  called  finches,  biiiitings,  linnets,  grosbeaks 
and  crossbills.  In  the  following  pages  I  di'scribe  seventy-one  species,  well  deter- 
mined, and  ascertained  to  occur  within  our  limits,  referring  them  to  tiiirly-foiir 
genera,  as  the  custom  is,  although  I  think  this  number  of  genera  altogelher  too  huge. 
Species  occur  throughout  our  country,  in  e\i'ry  si  1  nation,  and  many  of  them  are  among 
our  most  abundant  and  familiar  birds.  'I'Ih'v  arc  all  granivdious^ — seed-eaters,  lait 
many  feed  extensively  on  buds,  fruits  and  other  soft  vegetable  substances,  as  well 
as  on  insects.  They  are  not  so  perfectly  migratory  as  the  exclusively  insectivorous 
birds,  the  nature  of  whose  food  rc(|uires  pionipt  removal  at  the  approach  of  cold 
weatlier  ;  but,  with  some  exceptions,  they  withdraw  ficini  their  brec(liiig  places  in 
the  fall  to  s[)end  the  winter  further  south,  and  to  return  in  the  spring.  With  a  few 
signal  exceiuions  they  aro  not  truly  gregarious  birds,  though  they  (jften  associate 
ill  large  companies,  asscnil>led  in  coiniiiuuity  of  interest.  'I'lie  modes  of  nesting  ar(^ 
too  various  to  be  here  summarized.  Nearly  all  the  lip.ches  sing,  with  vaiying 
ability  and  ell'ect  ;  some  of  them  are  among  our  most  ilelightfnl  vocalists.  As  a 
rule,  they  arc  plainly  clad  —  even  meanly,  in  comparison  with  some  of  our  sylvan 
beauties;  but  among  them  are  birds  of  elegant  and  striking  colors.  Among  the 
highly-colored  ones,  the  sexes  are  more  or  less  uulilie,  and  other  changes,  with  age 
and  season,  are  strongly  marked  ;  the  reverse  is  the  case  with  the  rest. 

55.    Genus    HESPERIPHONA    Bonaparte. 

Evening  Groxhealc.  Dusk}'  olivaceous,  brighter  beliiiid,  forehead,  line 
over  eye  aiul  under  tail  covcrt.-r' yellow  ;  crown,  wings,  tail  ami  tibiic  black, 
the  secondary  quills  mostly  white;  hill  grccnisli-yfdlow,  of  iiiiinciise  size, 
jilioul  .'^of  an  inch  long  and  nearly  as  deep;  7A-S.]  ;  wing  4-4A  ;  tail  '1\. 
The  9  and  young  diiler  somewhat,  but  cannot  be  mistaken.  Plains  to  the 
Paeilic,  U.  S.,  uiid  .somcwluit  northward;  occasional  I'astwanl  to  Ohio  and 
Illinois,  and  even  straving  to  Canada  {Mc/lirnn'f/i)  and  New  York  {Lnw- 
rence).     Aui).,  iii,  217,  pi.  207;  15i).,  4011;   Cooi'.,  174.       .     \EsrKiniXA. 

56.  Genus  PINICOLA  Vicillot. 
J'iiie  (imshpdh.  $  carmine  red,  paler  or  whitish  on  the  belly,  darker 
and  streaked  ^vitli  dusky  on  tiic  hack  ;  wings  and  fail  dusky,  much  edged 
witii  white,  former  with  two  white  bars;  9  ashy-gray,  jialer  ladow,  marked 
with  brownish-yellow  on  the  head  and  rump.  JS-'.I  long ;  wing  Ji  ;  tail  4, 
emarginate  ;  bill  short,  stout,  convex  in  ail  directions.  Nortiiern  North 
America,  appearing  in  the  I'nitcd  States  in  winter,  generally  in  flocks,  in 
pine  woods;  resident  in  flic  Sierra  Nevada  of  California  ( ( 'uo/icr}.  \\'ii.s.,  i, 
^<0,  i»l.  ;") ;  At'i).,  iii,  I7'.i,  iil.  l'.>l> ;   15i).,  410;  Cooi-.,  i:>2.   .     knlcmoatoi;. 


I 


1  > 


^  r 


i  ! 


•>  i    ? 


' 


I'lc;.  71.    ('MssiiiV  ItiilHinc'li. 


128  IIMNtiir.MD.T.,    FIXCIIKS,    KTC.  —  OKN.    .")7,   flfS. 


57.    Genua    PYRRHULA    Auctorum. 

C'dss/'ii's  JJu///hi</i.  J  iiI)ovc!  elc'iir  ashy  gray,  l)C'I()\v  fiiiiiamoii  f,'ray, 
niiiip  and  iiiidci'  uiiijraiid  tail  coverts  wliito  ;  willies  and  tail,  crown,  chin  and 
face  l)la(k;  onlcr  tail  feathers  with  a  white  patch,  jrreater  wing  coverts 
tipped  and  priniaiies  edged  with  whitish  :  hill  hiaek,  feet  dusky  ;  9  nnknown. 
Jicngtli  (lA  :  wing  .'>.l  ;  tail  ',).[.     Nnlato,  Alaska  (JJall),  only  one  specimen 

known,  originally  described  as  a  va- 
riety of  J',  corciiicd  of  Kiiropo,  but 
later  determined  to  be  <listinct.  1)1)., 
Trans.  Chicago  Acad.  W/J,  iiK;,  pi. 
2ii,  f.  1  ;    Xkwtox,  Ibis,   1870,  2.")1  ; 

TlilSTKAM,  Ibis,    1.S71,   2.'U.     CASSIMI. 

58.    Genus  CARPODACUS  Kaup. 

*  Adult   ■'■  Willi  the  red  didiisc,  belly 
unstreakeil,  and  edj^iiig  of  wings  reddisli. 

Purple  Fhidi.  $  crimson,  rosy, 
or  i)nrplisli-red,  most  intense  on  the 
crown,  fading  to  white  on  tlie  bell}',  mixed  with  dusky  streaks  on  the  back; 
wings  and  tail  dnsky,  with  reddish  edgings,  and  the  wing  coverts  lipped  with 
the  same;  lores  and  feathers  all  aronnd  base  of  bill  hoar^'.  9  iind 
H'linvj  with  no  red — olivaceons-brown,  brighter  on  the  rump,  the  feathers 
!d)ove  all  with  paler  edges,  producing  a  streaked  appearance  ;  below  white, 
thickly  spotted  and  streaked  with  olive-brown,  except  on  middle  of  belly  and 
under  tail  coverts;  obscure  whitish  superciliary  and  maxillary  lines. 
Young  males  show  every  gradation  between  these  extremes,  in  gradually 
assunung  the  red  plumage,  and  are  frequei>tly  brownish-yellow  or  bronzy 
below.  ')'(-().i  ;  wing  3-;}j  ;  tail  '2\-ih,  forked  ;  tarsus  ij  ;  middle  toe  and  claw 
i  ;  bill  under  i,  turgid,  with  a  little  rutl'  of  antrorse 
feathers.  Not  crested,  but  the  coronal  feathers  erec- 
tile. The  foregoing  description  shoidd  prevent  con- 
founding yoimg  I)irds  with  any  of  the  streaked  and 
spotted  sparrows.  United  States  from  Atlantic  to 
I'acitie,  and  somewhat  northward  in  snnnner;  an 
abundant  species,  particularly  in  spring  and  fall,  in  *"''-^-  "i""'- ''un.ioi-ln.i,. 
woods  and  orchards,  generally  found  in  Hocks  except  when  breeding;  feeds 
on  seeds,  buds  and  blossoms;  a  delightful  songster.  Wils.,  1,  111),  pi.  7, 
f.  4;  Ari).,  iii,   170,  \)\.   IIKI;  Pid.,  412;  also,    C.  rdJiftiniirns  Bd.,  413, 

C'ooi'.,  l.')4,  which  I  cannot  distinguish  at  all .     rintruuKi's. 

Cdffsin'f^  Purple  Fincli.  Similar;  the  red  paler,  more  streaked  with 
dusky  on  the  upper  |)iuts,  crown  rich  crimson  in  marked  contrast;  larger; 
f)}-7;  wing  .3J.  ;  tail  '2%  ;  bill  about  \,  comparatively  less  turgid;  tarsus  i|. 
Southern  Kocky  Mountain  Hegion.  Ui).,  414;  C(,)Ui:s,  I'r.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci. 
I'hila.  I7(!t),  45;  Coor.,  1,").") cassinii. 


ini 


rr.iNcir.MD.K,  riNciiKs,  irrc.  —  (ir.\.  M. 


li>l> 


•*  Adult  (?  Willi  till'  rcil  partly  in  (IcHiiitc  arcMi,  tlic  lirlly  streaked,  the  edi;-iii:4 
of  tlio  \Yiii,u^s  wliitisli. 

Crii/K'iii-fr.iiifc!  F/'iir/i.  /fmi.'n-  l-'iiicli.  /iiir/'iii.  ^  witli  tlic  forehciul 
ami  ii  liiu'  (ivcr  the  eye,  the  niiiii),  mid  the  cirm,  llirnat  and  hrcast,  criiiison  ; 
otiier  upper  parts  brown,  streaked  with  darker,  and  marked  with  didl  red, 
and  (illier  under  parts  whilo  or  wliitish,  st reakeij  with  dnsky  ;  wini;sand  tail 
dusky  with  slieiit  whitish  cdfxinjrs  and  cross  liars.  The  elianires  of  phimajrc 
arc  paraliid  witli  tiiose  of  ('.  /iitr/mriiis,  lint  the  siiccics  may  easily  lie  dis- 
timjnished  in  any  phmiaire  liy  its  smaller  size,  with  r(dativ(dy  lonircr  wini^s 
and  tail,  these  memhcrs  lieinii  alisoliil(dy  as  loiiLT  or  nearly  as  jonLi;  as  in 
jiiif/iiiri'iis;  tile  tail  liarely  or  not  forked  ;  and  especially  liy  the  much  shorter 
and  more  inllated  hill,  which  is  almost  exactly  as  reiireseiited  in  the  fore- 
iroinii'  liu'ure  of  J';/rr/iiilii  (v/.vw'/(//.  Rocky  Monntains  to  the  I'acilic,  U.  S., 
a  very  almndant  s])ecies  in  the  towns  and  irardcns  of  New  Mexico,  Arizona 
and  Calitornia,  where  it  is  as  fimiliar  as  tlic  ilnropcan  Sparrow  lias  lieconie 
in  many  of  our  larii'e  eastern  cities;  nests  ahont  the  honscs  ;  a  [ileasant  song- 
ster.    All).,  iii,  IT.'i,  jil.  i;i7  ;   F.i).,   I  l.'i :  Cooi-.,  !.")(;.   .     .     .    Kiio.vr.u.is. 


59.     Goniis    CURVIEOSTRA    Scopoli. 

*#*  Distin,>];nislied  from  all  other  hirds  \<y  the  falcate  niaiulililes  with  crossed 
lioints.  Nasal  nill'  consiruaioiis ;  wiims  loii^-,  iioiiited ;  tail  slxjrt,  forki'd ;  feet 
str(jim.  Sex(>s  (lissiiiiilar  ;  J  some  shade  of  reil,  nearly  iniifonii,  with  dnsky  wini^s 
and  tail  ;  9  lirouiiish  or  olivaceous,  more  or  loss  streakeil,  head  and  nniip 
fr(M|ueiitly  washed  with  lirowiiish-ycllow  ;  youii'.;-  like  the  $  .  Irreuiilarly  mii^ratory, 
accortliiii;'  to  exigencies  of  the  weatli- 
VI,  emiiieiilly  gregarious,  and  Iced 
principally  on  iiiiio  sceils,  which  tliey 
skiltnlly  linsk  out  of  the  cones  with 
their  sinenlar  hill.  Our  two  species 
inhabit  the  iKH'tliern  [larts  of  Amer- 
ica, coming  southwaid  in  Hocks  in 
the  fall  ;  but  they  are  also  resident  in 
iiorllicrn  and  mounlainoiis  pine-clad 
Jiarts  of  the  I'nited  States,  where' 
tliev  sdinetimes  breed  in  n'iulir. 

lV/ii/e-ii-/ir/('(l  Crosshlll.  Win^s 
in  both  sexes  with  two  conspicn- 
oiis  while  liars;  ^  rosy  red,  9 
lirownish-olive,  streaked  and  speckled  with  dusky,  the  rnmi)  sallVoii ;  about 
C;  wine-  ;;.'  ;  tail  2;'j.  WiLs.  iv,  IS,  pi.  :!1,  f.  ;5 ;  Art).,  iii,  IHO,  pi.  l'OI  ; 
Hi).,  -t27 i.r.icoi'TKitA. 

lii'il  ('ross/i/'l/.  C'd/iiiii'iii.  CrosshiJI.  ( I'r.ATi':  HI,  lijrs.  lo,  14,  IT),  V'ui, 
\\(i,  15'/.)  Wings  blackish,  nniiiarked  ;  ^  brieky  red;  9  as  in  Inicujifrrd, 
Imt  wings  plain.     Wii.s.,  iv,  -It,  pi.  I'.l.  f.  1,  2:     Aid.,  iii,   ISC,  pi.   2(n) : 

J'.l).    42('.  ;    CoOI'.,    14S AMIOltlCANA. 

\'ar.  iiic.firiiiiii.     Similar  to  tlu;  last  ;  bill  large,  alioiit  j  of  an  inch  long.     ISIunn- 

Kl.l      HI    N.    A.    IIIKIIS.        17 


I  I...  7  ■.     W,,iU'-«  ll-i'd  rni-.-hai. 


180 


ii;iN(;i[,i,ii>.v,,   iiNciiKs,   r.ic.  —  (;r.\.   ()(),  (;i, 


l.'iiiioiis  |Kirts  of  New  .Mi'\i('o.  ami  soiilhwdnl.    l>i>.,  I'J"  (in  text),  1121.     My  Now 
.M('.\i("in  s|i('('iiii('iis  show  ii  liill  iilinost  niatcliiim  tlint  ol'  (J.  jif/tinjisilliirns  ol'  Kuiopc. 

60.    Qonus    LEUCOSTICTE    Swainson. 

•»•  Siilcs  of  the  iimlfr  iiKimlililt' with  a  Miiali  sharp  ol)ii(Hic  ridijc  ;  nasal  tuffs 
coiispiciions. 

(ini>/-croiriiril  Fincli.  Cliocolatc  or  livcr-lirown,  the  I'cMtlicrs  postcriofly 
skiitcd  with  rosy  or  lavender,  \vin<.'s  mikI  1;iil  dtisky,  rosj'-pdircd,  »liiii  dusky 
with  little  Of  no  ;isliy,  crown  idone  (leaf  ash,  loicliead  alone  l)Iaek,  liill  and 
nasal  leatiiiTs  wliili.-li,  feel  hIaeU  ;  9  ndt  partienlai'ly  dill'erent  ;  ahoiit  7; 
winir-ll  ;  tail  i'\  :  a  little  foi'ked.  In  iniilsmiiiner,  tlie  hiaek  frontlet  extends 
over  tlie  crown,  llie  rosy  lieiirlitens  to  crimson,  and  tlie  hill  lilaekeiis ;  tlio 
wliolu  piiniiiijre  is  likewise  darker.  Hoeky  -Moinilain  region,  sonlli  to  Colo- 
rado.    Ai:i).,  iii,  17(!,  1)1.  lliy  ;   15i)..  l.'iO;    Coop.,  1(!  4.      .      tki'MKOCotis. 

\'in\  CAMi-Ksriiis  Iin.,  in  Coop.,  Hi.").     Colorado.    In  the  specimen  descriiied,  tlic 
iish  of  the  h'.'ail  extends  a  little  Ix'low  the  eyes  lint  not  on  the  anrieniars.  .-ind  forms 
a  narrow  liorder  on  liie  chin;  tiiiis  approxiniatinsj;  to  the 
next. 

\\\Y.  (.iMSKiNi  I  iiA.  (•'/•(iii-ciircil  Fiiirli.  The  ash  t)f  the 
licad  extendinji  oxer  the  whole  cheeks  and  ears  and 
part  of  the  chin;  the  hlaek  frontlet  extendini;;  over  most 
of  tiie  crown.  J^arii'er  than  average  Iciilinirnfi.i.  Alentian 
Islands.  ]>ii.,  •l;>0  (footnote)  ;  Trans,  (hieaiio  Acad. 
"'■■■•••■^"■'■''  '■""•"  '•'■  l.sc:),  pi.  i>,S.  f.  -2  ;  Coop.,  1(11. 
\'ar.  i.rnouAi.is  15n..  Trans.  Chicago  Acad.  l.s(;il.  p.:il7,  pi.  •2.s,  f.  1  ;  Co<ip.,  IHS. 
Jn  the  si)eeimens  descrihcd,  from  Sitka  and  liritish  CoUnnliia,  the  whole  liead 
inelnding  the  chin,  except  the  Idack  frontlet,  is  ashy.  The  gradations  noted  in  the 
foregoing  jiaragr.'iphs  show  that  tl,(ic  is  Imt  a  single  species,  ;dthough  ijri.'!i>'niuvha 
and  lilldnilin  look  cpiite  dillerent  fiina  /ijiliriirnlis  and  niiitjiislris.' 

Slhirimi  J'iii</i.  Dusky  luiiplisli  ;  neck  above  pale  yellowisli  ;  I'oreliead 
and  nasal  f'catlieis  l)lacki.-li  ;  outer  webs  ot"  (pnlls  and  winu:  coverts,  tail 
eoveits,  riniip  iind  erissinn  .silvery  gray,  rosy-margined.  Knrile  and  Aleu- 
tian Isliinds  ;  Siberia.     Iid., 'IMO  (tbotnote)  ;    Coop.,  l(i").     .     .      auctoa. 

61.     Genus  AEGIOTHTJS  Cabanis. 

*,*  Small  species  {^>i~^>i  ;  wing  2^-3  ;  tail  2.|-2}),  with  tlii'  bill  extremely  aentc, 
overl.'iid  at  the  base  with  nasal  i)linnnles,  the  wings  long,  pointeil,  the  tail  short, 
forked,  the  feet  moderate.  Conspicuously  st rcahil ,  the  crown  with  a  crimson  patch 
in  both  sexes,  the  face  and  cliin  dusky,  wings  and  tail  dusky  with  whitish  edgings; 
the  males  with  the  whole  breast  rosy  and  the  rump  tinged  with  the  same.  IJoreal 
birds,  occurring  in  the  I'niti'd  States  in  winter,  in  larg(!  tloeks. 

Ited-polf  Linnet.  (Plate  hi,  tigs.  1,  la,  2,  '2<i,  4,  Ad,  5,  Tx/.)  I'pper  parts 
streaked  with  dusky  and  llaxen  in  about  equal  amomits,  nunp  white  or  rosy, 
always  streaked  with  dusky;  below,  streaked  on  the  sides,  the  belly  didl 
white;  bill  mostly  yellow;  feet  blackish;  middle  toe  and  elaw  as  long 
as  the  tarsus.  Wii,s.,  iv,  pi.  42  ;  Xurr.,  i,  .')12  ;  Aui).,  iii,  122  ;  I'.d.,  I2(S  ; 
CouKS,  Proe.  J'hila.  Acad.  l)St>l,;)73 i.inauius. 


ri:iN(iii,Lii>.i;,  ri.vciiKs,  inc. — (ii:n.  (!1,  (12. 


181 


rts 


X'iii'.  ii»(;i'.-  lis-i.  hui!,;/  U'''l/iiill.  (I'l.Mi'.  Ill,  lius,  ;{,  ',\(i.)  r|i|)i'r  pjirts  nciirlv 
iinilbrm  ilii-i'iy.  niiiii>  sciirct'ly  li;4lil('i-,  siilc.-i  liciivily  Htrciikcl ;  hill  dusky.  Ari>., 
iii,  pi.  i;:!?  (  ,.ii>.  I'loc.  I'liilu.  Acjul.,  ISOI,  22l»,  Jl'.IO;  l,s(ll»,  IHI);  Ki.i.ior,  pi.  10. 
I  am  not  siiri'  tliMl  tliis  is  aiiytliiii^'  inoro  tliiiii  ii  Hliitc  uf  pluinajfo  "I"  liiKtrln.i,  uh  thu 
dusky  app.'arancu  ni:iy  lit'  dui'  to  wcariuij;  away  of  the  lii,'liti'r  im1;::cs  of  llic  rcatlicrs. 

Var.  KXii.ii'ics.  Aiinririin  Miiil;/  lliilimll.  (Pi.aii;  hi,  lijjs.  (l,  (Ik.)  C'oloi'S  piilc, 
tlio  (laxcn  of  liiKin'iitt  i)l('acliiuLr  tt>  wliilisli ;  ruiii|)  wiiiti'  or  rosy,  ciitiri'ly  uii.Htri'ak('(l 
ill  till"  ailulls  ;  lircast  jialc  ro^y,  and  streaks  ou  tiii'  sides  small  and  sparse;  hill 
very  Hinall,  with  heavy  pluuiules  ;  feet  small,  the  middle  tou  and  claw  hardly  or  not 
equal  to  the  tarsus.  Arn.,  iii.  li'O,  pi.  \'H;  t'orr.s,  I'roe.  I'hila.  Acad.,  l.s(;i,  ,'is,'), 
LSCiD,  1h7;  I-'-i.i.ior,  \)\.  '.*.  An  Aretie  raeo,  iiol  dillieult,  to  rei'ogiiize,  represeiitiiijj 
in  Ameriea  the  true  Mi-aly  Kedpoll,  .1.  ntnrsrfiin,  of  Cireeiilaiid. 

Oiis.  Ill  addition  to  the  lorcLCoiii^',  a  lar^'e  varii'ty  with  a  very  iarifo  yellow  liill, 
apl)areiilly  correspoiidiiiii'  to  what  is  calleil  liiilhnlll  in  iMiro|pe,  has  heeu  uoteil  from 
Canada.     ('i>ii;s.  I'roe.,  I'hila.  Aead.,  IHO-',  10;    IwiJ'j,  isl. 

61  his.  Gonus  LINOTA  Bonaparte. 
Jiirirsfcrs  lAniicl.  Willi  tlio  fj:(;ni'ral  appuarauce  of  an  immatiifo  Aff/io- 
f/iiis,  lliis  liinl  will  lie  reeoiriiizcd  Iiy  aliseiieo  of  any  criinson  on  the  crown,  a 
pei'iiliar  ycliowisli  shade  on  liic  lower  hack,  and  soniewliat  ditfei'i'iit  propor- 
tions. Massaeluisotts,  one  spoi'iinen  (Hreii'n(er).  Ai'^ilollms  jUirlroshi^, 
var.  liiTirs/crii  KiixiWAY,  Am.  Nal.  vi,  July,  1X72.  An  interesting'  dis- 
covery, of  which  I  learn  as  these;  pages  go  to  press  ;  may  he  .-nine  as  the 
Enropoan.      (Not  in  the  Key.)       .     .     .      rL.wiKosriii.s  var.  iiiikwstkiui. 

02.    Gonus  CHRYSOMITRIS  Boio. 

*  Sexes  alikt'.  ISill  extremely  acute;  nasal  phimiiles  somutiiiK's  deficient. 
Everywhere  thickly  streaked  ;  no  delinite  hlaek  on  head  ;  no  red  anywlierc. 

Pine  Linnet.  (Pi-atk  in,  li!j:s.  11,  \\<i,\-l,\'li(.)  Contiiuionsly  streaked 
above  with  dusky  and  olivaceous  hrown  or  llaxeii,  helow  with  dusky  and 
Avhitish,  the  whole  pininage  in  the  breeding  season  more  or  less  snirnsed 
with  yellowish,  particularly  bright  on  Uie  rumi) ;  the  bases  of  the  quills  and 
tail  feathers  extensively  suliiiinry  yellow,  and  all  these  feathers  more  or 
less  edged  externally  with  yellowish.  A%\  wing  2:|  ;  tail  \'\  ;  forked.  Tho 
plumage  is  exlieiiiely  variable;  youag  birds  frequently  show  a  buify  or 
ll;..\eii  siiiriisi(j|i,  and  I'eseiiiliie  a  redpoll;  but  the  yellowish  coloration  of 
the  wings  ami  tail  is  peculiar,  and  distinctive  of  the  species.  North  Amer- 
ica, breeding  iiorlherly,  ranging  throughout  most  of  the  United  States,  in 
ilocks,  in  the  winter;  abundaiil.  \\'ir,s.,  ii,  l."53,  pi.  17,  f.  1 ;  Xutt.,  i,  511  ; 
Aui).,  iii,  12.j,  pi.  ISO;  Ud.,  42.');  Coor.,  172 riNus. 

*  *  .Sexes  unlike.  l»ill  moderately  acute.  Not  noticeahly  streaked.  The  adult 
males  with  delinite  lilack  on  tlu'  crown,  wings  and  tail. 

Anien'cini  (loJdJinch.  YcUowbinl.  Thisllehlrd.  (Platk  hi,  tigs.  7,  8, 
'J,  10,  7'/,  iid,  [hi,  10^^)  $  in  summer,  rich  yellow,  changing  to  whitish 
on  the  tail  coverts;  a  black  patch  on  the  crown  ;  wings  black,  more  or  less 
edged  and  harred  with  white  ;  lesser  wing  coverts  yellow  ;  tail  black,  every 
feather  wilii  a  white  spot ;   bill  and  feet  Hesli-colored.     In  September,  the 


H 


I 


i;t-> 


ii;i.\(iii.i.iii.i;,   ii\(iii>,   i:ic.  —  (ii:\.  i'rj. 


liliick  ('M|>  ilis;i|)|)c,iis,  ami  (111'  ,L!:i'iici',il  |)liiiiia'_'''  <li;mi:('s  to  a  jialc  llaxcii 
lirowii  aliiivi'.  and  wliilcy-lu'DWii  lirhtw,  willi  traces  ol"  (lie  villnw, 
«'s|ic(ially  aliiiiil  the  licail  :  lliis  (■iinliniit's  until  the  I'nIldW  iiiijf  April  nr 
May.  9  (ili\acc(Mi>,  imiiiilinL!:  Ilii'  crown  ;  liclow  Miilcd  ycl!()\vi>li,  xsinjj^s 
and  tail  dn>ky.  wiiili>li-cd;j:-cd  :  yunn;:'  iiUc  llic  9  .  Aliont  !,'  ImiLr :  winj;  'J'l  ; 
tail  L',  a  little  lorkcd  ;  9  laliicr  smaller  than  the  J.  North  America, 
c>|iecially  the  lvi>lern  I'nited  Slale> ;  an  al)nndant  and  I'aniiliar  species, 
<on>i>icnons  liy  its  liriLihl  lolor-^,  and  plaintive  lispini:;  notes;  in  the  fail, 
collects  in  lai;ire  lloeks.  and  -o  remains  nntil  the  l)ree<lini;'  season  ;  irreiinlarly 
mijrratory  ;  t'eeds  especially  on  the  seeds  of  the  thi>lle  and  hutlonwooil  ;  Hies 
in  an  nndnlatin;,'  conrse.  Not  small,  eompael.  Iiuill  of  downy  ami  very  not't 
pliant  sniislanees,  with  stiic<'o-wiirk  ol'  lichens,  phncd  in  a  croteii ;  cl;u'^  i-!^, 
white,  speekhd.      Wii.s.,  1,   L'O,   pi.  1,  I".  1^;  NiiT.,  i,  Ml;  Aid.,  iii,  1l'!I, 

pi.  IM  ;  I'.i>.,   Ii'l ruisTis. 

/.'.■irri-iiri's    ( I'dliljimli.      J   " lay ,  w liitchin;;   on    tho    Ixlly    and    ciis>inn  : 

rnmp,  a  larirc  hrcast  patch,  and  oltcii 
nnnh  of'  the  hack,  rich  yellow;  crown, 
face  and  chin  lilack  ;  winirs  Mack, 
varieiiated  with  yellow,  most  of  the 
coveits  lieinu  of  this  color,  .and  the  same 
hroadly  ediiini;:  the  (piills;  tail  lilack, 
mu>t  of  the  feathers  with  lariic  scpiaro 
\vhite  spots  on  the  inn<'r  welt ;  bill  anil 
feet  dark.  The  9  I'cscndiles  the  male, 
liut  theic  is  no  hlai'k  on  the  head,  and  the 
yellow  places  arc  not  so  hriiiht.  .'>i/,e  of 
//vV/.s,  or  rather  less  ;  an  (levant  species, 
California,  Arizona,  and  prohalily  New  Mexico.     III).,  121;   Ki.i.ior,  pi.  .s  ; 

Cool'.,  171 i.AWiji-.Ncr.i. 

.\r/,'iiis'is  ( I'lilil/iiii/t.  1^  olive-u'reen,  Ixdort'  yellow;  cro\v:i  lilack,  this 
iii>/  extcndiiiL!:  helow  eyes;  winiis 
lilack,  most  of  the  (|nills  and  th(< 
greater  coverts  white-tipjied,  ami  the 
primaries  white  at  liase ;  t.iil  black, 
the  ontermosl  tiirei;  pairs  of  feathers 
with  a  lonj.'  reclanii:nlai'  white  spot  on 
the  inner  web.  9  and  youn^;'  similar, 
bnt  not  so  briirht,  iuid  no  black  on  the 
head;  sdinetimcs,  also,  no  deeide<l 
white  .spots  on  the  tail.  '1|-U;  winn' 
'2k ;  tail  2.  I'lains  to  the  Pacific, 
U.  .S.,  rather  southerly.     Aui).,  iii,  DM,  pi.  IS,);  Xirr.,  i,;')]!);  Hi>.,l22; 

Coor.,  1(!S rsAF/riMA. 

Var.  AKi/.oN.r.  Con.s,  rroc.  I'liila.  Acad.,  l.stWI,  p.  Id;  Coor.,   170.     'I'iie  npiier 
parts  mixed  <ili\e  and  lilack  in  about  ei|ii;d  ai nils,  thus  leadinL;;  dircclh   into 


I.:i«  li'lli'i''-  (i..Mlillill. 


I'K;.  7:1.     Aik.iii-iis  (Icililiiiii'li. 
(Aii/.'  Iiii  nuirlv.) 


i. 


"-t= 


ritiNdii.i.iit.i;,  I  iN(iii;s,   t:n\ — <ii:\.  •!.'{. 


VM) 


N'lir.  MiAiiWA,  Willi  llic  ii|i|u'r  p.irts  coiitiiiiKiii^ly  Mack,  mi'l  llic  IpIiii'U  uT  iho 
ciuuii  cNtciuliii;::  lirluw  llii'  i'_\i'S,  ciiclosilii^  llic  olhi!  Ullilcr  i_vr-lii|.  Al  \iiaii 
liui'ili'i'  iiikI  siiiiiliwiii'il.  |(ii,,  I:*:!;  Cikh'.. 
Hi'.).  'I'liis  liini  looks  i|iiil('  unlike  lyiiical 
jisiiltriii,  liiit  tilt'  jii'dij.'ilioii  (liroii!j;li  \nv. 
iirl'.iiKi''  is  iicircc'l  ;  aiiil  itii:rii''iii'i,  iiioii'- 
ovcr,  It'.'iils  ilii'ci'liy  iiilo  viir.  ruliiinhlaini,  it 
Ci'iilral  Aiiii'rii.'aii  fonii  in  wiiicli  lli(>  tail- 
N|i(itH  ai(!  very  small  or  ^valltillu^  '\'\w 
iMiialcs  of  tlii'si'  si'M'ial  xaiiclii's  caiiliol  lie 
ilisliii!j;uis|ici|  with  ciTlaiiity. 

Oils.  ('Iir;i.iiiiiilln',i  nui'ji Uniiuui,  a  Soiilli 
Aiiicricaii  s|icfifs  with  tin-  wliolc  licail  lilai'k, 
is  saiil   liy   Ainliilioii  lo  have  liccii  l.'ikcii   in 

Ivriiliicky,  uIu'I'c  pi'olialily  it  will  mil  lie  t'oiiiiil  ai^aiii.  ( 'hr^isiiiiiilri.'i  .itiiiili'i!  ami 
('.  i/iirrd/ii.  of  Aiiiliilion,  wrii'  a|)|iaii'iilly  ''imr-liiiils,  iiii|iro[irily  .'itlrilpiilnl  lo 
.Noilli  Anuiiia. 


Ik..  >'|.     M.  \m'  ,11  i.ol.liliii'li. 


03.    Qoiuis  PLECTROrii/tWKB  Mcyor. 

*  Hill  small,  truly  conic,  iiiHimI  at  liasc  ;    liiml  cl.-iw  ilcciilc(lly  curve. I. 

S)iiiir  liiiiiliii'i.  Siiiiirjl(i/:r.  Ill  lircciliiiL'  pliiiiiaLri',  jmrc  wiiitc,  llic  li.ick, 
wiiiixs  jiinl  tail  varicLcati'd  with  lilacU  ;  Itill  ami  Iccl  MacU,  As  i^ciicraily  nccii 
ill  the  riiilcil  ."states,  llic  uiiilc  is  cjoiKlcd  with  dear,  warm  hrowii,  ami  tins 
liili  is  hrowiiish.  Lciiixlli  iilioiit  7;  wiiii;'  \\;  tail  i','.  .\i'ctic  Aiiiciica, 
irrciriilarly  .southward,  in  lloclis.  in  the   winter,  to  ahoiit  '•'>'>•,  lint  its  iiiovc- 

iiieiits  depend  iiiiich  oil  tlic  weallicr.      Wii.s.,  iii, 
j'l't;^  Mil,  pi.  lM  ;   Niir.,  i,   l.'iS;  Aid.,  iii,  .").'),  pi.  !."i.'>; 

111)   ,     l;'>2 NIVALIS. 

**  liill  moderate,  iiiniiircil,  hilt    wilii  a  little  liit'l   of 

fc.'itlicis  at    the  liaM' ot"  the  rictus;   hind  el.aw  slraiulit- 

I'li:.  HI,    I'tiui  ill  < 'fiilni|t!i,-iiH's,        ,    ,  ,,.    ,,       I*    ..    I  ,1  ,1  ■  1  II      i  II 

'  i--li,  \Mili  Its  (lcj,it  joiiLjcr  tliaii  the  iimiillc  toe  iiml  claw. 

.Sexes  dissimilar     ^J  with  a  cervical   t'oilar.  ami  olilii|iie  wiiite  ari'a  on  the  onter  tail 

feathers;    9    rest, iililin,;,;  some  of  the  streakeil  sparrows.      [<  '1  nfrnjiliiiiir.i.) 

Ldpldiiil  Lnii'jsjiiir.  Adult  ^  :  whole  head  ,iiid  throat  jet  lijai  li  bordered 
witli  liully  or  wiiitish  which  toriiis  .a  postociilar  line  sep.iiatin;.'  the  hlaeU  ol" 
the  crown  iVoni  that  of  tiie  sides  ol"  the  liead  ;  a  liroad  iholiiut  cervical 
t'olhir;  iijiper  parts  in  lii'iienil  l)i;icl<isli  sli('aUe(l  witii  liuHy  or  wiiitish  lliat 
edges  all  the  featiiers  ;  iielow,  whitish,  the  lireast  ,and  sides  hi;ici;-s(reaked  ; 
wiiig.s  diisUy,  the  greater  coverts  and  inner  secoiid.iries  edged  with  dull  luiy  ; 
t.ail  dusky  with  wiiile  areas  as  ahovc  luentioned  ;  iiill  yellowish  lipped  with 
lil.aek,  Jkjs  mill  fill  l,hivk.  (i-lU  :  wing  '.\\-'-\h,  ;  tail  LM  -  l''/.  Winter  males 
sliow  loss  hiack  oil  tiu^  head,  and  the  cervical  chestnut  duller;  tlie  9  .and 
young  liiivc  no  coiitiiiiioii,s  Mack  011  the  head,  and  the  crown  is  streakeil  like 
the  hack  ;  hut  there  are  traces  ol"  the  cervical  c(dlar,  whilst  the  generic  cliar- 
iiclers  will  prevent  eoiifiisioii  with  any  of  tiie  ordinary  streaked  sjiarrows. 
Arctii^  America,  irregularly  southward  into  tlie  I'liited  Slates  in  winter,  Ire- 


\. 


IM 


I'lUNCilLMD.K,    FINC:iIi:S,    KTC. (IKX.    (!;}. 


(|iiont!y    ii)    ooinpaiiy    with    iii'rnf/.<,  hut    not    so   common.     .\i  tt.,  i, -Kw) ; 
All'.,  iii.  .")(),  pi.   ]'>2;    Ud.,  4;5;5 i.ArroNicrs. 

J'liiiilcil  l.itilc  Jldiiliii'i.  Aihilt  J  :  ('frviciil  collar  and  ontiri'  under  i)!irls 
rich  hully  hrown  or  dark  fawn  ;  crown  and  .sides  of  head  hlack,  hounded 
l)elow  l>y  a  white  line,  and  interrui)ted  hy  white  superciliary  and  Jiuricnlar 
line  and  white  occi|)it.d  spot  ;  upper  parts  streaked  with  hlaek  and  brownish 
yellow;  lesser  and  middle  wiuij:  coverts  hlack,  ti[)ped  with  wiiito  forming 
conspicuous  patches;  one  or  two  outer  tail  feathers  mostly  white;  no  white 
on  the  rest;  /f'.'/N  iinlc  ^'w.v  of  I'l/i/tonirns:  seasonal  and  se.\ual  chan,u;es  of 
plumajre  C(,rrespondent.     Hrili.«h  .Vmerica  into  I'nited  .States  in  tlu;  infcn'nr; 

it  I'onunoii  witii  us.  Xi  rr.,  ii,  .J8ll ;  Aud.,  iii,  .")2,  pi.  l.J3  ;  vii,  ;5;57, 
pi.   |N7  (siiu/liii)  ;   r»i).    -LSI riCTis. 

(.'/les/iint-col/tncd  Lurk  JiiiiiHii'i.  A(hiil  $  :  a  chestnut  cervical  collar, 
as  in  l(ipj)(iiu'ri(!<,  and  upper  parts  streaked  much  as  in  that  species,  hut 
irra-.er;  nearly  all  the  under  parts  continuously  black,  the  throat  yellowish  ; 
lower  helly  and  crissum  only  whitish  ;  in  liiLrh  plumaiic  the  hlack  of  the 
under  parts  is  more  or  less  mixed  with  intense  ferruirineous,  and  sometimes 
this  rich  sienna  I'olor  hecomes  continuous;  crown  and  sides  of  head  hl.ack, 
intcrrupteil  with  white  auricular  and  postocidar  stripes,  and  in  hiirh  })lumai!:e 
with  a  while  occipital  sjiol  :  lesser  winir  coverts  hlack  or  hrow-iish-hlack  ; 
outer  tail  feathers  mostly  or  entirely  white,  and  all  the  rest  largely  white 
from  the  hase  —  a  ciiaracter  that  distinguishes  the  species  in  any  plumage 
from  the  two  preceding ;  legs  not  hlaek  ;  9  with  or  without  traces  of  the 
cervical  collar;  crown  exactly  like  tlii'  hatk,  generally  no  hlack  on  head  or 
under  parts;  lielow  whitish,  with  flight  dusky  maxillary  and  [K-ctoral  streaks 
!ind  sometimes  the  \\  hole  lireast  hlack,  edged  with  grayish.  Immature  males 
have  the  lesser  wing  coverts  like  the  l)ack  ;  hut  they  show  the  hlack  of  the 
l)rea<t,  veiled  with  gr.iy  tips  of  the  feathers,  long  before  any  black  ai)pears 
on  the  head,  l^i/.e  less  than  in  the  foregoing.  .jA-O  ;  wing  .'5-.">i  ;  tail  2-2;^. 
Missnui;  Kcgion,  K.insas,  and  westward;  .S.  to  the  Table-lands  of  Mexiio. 
All).,  iii,  .")."•.  pi.  l.Vt  ;  Xrrr.,  2d  ed.  l,.").'il);  l>i).,  4.'!.').  P.  iiichdinmiis 
IJi).,  -l.")!!.  appears  to  be  merely  a  high  plumage,  jjcrhaps  not  alwa3's  assmned 
hy  northerly    i)irds ouxati's. 

**  •  Hil!  hii';:i'.  tiM'uid.  inniilli'il ;  liind  claw  as  hcl'ore.  but  siio;  tcr  ;  sexes  dissim- 
ilar; no  cervical  col.ar;  outer  tail  Icatlicrs  wliite,  the  rest,  except  the  miildie  pair, 
white  on  tin'  inner  wctis  to  near  the  tip,  tlio  line  of  demarcation  running  straight 
across.    ( Iili'incliDjilnnii.t.) 

Miiccoicn'.i  J'niiilliiii.  Adidt  ^  :  crown  and  a  broad  pectoral  crescent 
black;  superciliary  line  and  under  parts  white;  beml  of  wing  chestnut; 
above,  streaked  with  blackish  and  yellowish-brown.  Si/e  of  the  last,  or 
rather  larger;  ('.-(JA  ;  wing  '.V\  :  tail  2j-2.i  ;  bill  nearly  h  inch  long.  The  9 
lacks  the  black  and  <'hestnut,  but  in  any  plumage  the  s[)ecics  may  be  known 
i)y  the  peculiar  markings  of  the  tail  feathers,  the  white  areas  being  cut 
sijuarely  ..If,  except  in  the  outer  pair,  which  are  wholly  while.  IMains  to  the 
Kock}^  .Mountains,  l'.  S.,  rather  northern;    breeds  abundanlly  about  Chey- 


FUIXGILLID^,    FIXrilKS,    ETC. — (iEX.    M,    ()."). 


Uo 


i 


ciiiip,  AVvoniinj;.     {Alio}).)     Lawk.,  Ann.  Lvc.  Y.wl.  Hist.  X.  Y.,  1S51,  v, 
122;  Cass.  HI.,  22S,  pi.  .-J!);    Hd.,  4;>/ maccowmi. 

64.    Gonus  CENTROmrX  Baird. 

Bii'rd's  J}i()i(inr/.  Hind  cliiw  ralhor  loiiircr  tliiiii  its  diirit ;  iiiiul  too  and 
flaw  not  siiorter  than  tho  niitldle  one.  Wings  pointt'd,  hut  iuiur  sccondarifs 
not  longthoncd  as  in  PosserculKn.  Tail  cniarginato.  Tliiclvly  stroaivi'd 
cverywlicrc  above,  on  tlic  sides,  and  across  llie  lu'oast ;  above,  grayisii  strcaUed 
with  dnsky,  l)elo\v  wliite,  with  blackisli  inaxillai'V,  pectoral  and  lateral 
streaks;  crown  divided  by  a  brownisii-ycllow  line;  a  faint  superciliary  whit- 
ish line;  no  yellowish  on  bend  of  wing;  outer  tail  feathers  whitish.  A  curi- 
ous bird,  api)arently  related  to  J'/ectmj)//'iin's  in  form,  but  willi  the  general 
apijcaranee  of  a  siivanna  sp:ii'row  or  bay-wintri'd  l)nnting.  ( )idy  one  speci- 
men known.  YelldW.-tone,  Al'D.,  vii,  ;J.")ll,  [)i.  .")()();  IId.,  111.  "  Massa- 
chu.setts,"  Mavnaim),  Ami.  \at.,  l.S(;i),  ;").")1,  and  (iuide,  112,  frontispiece  ; 
Ai.mox,  Aiu.  Xat.  ISdli,  {',:]]  ;  Ijui;wsti:i!,  Am.  Nat.  1872,  ."{OT.  I  have 
seen  the  later  supposed  specimens,  the  fresh  measurenients  of  one  of  which 
((!i  ;  wing  .'${■  ;  tail  2;j  ;  bill  .4  ;  tarsus  nearly  an  inch)  are  mucii  larger  than 
those  recorded  by  Audnlion,  and  there  are  many  other  discre[)aiicies.  The 
bird  should  be  diligcnlly  sought  for,  as  a  full  investigation  will  reveal  some- 
thing not  now  anticipated isaiudii. 

65.  Gonus  PASSERCULUS  Bonaparto. 
Sdvinino  Sjuirrnir.  (  I'i.ai  !•:  iii,  tigs.  K!,  17,  IS,  Hut,  I7(i,  \f<(i.)  Thickly 
streaked  evcrynhen^  above,  on  sides,  and  across  breast ;  a  sn|)cri'iliiiry  line, 
and  edge  of  the  wing,  i/i'l/mr/'s/i ;  lesser  wing  coverts  m/f  chestnut;  legs 
flosh-color ;  bill  rather  slender  and  acute;  tail 
nearly  even,  its  outer  feathers  not  pure  white; 
longest  secondary  nearly  as  long  as  the  primaries 
in  tho  closed  wing.  Aliovc,  bi-ownish-gi'ay, 
.sti caked  with  blackish,  whitish-giay  and  pale  bay, 
the  streaks  largest  on  intci'scapulars,  smallest  on 
cervix,  the  crown  divided  l)y  an  obscure  whilixli 
lino;  somt'linK's  an  obscure  yellowish  snlfusion 
about  head  liesidcs  the  streak  over  the  eye. 
with  faint  bully  shade,  thickly  streaked,  as  just  stated,  with  <lusky  —  the 
individual  spots  edged  with  brown,  mostly  arrow-shape(l,  running  in  chains 
along  the  sides,  an<l  ofti'U  aggreg.itcd  in  an  obscure  l)lotcli  on  tiie  breast. 
Wings  dusky,  the  covei'ts  and  inner  secondaries  black-edged  antl  lipped  with 
bright  bay  ;  tail  feathers  rather  narrow  ami  pointed,  dusky,  not  noticeably 
marked,  ^{-^i  ;  wing  2.^-2'/  ;  tail  2-2|  ;  middle  toe  and  claw  together  U  ; 
bill  under  A.  North  .Vmeiica  ;  .a  terrestrial  species,  aliundant  everywhere 
in  fields,  on  plains,  by  waysides,  and  along  tlie  sca-^hore  ;  migratory,  grega- 
rious. \\'ilh  a  close  general  resenilil  ince  to  several  oilier  species,  it  may  bo 
readily  di.slinguished  by  the  fiu'egning  marks.     It   varies  but  little  with  sex 


I  , 


) 


j 

]?>(',  FIlIXfilLLin.r,,    FINCHES,    KTC-      CJF.N.    t'.G. 

;iii(l  aji'o,  tlionnh  llic  colors  may  I)o  tlarkcr  ami  sliai-por,  f>r  hriglitor  ami  more 


(liHusc,  at'conliiii;  to  season  and  wear  of  the  t'l-atlicrs 


W 


U.S.,  Ill, .').) 


pi. 


•2-1. 


lil) 


1".  1  ;  Nirr.,  i,  INII ;    Aid.,  iii,  OS,  pj.  lOO:   Ud.,  4J2.     P.  ahiutUnnn 

41t);    Cooi'.,   ISl,  is  iii(listiii,<xiiisii:il)lo savanna. 

Vnr.  ANTiiiNTs  l>i>..  ■!  1') ;  CiPdi'.,  l.\;;  ;  Km...  pi.  l;^  may  bo  recojinizod.  15111 
loiiLTcr,  sli'iiilcrcr  (as  in  liir.  M')  ;  spots  holnw  very  huiiktous,  close,  sharp,  dark, 
Caliliiniia  coast,  aliuiiilMiit  in  tlif  salt  iiiarslic^. 


lMiviri;s>i>    r> 


■111 


I  .SO. 


A  larso  northern  race :   (!  or  more 


>t(iut  ;  head  more  vclhjwisli.     Northwest  coast. 


00.    Genus   POOECETES  Baird. 

Jl'ii/-iri,ii/ci]  Jiidif/'iii/,  (,'r(is.'<  /■'iii'/i.  Tiiii-kly  sticakfil  everywhere  aliove, 
on  sides  .'Mill  across  hreast  ;  jm  y(dlo\v  aiiyw  ln'i-e  ;  le>>er  winir  coverts  r/iis/- 
i.ii'  and  1 -;?  pairs  of  outer  tail  ieatliers  partly  or  wlndly  ir/iifi.  Aliove 
irrayisli-lirown,  the  streakintr  dusky  and  Inowii.  with  irrayi.-h-white  :  lielow 
while,  usually  iiotieeahly  huliy-tiiiired.  the  slre.-iks  very  iiuiiirKuis  on  tlui 
fore  parts  and  sides;  wiii<r  coverts  :ind  inner  ipiilis  much  edjrci]  and  tippeil 
with  hay  ;  crown  like  hack,  without  median  stripe,  line  over,  and  rini^  round, 
eye,  whitish;  feel  pale;  o-,'-(I|:  wiiiL'  i';-."5l,  with  inner  .secondaries 
leiiL'theiied  ;  tail  l'I-l'J.  .North  America;  a  rather  lai-jre,  stout  i^peeies, 
known  on  sij.dit  hy  coinhination  of  cliestimt  lesser  win;;  covoits  and  whito 
outer  tail  leathers;  liie  sexes  are  ••dike,  and  the  v.ariations  in  color  are  only 
such  as  are  indicated  under  J',  siiniinut ;  western  spceinieiis  average  paler 
and  jrrayer,  re|noseiitiinr  var.  tnn/inis    l$i>.,  1  is.     A    very    alnindant   bird, 


taame 


frinoiixid.t;,  finches,  etc. — gkn.  fi7,  08. 


137 


ill  fields,  etc.,  tci'iTstriiil,  iniuntory,  givsiirioiis  in  the  fall.     Wir-s.,  iv,  T)!, 
1)1.  ;5l,  f.  a;  Xurr.,  i,  1^2;  Ai:r).,  iii,  (I."),  pi.  ir>l)  ;  Ud.,  447.     uu.v.minkus. 

67.    Gonus   COTURNICULUS   Bonaparto. 
YcUorv-u'iuffed  Spurmir,     Edjro  of  wiiiij:   ocm  nic-uoiisly   yellow;    lessor 
wiiiir  coverts,  iiiid  sliort  line  over  eye,  yellowish  ;  below,  not  or  not  evidently 
streaked,  I)ut  fore  piirts  and  sides,  I)uir,  fadinif  to  didl  white  on  tiie  belly. 


Above,    sini,ndarly    variegated    with    black,  gray,    yellowish-bro 


wn 


and 


pecidiar  pnri)lish-bay  in  short  streaks  and  specks,  the  crown  being  nearly 
black  with  a  sliarj)  median  brownish-yellow  line,  the  middle  of  the  back 
cliielly  black  with  bay  and  brownish-yellow  edgings  of  the  feathers,  the  cer- 
vical region  and  rinnp  chielly  gray  mixed  with  liay  ;  wing  coverts  and  inner 
(jnills  variegated  like  the  back;  iWt  [v.ila.  Small;  only  I;-.")!  long;  wing 
2;\,  inncli  ronnded  ;  tail  2  or  less,  with  very  narrow  i)ointcd  feathers,  tlio  ont- 
stretched  feet  reaching  to  or  beyond  its  end  ;  bill  sliort,  tin'gid.  Sexes  alike  ; 
yonng  similar,  not  so  bnll'y  bi-low,  and  with  pectoral  and  maxillary  dnsky 
spots;  but  in  any  plnmago  known  from  other  si)arrows  (excei)t  the  next 
species)  by  amoinit  of  yellow  on  wings,  and  pecidiar  proiiortions  of  parts. 
I'nited  States;  abundant  in  tall  grass  and  weeds  of  plains  and  tields  ;  strictly 
terrestrial,  migratory,  with  a  peculiar  chirring  note,  like  a  grasshopper's; 
neste 


on 


the  ground,  eggs  l-'),  white,  si)eikled.  Specimens  from  dry 
western  regions  are  i)aler  and  grayer  (var.  pofpnllliht^  UinnwAY,  Mss.). 
■\\'ii.s.,  iii,  7t),  pi.  2(!,  f.  .") ;  Aid.,  iii,  7.'5,  [)1.  lt)2  ;  Xutt.,  i,  111  t ;  IJd.,  4.'>0  ; 
Coop..  IS!» rAssKuisi's. 


/h'lisloir'.s    .Spm-n 


vesemi) 


ill!'   the    la-^t  ;     smaller 


more 


yellowish 


above,  and  with  sharp  maxillary,  jxictoral  and  lateral  black  streaks  below; 
tail  longer,  reaching  iieyoiid  feet  ;  l>ill  stout.  Eastern  11.  S.,  not  very  coiu- 
moii.  All).,  iii,  7."),  i)l.  Id;!;  Xurr.,  i,  -Jd  ed.  ■")71  ;  IiD.,  151.  iiBXShowii. 
Lccrm/c's  Spurraii'.  Ijike  the  Ia-<t  ;  bill  ni'idi  smiiller ;  foro  and  under 
parts  and  sides  of  head  bull",  v.itli  l)lack  touches  on  sitles  ;  no  yellow  loral 
spot;  median  crown-stripe  bull",  white  posteriorly;  4.^  ;  wing  2i  ;  tail  IJ. 
.Missouri  region  ;  Texas.     A  long-lost  species,  rediscovered  in  Xo.  50,  222, 


Mils.  S.  I.  (A 


IIKX'CII 


1,1.)     All).,  vii,  ;!;).S,  pi.  ISS  ;   III).,  4,-)2. 


LI'.CONTKI. 


68.    Gonus   AMMODROMUS    Swainson. 

•«*  Small  streakei!  spMi'iow-^,  reiiiMrkalilc  Tor  Hie  sleihier  leiigtiieiieil  form  of  Hie 
liill,  ami  the  narrow,  acute  tail  I'eatlieis.  Wiiii^  short,  iiiiich  roiiiiileil,  its  eclL^e 
vellow  ;  tail  sliml  ;  feet  very  laiiie,  reMehini!;  iieaiiy  to  eli'l  of  tail.  ('oliliiie(l  lo  sall- 
iiiMi>lies  (if  tlie  Allaiitie  ami  (iiill'  Slates;  aliiiii(l;uil,  migratory. 

tSi'd-fiii/e  Fliicli.  ( )live-gra3',  obscurely  streakeil  on  the  back  and  crown  with 
darker  and  paler ;  bidow,  whitish,  often  washed  with  brownish,  and  shaded 
on  the  sides  with  the  color  of  the  back,  with  ill-delineil  streaks  on  the  breast 
and  sides;  wings  and  (ail  i)lain  dusky,  with  slight  olivaceous  cdi^iuirs,  winjr 
cov»'rts  and  inner  (|iiills  somewhat  margined  with  brown;  n  ;/rl/iiir  spol  nrrr 
t'/ye^  aiul  often  some  vague  brownish  and  dusky  markings  on  side  of  head; 

Ki:v    H>   N.    A.   nillK.S.      IS 


■V 


I 


138 


FlilNfill.MD.T:,    KIXniKS,    KTC.  —  C.F.S.    (lO. 


.        < 


• 


hill  i)limilK'Oiis,  feet  daik  ;    ">'|-(I|  ;  wiiij,'  2.J-LM  ;  tail  nlioiit  2.     "WiLS.,  iv, 
(IS,  pi.  ;U,  i".  2;     N'lTT.,  i,  2(1  od.  M2,  .")!»;$;     Ai:i)..  iii,  KK'.,  IOC,  pi.  172, 

ll',\  (iii(tc;fi/h'ri'(H/i)  ;    I>l).,     5t MAIilTl.MlS. 

Hhai-p-ldiled   Finch.      Olivc-gni}-,  sliari)ly  streaked    on    tlie   liaek   with 

itlaeki.>«ii  and  whitish ;  erown 
darker  tiian  nape,  with  Itrown- 
ish-ldaek  streaks  and  ol)seiiro 
median  line;  no  yellow  loral 
spot,  lint  lonir  lino  over  eye  and 
sides  of  head  rich  hnli'  or  oranire- 
hrown  enelo^inii  olive-irray 
ainienlars  and  a  dark  si)eek 
heliind  these;  helow,  wliite,  the 
fore  parts  and  sides  tinired  with 
yellowish  lirown  or  hnil"  of  vari- 
alile  intensity,  the  lireast  and 
sides  sharply  streaked  with 
dusky.  IJatlier  smaller  than  the 
last  ;  l)ill  still  slenderer,  and 
tail  feathers  still  narrower  and  more  aente.  Wii.s.,  iv,  7(1,  pi.  ',\\,  f.  .'i ; 
Nltt.,  i,  ")<>1:  All).,  iii,  lOS,  pi.  174;  Hi).,  4").'5.        .     .     .     cal dacutus. 


eg.    Gonus  MELOSPIZA  Baird. 

*r>reast  streaked,  and  with  a  transverse  licit  of  lirnwiiisli-yellow  ;  t;iil  nearly 
eiiual  to  winLTs. 

Liticnln'x  Flnrh,  l?elow,  wliite,  hreast  handed  and  sides  often  shaded 
with  yellowish,  everywhere  e.\cei)t  ou  the  belly  thickly  and  sharply  streaked 
with  dusky  ;  ahove  irrayish-hrown,  erown  and  hack  with  lilackish,  hrownish 
and  paler  streaks  ;  tail  jrrayish-hrown,  the  feathers  u>ually  showinj^  hl.ickisli 
shaft  lines;  wings  the  same,  the  eoverts  and  inner  quills  Idaekish  with  hay 
and  whitish  edgings  ;  no  yellow  on  wings  or  head  ;  oi  ;  wing  and  tail  ahout 
2A.  North  America;  not  common  in  the  Eastern  States.  All).,  iii,  IK!, 
pi.  177;  Nltt.,  i,  2d  ed.  ")t'i!> ;   Hn.,  \X-1 ;  Coof.,  21t!.        .      .     lixcoi.xii. 

•*  HroHst  aslij',  iniholtiMl,  witii  few  streaks,  or  none:    tail  almiit  eipial  to  \viii<fs. 

>Sii'(ii)ij)  >Sjt(innir.  Crown  bright  hay,  or  chestnut,  lilackening  on  the  fore- 
head, often  with  oh^cnre  median  ashy  line,  .and  usually  streaked  with  Iilack  ; 
cervix,  entire  sides  of  head  .and  neck,  and  the  hreast,  strongly  ashy,  with 
vague  dark  aiirieidar  and  maxillary  markings,  the  latter  hounding  the  whitisli 
chill,  thcashy  of  the  hnast  ohsoletely  streaky  ;  helly  whitish  ;  sides,  Hanks  ami 
(•rissiim  strongly  shaded  with  brown,  .ami  faintly  streaked;  h.ick  and  rump 
lirowii,  rather  tiarker  th.in  the  sides,  boldly  streaked  with  black  and  pale 
brown  or  grayish.  Wings  so  strongly  edged  with  bright  b.ay  as  to  .appear 
almost  uniformly  of  this  color  when  viewed  closed,  but  inner  second.-iries 
showing  black  with  whitish  idiiing;  t.-iil   likewise  sironirlv  <dired  with   b.iv. 


HftHMMMMMMWMM 


KIMNGILLIDJE,    FIN'CIIKS,    I'.TC. — (IKN.    Ci[). 


131) 


" 


iiiid  iisiiiilly  showiu;^  sharp  black  sliiift  lines.  No  yollowish  anywluTo  ;  no 
tail  fcathors  white  ;  Ciirthcr  (listiiiLruisiicd  fnnii  its  aliic-s  Ity  tlio  emphasis  of 
its  hlack,  bay  ami  ash  ;  5A-(;  ;  wiuif  ami  tail  2|-2;\.  Kaslcru  North  America  ; 
a  common  iiihaldtaat  of  low  thickets,  swamps  and  marshes.  WiLS.,  iii,  4!), 
pi.  22,  f.  1;  All).,  iii,  110,  pi.  17.');  Xirr.,  i,  .')()2  ;  Hu.,  48.'}.  talustuis. 
*  •  •  Breast  wliite,  with  imiiicrous  streaks  aiiirregatcd  into  a  ceniral  blotch  ;  tail 
obviously  loiij^er  than  the  winjis,  liotii  rounded.  Tiiickly  streaked  everywhere 
aliove,  on  sides  ami  across  hreast.     No  yellowish  anywhere. 

>Soiit/  tSjxtrrnir.  IJelow,  white,  slitditly  shaded  with  brownish  on  the 
flanks  and  crissum,  the  nnnu'rons  streaks  jnst  nu'ntioned  belnj;  dusky  with 
brown  edges,  I'ormiiiL'  a  pectoral  blotch  and  also  usually  co.alescinjr  into 
maxillary  stri[)es  bounding'  the  white  throat  ;  crown  dull  l)ay,  with  line  black 
streaks,  divided  and  bounded  on  either  side  by  asIiy-whitisH  lines;  vague 
brown  or  dusky  and  whitish  inarkiuirs  on  the  sides  of  the  head  ;  the  inter- 
.scapular  streaks  i)lack,  witii  bay  and  ashy-white  edgings  ;  rump  and  cervix 
grayish-brown,  with  merely  a  few  ba^'  marks  ;  wings  with  dull  bay  edgings, 
the  coverts  and  inner  (juills  marked  like  tlie  interscapulars  ;  tail  plain  brown, 
with  darker  shaft  lines,  on  the  middh-  i'eatliers  at  least,  and  often  with  obso- 
lete wavy  markings.  Very  constant  in  })lumage,  tiie  chief  diU'erences  being 
in  the  sharpness  and  breadth  of  the  markings,  due  in  part  to  the  wear  of  the 
feathers.  (l-lJii  ;  wing  about  2A  ;  tail  nearly  or  (piite  3.  Eastern  United 
.States ;  one  of  our  most  abundant  birds  everywhere,  and  u  well  known 
l)Ieiising  songster.  WiLS.,  ii,  125,  pi.  1(5,  f.  4;  Nutt.,  i,  480;  Ald.,  iii, 
147,1)1.  181);  l>i).,477 mklodia. 

Oiss.  The  Kastern  sonu;  sparrow  is  simply  one  varii-ty  oi'  ii  lard  distril)nted  from 
Atlantic  to  I'acilie,  and  which  in  the  West  is  split  into  numerous  geographical  races, 
some  of  them  hioking  so  dill'ereiit  from  typical  inclodin  that  they  have  been  con- 
sidered as  distinct  si)eeies,  and  even  placed  in  other  genera.  This  dillerentiation 
all'ects  not  only  the  color,  lint  the  size,  relative  proportion  of  parts,  and  |)articularly 
the  shajie  of  the  bill  ;  and  it  is  sometimes  so  great,  as  in  case  of  M.  iitsiijnix,  that 
less  dissimilar  looking  birds  are  connnonly  assigned  to  dill'erent  genera.  Ni'vertlie- 
less,  the  iiradation  is  comiilcte,  and  elU'cted  by  imperceptible  degrees.  The  follow- 
ing varieties  have  liecn  described,  and  may  usually  lie  recognized. 

V^ar.  FAi.i.Ax  Hi).,  I'Sl  ;  C'noe.,  21.').  Kxtremely  similar ;  wings  and  tail  slightly 
longer;  paler,  ;^rayi'r  ;  thi' streaks  not  so  ohviously  lihicMsh  in  the  centre.  Whole 
of  Hocky  ^b)untains  and  (ircat  liasiu  ;  scarcely  distingnishalile. 

V'ar.  oirrArA  Xrir..  i,  2d  ed.  i").si  ;  Friinjilhi  cincrfu,  Aid.,  iii,  14'),  pi.  \H7. 
Darker  ami  more  I'ufoiis,  the  colors  more  lilendeil,  from  indistinctness  of  the 
streaks;  helow,  ipiite  brownish,  except  on  middle  of  belly.  I'acilie  coast,  U.  S., 
and  Itritisii  (.'olumliia. 

Var.  miiNA  IJo.,  480  ;  Coop. .  211.  Similar,  but  larger;  color  more  fuliginous. 
Sitka.  Alaska. 

Var.  Mi'.i:i!Mv\Nii  l\u.,  I7.S;  ("ooi-.,  212.  (irayish,  the  streaks  numerous,  broad, 
distinct,  mostly  lacking  pale  eduimj:.     California. 

\iu\  (iori.im  lio..  171).  Similar  to  tlii'  last,  in  distinctness  of  the  black  streaks, 
but  very  small,  midcr  '» ;  wing  little  over  2;  tail  2\.  California.  AinmnilrninnH 
samiidis  lJi».,  l.).").  pi.  71,  f.   1  ;    Coop.,  I'Jl,  is  the  same  bird. 


■I 


140 


riiiNdii.MD.T;,  ]i.N(  iii:s,  ktc 


■fil'.N.     ( 


(t. 


rl. 


Var.  iN>ii.\i>  lii>.,  'I'raiis.  {'liiiafiu  Acad.  IM'.'.',  .'ll'.i.  pi.  :.".l,  f.  1.  I'liiiiilicoiis 
Imowii.  not  iiil()iis.  Ilic  (toisal  strc.'iks  line;  liciicatli.  pluiiiln'oiiw  wliilo,  willi  alniust 
{•(HilliR'iit  aNliy-lii'Dwn  stiiaks.  I.aruc  ;  7  ;  « iiij;' ami  lail  II  j  ;  liill  sli'iiik'r  and  very 
loiiy,  .tJU.     Ivailiak,  Alaska. 

70.    Gonus    PEUCiBA    Audubon. 

•  Kdpi'  !iiid  liciid  of  wing  yellow  isli.  as  in  Ctitnniicdhis,  wliicli  llio  spocips  muoh 
roscmlilcs  in  the  color  of  tlu-  nppcr  paits  ;  Iml  it  lias  no  olivioiis  ycllowisli  alioiit 
till'  head;  the  wiiifis  arc  not  lonuer  than  tlic;  tail,  and  tlii;  tail  leather.-^,  tliuiigli  v»'ry 
narrow  and  lanccohitc,  arc;  not  acute  at  tip. 

Jlt(cliiii(iii's  J'iinli.  rppi  r  parts,  iiicliulin<r  crown,  cdntiiinoiisly  .streaked 
■\vitli  l)lackisli,  (lull  chestnut  and  asIiy-^Mny  ;  winj:  coverts  and  inner  second- 
ai'ics  marked  like  the  l)ack  ;  below,  dull  brownisli-.asii,  or  lir()wnish-<jfray, 
■whitening  on  tlm  helly,  deoix'st  on  sides  and  iieros.;  hrcast,  nowhere 
ohvionsly  strcakeil  in  adnit  phiniai^c  ;  some  ohscwre  (hisky  maxillary  streaks, 
some  vagne  dusky  markinj:s  on  auricidars,  a  slijilit  a.-liy  .superciliary  lino 
and  very  ol)Scure  median  ashy  line  on  crown;  hill  dark  ahove,  pale  lieiow  ; 
legs  very  jiale  ;  lateral  claws  falling  far  short  of  hase  of  middle  claw  ;  Iiind 
el'iw  much  shorter  th.an  its  digit  :  tarsus  not  longer  than  middle  toe  and  chiw  ; 
tail  much  ronndetl,  with  oh-cnre  gra\  ish-white  area  on  the  lateral  feathers. 
YouiKj  have  the  l)r(a>t  and  sides  evidently  streaked.  <)\-C>:,  wing  2j  ; 
tail    -Ih.       Southern    ."States.      NriT.,    i,    5(!<S :    Aid.,    iii,    \\'.\,    pi.    17<!. 

BlJ.,  481 vKSTIVAI.IS. 

Var.  CAssiNii.  .SIniilar;  paler  and  grayer;  wings  and  tail  rather  lunger. 
Texas,  New  Jlexico  and  Arizona,  and  southward,     tin..  1.^.');  t'oor.,  211>. 

*  •  Ivlge  and  hend  «)l'  wing  witliout  yellow. 

Jiii/oiis-rriiiriiitl  FlitcJi.  Similar:  rather  smaller :  crown  uniform  <'hest- 
iiut,  and  maxillary  streaks  sharp,  distinct.  California.  Cass.,  III.  i;5.'>, 
pi.  i'U;  111).,  4.s(;;  Cool'.,  LM.s ijliuki's. 


i 


71.    Genus    POOSPIZA    Cabauis. 

*,*  Southwestern  species,  with  voinided  Maekisli  tail  not  sliorti'r  than  the  wings. 

l)lunilieous-l)lack  Mil  and  I'oel,  and  few  decided  streaks,  or  none. 

JMiick-thioiiti'd  Fiiiili.     Face,  chin  and  throat  sliarply  Jet-hlack  ;  a  strong 

pure  while  siipereiliary  line,  and  another  hoimding  the  black  of  the  throat  ; 

muler  eyelid  also  |)ure  white  ;  auricidars  dark  slate  ; 
no  yellow  anywhere.  IJelow,  pure  white  ;  the  sides, 
Ihmks  and  erlssum  shaded  with  ashy  or  fidvous- 
l)rownish,  hut  no  streaks.  Above,  uniform  grayish- 
brown  ;  wings  dusky,  coverts  and  inner  (piills  edged 
with  the  colors  of  the  back;  tail  black,  with  narrow 
grayi.^li  edgings,  the  outer  feather  sharply  edged  and 
tipped  with  white  and  several  others  similarly  tipped. 

Small,    ')-')\  ;  wing  about   I'.l  ;    tail  2'n.     In  the    yotmg   tho  head-markings 

are  obscure,  there  is  litth'  or  no  black  on  the  throat,  and  a  few  pectoral 


Kli;..<).     Ill.iik  Ihr.'iilc.l  I'indi. 


I 


I 


Fni\(III,LII)/K,    FINfllKS,    ETC. — (!K\.    72. 


Ml 


streaks.     Texsis,  Xcw  Mexico,  Arizona  and  ('alifornia.     Cass.,  III.  l.')0,  pi. 

2'.>;   1)1).,  470;  Cour.,  :.'(»;) iui.inkata. 

Jicl/'s  /■'iin/i.  Xo  (Iclinitc  l»iail<  aliont  liead,  and  ediic  of  winjj;-  ,sli;.dilly 
yciiowi.sii.  roiriiead,  line  over  eyo  luul  edge.s  of  eyelids,  ineonspieuoiisly 
while.  Jielow  white,  more  or  less  (inired  Avith  palo  hrownisii,  tiie  sides  witli 
slijiht  spar.se  streaks  that  anteriorly  Ixcoine  ai;i;i(\!iate(l  into  rather  va^Mie 
maxillary  ^tril)es  eiittin^'  oil'  from  the  white  throat  a  uhitish  line  that  runs 
from  the  corner  of  tiie  liill  ;  lores  and  eireiiniocnlar  rc;:ion  dnsky.  Aliove 
piayi.-ii-hi'o\vn,  asliier  on  head,  the  crown  ami  hack  witli  small  sparse  siiai'j) 
black  streaks  ;  winir  coverts  and  inner  (jiiills  witli  much  fnlvoiis  cdiiin;.'';  tail 
hlaek  witli  slight  pale  e(li:ini:s,  the  outer  welt  of  the  outer  leather  simply 
whitish.  Al)ont  l!  lonir ;  wiiii:  and  tail  ;].  I'tah.  New  Mexico,  Arizona  and 
California.     l)i).,17U;  Ki.mut,  pi.  11;  Cooe.,  JO  I iii:i,Lii. 


« 


♦I    .1^ 


72.    Genus  JUNCO  Waglor. 

*,*  I'lispotteil,  iiii-'lic.'iked.  tlie  ('(jliiis  ill  lar;jri'  di'liiiitc  micms  ;  2  P>  outer  tail 
fcatlicrs  Nvliilc  ;   iiill  lle^li-eolored.     l.eiiulli.  ('>- 7  :  wiiit;-  and  tiiii  alioiit  '.\. 

Sii'iirliiril.  lilackish-afii,  iielow  aliniiitly  pure  white  from  the  lireast.  In 
the  9  ,  and  in  lin  I  in  most  fall  and  winter  s[»ceimeiis,  the  upper  parts  have  .-i 
more  grayish,  or  even  a  decidedly  lirownish  ca^t,  and  the  inner  (jnilis  art' 
edged  with  [lale  hay.  One  of  oiir  most  aliiindaut  and  familiar  sparrows,  in 
ilocks,  from  Oetoln'r  to  April ;  retii'es  to  high  laliludes  and  mountains,  to 
hreed.  Cliiclly  Kaslcrn ;  hut  also  fdiiiul  in  Alaska  (/><'//),  Washington 
I'erritoiy  (.b'/a/iY'-//)  ami  Arizona  i^C'Ht(s).  A  wolern  \ariely  has  the  mid- 
dle and  greater  wing  coverts  tiiped  with  wiiilc.  forming  two  conspicuous 
crosphars.  Wii.s.,  ii,  li'H,  pi.  liJ,  f.  (i ;  Xi  rr.,  i,  I'.ll  ;  Alu.,  iii,  <SS, 
|)1.  1.S7  ;  ]')!>.,  KJiS iivi;mai,is. 

Oic'jiiii  ^Snntrliinl,  Head  and  neck  ail  round,  and  hrea.■^t,  hlack  ;  midille 
of  hack  dull  reddish-hrown,  and  wings  much  edged  w  ith  the  same  ;  hehiw 
from  the  hicast  ahrnptly  white,  tinged  mi  the  siiles  with  pale  reddish-lirow  n. 
In  the  9  and  young  the  hlack  is  ohseiired  hy  hrownish,  hut  the  species  may 
always  he  distinguisiied  hy  an  I'vidcnt  contrast  in  color  hetween  the  inter- 
scapulars and  head,  and  the  fnlvons  wash  on  the  sides.  IJocky  .Moiiulains 
to  the  I'aeilie;  as  aliimdant  tiiere  as  /I'/nn'ilis  is  with  us.  Aud.,  iii.  !U , 
pi.  Itli^:   1)1).,  Iili". :  Cool'.,  lli'.i oui;(io.\iJs. 

Cincn'ous  Sii(iii-I,!r(l.  Clear  grayisli-asii,  fading  rather  gradually  into 
Aviiite  on  helly  ;  interscapulars  abruptly,  dclinitely.  chestnnt  or  rustj'-hrowii ; 
lores  hlackish  ;  no  fulvous  wash  on  sides  ;  no  chestnut  on  wings.  Uocky 
Mountains,  l'.  S.,  and  soiitliward.  llu.,  1(")7,  IdS  ;  Cour.,  201  ;  Coir.s, 
I'roc.  riiila.  Acad,  l^di'i,  ."lO cinkukis  var.  camcki's. 

()i!S.  The  true  dm  i-<  nx,  a  ^h'sieau  liil'd,  has  tlii'  wiiiL;'  eovelts  edged  with  rusty 
lilie  liu'  li:ir!(.  tiie  liiil  lil.ielv  ;illd  yellow.  JuiiV)  il'ir.^alis  1Ii;ni;v,  I'roe.  I'ilil.'l.  Acad. 
lS.').S,  117,  is  (•(////(•ryis  iippKiaelliliij;  (•/;(('/V((.s perliaps  a  liylili<I.     ,f.  Ulilli-clrn.l  IJi>.,  ill 

C'lioi'.,  iili  I,  liased  on  s|ieeiiiieiis  I   [ii'ociired   ill  Arizona,  is  iiiteiuieiliale  Ipctweeii 
urvijijuKu   and    rauif'ii^  —  in    all    proliahility  a  hyhrid.      See    Coi  i;s,   I'roc.  Acad. 


112 


iiiiN<iii.i.ii>.i;,  iiNciiKs,  Kic.  —  (!i:n.  7;i. 


I'liila.  I'^f'i*;,  p.  .'I'l.  Siicciiiiciis  iiilci'iiii'iliiilc  lii'twccii  uri'iiniiiis  nwl  luiiiiinlis  have 
ln'cii  ilistiMiccd  (lillKiW  \v,  \'\iir.  I'liila.  Acail.  l.SC'.l,  1 1.M; ),  jilnl  all  tlii'sc  rorius  iil'  ||ir 
l^'ciius,  ill  liicl.  siciii  111  lie  iiasii'iil  Npccii's,  slill  iiii^talili'  ill  <liaiiH'',('r ;  luit  llu; 
iiiutlilicalioii  ul'  llic  Jiinai  stouji  lias  iiasM'il  tiic  iiiiTfly  viiiiolal  .^lagt'. 


Hi 

i 

1 


-     : 


:■     I 


7!J.    Gonus    SPIZELLA    Bonaparto. 

•,•  Small  ^|icci(s,  .■>  Ci  iiiclics  Iciiii:,  « illi  tile  loliu',  IiI'"MiI-I('mI  licli'il,  Iniivcil  tail 
aliipiil    i'i|iiiilliiiL;    llic    ratluT    |iiiiiiti'i|    win,!:;-;,  with   no  yi'lluwi^h   aii\  wlii'ii',  ami    no 

sIlcaKs  (III   the  lllliliT  pails  ir/n  „  iiiliill. 

*  species  willi  the  eiciwii  <«/'  IIk   mlnll  ehi'sliml. 

'/'/•(v  SjKirriitr.  l>ill  Mack  aliovc,  yellow  helow  ;  lei^s  lirowii,  toes  Idaek  ; 
no  Itliick  (III  forelicad  ;  crown  cliestniit  (in  winter  speciineiis  \\w  leallier.s 
usually  skirled  with  irray),  lionlered  l>y  a  irrnyisli-wliile  snperciliarv  anil 
loral  line,  and  some  vai:ue  cliestniit  marks  on  sides  of  head  ;  lielow  impnridy 
whitish,  tiiiL'ed  with  ashy  anteriorly,  washed  willi  pale  lirownish  posteriorly, 
tlie  middle  of  the  hreast  wilh  an  olisenre  dusky  hlotcli  ;  miildii!  of  l)aelv 
l)(ddly  streaked  with  Mack,  Iiay  and  liaxeii  ;  miilille  and  lesser  winu;  eoverls 
l)lack,  eilLTed  wilh  hay  and  tipped  wilh  while,  forniinn;  two  eonspieiKtus 
cross-bars;  inner  secondaries  similarly  varie^fated,  other  (piills  and  tail 
feathers  dnsky,  with  pah-  e(lifes.  A  hainlsdme  sparrow,  the  larjjfesl  of  Ihcj 
<reniis,  at  least  l!  inches  lon,!^ ;  tin;  \\\\\\i  and  tail  almost  .'i ;  ahiindant  in  the 
United  Stales  in  w  inter,  lloekiiiL'  in  sin  iildiery  ;  liri'cds  in  moniitainoiis  and 
horeai  reL,ri,iiis.     ^Vii.s.,  ii,   1:.',  pi.  12,  l'.."!;    Xi  rr.,  i,  L'd  ed.  oTi  ;    Aid., 

iii,  iS;i,  pi.    KK;;    1'.|).,.|72;  Coor.,  2()i! monticui.a. 

C/ii/i/ihi'/ Sjxirriiir.  C/u'jihinl '.r  ('/i/pp'/.  I hiiihiri' .  Adnit  :  hill  hiack  ; 
fee!  pile;  cimwii  eli"stniil,  extreme  foreiiead  lilack,  a  irrayish-whito  super- 
ciliary line,  helow  this  a  lijackisii  stripe  Ihroniih 
eye  and  over  anricnlars.  Uelow,  a  variaMe  sliado 
of  pale  ash,  ni-arly  miiform  and  entirely  unmarked  ; 
hack  slriidicd  with  hiaek,  dull  hay  and  grayish- 
lirown,  inner  secondaries  and  w'wvjc  coverts  .similarly 
varii'ixatcd,  tiie  tips  of  the  irreater  and  lesser 
coverts  foriniiiij  whitish  hars ;  rump  ashy,  with 
slight  lilaekish  streaks;  primaries  and  tail  dusky 

l''l(:.  S(l,    I'll  |ii.iii^'  >|'.'iiTinv.  .,,  ,  1  on  r     -  I  •  I         J    .!•> 

With  jialer  edjics.  SmalU-r;  h-.th  ;  wiiii:  alioiit  ^n  ; 
tail  rather  less.  Sexes  alike,  hnt  very  yoiini^  hirtls  are  tjiiil((  dillereiit,  the 
crown  lieiii;,'  streaked  like  the  hack,  the  breast  .-md  sides  thickly  streaked 
with  dnsky,  the  bill  pale  brown  and  the  head  lackiiiij  detinitt'  black.  In 
this  staire,  which,  however,  is  of  brief  duration,  it  resembles  somo  other 
species,  but  may  be  known  by  :i  cerlain  ashiness  the  others  lack,  and  from 
the  small  sparrows  that  are  streaked  below  when  adult,  by  its  jreneric  char- 
acters. Xdi'th  .Vmeriea,  e.xtreiiKdy  abmidant,  and  the  most  I'amiliar  species 
about  houses,  in  i:ardens,  and  idsi-where,  nesting  in  slirnljlieiy  ;  nest  of  fniu 
dried  lmuss,  lined  with  hair;  eags  4-5,  bluish,  .speckled.  WiLs.,  ii,  127, 
pi.  1(!,  f.  .') ;  Nirrr.,  i,  1117;  Aui>.,  iii,  NO,  pi.  Kio;  l>i).,  •17;5.    .     soci.vlls. 


1 


FRlNfllLLI !).»;,    FINCIIKH,    KTC. — (iKX.    7;). 


ii:i 


I 


Vnr.  AiiizoN.T,  Ci>\  ]■:•*, v.r.  Ijkc  im  iiiiiiiiitiiro  S.  sDfinlin.  I'ulci'  tliiin  lliis  "siiccics, 
tli<'  ;isliinc--H  in  u'li'Mt  nu'iisiiri'  liiowii  ;  tiiiwii  i^riiyisli-hrowii  slrc.'ikid  willi  dusky 
like  llic  liiK'k.  mikI  Nliiiwiiii;'  ('\iilciil  truces  dI'  licli  clu'st  mil ,  Iml  iicviT  liiM'umin;^ 
wlmlly  (•liisliMit  ;  lil.'ick  IVoiidcl  l:i<'kilii:.  !iiiil  IK)  ilcliiiilc  iishy  sii|)rriili;iiy  line,  tin- 
siilcs  (if  llic  iiuwii  iiu'i'i'ly  li;^lil('r  liiDU  11  ;  hill  liiouii  jilmM',  |imIc  IhIow.  Aii/niiii, 
Mini  piiiliMlily  nllicr  |M)i  lions  (>r  llir  s.'iiiic  rcuion.  A  ciiiiniis  Inriii,  :is  il  wccf  :iii 
iint'sli'il  sl.'iLii' nl'  .sr,()'i(//'.s.  Sdnic  spcciiiiclis,  u  illi  llii'IcMsl  (III -^1  nut  on  the  lii'iiil, 
look  iiiiijiikMlily  like  /idlliild  vnr.  In-firirii,  Init  this  hist  iw  l'\  idi'iitiy  snnilk'r,  without 
('licstiiiil  <in  tilt'  Im'!ii|,  iiikI  (illiirw  isc  ilill'cri'iit. 

Fiflil  iSjKirriiir.  J5ill  pMlc  rcdtlisli ;  feet  very  [imIc  ;  cfdwii  (lull  clicsliiiil  ; 
11(1  decided  Idiick  or  \vliili>li  mImuiI  lieiid.  I'ldow  wliitc,  iimiuirked,  luit  iiiiicli 
washed  with  paic  liniwii  on  lireast  and  .sides;  sides  of  the  head  and  iwek 
with  sdiiK!  vaj^iic  liiowii  inafkiiiirs  :  all  the  ashy  pails  dl"  s(iri,i//.s  replaced  liy 
jiale  lu'owiiisli.  UaeU  luii^ht  liay,  with  Mack  streaks  and  soiiie  pale  llaxeii 
edj:iiii:s;  inner  ^('cdlldal■ies  similarly  variciialcd  :  lips  of  median  and  ^irealer 
cdveits  rdiiniiii;'  decided  wliiti.sh  crdss-liars.  Size  df  sur/'n/is,  luil  mow. 
iieai'ly  tin-  cdlors  ol"  i/i'inficihi ;  sexes  alike;  y(HinLr  Im'  a  >hdfl  time  streaked 
lieldW',  as  in  focitih'.i.  Ivistcrn  rniteil  Slates,  very  aluindant  in  fields,  copses 
and  liedi^'es,  in  lloeks  when  not  lirecdinir.  \\'ii.s.,  ii,  121,  pi.  HI,  1'.  '2; 
All).,  iii,  77,  pi.  1C>4;   .Ni  rr.,  i,   111:' ;   15i).,   I7.i I'Usim.a. 

**  Western  species,  «il|i  the  cidwii  nut  che-lniil,  and  strtakeil  like  the  hack. 

('Iiii/-riili)rid  ,Sjitirniir.  Ciiiwii  and  hack  elay-c()ldre(l  or  llaxeii,  distinctly 
slfeaked  with  Mack,  withdiit  evident  hay,  the  dorsal  sli'caks  noliceahly 
separated  IVdin  those  of  the  erowii,  liy  an  a>liier,  less  streaked,  eei'vieal 
interval;  inmp  Iirowiiish-Lnay.  C'lowii  divided  liy  a  pale  niediaii  stripe;  ii 
(iisliiR'l  whitish  superciliary  line;  loral  and  amienlar  i'ei,dons  decidedly 
hfowii ;  wiiif^  coverts  and  inner  secondaries  variegated  like  Ihe  hack. 
JU'Iow,  white,  soiled  with  clay-color.  Hill  and  feet  pale.  Small;  I'l'-"!}; 
win,ir  and  (ail,  each,  2A.  Ceiiti'al  rej:ioii  of  the  rniteil  Stales  into  liritish 
America.  h'iii/nr/::ii  pnllida,  SwAtNsox,  I'anna  rii)r.-.\m.  ii,  2'>l  ;  A',  s/idt- 
//((•/•/V  All).,  vii,  .'517,  pi.   IH.'J.     15i).,  171 I'ali.ida. 

\'ar.  i!i!i:wi:i!ii.  Similar;  paler  and  duller,  all  the  niarkiiiiis  indistinct;  streaks 
of  crown  and  hack  small,  numerous,  nol  separated  hy  a  cervical  interval  ;  no 
(Ictiiiite  markings  on  sides  of  head.  Si/.i;  of  the  last,  hut  tail  ri'latively  longer, 
rather  exceeding  the  win^s  —  ahout  '2'^^  loiin,  thus  eipLallini^,  if  it  does  not  somc- 
wliat  exceed,  that  of  .soriiilin,  altlion<j;li  the  latter  is  a  larj^er  liird.  It  hears  ;in 
exlr.aordinary  rescinlihince  to  the  curious  western  variety  of  sm-inlis,  ahovt;  des- 
eiihed  ;  hut  in  this,  as  in  typical  .-.nr'/ifZ/.v,  the  tail  is  api)recial)ly  shoiter  than  IIk; 
winjis.  Southwestern  l'.  S.  F.iiili<ri:ii  juilliihi  Ai  n.,  iii,  71 .  pi.  Hil.  >.  In-curi-i, 
Cass.,  I'roc.  I'hila.  Acad.  isriC,  lO ;   lli..,  I7."i;  Coop.,  2()!t. 

••*  Western  species,  with  the  (a'own  of  the  adult  dark  ash. 

lilttrlx-clihnicil  t^jiiirmir.  Dark  ash,  fadiiiLj  iiiseiisihly  into  whitish  (Ui  (he 
ludly,  deepeiiiiij;  lo  black  on  the  face  and  throat  ;  iiilcrseapiilars  hriLrhl  hay, 
streak»'d  with  lil.ick  ;  winij;  coverts  and  inner  secondaries  vaiie;r!ite(l  with  the 
siime  colors;  tail  lilackish,  with  pah;  edii;inu;s  ;  hill  ri-ddish,  feet  dark.  .\ 
small  species,  hut   ineasniini;  (nil  (>  long",  on  accoimt  (»('  llui  i^reat  length  of 


11 


riMMill.I.ID.i;,    I'INCIIKS,    KTf. — (iKN.    7  J. 


: 


lli(^  tail  (Cully  .'h,  wliicli  irrcally  <'xcc(«(ls  tlin  wiiiu'-i  ('2S);  the  ydiiiitr  li'i'k 
tlic  liliuk  nil  llic  I'aci'.  ami  liavc  tlif  crnwii  washed  witli  a-liy-Urnwii,  ami  llu! 
I)ill  (lii>l<y  uImivc  ;  Init  iiiay  In-  kiiouii  liy  the  IdiL-'tii  dt"  llic  tail.  Mfvico, 
north  t(t  ("olorado  N'alli-y  ;  ('ape  St.  j^iifa-*.  (.V.  (ifrl- 
7111  iifdiis  i\n:('\[.  S.  viinii  l>i),  S,  iriifi  ("on:s,  Ihis, 
Lsc.."),  IIS,  ICI.)  l',i>.,  ITC;  C'oiKs,  I'roi'.  I'iiila. 
Acad.,  JNIHI,  S7  ;  Conp.,  210 \ii;ii:i  l..vi;is. 


74.    GonuH   ZONOTRIcniA   Swalnaon. 

l•■|cl.^7.    itiM.  k  Hiiniicfi  •  ,*  l''.mlira(iii,n   our    iar^'.'sl   ami    him  Nuuir-il   s|):ino\VM, 

■'■'""'"'"•  (l!  lo  7_|,  inches  loii^,  the  rinindcd  wiiiv^s  and  l.iil  c.ich  I!  i>\- 

ninre  ;    the  under    paits  with   \iiy   lew  sIreaLs,  or  none,  the  middle  of  the   lia<'lv 

streakeil,  the  i'nm|i  plain,  llie  \\in:;s  with  two  white  ero-is-lpMis.  and  the  head  <»!'  this 

adults  with  lih'U'k. 

W'liili'-lhrdK''  il  Spiirrmr.  /'i'iifir)fli/-fii'n/.  Adult  ^f  with  llie  crown  l)la(d<, 
dividcil  liy  a  lucdiau  white  stripe,  hounded  liy  a  while  superciliary  liim  and 
i/r/lnii'  s/ii>/  from  nostrils  to  eye  ;  hidow  lliis  a  hiacdv  stripe  llirouirh  llii'  ry^' ; 
Ixdow  this  a  maxillary  Mack  si  ripe  houndiuLr  the  dclinilidy  pure  while  lin-oat, 
sharply  coMlra>led  willi  llu'  dark  a-h  of  tin'  hreasl  and  sides  of  llu'  neck  ami 
Iic.kI.       /■.'il'/r    of'    irlit'l     i/illiiii 


liaik    continu- 


ouslv  streaked  with  bhuk,  chestnut  ami  (nivous- 


wlnte  ;  riMiip  ashy,   iinmarkid.       W  nij,'s   much 
I<,'e(l  with  hay.  llie   white  lips  of  the  nmdian 


0( 


nntl    fxreater   coverts    foi'uiin^r   t\vo  con-picuous 
liars;  (piills  and  tail   leathers  dusky,  with   pale 


edifes. 


l)idow,  \vhile,  shaded  with  asli\-lirown 


on  sides,  the  ash  deeper  ami  purer  on  \ho 
lii'casl  ;  hill  dark,  feet  pale.  9  ,  aiwl  innnalure 
hirds,  witii  tiie  l)!n(dv  of  the  head  re|)laceil 
h\'  hrown,  the  while  of  Ihe  throat  less  ccnispicuonsly  eoutrasled  with 
the  duller  a-^li  of  surnumdiuLT  parts,  and  fre(iuenlly  with  oliscin'o  dusky 
streaks  on  the  hroast  and  sides  ;  hnt  the  species  may  always  he  known  l>y 
the  yidlow  over  the  eye  jind  on  tli(!  e(li,'('  of  the  wini,'  (lliese  never  heini; 
in»perce|)liliie),  coupled  with  llio  hirixe  size  and  the  general  eharaclers  ahove 
Ldven.  A  line  spairow,  aliundimt  throULifh(Mit  Ivisterii  North  America  in  all 
situali(His,  i;jenerally  in    llo(d<s,  except  when    hreedinif;    a    pleasinir    il"   not, 


irilliant   sonirster, 


\\ 


I.S.,     Ml,    .11 


I,  |)l.   :.'L',  f.  L';   .\i  TT.,  i,  isl  :  Aid.,  iii 


1; 


ii.  r.ii ;  lii).,  k; 


AI.ISKOI.I.IS, 


W  /u'fi-irii"'ii<'<l     .'s'yii 


Adults   ol    lidth   sexes  willi  the  crown  piiro 


white,  eiKdosiii!,'-  on  either  side  .a  luoad  hhndx  stripe  that  meets  its  fellow 
on  the  forehead  and  ilescends  the  lor<'s  to  the  Icvid  of  the  eyes,  and  honmli'il 
liy  another  narrow  lilacdi  stripe  that  slai'ls  Ixdiind  the  eye  ami  eiirves  around 
the  side  nf  the  liiii<l  hca<l,  nearly  nieclintr  its  Icllow  mi  the  nape;  cdije  of 
iindi'r  eyelid  white.  ( )r,  wc  may  say,  irown  lilack,  emlosiiiL,'  a  me(liaii 
white  stripe  ami  two  lateral  while  stripes,  all  conlluent   on   iho  hind  head. 


J 


\f 


rKINllll.l.lK  I'm     I'lMlli;-*,     KTC.  — lU'.N.     71. 


14.1 


\';u'.  i;  \Mi'.i:i.ii.      I'-Mii'tly   liki'  tin'   l:nl,liiil    lli'   luri'-i  irr.iv   or  ;i-~'iy,  rmil  imioiis 
with  till'  white  stiipc  over  tlic  cvi',  /.  <',,  Ww  )t\-Ark  n|'  ih'  luri'liiM'l   cloc-;  not  clc-^ci'inl 


til  till'  I'Vc     I'dliMp-i  avi'i'M'^iiii;  M  trilli'  xin:illcr,  ;iii'l  clnllci 1, 


.Mr.  .Ml. '11  t.'lls 


IMC  lie  llMS  seen  s|ii'ciiii('iis  tllMt  rc-iclillilcil  Iciir'i/ilir'l-i  nn  mw  ^\.U'  n\'  Ijn-  lii';|i|,  ;iii'! 
(/ ((/('i<7// (111  tlic  oIluT  I  Uni'ky  >[iilllil;lill-i  to  llic  I'.icilii'.  t  IliTe  lllo>tly  li'|j|:iciiij-  I  nic 
l(iiriiiihril!<.      Nil  1'.,  iM  cil.  i,  .'(."iCi  ;    liii.,    lOll;    Cikii'.,   il)."i. 

(I'ltlilrii-criiiriici/  Spiirrmr.  Adiill.s  (if  Ixitli  srxcs  with  tin-  lorclicnl  ;uiil 
sides  III"  lli(\  eiMWii  lilaeU,  (•neliisinij;  .'i  dull  yellciw  eiirnii  il  pulcli  ;  eil;,'e  dl'  (lie 
wiiiu:  yellinv.  Ah(lV(^,  inucli  like  iil/)ifiilh's,  liii!  witli  less  li;iy  ;  lieluw,  Miiieli 
like  II  iicnjtiiri/x,  lint,  the  iisliy  not  so  pure;  ];ii-:.fer  tli:iii  eitliei'.  Y'lmi'i  \\:w\\ 
(lie  l»|:iclv  (if  tile  crown  repl.leed  liy  hrowil,  lint  there  .'ire  ;ll\v:iys  tl'.iees  iif  tlie 
yi'lldw   on   erowii    .'mil    wiiiirs.      I'.icil'ur  eoMst:    (to  tin'    IJoeky    .Moniitnins?), 


tibntulan 


t.      h'rhriHIti    (ilricipllhi    Ai:i).,   iii,    liL',   pi.    I'.t:!;     /•' 


(inrnr'liiilhl, 

Nirr.,  I'd  ed.  i,  ."i.'i.'i.      I>ii.,   IHI  ;   ("i):)i'.,  l'.»7 cmiionviw. 

II irrl<.'<  Sifirroir.  Adnlt  Jwitli  whole  crown,  t';ice  ;ind  thro:it  jet-lil.ick  ; 
.sides  of  the  liciid  p.de  iish,  the  Mnricniiirs  darker  iish,  hounded  liy  u  hlack 
'ine  st.'irtin;;  lieliind  tlii>  vyr  and  cnrviiii,'  around  them.  I'lider  parts  ne.ii-|y 
'iiire  while,  liut  siiixl'tly  ashy  liet'ore  and  faintly  lirowiiisli-w.ished  liehind, 
I  he  sides  witli  a  few  dusky  streaks,  the  lireast  witii  a  lew  M.iek  ones  con- 
limied  from  the  Mack  Ihroat-paleii ;  liack  nearly  as  in  corDiiufu ;  hill  and  toes 
dark,  tarsi  pale  ;  no  yellow  .'iiiywhere  ;  very  iiirirc,  tail  ahonl  .'U  ;  9  similar, 
l)ut  with  much  less  lilack  on  head  and  throat.  'Piiis  and  I'lrmri'ii  I'eprcsenl, 
the  maximum  dimensions  ahove  i.dven,  while  the  other  two  spi.ries  are  ;il 
or  near  the  minimum.      Missonri   region;    a  liird  of  imposin;,'  appc.ir.iiice  — 


for  a  siiari 


parrow. 


i/iicrK 


Id   Xi;tt.,  i,   2d  ed. 


/•'.  /,' 


.\t  I 


>..  \ii. 


IJI   l.l.TI.  \. 


XU,  pi.   ISt;    15!>.,4(;l' 

(ti'.s.      Morton's   lincli,  /•'.  niiii-tniii!  Arn.,   iii,    l.'il.  is  ;i  South   AnMiicaii   --|ucic.' 
of  this  ;j,eiiiis   (/..  iiiiiliiliiiii),  eiroiieoiislv  attiilinted  to  Caiironiia. 


i<i:v   111  N.  A.  iiiuiis.     la 


lit; 


ri;i\<iii.i.ii).i:,  iiNciir.s,   r.ic. — <;i:n.   ".'),   7(>. 


75.    Gonus    CIIONDESTES   Swainson. 

IjiiIc    I'liirli.     ]I(';i(l  ciiridiisly  v;irii'i:iilc(l  willi  cliotiiiit,  l)I;tck  iiiid  wliilc; 

crowM   clii'stmil    liliickciiini,'  on   lurclicid,  dividrd    liv  a  nuMliiui  stripe,  ami 

ImmiikUmI   hy  superciliary  >t lilies,  of  white  ;    a  lilac!;    line   lliroiiiili  eye,  and 

another  liclow  eye,  enclosiinjf  a  white  streak  nnder  the  eye  ami  the  chestnut 

auricniars  ;  next,  a  sharp  lilack  maxillary  stripi) 
not  (|uite  reachiiiir  tlie  hill,  cultinj:  oil'  a  whito 
stripe  iVoin  the  white  eliin  an<l  throat.  A  lilaek 
lilotch  on  niiildle  of  Iireast.  I'nder  parts  white, 
faintly  shaded  with  ;:rayish-liro\vn  :  njiper  parts 
;.''rayi>h-l'ro\\  n,  the  middle  of  the  hack  with  tine 
iilack  streaks.  'I'ail  very  Ioiil',  itscenti'al  feathers 
like  the  hack,  the  rest  jet  Idaek,  broadly  tipped 
with  pure  white  in  dimiiiishinir  amount  from  tla^ 
lateral  pair  inward,  ami  the  outer  well  of  IIk^ 
outer  pair  entirely  white  ;  (l.^-T  :  winir  .'U,  iiointed  ;  tail  ."),  rourded.  A 
Iieautifid  species,  alim.dant  from  the  eastern  ccIl'  <ff  the  prairies  to  the 
I'acilie;  the  younir  diller  somewhat,  particularly  .  the  head,  liiit  the  liinl 
is  unmistakalile  in  any  pluma^'t' ;  the  coloration  of  i  tail  alone  is  diaLTUostic. 
A  sweet  sonjifstei" :  n»'st  on  the  iirouml,  of  diicd  l' ra ss  ;  «'ir;rs  l-.'i,  while, 
with  st  raj.'u:l  i  nir  /.iL'/air  dark  lines,  as  in  many  liti  rliln'.  Aid.,  iii,  (i.">,  pi. 
loy  ;  NiTT.,!,   1^0;   Hn., -l.'Hi ;  ('oiii-.,  \'X\ (ii;A.\i.M.\CA. 


I.:>lk  I'ilK'll. 


76,    GcnuB    PASSER   Auctorum. 

/■Jiii/Ji's/i  .'S/tiirriiif.  IJill  shaped  much  as  in  the  purple  (inch,  with  a  slijxht 
basal  rull";  tarsus  as  loiiijr  as  the  miildle  toe  ;  winirs  pointed  ;  tail  forked  a 
littl(>,'-I  as  loniif  as  till!  wiiij^.  J  ,aliove,  re  Idish-brown,  tiie  back  biack-streakeil, 
the  crown  and  under  parts  brownish-ash,  the  chin  and  throat  black;  9  lack- 
inff  the  latter  marks.  A  species  lattdy  imported  Imm  Kiirope,  now 
tliorouixhiy  n.atui'alized,  and  already  abundant  in  many  towns  ami  cities  of 
the  Eastern  and  .Middle  States,  Ihouirh  not  yet  jrenerally  di-persed  over  the 
«'<tUMtry.  It  has  also  been  rcci-ntly  introdnced  into  Salt  l.:d<e  City,  whei'e  it 
seems  to  thrive  e(|Ually  well.  It  has  proved  hiirhly  beneticial  by  destroyii.;^' 
c.anker-worms,  the  pest  of  our  shade  trees,  and  our  dusty  streets  arc  enlivene(| 
with  its  presence;  but  if  it  continues  to  nndtiply  at  the  present  rale,  it  nmst 
soon  overllow  nnmicipal  limits,  and  tJK'ii  the  n'snlts  of  the  contact  of  this 
hardy  foreiu'uer  with  our  native  birds  may  cause  ns  to  rcirret  it>'  introduction, 
nidess  it  limls  natural  enemies  to  check  its  increase.  JjAWI!.,  Aim.  Lye  Nat. 
Hist.  \.  V.  viii,  ISCd,  -2X1;  IVoc.  r>ost.  Soe.  1S(>7,  l.'i7  :  ISC.s,  ,!,s:i ; 
Com-.s,  Troe.  Essex  Inst.  isi'iS,  2s;'. ;  Ai.i.kn,  .\m.  .Nat.  iii,  (i;'..'i ;  I'.i.i.mr, 
pi.  1- ii(»\ii:sTi<rs. 

Oiis.  Two  iitlier  I'lin'opeaii  liiiclies.  Ilu'  (iuldrHicii.  < 'iirilm  Iii  iliyiiiis,  and  tlio 
.">eiiii  liiicli.  S(  linns  nn  riilinniilis,  iue  niiiirlcij  iViiin  .Massiieliilsells,  lull  believi'il 
III  have  liei'ii  e>c.ipi'c|  cMi^e-liiiiU.      Ai.i.i  s.  .\m.  Nat,  iii,  (i."i."i. 


*f 


ri;iNtiii,i,ii).i;,  finciiks,  ktc.  —  (jkn.  77,  7N. 


147 


77.    Qonus   PASSERELLA    Swainson, 
I'\).r  S/)(irriur.       (Jciicral    cdlor    rcrniiriiicoiis    or    rusty    red,  purest    and 
liriirlilcst  oil  lli(!  riiiii|),  t.iil  and  wiiii^^s,  on  tlic  otiicr  u|t|icr  parts  appcarini;  as 
strci.ks  laid  on  an  asliy  j.'r()iind  ;   liclow,  wliili',  variously  hut  tliickly  luarkod 
cxi'i'pt  on  (lie  l)('lly  and  i-rissnni  with  rusty  red  —  tlic  markings  anteriorly  in 
the  I'orni  of  dillusc    eonlliient    l)l.)tchfs,  on  the    hreast    and 
sides  i'onsistin;j:  ehielly  ot'  sliai'p  sa^^ittate  spots  and  point(Ml 
streaks;    tips    of   middle  and    ixreater    coverts    forrninj^  two 
wliilish    win;^-l):irs ;    upper    mmdilde    dark,    lower    mostly 
yellow;    feet  pale  —  the   lateral  toes  so  lenirtlu'ned  that  tho 
tips  of   their  elaws  fill   fir  l)eyoiid   the   hase  of   the   middle 
elaw  ;    tiiis  is  a  diaLrnoslie  feilnre,  not   shared  hy  any  other  j,,,.,,,    nm  „r  |,„;^ 
streaked  sparrow.      A  laru'e  hamlsonie  species.      i>'{-71  loii^r ;          S|.,imnv. 
wiiiir  and  tail,  ea'-h,  .'>  or  nin'c  ;  sexes  alike,  and    ynuii^'  not   particularly 
dill'ereut.      Ivisterii  .\i)rlh  Atiicrici,  aliuiiliut.      Wils..  iii,  .");5,  pi.  2t,  f.   1; 
Xirrr.,  i,  .")1  I  :  Aid.,  iii,   l;i;i,  pi.    jsii;  i',i).,   iss.     P.  o'jsrura  Vi-AUiiU., 
Troc.  I>osl.  Soc.  Nat.  Ilisl.  ix.  isdj.  p.  Ij;', imaca. 

V;ir.  rowNSKMHi.  Willi  llie  same  si/i-  aiiil  p.-itterii  of  eoloratioii,  lint  (hn-ker ; 
aliove,  eoiitimiDiis  nlive-lii'o'.vii,  wiili  a  ra^ly  shade;  nniip.  tail  and  wiiij;s  ratlier 
lii'inliler  ;  iii  wliilisli  wiii'^-liars  ;  liclow.  Ilic  maikiiiirs  ol"  tiie  color  of  tiie  l)aek, 
close,  and  illy  dclined.  I'acilic  co;ist.  Ai  n..  iii,  1  |;i,  [il.  Is7;  Nitt.,  i,  2cl  cd. 
.■)••'.:'.:  Hi)..  Isii;  (',„,r.,  :.'lM. 

X'ar.  S(  iii-i|\cr,  V.  .Similar  to  tlic  last  ;  ;il)o\c  conlimioiis  slatc-;j;i'ay.  with  little 
I'lil'iiiis  on  wiiiis  and  t.iil.  llic  -ipols  hclow  slate-colored,  sparse,  small,  sharp. 
K  >cky  Mi'iiiitaiii  region,  I'.  S.  IJu.,  I'.i:),  UJ").  pi.  I'l',!.  I". :),  I  {iii"'j  iri'i'/iiclnt.'i  —  lar^e- 
Idllcd  Conn  iVom  C'ala.)  ;    Cone..  l'l'J. 

Oil-:.  /'.  si'/ii.iiii-r,i  Mill  I'lii-ii^i'ii'tii  ;iic  ccitaiiilv  not  distinct  spccilleally  from  o.acli 
other,  lint  it  may  lie  a  (|iicstii)n  whether  they  do  not  loiiii  tw(;  races  of  a  species 
dillereiit  from  ilini-n.  In  all  tlii<'e  eases,  however,  the  ditferciice  is  solely  in  the 
lelalive  iiileii..ity  aiiil  pieilomiiianee  of  certain  eoiiimoii  colors;  and  .altlioiiirji  the 
Western  Mild  !"aslerii  forms  iumv  not  ha\e  liceii  shown  to  iiiteriiraile,  thcydill'er  from 
each  other  less  than  some  ofilie  reeo^ni/,e  1  varieties  of  .l/i'/(.sy(/iit  do  from  tho  Kasl- 
ern  soii;.^  spariou.  aiil  in  a  parallel  maiiiiei'. 


78     Gonus    CALAMOSPIZA    Bouaparto. 

f.iirii  lidiiHti'i.  \\'/i,'/r-ir,'iii/,il  Jilmh-hi ril .  ^  (.'utirely  lihudc,  with  a 
larire  while  patch  ini  the  wiiijrs,  and  the  (piills  and  '.ail  feathers  frecpiently 
marked  with  white;  hill  dark  horn  ahove,  paler  ladow  ;  feet  lirown  ;  (i-tU  ; 
wiiiir  •1:5  :  tail  r\.  Sexes  unlike  :  9  rcseinhliiiLr  one  of  die  sparrows,  lirown 
aliove.  streaked,  whiti-  ludow,  somewhat  stieaked.  hut  Iilways  known  hy  the 
whitish  winir-pateh ;  ^  said  to  wear  the  hkn  k  pliimagi!  only  diirinir  the 
hrcidini:  season,  like  the  hoholink  (AUiii).  In  the  form  of  the  hill,  this 
intcrcsriiiLr  species  is  closely  allicil  to  the  liid-hcaks  (  ( ,'iiii/iijt/ii(i )  ;  and  this, 
with  the  siiiLrnlaiiy  eiilari:cd  leitiaries,  as  loii;.>-  as  the  primai'ies  in  the  (dosed 
'win<r,  ri'iidcrs  it  nnmistakahle  in  any  plmnaj^e.     A  prairie  hinl,  ahimdaut  on 


148 


I  i.iNcii  Ml  j:,  I  i.\(  iii:s.  ktc.  —  <;i:n.   7!».  ^^. 


tlif  wotcni  pl.-iiiis.  In  the   h'ockv  Moiiiiliiiiis  :    ('.-iin'  St.  I.iicns.     Ari>.,  iii, 
lli.'i.  pi.  iol  ;  Nirr..  :.M  id.  1,  .'H'.". ;   Hi'.,  I'.'i':  Ccui-.,  2:.'.">.        .     liuoi.oi:. 

70.    Genua    EUSPIZA    Bonaparte. 

Illiiil,-tlii<iiili  il  lluiiliiui.  J  mIidvc  L'lav  i>li-l)i(iUM.  tin-  luidillc  ol'  llif  lifick 
.•■lrf!ik(<l  uiili  lil.ick,  tlic  liiml  n(  ck  ii>li_\ .  lutdiiiinji  on  tlu'  «ii)\Nn  3ill()\vi.>ili- 
olivf  witli  liltick  (nndics  ;     a  yellow  >iiiiiirili:iiv  liuf,  .•mil  nuixilliiry  i)f 

llic  .-.inic  :   ryciid  while  :   ciir  eoxeils  .-oliy  like  tlie  cervix  :   eliin  w  liTle  :  ill 

w  ill)  ,1  l;ili:e  jel-l)l;irk  luileli;  lliuler  ]i;irl>  ill  ireiK  l:il  w  liile.  .-luideil  on  llie 
.»i(le>,  e\l<n.>^ively  liiijieil  willi  yellow  on  the  lire;i>t  and  lielly  ;  t'<l«:e  ot"  wiii^ 
\iliow:  lesser  and  middle  <<)Veil>  rieli  eiiestnul,  otiier  envi  its  and  inner 
seeondiirii's  edjicd  willi  paler:  liill  dark  lioiii  l>Iiie,  I'eel  lnown;  i'<^—7; 
«  iii;i:  ."1 1 .  .-Iiarp-poinled  :  lail  l''!.  eiii!ii;.dii;ile.  9>ni:iller;  almve.  likellu'i^, 
I'll!  head  and  iieek  plainer:  below,  less  liiu'etl  with  ytllow.  llie  lilaek  throal 
patch  w.inliiiL' ;iiid  replaced  liy  sparse  >harp  iiiaxillaiy  and  pecloial  streaks, 
wiiiL'  coverts  not  <'he.-tiinl.  An  elegant  >pi cies,  of  trim  loiiii.  I:i>tel"iil  eidor.s 
and  V(  ly  miiooIIi  pliini.ii:e,  aluiiidaiit  in  the  fertile  poilioiis  of  the  Ka.-«lerii 
r.  S.  ;  N.  lo  ( 'oiiiiutieiil  N'ailey  ;  W.  to  Kaii>a>  and  .\el.i:i>ka.  AVil.s.,  iii, 
Mi,  \>\.  '.\.  r.  •_' ;   \i  IT.,  i,  i(!l  :   .\ri)..  iii,  ."i.s.  pi.  l.'it;:   r,i>..  ji'l.  amkimcana. 

'J'l.nii.'f  ikI'.s  /liiii/hi'j.  "I'plier  parts,  he:ul  and  iieek  all  round,  sides  of 
liody  ,'in<l  t'orepail  of  luea^l,  >late-li|iie  ;  iiack  aiui  iip|ier  snrlaee  of  wiii^^s 
tiiij:<'d  willi  yellow  i>li-l)row  II  :  inter.-capiilais  .-liciked  nmiIi  Idack  ;  siiper- 
eiliarv  and  maxillary  line,  diiii  and  Ihioal  and  1 1  iitr:il  line  of  under  parts 
from  lire;i-t  to  cii.->iim,  while;  edi.('  of  wIhl'.  and  l'Io>s  on  lirea>l  and  middle 
ol  lielly.  yellow  :  .i  Mack  spoiled  line  fioiii  lower  c-niier  of  lower  iii.iiidihU' 
down  the  side  of  the  llimal,  eoiiiit  i  linir  wiih  a  element  of  >lr«':iks  in  the 
the  upper  ediic  of  the  slate  portion  of  the  l)iea>t."  Ui'..  I!'."".  Ai  n..  iii, 
irj,  pi.  l.'iT:  Ni  rr.,  i,  I'd.  ed.  'rjs.  IViiiisylvani:i ;  one  >pciiineii  known, 
a  .-taiidinj:  pii/zle  to  ornilli(doi:i.-t«,  in  the  uiieerlainty  whether  it  is  a  i^ood 
species  or  merely  an  aliiioiinal  pliima_i:e  of  the  l;i.-t.       .      .      .     tuw  .n>i;m)|i. 


Itill  e\tl 


H...;f.'. 

dark, 
with  nil 


80.  Genus  GONIAPIIEA  Bowditeh. 
aiiliraeiiiji  laijie  species,  ol'  lieaiilifiii  ami  >triklii^  colors,  tlic  sexes  ili^siniilar, 
emcly  lie:i\y.  nilli  the  lower  inaiidil'Ie  a-  ilcep  as  the  ii|.pcr  or  deeper,  the 
eoimiiis-inal  aii^de  stroiiu',  far  in  a'ivaiiec  of  the 
IcMtlicri'd  liasc  nl'  the  ImII.  the  rictus  overlmiiL;'  "illi  a 
lew  lull;:  still   liri>tles.      r.rilliaiit   M.ii;.;-.ter.s. 

linsv-liiviinliil  (,' rosin  III.-,  A<llllt  ^  with  till' 
head  and  neek  till  round  and  in<»t  of  the  upper 
pails  Mack,  the  nmip,  upper  lail  coverts  and 
under  parts  white,  the  lina.-l  and  under  wiii>r 
coverts  ex<|iii-ile  c.iriiiine  or  ro^e-red  :   w  iii/js  and 

""■''•"•'•" "'"''™'>      lail   Ma.k,  vari.pited  with  white:   Kill  pale,  feet 

9alio\(',   slreaked    with   Macki.-h  :iiid   idivc-liruwii  oi    ll.ixeii-ldow  ii, 
diaii  while  coronal  and  siipeicili.ii v  line;   IkIow,  white,  more  or  less 


f 


J 


ruiNdii.i.iD.r.,  riNciir.s,  kit. — (;kx.  80,  SI. 


lilt 


tiii^ifctl  with  fulvous  iiiul  streaked  witli  tliisky  :  ini'Icr  irin;/  roirr/s  siijl'n/n- 
i/illiiir;  ii|)|)ei-  coveits  and  inner  iiuills  with  a  wiiite  spot  at  end  ;  hill  lii'own. 
YdUiiir  ^  at  first  resenililinir  tlie  9.  "A-S.i  ;  win;;  ahont  I;  tail  aliout  '.'>\. 
Kar-tein  I'nited  States,  eoninioii.  Wii.s.,  ii,  i;i.'),  pi.  17,  I".  1';  Niir.,  i, 
."»J7  :  Aii>..  iii.  211:1.  |)j.  l'D.'i  ;    Hd.,  11)7 i.rixiN  ici ana. 

lil>irh-]i<iiiUil  (Irnsliiiik.  Adnll  J;  with  the  crown  and  sides  of  head, 
l>aek,  wind's  and  tail  liiaek  :  the  two  latter  variepited  with  wliite  hlotches ; 
iieek  all  ai'iinnd  and  nmler  parts  rich  oianire-hrown,  I'hanufinL'  to  liri^dit 
vellow  on  the  heliv  ami  under  win^'  idverts  ;  hill  and  feel  dark  horn.  Size 
of  the  la-t  ;  the  9  and  vounir  diU'er  much  as  in  the  last  spciies,  hut  may  he 
rccoLTni/cd  hy  the  r!rh  siiliilmr-i/iU'iir  undiT  wiii;^  I'overts  ;  the  iiill  is  .-horter 
and  more  tumid.  I'lains  to  the  I'acilic.  rnitcd 
Slate>  ;  common.  .\iii.,  iii,  lMI.  pi.  •JiH'.;  I'lH.. 
41»'< :  ('<un'.,  2:is ..iki.anocki'IIai.a. 

lihc  (t'rushiii/,-.  ,\dult  J  rich  dark  hhie,  uni- 
I'orm :  Icatiiers  around  hase  of  hill,  win^s  ;md 
t;dl.  Idack  :  miihlle  and  greater  winir  coverts 
tip|)ed  with  chestnut  ;  hill  daik  horn,  feet  hlaek- 
i»li  :  •iA-7  ;  winir  •"'A;  tail  ;>.  9  .-mailer,  |ilain 
w.irm  hrown.  paler  and  rather  ll.ixen  hrlow, 
\vin;:s  witii  wintey-lirown  cross-liars,  lull  and  teet 

lirowii.  "^  iiun^r  J  at  fu'st  like  9  :  when  chanuiuL'.  shows  confused  hrown 
.and  hlue.  afterward  hlue  interrupted  with  white  ludow,  rniled  .Shiics, 
ratlierly  southerly,  hut  .\.  to  Mass;ichu>etts.  ;md  even  M.aine  (  /iniin/iinni), 
Wii.s..  iii.  7s.  pi.  I'l.  f.  C, ;  .\i  ir..  i.  .'(I'll  :  Aid.,  iii,  :.'n|.  pi.  -.'ol;  r,i>., 
4II1I;  C'ooi".,  i';j() c.i:!;!  i.r.A. 


81.    Oonus  CYANOSPIZA   Eaird. 

Piiiiitcil  l-'imli.  .\'iii/i'ii(  il.  Adidt  ,r  witii  the  head  and  neck  rich  hlue. 
the  rump.  ey(did<  .and  innhr  parts  intcn^ij  rcil.  the  hu'cs.  hack  and  win;:- 
^.'hissed  with  L'olden-i:recn,  the  tail  purpli.-h-hlue.  9  aliovc  plain  ,i:recni>h, 
Ixdow  yellow  :  yonui:  ,t  at  lir.-t  like  the  9  .  .")A  ;  wini:  2,'  :  l.ail  'J\.  South 
Atlantic  .and  (itdt'  States,  conunon  ;  an  exi|ui-ite  little  (acature  of  matchless 
liiie>.  Wii.s..  iii,  (;s.  pi.  l'I.  f.  1.  l':  .\ii>..  iii.  IK!,  pi.  Iti'.t;  Ni  rr.,  i.  177; 
1>I>..  .'(t!.'5 (  ii;is. 

IIV.n/c/v)  Xmiji'irii'.  Adult  ^t  with  the  forehead,  cervix,  hcnd  of  wini; 
:nnl  rump  puipli-h-hhie.  throat  .ami  himl  head  du-ky  red.  helly  reddi-h- 
piirple.  wind's  and  tail  du>ky  iriossed  with  hlue;  9  "-imilar  to  that  of 
('.  'iiii'iii'i,  hut  disliniruislied  hy  the  ah-ence  of  the  two  white  hands  lui 
winirs.  and  l>y  the  le^f^  heini;  hi  ick."  Sizo  of  the  Last.  Mexico;  Cape  St. 
LtK.as.      1J|>.,  .'lO.'i ;  (!(ioi'..  J.'i  I \  i:i!si(()i.()i;. 

l.'iziiU  Fiiiili.  .\dult  ,t  lazuli-hlih',  olxiaired  on  the  hack,  the  lores 
Id.ack.  the  hi-<'a-t  dcliuitcly  hrown,  the  rc>l  of  tiie  under  part>,  and  the  wini;- 
liands,  while;  tihia'  hlue;  Itill  and  feet  d.ark.  Size  of  the  lir-l.  9  plain 
lirtnvn  iilMtve,  wliili-h  helow.   t!ic   hrca>l    hrowuir,   liie   \\iu;:s  witli   \\hiti>h 


1  :>() 


ri;i.\(;ii.i.ii).i;,   ri.\<  iir.s,   i:n\  —  »ii:.\.  H2,  H'A. 


l)!irs.      l'l,iiii>  Id  the    I'acilir,   rcjilacinu:   ri/mici;     coiiiiiioii.      Xl'TT.,  i,   tT.S  ; 

All).,  iii.    liMi.  |i|.  171:   IId.,  .^i)  I  :  ("oor..  :.';>;5 A.Md.XA. 

/ii'li/')  liiiil.  Ailiilt  J  iiidiiro-Miir.  iiiliii-c  .'iml  ((iiislaiit  on  tlic  head, 
L'laiicinu' iriTciii-li  u  itii  dili't  rent  liL:lit-.  mi  ntlici' parts  ;  w  iiiLrs  and  tail  lilack- 
i>li  ulii^-cd  willi  i^ri'i'ni-li-lilnf  :  tVallicr-  aiMinid  lia>c  ol'  hill  Mark:  liill  dark 
alii)\c,  lallicr  paler  liclnw,  with  a  cniidns  black  .-tripe  alonir  tiu-  j^onys.  9 
al)()V('  plain  warm  itrown.  Ixdnw  wliitcy-liinwn,  oh-nlcttdy  streaky  on  tlui 
lii-ca-l  ami  >idi'~,  wiiiLT  fovcrls  and  inner  ijuills  palc-cdycd,  hut  not  wliilisli  ; 
nppci'  niandililc  lila'ki^h.  lower  pale.willi  tiie  Mack  stripe  jnst  mentioned  — 
this  is  a  pretty  cdn-lant  |i  almc,  and  will  <li-linL;ni>li  the  species  tVoin  any  of 
our  little  hrowh  hirds.  Vouui,'  J  i-  like  the  9  ,  hut  soon  shows  hlue  traces, 
and  al'tei'wai'd  is  hhie  with  white  varici.'ation  helow.  Si/e  cd'  the  Coreiroini;. 
Ivistern  I'niled  State-,  aliundant,  in  liidds  and  open  woodland,  in  i-uminer; 
a  wcdl  meaning-  hut  rather  weak  vocali-t.  Wii.s.,  i,  lOD,  pi.  (I,  f.  .'> ;  \i;rr., 
i.   I7;i;   Ari>.,  iii,  I'l;.  pi.  ITii;    l*.i>.,  ."iH.'i cvanka. 

82.    Oonus  SPERMOPIIILA  Swainson. 

.}/')!•< Ic/'.s  l-'iiirli.     Top  and  .-ides  of  lieail,  hack  of  neck,  hro.ad  hand  jicross 

upper  part   ot"  hrca-l.   middle  of  hack,  winirs  and  t.iil,  hiaek  :    chin,   upper 

throat    and    neck    all    round,  except    hehind,    laimp.  and 

/      ^         \      rem.iininL'     under    part-,   white,    the     latter    tiuL'eil    \\ith 

hrow  ni-h-yellow  :  two  w  iiiLr-liamls,  and  eoneealed  ha-es  o' 

all  the  <|uills,  al-o  white.       9    (divaceous  .ahove,  hrowiiisji- 

yi  llow     helow .  w  inir-    and    tail    somewhat    as    in    the    ^(  . 

licnirlh    aliout     I    inelie- :   win;;   :.' ;    tail   h'ss.      Mexico  to 

'l'e.\as.     l')]!.,    "»ii7.     S.  nJliljiihuis  l,.i\vi:.,  Ann.  I/ye.  N.it.  Hist.,  v,  l.s.'>l, 

IlM 3ioui:i,i:rii. 

821. i-.  Genus  PlIONIPARA  Bonaparte. 
/ihir/:-/,ir,il  I'iii'li.  ^  ilark  olive  Lrreen.  jialer  helow .  j:rayi-h-white  on 
the  l>ell\  :  hi-ad.  thro.at  .and  hrea-1  nnu'e  or  less  h'  ■ki-li :  winus  .ami  tail 
dusky,  unmarked,  with  oli\aceous  trioss  ;  upper  n;.i  lilile  l)laekis|i,  lower 
pale.  'I'he  9  I  icks  the  lilack  of  the  ^  .  hul  is  otherwise  -iniilar.  Ahoiit 
■I  inelie-  loiiL' :  winir  -:  tail  i'J.  A  We-t  Indi.iii  hird,  the  oe(airrenee  of 
wliieli.  ill  I'jiuiila.  I  leari'  from  advauci'  sheet-  of  Mr.  ('.  .1.  Mayiiard'.s  work 
on  the  iiird-  of  l'"liirida,  now  piihlishiuir.  (Not  in  the 
Key.  ) l!|(t)I,(U!. 

83.  OonuH  PYRRIIULOXIA  Boimparto. 
Tc.fdx  Ciinliiiiil.  (_'<Uispi(aioiisly  ero-ted,  and  other- 
wise- like  the  eoiiimoii  cardina!  in  form,  hut  the  hill 
extremely  short  and  swullen.  ,'  a-hy-hrown,  pah'f 
hidow  :  the  eie-t.  fice,  throat,  hreast  and  middle  line 
of  the  lielly.  with  the  wind's  and  tail,  more  or  lc-s  per- 
fectly erim-on  or  e.aiinine  red  ;  hill  whili-li.  9  similar,  'i"  '■■'•  !'■ '-••i-'*':''-.!.!!;!!. 
rather  hrowiii-h-vtdlow  Indow,  with  traces  of  llie  red  011  the  hreast  uiid  Im  llv. 


1  i...'ii,  M..i,irr-  riii.'ii. 


i 


^ 


w^ 


) 


riMNdiM.iii.i;,  iiNciir.s,  r.rc.  —  cr.x.  M,  s,"). 


l.-)! 


i> 


J. 


IiCiii:tli  filidiil   Xh;  wiiiir  '^'1  ;    tnil    lA.     .Mtxico,  Texas,   Arizoiia,  ("ape  St. 
Lucas.     'J.vv  ,  III.  2i>|,  pi.  ;').'5;   15i).,  ">0N;  C'ooi'.,  L';it;.    .     .     .     mmata. 

84.    Genus    CARDINALIS    Bonnpnrto. 

Ciiriliiiitl  Util-liiril ,  \'ti>jiiiiii  .\iij/itiiii/(ili\  Cniispiciioiisly  crcslcd  ; 
tail  loiiL'^cr  tliaii  tin'  wiiijjfs,  imlli  roiiiidi'il.  J  rich  vciniiiioii  nr  idsy  red, 
(il)sciirc(l  with  asiiy  ini  lh»i  hack,  face  lijack, 
iiill  reddish,  feet  hmwii.  9  ashy-lirowii, 
paler  iielow,  with  e\  ideiit  traces  of  llie  red 
on    the    crest,   ^\•il)irs,  tail  and   under  parts. 

Jienj.'th  N-'.l ;  winjr  about  ;!-;  ;  tail  I:  9  y  '^^Efe/'*  "" '^^^^'^^ 
rather  less  than  the  J.  Mastei-n  I'nited 
Slatis.  soMiewhal  soutlieru.  seldom  north  to 
the  Conucetient  ^'alle_\•  ;  a  liird  of  >trikinij: 
appearance  and  brilliant  vocal  powcis,  loi- 
(lent  ill  thickets  and  undciiirowth.  ahiuidant. 
Its  rolliuir  notes  recall  those  of  the  Carolina 

wr.'n,   l.ut   are  stron-er.      Wii.s.,   ii,  lis,  pi.  '"••■"■•  •^"•' 1 'i.'i.i.„.i. 

•;,  f.  1,  :.':   Nrrr..  i.  .'ii:*:  .\i  i>..  iii.  I'.is.  pi.  Jn;;  ;   I'.ii.,  :>u'.\.     viiaiiM  wis. 

\'mi-.  ii.M  I  ■^.  Like  till'  ia-l.  Inn  paler,  willi  llir  Mack  iVonllet  iiilen  iipled  at  the 
lia>c  of  tlic  ellllnen.  when'  llir  icil  cullies  dovvii  lo  I  lie  liill.  C'lpeSl.  I.iica-;  ;  Ccilu- 
lado   \allcy.     iJn.,    I'mc.   I'liila.   Acail.   l.s.V.I,  ;i(l.') ;     Ki.lk.t.  pi.    IC;    Cuor.,  -J-.'.s. 


85.    Genus    PIPILO    Vicillot. 

*  Colors  of  the  male  liiack,  while  and  elic'-liiut  in  (Icliiiile  area-<. 
t  No  white  on  the  scapulars  or  wiii|j  covert-:.     Sexes  wyy  unlike. 

'I'liirit,-  liiiiiUd'i.  M(irs/i  Ivi'iui.  Cliiidiil:.  (Pi.\ri;  11,  IIli's.  17,  is, 
17'/,  1S«/.)  .\dnlt  mall'  Mack,  liclly  white,  sides  ehesliiiit,  cris-iiiii  fulvous 
liiown  ;  primaries  and  inner  secondaries  with  white  touches  on  the  outer 
wehs ;  oilier  tail  feather  with  the  outer  \vel»  and  nearly  the  terminal  half  of 
the  inner  well,  while,  the  next  two  or  three  with  white  >pots  decrea-ini.'  in 
size:  hill  lilacki^h,  lect  pale  hrowii,  iris  I'cd  in  the  adult,  white  or  creamy 
in  tin'  youiiL',  and  ^lenerally  in  winter  specimens;  9  rich  warm  hrowii 
where  the  ,(  is  lilaek,  otherwise  similar.  IV;'// yoiim;'  hirds  are  streaked 
In-own  and  dii^ky  aliove,  lielow  whili>li  tiuL'ed  wilh  lirowii  and  streaked  with 
dii-ky  :  Inil  tiiis  plumaire,  correspondini,'  to  the  very  early  speckled  coiuli- 
tioii  of  thriislic-:  and  warhlers,  is  of  hricf  duration;  sexual  distinctions  may 
lie  noted  ill  hirds  just  from  the  nc-t.  and  they  rapidly  liecome  much  like 
the  adults.  J  sj  ;  winu:  •"'lL  miicli  ronndcd  :  tail  I;  9  rather  less.  Ivi-lcrn 
rnilcil  States,  an  aliundant  and  I'.imiliar  iiihaliilaut  of  thicket^,  iinderL:'ro\vlli 
and  liriery  trails,  spciiilinir  imnh  of  its  time  on  the  un'oimd,  seralchiiii; 
anionu:  fallen  leaves;  miiiiatory.  Ne-t  on  the  ;_'ioiind.  hulky,  ol'  leaves, 
•grasses  and  other  tihroiis  material;  vS'JL-^  l-'>,  white,  thickly  speckled  with 
reddi-h.  Wii.s.,  vi, '.m,  p|.  ."i,;  ;  Niri.,  i,  .'il."i:  .\ri).,  iii,  lfi7,  pi.  I'.'.">: 
ISi>.,  .'ill' i;in  iiii.'oi'ii  I II  M.^ii  s. 


1. 


Ki;iMiii,i,ii).i;,  rix(iii:s,   kvc — (iK\.  n.'). 


Var.  M.i.iNii  ('"'ir>.  Am.  Xat.  1x71.  .'iiiC).  Siiiiil;ir;  -iii):illi'r ;  Ic^is  wliilc  on  the 
wiiiji-<  .•ii>il  tail  ;  c'law'4  loiigiT;  irit  irliifi'.  Kloricla.  /'.  Ifih'')jii.i  Ma^naiih,  Itiicls  <il' 
Floiiila  (ill  [iii-s). 

•)■  t  .Sca|iiilai-i  aiii|  wiii;^  coverts  willi  wliito  spots;  sexes  more  alike. 

I'^ji'iffeil  T'lii'/iir.     A  .Mexiein  species M  \(i  l.Airs. 

lie|»reseiiti''l  in  liie  I'liitecl  Stales  l>y  tiie  lollnwiii'^  varieties:  — 
Var.  'iiti.'i'iNi-.  (h'rijtn  7'("'/(i'i'.  \'ery  similar  to  rriilhrniififli'i'iii'in ;  win.; 
eovi'ils  Willi  -iiiiali  roiiiiijeil.  aii'l  seapiil;irs  with  larger  oval,  white  spots  on  tiie  outer 
Well  of  the  Teatliers  near  tlie  eiicj  ;  white  marks  on  the  (|nills  very  small  or  waiiliii'^; 
while  <|>ijts  on  tail  leatln'is  very  small,  the  outer  welt  ol"  the  outer  reetriv  not  while 
e\ii'pt  Jii-t  at  the  del.  l'-\<cptiii;j;  tlie-ie  part ieiilars.  this  variety  luoks  more  like 
(•;-'///;;vi/./(','(<(/(;m/.s,    tllMII     like     the    typical    iiinr'iliihn,  \i\    which    the    holy    colors    ar(! 

i,li'r'iriiiii!<;  nevertheless,  it  shailes  into  the  latter.  Oil  the  other  haul.  I'/v/^// /•!/)/(- 
lliiiliiiii.-<,  which  iiiijxlit  ^eem  to  he  merely  tin-  i-vtri-me  link  in  the  chain,  m  ly  he  fairly 
coii^iilcred  a  cliMi-reiil  hird  ;  its  sexe-;  ;ire  very  unlike,  wliereas  in  tin-  wcNtcni  Mack 
I'ipilos  the  9  '"'  Mackivh-lirown,  iik^ic  like  the  </  ;  its  note  is  entirely  ilillerent, 
\hr  w.)ids  ••tdwhci'"  anl  "chewink"  lieiii.;  an  attempt  to  imit.ile  the  soimi'I, 
while  the  cry  of  the  We^teili  Varieties  ol'  niiirfilntiis  is  exactly  like  the  scul.lin,'  m  'W 
ol'  a  c.atliii'l.— I'acilie  coast.  /'i/iih,  iiriyiinn  I5i:r.i.,  Ann.  I-yc.  Nat.  IIi>t.  N.  V.  v, 
l.s.'ii'.  I". :   Ml...  .M.'i;  (oor.. -.M  I.     /'.  .(;-.7,'.i/n  Ai  i>..  iii.  n;i.|>l.  I'.M. 

\'ar.  AKcrii  1 -.  .Iri/ir  '/'o'i/k-i'.  ."similar  to  the  foreiroiii;,' ;  the  while  spots  ol' 
the  wili'^  covcats  laiiTcr,  those  of  the  scapulars  still  larger  anl  Icniithcninz  iiilo 
streaks,  the  interscapiilars  also  s|iolteil  with  white;  the  whili'  on  the  (piills  aii<l  l.iil 
fealhers  at  a  inaximmii.  as  in  iriiihrnji/ilhiilniii-i ;  there  are  Usually,  also,  concealeil 
white  specks  in  the  M.ick  ol"  the  throat.  f  comiiarativcly  (lark.  Central  re:,noii 
of  \.  A.  I'.  ifi-iUnis  Sw\iN-os.  I'aiiiia  I'.or.  Am.  ls:;i,  n,  ^lin.  .\i  rr.,  i,.'is:i; 
2<1  ed.  i.  ClO  ;    l!i>..  .">1  I. 

\  ir.  Mi.i.M.oN^x  r.ii.,  .'i! ."(,  pi.  T.'i  ;  ( 'ooi'.,  ■-' I'J,  is  th.c  prevailiici  t'orin  in  the 
Soiithcrn  liocky  .Moiiiilaiii  ic^'ion.  New  .Mexico.  Arizona,  ami  ( 'alifoinia.  It  is 
precisi'ly  like  iiitHi-hs,  \<\i\  the  li'ct  ale  lar;;er.  willi  lii;,:hly  ilevi'loped  claws;  the 
hind  claw  is  decid<-dly  loiejer  than  lsdi;,:it,  while  the  lateral  claws  reach  to  or 
lii-yoiid  the  middle  ol'  the  middle  claw.  In  this  loiin  at  any  rate,  the  9  is  hardly 
distiii;;uis|ialile  in  color  from  the  J  ,  heini;  hlackisli  with  an  appreci.alile  olivaceoii.s 
sh.-idi'.  thus  exhiliitin;;  an  .aiiproacli  to  the  tyjiical  .Mi'xicaii  slock.  (See  t'oiKS, 
I'roc.  I'hila.  Acad.  I.si'pC,  s'.t ;  Ai.i.i:n.  liiill.  Mils.  C'omp.  /.ool.,  iii.) 

*  •  (  olors  Hot  delinitcly  Mack,  white  and  cheslniit  ;    no  ureenisli  ;   sexes  alike. 

Itnni'ii  'I'liirlif-r.  Cihiuii  'I'nwJuc.  Ahove,  iiiiifoiiii  j:iayisli-l>ro\vii  with  ii 
sliirlil  oliv.iccdiis  shade,  the  crown  iirowii  in  .•ippreciaMe  coiitiasl  ;  winirs  .and 
tail  like  the  hack,  iiiiinaikeil  ;  licjow,  a  paler  .s|i,iih>  ol'  (lie  color  of  the  liack, 
uliitcnin^  on  the  liclly.  tinired  witli  I'lilvoiis  and  streaked  with  dusky  on  the 
throat  .'iikI  lireasl.  washed  with  riisly  lirown  on  the  ll.inks  iiiid  crissuni.  ^\  ; 
winvr'5|;  tail  I.L  New  .Mexico.  Arizona,  and  sniiliiwaid.  'I'his  is  the 
/'.  iiii-snh-iiriis  III).,  ."ilS;  ('iiiKs,  IMoc.  riiii:!.  Acad.  ISCll,  !l(»;  Cool'.,  217, 
wiiich  is  /'.  ///M//.S  SwAi.NsoN,  I'hilos.  Ma;;.  l.Si'7,   I.'!  I,  of  .Mexico,      ri'scu.s. 

\'ar.  A  I. inc.  I  i.  \.  I'.xactly  like  the  la»t.  lull  the  while  of  the  iiiicler  parts  extencrni;j; 
fnilhi  r  up  the  hrcasi.  the  ^ular  spots  more  roti  iciecl.  sparser,  ancl  hetter  delinecl. 
t  ape  M.  Lucas.     Iti..,  i'roc.  I'hila.  Acad.  iN.V.t,  .Jn.j ;  Ki.i.ioi,  pi.  I  ;  (.oor.,  -JilH. 


•^ 


i 


ttHmmmamx 


) 


I'- 


'-t;, 


KTKItlD.K,    AMKIIIOAN    STAIU.IN'US.  — OE\,    8(!. 


153 


Vnr.  rnissAi.i'*.  Similar  to  tlio  lli-<t, ;  crDwn  lilii'  tlic  l):i('l{ ;  ratlmr  ilarlvor  uIidvo, 
(It'ciiliMlly  so  liclow,  till'  iniilillf  of  tlic  licliy  scnrfcly  <>r  not  wliitoiiim;,  llii'  f^ulur 
I'lilvoiiH  Htron;;  mul,  witli  its  (lusky  strcajis,  (li-rmili-ly  rcslrii'ti'd  to  tlio  tliroat  ;  tlio 
llaiilis  iiiiil  crissuin  ciicslnnl  or  (Iccj)  ('iiiiiaiiion  lirowii,  I'liwanls  of  !•  inclu's  U>\\'^; 
winj^  I  ;  tail  T) ;  9  rather  less.  Coast  ri';;ioii  of  C'alil'oniia  (and  nortliward?), 
uliiiiiilaiit.  This  is  the  dark  coast  lorm,  lii'ariiijj;  the  sami'  relation  tt>  fu-iruH 
{ini'siili'iiriis)  that  the  coast  II<trf)<trh;iii<-hiiK  ri'illrirns  hears  to  the  paler  //.  Ivrnulii,  of 
the  interior.  It  is  tli"  /'./".•((•h.s  of  Cass.,  111.  Ii'l.pl.  17;  Hd.,  .")17;  Cooi-.,  21.'), 
hut  not  the  true  /V.ick.v  of  Swainson  ;  ami  its  earliest  name  api)ear.s  to  hu  Frimjilhi 
criHuillin  Vliioits,  Zool.  Voy.  niossom,  l.*<:i',t,  r.». 

Ahi'tt's  'riiirlicc.  SomiMvliat  similar  to  tlio  forojioiii'j  Hjipcios  of  this  scm;- 
tioii ;  110  (Iccidcil  miukiiiirs  anywhere.  Dull  hrown,  |)aler  anil  more  fulvous 
\w\ow ,  titi' fdif  ihiski/;  otiierwiso  nearly  iiniforin.  Very  larire,  !•  ;  wini^  4 
or  less  ;  tiiil  .')  or  more.  New  .Mexico  and  Arizona  ;  iil)un<lant  in  (ius  Colorado 
Valley  ;  CouK.s,  I'r.  I'liila.  Acad.  LSOC),  !»().   III)., .")!() ;  (Jooi-.,  ill.    AMKinir. 

•••  Colors  {greenish  ;  sexes  alike. 

(ririn-tm'li'if,  or  lihinilhif/s  Fiiir/i,  Ahove  dull  olive-ijreen,  hriirhtor  on 
the  winj^s  and  tail,  crown  chestnut,  forehead  hlackish,  edj^e  of  winj;  yellow  ; 
chin  and  throat  pure  white,  hounded  hy  ilusky  maxillary  stripes,  and  coii- 
trastinj^  with  the  darlc  ash  of  the  hreast  and  .sides  of  head  and  neck  (very 
much  as  in  tlio  white-throated  sparrow)  ;  this  ash  fades  to  white  on  tho 
helly  ;  tho  Hanks  and  crissinn  .art^  washed  with  dull  hrownish  ;  hill  dark 
horn,  foot  hrown  ;  ahont  7\  \(m<x;  wini;  ;il  ;  tail  rather  more.  In  tho  youiij; 
the  markings,  especially  of  the  head  and  throat,  may  ho  ohscure,  hut  tho 
.species  is  mnuistakahle.  Kocky  Mountain  rcirion,  V.  S.  iind  southward, 
northeast  to  Kansas;  abundant.  Aud.,  Oru.  Hioi,'.  v,  .■{.$'.1;  Cass.,  Ill,,  7tt, 
pi.  12;  ni).,.'jl!t;  Cooi'.,  2.J0 ruLom.uus. 

80.    Oonus  EMBERNAORA  Loason. 

(tI'poh  Fliiih.  "Ahove  uniform  olivaceous  ijreen  ;  sides  of  the  hood  and 
a  stripe  hehind  rye,  dull  hrownish  rufous,  not  very  <N)nspi(;!|()iis ;  an  ashy 
miperciliaiy  stripe,  rather  yellowish  anteriorly  ;  under  parts  hrowuish-whito, 
lin;;ed  with  yellowish  .'interiorly,  and  with  olivaceous  on  the  sides,  while  in 
the  miildle  of  the  helly  ;  ed>;o  of  wintr,  uuiler  coverts  and  axillarios,  hrii^ht 
yellow.  Lenjirth  .'»ij  ;  winj^  2H  ;  tail  2'/.  Valley  of  tho  Uio  (Jrando,  and 
prohahly  of  the  (lila,  and  Houthward."     I5i).,  I.s7.      ,     .     .     kui'iviimjata. 


Family  ICTERIDJE.    American  Starlings. 

A  family  of  moiU-rate  extent,  eonliiieil  to  America,  where  it  ro|)rpsonts  the 
Sliiniiilii\  or  Starlin;j;s,  of  the  Old  World.  It  is  nominally  composed  of  a  hundred 
and  lifty  species,  half  of  wliieli  may  pro>e  valid,  distrihnted  amon}?  fifty  fjonora  or 
suli^;enera,  of  whi<'li  one-fourth  may  he  coiisiderecl  worthy  of  retention.  The 
relationships  are  very  close  with  the  /'riii'jilliilir  ou  (he  one  hand  ;  on  tli.'  other, 
they  grade  toward  the  crows  (Corc/i/fi).  They  share  with  the  friii^illine  liirds  the 
characters  of  an<rulated  conuiiissure  and  nine  dev«>lo|)ed  primaries,  and  thin  distin- 

KKV    III    .N.    A.    Iini|l.'«>       21* 


I'.l 


KTKIIID.r.,    AMKIMCAN   hTAHMMiS.  —  (iKN,    87. 


'^'    1 


i.i.  •^i 


II 


frnisliOM  lliciii  fniiii  :ill  uiir  ntlnr  rninilics  wlisitsocvcr  ;  Imt  the  cli-.tiii('ti<in>i  IVuiii  llir 
/■'liiii/illiilir  !in'  not  ciisily  cxiin'Hscil.  In  rncl.  I  know  of  nr)  cliiiiailcr  tliiil,  Inr 
••\iiin|p|c,  will  i('l(';.'!ili'  llic  liiilioliiik  (Hill  cindiitd  to  tin-  liti  riilir  nitlii'r  tliiiii  to  llic 
h'liiiiiilliilii ,  ill  llic  cuirciil  ii('<T|it!itioii  of  tlirsc  terms.  In  ^.'ciii'i'al.  liowcvcr,  tin* 
lifi  liilir  lire  iliNtiii^niisIitil  liy  tlic  lcii};tli.  iicutciicss  anil  not  strictly  fonical  slia|>f  ol" 
tilt'  iiiiiiolclicil,  iiiilii'i-tlt'il  liill.tiiat  shows  a  iicciiliar  extension  of  the  eiilineii  on  th<! 
lorelieacl.  (Ii\  iciin;:  the  |ironiilieiit  antia'  ( |i.  L"J,  -i  ■''-)  of  ejose-set.  velvety  leathers 
that  rciieli  t(i  or  on  the  nasal  scale. 

Aiiioiii.'  our  coinpar.'itively  few  species  are  representatives  of  each  of  the  three 
siilifaniilies  inti>  which  the  jiCoiip  is  coiiNciiieiilly  ami  |Molialily  iiMlinally  tlivisiMe. 
Ill  most  of  Iheiii,  Mack  is  preiloiniiiant.  either  uniform  and  of  intense  metallic  lustre, 
or  colli  lasted  with  masses  of  red  or  yellow.  In  nearly  all.  the  sexes  are  conspic- 
noiisly  dissimilar,  the  female  liein;i  smaller,  and  plain  hrownisli  or  streaky  in  the 
iridescent  Mack  species,  olivai'coiis  or  yellowish  in  the  hrilliaiitly  colored  ones. 
All    are    iiiiLrratory  in    this   country. 

(Ircjrariniis,  f.'raiii\ (irons  species,  more  or  less  conipletely  terri'strial,  and  chielly 
paliislritie,  not  ordinarily  eoiispieiions  vocalists,  Imildiii;;  rather  rude,  not  pensile, 
nests,  layinj;  I  -  (i  spottcil  or  ciirioiisly  liinned  ejrjjs.  With  the  feet  strong;,  lilted 
IpoIIi  for  walkinjf  and  for  jiraspin^x  swayiiiir  reeds,  the  \vin;js  more  or  less  pointed, 
ec|iiallin^  or  exceeding  the  tail  in  Icn^rth.  the  liili  coiiic-acnte,  shorter  or  little  lon;;i'r 
tliiiii  the  head,  its  ciilliiifi  edjres  more  or  lesn  iiiilected.  •„•  In  |i«'n.  S7,  ill ,  the 
tail  feathers  arc  acute;  in  '.i|,  the  wim;  is  iiniisnally  rounded  for  this  family  ;  in  IS7, 
^i^i,  the  Mil  has  iin  ordiiiarv  friii;;illine  character. 


«7.  GonuH  DOLICnONYX  Swainson. 
/lofinlhik;  Xortlieiii  states.  //'c^MZ/v/.-  Mi.ldji.  Stales.  IHiihhil;  .Sontli- 
«'iii  States.  ^,  ill  s|iriii<r :  Mack;  cervix  Itiill';  scapiilaiN,  niiiip  ami  upper 
tail  fovoi'ts  .'isliy  wliitc  ;  iiilcrscapiilais  streaked  with  Mack,  ImH"  iiikI  iisliy  ; 
outer  (|iiills  cdj.'id  willi  yrliovvisji ;  liiil  Mackisli  luini ;  feet 
Itrowii.  ^,  ill  lall,  9  and  yoiinjr,  entirely  ditlereiit  in  color  ; 
yeliowisli-lirown  .uliovt',  lirownisii-yellow  lielow,  crown  and 
hack  conspicnonsly,  nape,  ninij)  and  sides  less  broadly, 
streaked  with  lilack  ;  crown  with  a  inediaii  and  lateral  li;.dit 
stripe:  wiiijrs  and  tail  Mackisii.  paie-edLred  ;  hill  lirown. 
The  J  chan^'ini:  shows  coiif'iised  ihaiac  ters  oC  hotli  se.xes  ; 
hilt  in  any  phini.iire  the  species  niay  he  recognized  hy  the 
stiHisii,  extieiiuly  a<iite  tail  leatliers,  in  eonnection  with 
these  diiiieiisions  ;  leii;:lh  (IjJ-7A  ;  winix  ."•■i— I  ;  tail  *Jj-i!  : 
liivsiis  (il.iiiil  1  ;  tiiiilillr  /<!('  (iiii/  iliiir  <il,i,iil  \\.  I'"asteni 
I'liiled  States,  very  ahiindant.  In  its  hiack  livery,  only  worn  (or  a  short 
lini(>,  the  "hohornik"  is  disperst-d  over  tlie  meadows  ol  the  .Ndrthern  Stales 
to  hn'cd,  and  is  a  voliihle,  spirited  son^'stcr.  Alter  tiie  niidsnniiner  clianjjre, 
the  "ri'cdhiid"  or  "licehird"  throiiirs  the  marslies  in  iniineiise  Hocks,  with 
the  Idackhirds  :  has  simply  a  cliirpiii<r  note,  feeds  on  tin-  wihl  oats,  liecoines 
extienielv  fat    and    is    accounted    a    'Meal    delicaev .     The   name  "ortolan,  ' 


ll..li..|Mlk. 


UVrKUIK.i;,    AMKItlCAN    srAltl.lNdS. (IKN.    H6,    8!>. 


1  -).') 


iipplicd  l)y  sdiiic  to  this  liinl,  liy  Dtlicis  to  llic  ('iintliiiii  mil,  is  ii  straii;,'ti 
inisiiiiincr,  tlic  mtiil.iii  Ix-iii;;  ii  iViiiL'illiin'  l)ii<l  "I"  Kiinipo.  In  tin'  W«'sl 
Iiulics,  wiu'ict  till'  iMCM'iit  .siiocius  ri'lircs  in  winter,  it  is  caili'd  "lnittfiltinl." 
U'lLs.,  ii,  tS,  pi.  12,  f.  1,  2;  Nun'.,  i,  iH.'i;  Ai  d.,   iv,   10,  pi.   211  ;   i5i>., 

>)2'2 OKV/IVOUL'.S, 


. 


88.    OonuB  MOLOTIIRUU  SwainHon. 

C'lirfiird.  ^  iridi'sccut  l)I.ifk,  head  and  nt'cic  pnrplisli-hrown ;  7A-H ; 
winu  ovtT  4  ;  tail  ovci- .'5.  9  7-7  A  ;  wini,'  .'5 1  ;  tail  2/;  an  oliscnrc  iDokini; 
l»ird,  nt-arly  nniluiin  dnsUy  <,'rayisli-l)n)\vn,  iiut  rallicr  pali-r  luddw,  and 
appearing  sonuiwiiat  strcalvy,  owin^  to  darkor  slial'l  lines  on  nearly  all  tlio 
feathers  ;  hill  and  leet  Idack  in  lioth  sexes.  Tin!  yonni;  J  at  lirsl  resenildes 
the  9  ,  lint  is  deiidedly  streakcil  luditw.  N'orlh  Ann-riea,  ahnndant ;  f;re<,'a- 
riiins,  puly^'anioiis,  parasitic.  The  sinirular  liai)it!i  of  this  bird,  prolialdy 
shared  liy  others  of  th((  jjeniis,  form  ones  of  this  most  intorcstini;  chapters  in 
ornitholiiu'v.  Fiike  the  Knropean  cnekoo,  it  linilils  no  nest,  layin;,'  its  ei;;;s 
liy  stealth  in  the  nests  of  vai'ions  other  liirds,  espeeially  warlilers,  vireos  and 
sparrows;  and  it  appears  to  constitute,  furthermore,  a  remarkahlo  exception 
to  the  rule  of  conjniral  aH'cclion  and  litltdily  amon;^  hirds.  A  womierfnl 
|)rovision  for  the  pi'rpetualion  of  the  species  is  seen  in  its  instinctive  selec- 
tion of  smaller  iiirds  as  tiie  loster-parents  of  its  ollsprinir  ;  for  tlu;  larirer 
c^j;  recL'ivo.s  the  ;^rcat(!r  share  of  warmth  dnrinijf  incuitation,  and  the  Instior 
yonn;^  cowliird  asserts  its  jneci'dcnce  in  tin;  nest  ;  while  the  foster-hirds, 
however  reluctant  to  incnhale  the  stramre  v^'^  (their  <levices  to  avoid  tho 
duty  are  sometimes  a>toni-hini.')  heconie  assidnons  in  their  care  of  the  fonnd- 
linLT.  even  to  the  ncirlcct  of  liicir  own  yonn;;.  Tin;  cowliinl's  e;;;;;  is  said  to 
hatch  sooner  than  that  of  most  hirds  ;  this  would  ohvionsly  confer  additional 
advaiitajrc  —  Wii.s..  ii,  1  l."»,  pi.  IS,  f.  1,  2,  .i  ;  Nurr.,  i,  17iS;  Aid.,  iv, 
l(i,  pi.  212:     I'.i).,  .'121 I'KciJKis. 

\'ar.  iiii^i  I  i!i -.  l)inirl'  Ciiirliird.  Siniiiin';  smaller;  ,/  the  si/.e  of  9  /"'•"<•'•■<,■ 
9  innici'  7  ;  wiuj;  .'!  1,  ;  tail  ■_",.  'i'lie  liilltTeiice  is  very  slinmrly  niarlvcil.  Mini  appar- 
ently ciinstniit.  Ari/.oiiM.  Lower  falifurnia,  and  soiitliward.  C'.vss.  I'roc.  I'liila. 
Acad.  iMil'i,  1,S;  {'(»i  i>,  (//((/.,  ill);  Cooc,  -.'(il). 


89.    Gonus    AOEL.«JUS    Vioillot. 

*,*Tlie  (^  iniif'oi-ci  lustrous  Mack,  witli  the  Itenil  of  tlic  win;;  red;  S-!»  loicjf ; 
winj;  P.  ."1;  tail  .".j  I.  Tlie  9  cvcrvwlu'ie  sireakcil;  aliove  lilackisli-browii  with 
p;ile  streaks,  iiii'linin|j;  on  tliu  held  to  lonii  iiieiljaii  and  superciliary  stripes;  Ix-low 
whitish  Willi  very  many  sliaip  dusky  -^Irealvs,  llie  sides  of  the  head,  throat,  and  tiie 
lieiid  of  the  wiii^t,  liiincil  willi  n'ildi-,li  or  I'lilvous  ;  mider  H  ;  winj;  ahout  1  ;  tail  ;t|. 
The  young  ^  at  lirst  like  the  9  ,  Imt  hnj;er,  a|>l  to  have  a  >;eueral  hudy  or  fulvous 
HUll'usion,  and  liri^ht  hay  edi,'iii'^s  of  the  leathers  of  the  liack,  wiir^s  and  tail,  and 
soon  showiu};  hlack  patches. —  Ipoii  iuvcsli;raliou  of  the  variations  in  the  character 
of  the  wiii;;-patch,  u|>on  which  our  three  accreilited  species  rcste<l,  I  am  satislied  of 
the  propriety  of  treating'  tliuui  as  varieties  of  one.     The  9 's  are  iui.'isliuguishahle. 


i 


l.-.c, 


UTKItlh.f.,    AMKKHAN    sr.Mil.l.V'i.-.  —  tlKN.    M*,  !'<•. 


Itiil-iiliuiiil  lili>il,hliil.  (  ri.Ai  i;  i\ ,  .'ill  llic  li;:s. )  liCssi-r  win;:  ocivorlH 
fi'iiilit,  liix.'iillv  lii'iilirtil  liv  liiiiw  iii>|i-v('||i.'.v,  or  ln'ownii^li-uliitc,  the  iiiii|ill(« 
low  of  I  (ivnlH  In  in;.'  tnliiclv  id' llii.-i  tdlur  ;  MHiHtiniiH  llir  ;;rnili'r  row, 
likt'W  i>i',  Mil'  iiio.stiv  siinihir,  |ii'oi|ii(  in;:  a  piilrii  on  tln'  wlni;  nearly  as  lai';;tt 
lis  the  ml  one  :  ona^ionallv ,  tiii'if  tire  traiis  of  ri-tl  on  llic  i■^\\l^'  of  tli*'  win;; 
iiml  lit'low.  In  >nnii'  I'!;!-!!  rn  .-ix'cinicn.H  llic  lioitltiinir  Im  alnio>t  |iiit'f  wliilc 
I'nili'il  States  from  Allanlic  to  Pacilir,  vciy  alMimlant.  Wii.s..  iv,  ito, 
|il.  .'Ill:     Niii.,i,  HIT:    Ai  i>.,  iv.  .11 ,  Jli! ;    Hk.,  .^L'ti.      .      .       iini.NirKl  s. 

N'lll.  I.I  1^1  1,'SA  |n|i.       I.r>^(l'  «ili;^  (  iiMll-.    Mill  lit ,  Illll'I'tiW  I V  <  >l    IK  <l   111   ,'lll  liii|'i|rl't'i|, 

till'  iii'Xl  I'liw  litnjii;.'  Ii|:irl\  lips  I'm  all  or  iiin~l  ul'  tlii'ir  i'\|io>i'<l  |>iii'lii>ii,  mh  tliat  llic 
l>l<i\\iii>li-M'||i>\v  III'  lliril  liaM'N  iliii's  ii'l  shiiVN  liiilili.  il'  aiiv.  I'.'irilic  (nasi,  Nl  I  I'., 
i.  I'll  III..  I«7  ;    Ai  I'..  i\.  -JH.  |il.  -.'I.'i ;  Hn..  .'••-".» ;  <  i".i'..  •:*'<■',. 

\'ar,  mil  Ml  1. 1.'.  Lrs-rr  wiii'^  iovciIh  ilaik  H'I.  Iinnliiiil  uilli  |iiii'i'  wliitc. 
(  aliri.Mii.'i.      Nl  II..  i.  lM  III..  I.'^ii;    Ai  i...  iv.  -.'7.  |il.  I'l  I  :    i!i...  .'i.'-lt ;   Cooi'.,  -JC't. 

J)0.    GoniiH  XANTHOCl'irilALUS  Baird. 

Yilliiir-liuliliil  llltirUi!iil.  /  lijaik,  wliiilr  lir.'lil  (r\ir|il  lolTs  ) ,  Ill-rk  ailll 
ii|i|M'r  liniisl  yellow.  aii«!  soim  limes  yilinu  i.-li  teatliers  mi  the  lielly  ami  le;rs  ; 
II  liir;.'!'  while  jialeli  on  the  wiiiL',  Ininieil  liy  the  primaiy.  and  a  lew  of  tlii> 
mill  r  sceomlai  \  .  eiivei'ts  ;    |(l    II:    \s  iiiir  .'lA  ;   tail   I].     9  ami  yoiiii;:  liiownisli- 


Ki^.tiN.    Vi'lliiwIii'Milcil  lllai'kliinl. 

Itlack,  with  little  or  no  while  on  the  win^'.  the  yellow  rivslrieled  or  ohsciircil  ; 
<i  III  mil  .smaller  than  the  ,'  —  '.t.t,  ete.  A  hamisoine  liin!,  .•ilnimlant  on  tim 
|)r;iiries  ami  marshes  frmn  Illinois  iinil  W'iseoii-in,  weslwanl  :  N.  to  ."i.s ' 
ami  even  (ireeiilaml  { Itvlnliiinll).  Ni  ii.,  i,  17<>;  Aid.,  iv,  21.  |il.  >'i;>; 
IJi).,  ;").'!!  :    Cudi'.,  -JilT  ;    ('i)ii:.s,  Am.  .Nat.,  IS7(t,  I'.t.'i.   .    iciKUucKniAJX's. 


m 


|(  TKUIIi.V:,    AMKKICAN    MAIIMNON.  —  (IKN.    IM  ,    '.L'. 


01.    OcnuH   BTUUNHr.LA  Vicillot. 


157 


*  ,*  I'liiiiiti^c  liiiilily  viii'ic;tiit('il  ;  ctiili  rcMllicr  of  tlir  lnuk  MncKiHli,  willi  a  triiiiinal 

r<'i|ili-.||-li|ii\MI  lll'i'M,  mill    »llMI'|i    li|ci\M|is|i-\  I'lliiw    liiiiili'I's  ;    liri'U    silllillll,  till'    |i!ltll'l'll 

Niiialli'i';  nowii  slrciikcil  uilli  lilink  ami  liruwii,  aiiil  \\\\U  a  |iali'  iiinliaii  ami  Hii|ii'r- 
i-lliiiry  Hli'lpis  II  liliirkisli  lini'  lii'liimi  rvi' ;  HiMTal  laliial  tail  t'catlii'iH  uliili',  tin; 
()tll^l'^4,  witli  llio  iiiiH't'  ijilills  ainl  wiii'.^  ciivri'ts,  liaii'nl  nr  sra||ii|iri|  \\i|||  liJaiK.  ami 
liniwii  or  iii-Ay.  I\c|;ii'  nf  \viii'„'.  >-|"it  hmt  cvr,  aii'l  iiiiiIit  pails  ;;(iicraily.  Iiii;;lit 
yellow-,  llii>  hIiIch  Mini  ci'lssiiiii  llixi'ii-ln'iiwii.  willi  niiiiii'iuii-t  Nliai'|i  lilackiHli  Nli't-aliH, 
llic  liri'a-*!  with  a  lar;,'c  hlark  iifsniit  ( i>li>iiiii'  in  tin'  yoiiii;:);  liill  liorn  riiliir,  iif 
lirrlliiaf  ^lla)ll' ;  I'l'ct  li'^lil  lilnwii,  vriy  lal'ii'  ami  Ntlnli;^.  riai  liili;_'  liryiiiiil  tlir  Vt'l'V 
hIiiiM  tail.  I.i'iiiitli  1(1  II;  win;.'.'';  tail  .".J  ;  liili  |;  ?  hiiiallcr  ('.»J  ;  wiiif;  IJ  ;  lull 
:i),  siiiiilar  in  culur;  ynun^  not  iiarliciilaily  (liUciciil. 

/•'iili/hn/,-.     (I'l.VTi;    VI,    I'lL'-l.     1.    -,    •'!.    1.    I",   -",  ;>",    I".)      TIlc    cnjul-S,  IIS 

iiltovc  (li'M'rilicii,  rich  ami  piifc,  Uic  i»ri'Viiiliii^'  as|ii'cl  lunun  :  Vfllow  nf  cliin 

ti>iiiilly  ('oiiliiii'ii  lii'luri'ii  rami 

(if  iiinlci'  inaiiilililc  ;  Mack  liars 

oil  wiiiL'H  !in<l  tail   usually  cmi- 

tliicut   aloni:  (he    shall    of   Hie 

tViithcl's,   leaviiiir    tiie    i^iay   in 

Hcallojis.        I')a-teni     I'liilcd 

Slates,    everywheie    alMiiulaul 

ill  open  country;    iniperledly 

iiiijrnilory  ;    partially    •rreirari- 

oiis  when    not     hreedinj:; 

strictly    terrestrial  ;     an    aj,n'eealile    vocalist  :    nest    iif    drictl    LTiass,   on    Ihe 

{rrouud,  (•;.'!.'s    l-ll,  white,   .speckled   with   reddish.       \\'ii.>.,   iii,   L'n,  pi.  IH; 

Ai'i).,  iv,  7tl,  pi.  l'l'.')  ;   .Ni  IT.,  i,  17  ;   IJn.,  ."i;i."i .mai;\\. 

\'ar.  M  1.1  II  lA.  'I'lie  ciiluis  iliillcr  ainl  paler,  the  |ii('\ailiiiL:  aspect  ijiay  :  yillnw 
of  chill  Usually  imiillilin^f  mi  sides  ol'  lower  J:nv  ;  Mack  on  \\iir_'s  ami  tail  usually 
resolxeil  iiilo  dislimt  liars  allcinaliii;.^^  with  ^zray  hars.  Western  [' ,  S.  Snw^ 
said  to  lie  diltereiit.     Ai  i>.,  vii,  "i.'i'.l.  pi.   l.sT  ;    l«i>..  .'i;>7  ;    Coui'.,  2711. 

Oils.  Il*(liii'S  not  appear  that  Ihe  Ived-lileMsled  hark,  7V"/';'i///.'t  inililnri.f.  wuh 
ever  taken  in  tiiis  country.  Il  is  a  Smirn  American  species  reseiiililinj;  ours,  liul 
Willi  red  in  place  ol"  the  yellow.      Iln.,  ."i;!.!. 

Suhfniiiilii   KTEinS.K.      t >,;•„!,, ■t. 

Non-firofiarioiis,  inseetivuroiis  and  IVui^dvorous  species,  strictly  arlioriiole.  of 
lirilliant  or  strikiii;_dy  contrasted  colors,  and  ph'asin^r  soiilt,  disliiiu'iiished  .-is  arch i- 
li'cts,  liiiildiiiL;  el.'ilior.'itcly  woven  pensile  nests.  With  the  liill  lel.itivcly  loniier, 
slenderer  and  ninre  acute  than  iii  most  of  the  last  sulifainily,  and  llie  Icet  weaker, 
i'xclusively  lilted  for  pcrchiuu.  'i'hree  of  our  species  are  aliiindaiit  miirratoiy  Miils 
ill  suiunier ;     the  ri'st    inerely   re.'icli  our  southern   holder  from    tropical    America. 


1 


02,     Genua    ICTERUS    Brisson. 


•The  J   lilack  .•ind  chestnut. 

Ortltiiid  On'iilt'.      ,i   Mack,  lower    hack,  riiinp,  hsser    wiiii;   coverts  ami 


\:>H 


KTKIMD.K,    AMK1!I(!AX    MTAULINOS.  — (IKN.    !»2. 


!M;    I 


:ill  iiinlcr  parts  from  (Ik?  Ilnoat,  (Icop  clicstii'it ;  a  wliilisli  l)ar  iutoss  tips  (»f 
}^r«'ati'r  wiii;r  cdVfrls  ;  liill  ami  iVct  I'lin-hlacK  ;  alxiiit  7  ;  wiiijr  .'ij  ;  tail  ."{ ; 
9  siiinllcr,  plain  yellow  isli-olivf  aliuvr,  >ell<i\visli  liclow  ;  wiiij^s  dusky  ;  tips 
til'  tin-  coverts  ainl  eil;.'es  ol"  tilt'  iiiiw  f  i(iiills,  v.liitisli;  kiit)\vii  fVtiiii  tlu' 9  t)t" 
till'  oilier  spi'tifs  l)y  its  small  sizi;  a'ltl  vory  sleiuler  Mil.  Ytniiii;  ^  at  lirst 
iike  9  .  al'lerwartl  sliowintr  fonriiseti  tlian.clcrs  of  htitli  soxes ;  in  a  i)artieular 
8tM;.'f,  it  lias  a  lilatk  mask  mi  llie  fato  and  lliroat.  lOastcni  U.  S.,  ver}' 
aliiintlaiit  in  parks,  t)i-t'liartl>,  ami  the  skirtK  of  wtitids.  Wii,h.,  i,  (il,  pi.  t, 
r.  I,  -2,  .'5,  '  :  Aii>.,  iv,   H;,  jil.  L'l'.t;   Nrrr.,  i,  1(!.");   Hd.,  .VIT.   .     si'uuius. 

\':ir.  Ai  riM-,  Miieli  >iiialU'r  ;  J  lij  ;  wiii^  iiiuler  :t.  Texas.  Lawk.  Ann.  J^yc. 
Nat.  lli>t.  N.  Y.  |.->.")1,  11-. 

•  •   'I'iie  J  liJMik  ;i'..l  ..riiii^f. 

Jtd/'uiiurt'  {Jii'iilv.  (I'oldiii  Hull! II.  I'irihinl.  /fint'/iirsf,  ^  with  (lie 
iieail  aiitl  neek  all  i.nintl,  and  tlie  liaek,  lilaek  ;  riiiiip,  upper  tail  et)vcrts, 
lesser  wiiii:  eoverls,  most  t)!'  llie  tail  I'eatlurs,  ami  all  tlie  iiiuler  |)a 'ts  iVtini 
the  lliitiat.  tiery  tnaiiiif,  lnil  tit'  varyiii<i  intensity  aeeonlinj,'  to  iigt!  and 
season;  miilnie  tail  I'eatlier.s  ilaek  ;  wind's  likiek.  tlie  iiiiilillc  and  greater 
eoM'its,  aiMl  inner  iiiiill.>.  more  or  less  ediretl  aiitl  tippetl  willi  wlii'e,  Init  tlici 
wiiil;'  till  the  eoverls  not  riiriiiinir  a  eo'itiniiMiis  paleli ;  liill  uiitl  I'eet  bliuv- 
lila.k ;  7.\-N;  \vin<r  ^I'r!  ;  tail  .'!.  9  .-mailer,  and  iiiiieli  ualer,  tlie  Maek 
ol.Miuid  hy  olive,  soineliiiies  entirely  uaiilini:.  '^'oiiiii.'  J  entiivly  without 
li!;i'k   oil   liiioat   and   luail,  otherwise  mltiretl   nearly   like  the   9.      Eastern 

Inititl  Slates,  west  to  tlio 
Ml  ti  II  n  t  a  i  ti  s  of  Colorado 
(.1  //('//)  ;  aliiiiitlant,  in  or- 
cliaitls  and  >treets,  as  wtdl  as 
ill  woi/tllaiid,  eoiispieiions  liy 
il-  liriliiaii*  t/olors  and  spirited 
Miiiir.  ^\'II.s.,  i,  2."J,  pi.  1.  f. 
;i  :  vi,  pi.  .'■(.'i ;  Ari>.,  iv,  ;!7, 
pi.  :.'17  ;   NiTT.,  i,  l.'^i^  ;    III)., 

.VIS IIAI.TI.MOIJK. 

Jt'iil/iick''<  (trinlr.  Similar; 
tlie  .iivin^'c  invailiii;^  the  .sitlea 
of  th*  head  aud  neck  and  the 
f'o  re  II  e  a  d.  leaving  oniy  11 
narrow  spaee  on  the  throat, 
the  lore-,  ami  .1  line  trroii;rh  ihe  eye.  hlaek  ;  a  lar-.n-  eonliiiuons  white  pateii 
Oil  li:e  wiiiL',  loriii;  ii  liy  the  iniiliile  ami  jjfreater  eoverls.  9  tilive-^rniy, 
Il  -low  whili-li,  .ill  (he  fore  parts  of  the  lie  ly  ami  he.id  tinjred  with  yellow, 
the  wine^s  ihi-l,y.  wilh  Iwo  wliile  liars,  lint  t'le  tail  ami  its  nntler  eoverts  ipiile 
yellowi-h,  \'oiiii;_f  J  .at  lir.-t  like  they  ,  s  itip,  however  showing  lilaek  ami 
oiaiiire.  I.'a'di'r  iaiirer  than  the  liisi.  N\ f.-lerii  I'liitetl  .States,  in  wtjodland, 
nliiimlant.  re|ilaiiii!,'  the  r.,.!iiiiiore.  Ai  u.,  iv,  l:i,  jtl.  iM«;  iin.,  ^r\\) ; 
0.'i>r.,  27'.;  I'tiiK.-,  .\iii.  .Nat..  V.  |.s7(t,  i;7n iiilumkii. 


I'll.,  Vt  .     U:illi.cl.V  On.  I 


°°'™'™"^'"^"'^~ 


irTi-;:ii),v.,  ami:i;i(an  i-TAi.'i.iNtis.  —  cf.n.  9-J,  J'.T. 


159 


r  iicross  tips  of 

iijr  :\\  ;   tail  ;5 ; 

j;s  (lusl<y  ;  tips 

fVdiii  tlu»  9  of 

ill  a  partii-uliir 
II  U.  S.,  very 
*.,  i,  (M,  pi.  4, 
7.  .  si'iitiis. 
.AMI!.  Ann.  J^vc 


i^  willi  llic 
r  tail  loscrls, 
icr  pa  Is  rroiu 
i;  to  aj!:<'  and 
('  and  jrrt'ator 
wlii'.i',  hnt  (Iio 
and  t'(('t  ItliKv- 
vr,  liie  Mack 
itirely  wiiliont 
'  9  .     Kastcrii 

Wl'^t      to      IJK! 

of  Cnloiado 
idant,  in  or- 
I't.s,  as  well  as 
mspii'iioiis  Ity 
IS  and  spirited 
i,  •-';•.,  pi.  1,  f. 
All).,  iv,  ;>7, 
,  i,  \:>2;   IJi)., 

IIAI.TIMOKK. 

'lie.  .Siniil;ir; 
iii;^  llif  sidua 
iKik  and  tliu 
ivini^  only  :v 
I  tl;c  tln-oat, 
s  wliitc  i)atili 
y  olivc.;.'-ray, 
1  willi  yrllow, 
•  ('oVf'i  ts  ([uitf 
n^'  lilack  and 
in  wodillaiid, 
1;    l?i...  .".  l;t; 

lU  l.I.dl  MI. 


IfiKtih'd  Oi'ifilr.  cf  oraiifjc  ;  uinirs,  tail,  a  narrow  dorsal  iuva  and  a  lariro 
mask  on  tlio  fact-  ami  tliroat,  hiack  ;  tips  of  winir  coverts,  and  im|!j:cs  of  inan^' 
•  piills,  wliitc  ;  size  of  the  fori'froin,ir,  l>nt  w  in<;s  shorter  iind  tail  longer.  Tlu' 
9  lacks  tile  lilack  mask  ;  lint  the  species  may  lit"  dislinL'nished  in  jiny  plnin- 
ii^e  from  i-itlier  of  the  lore^roini;  hv  not  havinir  the  winirs  cvideiitlv  loiii:er 
timii  tho  tail.  Valley  of  the  liio  (irande  and  Colorado.  Lower  California, 
niul  southward.     Ca.ss.,  III.  1:.',  |)l.  S;  liii.,  .')!(!;  Ciioi-.,  •21,').  cicli.l.vtis. 

•  •  •  The    c?    lilack  .•ui.l  clour  yellow. 

iS'cii(f'.H  (h'iiilc.  if  lilack;  liehiw  from  the  lireast,  rump  anil  npp<'r  tail 
coverts,  lesser,  middle  iind  under  winir  coveils.  Imth  ahove  and  lielow,  and 
liasal  portions  of  all  the  tail  fcallii  is,  except  liie  ceiilrtil  ones,  clear  yellow  ; 
<:re:iler  winir  coverts  tipped,  inner  i|iiill>  educd,  wilh  \vliite  ;  in  the  9  <ir  yoiiii;^ 
the  '-lack  is  replaced  liy  lirow  nisji,  and  liie  yellow  is  not  pure:  about  ^i  ; 
winu  md  tail  aliont  1.  Valley  of  the  Iiio  (Iiand'-  and  Colorado,  Lower 
California,  and  southward.     Hd.,  "i  !  I  :   (Ninp.,  I'K!.      .     .      .     I'aimsoimm. 

^IiiiIk/iidi's  Orioli'.  J  yellow,  s  imewliat  olivaceous  on  the  niiilille  of  tin; 
liack  ;  head,  neck,  lireast,  wintrs  and  tail  Idack  ;  wind's  with  a  white  cross  liar 
and  white  edirini: :  .'dioiit  !< :  winu:  I  ;  lail  lA.  re.Mis.and  sonthw;ird.  Cass., 
III.,  p.  i;{7,  pi.  :il?  (apparently  represents  the  Southern  smaller  true  imlitii- 
orcji/iiihts)  ;    !5i).,  .''ill' (.Mi;r,\N()(  r.nivMs  varV)  Ai  niiioNii. 

Oils.  .Sever.'il  aiMitiniinl  uriolc-i  have  liecii  !\';(iilie<l  to  tliis  ccniiiliy.  Iml  llie  lore- 
piiliji  are  all  that  a|i|ieai-  to  have  liei 'i  a<tilMlls  lakeii  uilhiii  diir  liiiiiN  ;  ntliers, 
liowever.  may  I'e  c<iiili<leiitly  cNiiccteil  to  oicar  mi  <iiii'  Smilhcni  lioiijir. 

s,ii,j\ii,iii:i  (fiiscAuxj:.    (■,■,,»■  iii'fhiiiriis. 

Closely  resemliliiifj;  the  A-jil'iinn  liolli  in  striMiure  aiiil  in  haliils,  lh('-;e  liii'ls  ;ire 
flistiii'.niislied  liy  the  lenirlh  and  atlenualiun  of  the  liill.  with  ilceideilly  ciirveil  ciilnifii, 
0><|>ecialiy  towards  the  ciitl.  and  .-.li'on'jly  iiitleclecl  toinia.  'J'lie  typical  (Juixrull  JiMve 
a  certain  erow-like  .ispeel.  Imt  they  are  rcudiiy  dislini;nished  liy  "icveral  I'Mtiires. 
The  feet  are  hn'iie  a;id  xtroiifjr,  and  the  lards  spend  much  ol"  their  time  im  tlie  y;rcinnd, 
where  they  walk  or  run  in-^tead  of  adv.vneinir  l'\  leap-..  'I'liey  ^icnerally  ImiM  nide. 
Iiulky  nests,  hiy  spotted  or  sireakecl  e;.';is,  iiiid  their  liesi  \oeal  elt'inls  are  hardly  to 
lie  cMlled  musical.  The  J  ol'  most  of  the  species  is  imiroini  hi^tfous  lilack,  the 
9  li;o\Mi  ami  much  siualh'r.  Then'  is  only  one  jieinis  (<  'ussiili.i-)  liesides  the  two 
ot"  this  eoiintiy  ;  in  ',M.  Ihe  tail  is  sliuhlly  rounded  and  shorter  tlian  thewin^rs; 
ill  !M.  the  tail  Is  graduated,  and  ulioul  eijiials  or  exceeds  the  wings. 

93.    Qor.us  SCOLECOPHAOUS  Swninaoii. 

/,'ii.i/i/  (!nfr/,lr,  ,f  in  sniniiier  hislrous  lilack,  the  relleetions  u'reenish.  and 
not  iiolicealily  dillereiit  on  the  heail  ;  Init  not  ordinarily  foniid  in  (hi-  londi- 
lion  in  the  I'.  .S.  ;  jn  jjencral  simply  ,irlo>sy  hhck.  iie:rly  all  the  feathers 
skirted  with  warm  lirown  aliove,  and  lirowiiisli-y(  Mow  Ik  low.  frecpieiitly 
I'oiitinnoiis  (III  the  fore  parts:  the  /of  the  lirst  si'ason,  liki'  the  9  ,  is  entirely 
rusty  lirown  aliovi.lhe  inner 'piilis  edjjfed  uitli  the  -ame  ;  ,i  pale  siipercili.ary 
stripe;   lielin\ .  niixecl   ni-t\  :iiiil   irrayisli-lilack.  the   pi  iin.irics  ami   lail   alone 


:  ' 


I 


I 


1  CO 


ICTri!It)T.,    AMFItlf.W    STARMVns. — fJFV.    O.T,    !•!. 


l.l;i.I<  ;  hill  and  feci  lilarU  al  all  linios  ;  ,f  alx.iit  '.» ;  win;.'  U  ;  tail  lU  ;  hill  ','  ; 
vi-ry  r<li'mli'r  lor  tlic  family,  sdiiicwliat  r«'»<'iiililin:.'  a  tlini>li's  ;  9  sinallcr. 
Ka^li'iii  Nciilli  America,  N.W.  lo  Alaska  (  />///),  very  'iimmun  in  llic  I  .  S. 
in  llic  fall  aii<l  w  inter,  in  Il()('l<><,  in  li«'l<ls  ;  lirciMN  in  I^al>i'a<liir  ami  otlii-r 
Nortlicrn  rc^quns.  layinir  spccklcil,  not  streaky.  fL'i.''.  \Vii>..  iii.  II,  |)1.  I'l, 
(.  ;') ;  NiTT.,  i,  r.i'.t :  All*.,  iv,  (IJ,  pi.  222:  Hn.,  .*>.'il.  .  n;i;!;ii;iM:r  s. 
/ihir-Ziriitl'l  (I'nii/.li'.  /,'rcirirs  llhirUiinL  ."^iniiLir ;  llie  i.'eneraliii(les- 
eence  ;rreeii  as  liefure,  eliaiii:ini^  alirnptly  on  the  ln'ad  to  pnipli^li,  \  inlet  ur 
ntccl-liliie,  tlie  (liU'ereiiee  (iltviiiiis  ;  larirer  ;  f,  1M-I«ij  ;  wini:  •"'-■''■^  :  l;iil  \-\h  ; 
Itill  nnieli  stiiiilt  r,  mkuc  like  tliat  of  .\'/'htii.i,  ami  .•ill'ii.'(tlnr  it  seems  to  lie 
ipiile  aiiniher  liinl.  'I'lie  9  ami  yoimi.'  ^f  <!ilier  nimli  as  in  ijic  last  species,  Iml 
they  are  never  so  riisly.  Plains  In  the  i'.icilie.  V .  ."^.  an<l  s<»iil)i\varil.  .ihnml.int. 
Al  !»..  \  ii.  ;'' !.'>,  pi.   I'.'- ;    111".,  .">."):.' ;   C'oor.,  I'Ts.   .      .      .     <v.\\o(i:i'iiaij;s, 

04.    Oenus  QUISCALUS   VioiUot. 

•»*  Tlie  ,f   iriiU'sei'iil    Mack   IlirnU'^liuiil. 

(Ill  Ill-Ill  ill  il  (iriirlli.      ,/ altoiit   \x  ini-hcs  lunir  ;  win-^  'h  :  l.iil  !•,  its  lateral 
t'eathers  alioiil  ;'i.l  inches  shorter  than  the  central  <in<->  :   liill  alfonl  If.    Texas, 


Fin.  I'll.    <iri-al  l;ii|i'.|  i.r.ii  lie 

ami  southward.  It  iiiayproM'  only. -in  evln-nie  I' •nn  of  tin-  fnllnwin;:  species, 
liul  presents  tlimensiiHis  that  the  latter  has  not  ^iiown.    lli>..  I'.'tt.  MAciioi  itr.><. 

J{i,iii-liii'li'<l  (I'riiiklr.  ./(ir/.iliiir.  J  l.'iA-17  lon:» :  winL'inMl  t.-iil  7-x  ;  hill 
ahoul  \S  ;  j^radiiation  of  the  tail  nnder  •">  inches  :  |.ir-u->  m  arly  J.  'niildle  toe 
:iml  claw  ahoni  the  same:  the  ireiieral  iridescence  ;rreen.  purple  or  vinhl 
mainly  on  the  head.  9  asl(inishin;:ly  smaller  than  (lit  ,^  ,  l.-nkin;;  entirely 
the  irrcat  development  of  the  tail,  .iml  easily  |o  !«•  :iii>t.'ikcii  fur  <f  jutrpinriis, 
hut  is  rarely  so  jrlossy  ;  li'-l.i.j;  win;.' .'it-ti ;  tail  ri-."»A.  9  and  yonn^' apt  to 
he  ijuile  liniwn,  only  hlaekish  nu  the  wini."  and  tail.  h<|..w  >.'r.i\  i>h-lirn\\  n. 
fre(|iiently  wlii'cMii'L:  <n  the  thioat  and  lucast.  ."^oulli  Atlantic  ami  (iulf 
Slates,  on  the  coa-t  ;  striilly  maritime,  ahiMidant  :  .\.  n-L'iilarly  to  tin-  < 'aro- 
lina->,  freiiuenily  to  the  Miikllc  districts,  hut  i»>i  to  New  Kii;r|and  iis  currently 
reported.      Ai  i>..  iv,  .'1:',  pi.  !':.'<• :    lli>..  .'>.'i.'> ma.h>1!. 

I'lir/ili  (liitililf.  (l'l.\rr.  v,  liLrs,  I,  .>,  I,  ."•,  I",  .>'»,  I'/.  .'»'».  1  t  l.'-i;!; 
vviiiL' averaiiinir  ''H  :  tail  •'' t  :  hn.  cither  IV.  .-i  .'<  to »; :  hill  .-ihout  I  ]  ;  tir-u--  \l[  ; 
^raduiilion  of  the  tail  \h  or  lcs>  :  9  ll-'_';  >>irii:  ahout  .1;  tail  .dtoiil  \\. 
Iridivscene<'  of  the  male  vn-ia!ilc  i\  iih  aire,  imm-om  and  other  ciriMrMsiances, 


.as  I  .'x.c-jfx'M  i.3dij%*^'.«'. 


y 


vtpxia 


P.W'llli    MiiBm. 


COItVIO.i;,    (ItnWS    AM)   .IA>>.  —  liKN.    '.t|. 


ini 


liiil  it)  llic  iidiills  ;il\v;iy-i  intense,  iinliiiiiiix  <i>  liron/v,  pni-|<Iis|i  or  violel  riillier 
tll.'in  the  imirnriu  ;:reen  of  the  hist  sjiccie-i  ;  9  l)|;lcUi«ll-lil'n\vil,  sometimes 
qiiiln    lustrous.       Ivisteni    I'nilcd    Stales,    ainmdant 

and     ^'eiierajly     distiiliiited.    mii;ratory,    irrciriU'loUf*.  n^ 

Wii.s.,  iii.  It.  pi.  21,  f.  I  :   Nirr.,  i,  i:i|  :   Ai  i...  iv.  "^ 

riM,  pi.  i':>|  ;    Ui>.,  , ">.'(.') niM'i  i:i:rs.  /-) 

N'ar.   M.i.  I  I -.      (ri.Mi;  \,   I'l'^s.  -J.  Ci,  -.'-i,  fl.i.)      Siniilai';  ,'' 

«vei'M;.nn;^  siiiMller,  linl  iliiiieiisiuns   iuosenlatin'^  witii  lliosc  ^>^  -___ 

of  llie   last  ;   liill    rcl:iliM'ly  lai'LTer,  or  at    least  JoiiLfer,  wifli  ^^ 

more  atteuualeil   and  deenr\fd   li|>.      I'Mmida.      (j.  Ii  iilhm  _ — ^'^ 
\\\i.,  .'(.'it;  ;    (f.    il'jhi  IIS  Mil..   Am.  .lolM'.  Se.    IsCi;,  ,S|  ;     ('\ss., 

Pro.'.  I'liila.  Aead..  IsCC.  |o|;   Wwh.w  w,  il,i, I.,  l.silll,  l:!."..         <'' 

(M;-.,      'I'lie   (^iii.iriiliiH  iiiiiiis,  lalels'  descrilieil   as   a    new  "^^ 

t<|iecies  liy  .Mr.   I!id;.'\vay  (/.  «•.  I.'i  I ).  a|)pear>  to  lie  liase.! 
U|ioii  a  speeial  plnnia'^e  of  (J.  iniriiiirin.i ;  aiiij  sinei'  it  dot's 

llnl.    prove    to  lie  coiilineil,  as  i(s  drs  'rilier   Iteli.  ved,  to  any 

partinilar  r.-jri I   sli.mld  Jn.l-.'  il    n.>l    mlilled  lo  rank      ""   '"'     '•"H"'!' '.'•"••■•"'' 

as  a  '.leo'^rapliieMl  \ariiiy.  Tin'  lirilliMiil  cnlcirati  >•;  is  ili;ii  rep  re>rMlei|  in  .\niln- 
lion'.s  |ilate,  aliove  eited. 


Family  CORVID-ffiJ.    Crows,  Jays,  otc. 

A  rallii'r  iarije  and  iniiiorl;inl  Caniily,  eoinprisinir  sni'li  I'aniiliai'  liirds  as  ravens, 
erows,  roolis,  nia;;pies,  jnys,  willi  llieir  allies,  and  a  lew  diver;;in'j;  lornis  not  so  well 
known  ;  nearly  relali-ii  lo  tin-  fatnons  liirds  of  paradise.  'I'liere  .are  In  prinnu'ies,  of 
wliieli  llie  1st  is  ^Iiort.  ;reni'rally  alioni  hall"  as  lon'^-  .as  tlie  'Jd.  and  He\cr,al  onlei- 
ones  are  more  or  le-:s  >innale-altennale  tni  the  iiincr  welt  toward  the  end.  The 
tail  has  li'  rc'lriees,  as  usual  aiaon;;  lii'j:lier  hirils  ;  it  \;iiii's  inni'h  in  slmpc,  Imt  is 
•^enia'ally  roamled  - -sonietinu's  extremely  <;raihialei|,  .-is  in  the  ina;.rpie,  :uii|  is  nol 
forki'il  ill  any  of  nnr  Inrnis.  'I'jie  t.arsiis  li:n  seiitella  in  front,  sip.a rated  (Hi  one  or 
liotll  sides  I'roiii  the  ri'^l  ul"  llir  t;ir-al  envelope  liy  a  groove,  Komelinies  n.aked, 
siiinetiiiies  tilled  ill  liy  small  scales.  'I'lie  liill  is  sioni,  alioiil  as  lon<r  as  Hie  head  or 
shorter,  laperiie^',  rather  a(aite,  jjenerally  nole|i(>i|,  with  convex  (ailmeii ;  it  lacks  Ijie 
eommis>iiral  an;inlation  of  (he  /■'/•/ii«/////i/"  and  /e^c/i/ic,  the  dec|i  cleavaj^e  of  thn 
lliriiiiiliiiiilif,  \\\t'  slenderness  of  the  ('n-lhiiilif,  >'/>/((/"■.  and  nmst  small  iiiseeliv- 
oioiis  liirds.  'riic  rictus  tisnally  has  n  few  stidlsh  lirlsth's,  aiul  there  are  others 
alioiit  tlie  liase  of  Ijie  liill.  An  essential  I'haractcr  is  kccii  in  the  dense  eoverinii  of 
llie  nostrils  with  lar;;"'lonz  tufts  of  close-pressed  anlrorse  lirislly  li'athers  (exceptinjf, 
;imon;i  oiir  forms,  in  ;;eii.  '.t?.  HX).  These  last  fe.'itnres  dislini;nisli  the  C'lri'iilif 
IVoui  all  ii'.ir  oilier  liiicls  e\ceplin^  J'liriil'f ;  the  nintnal  nscinliliiiae  is  here  so  close, 
that  I  I'Mnml  point  oiil  any  nliviniiH  ieelinii.'d  cliaiactcr  of  external  form  to  distin- 
j;uisli,  for  example,  ('iiiiinirux  from  /.'lyiAoyi/don  >-.  ur  J'li-isinins  from  I'lii'us.  itnt  as 
alrc'idy  remarked  (  p.  7'.'),  .v/:r  is  here  perfectly  distinelive,  all  the  Cnrrlilif  lieiiif^ 
nnich  lary;cr  liinls  than  the  I'lH-iitu-. 

OvxiiiL;  lo  the  nniformily  of  color  in  the  Icadinix  ufroiips  of  the  family,  and  an 
apparent  plasljcily  of  <>i'jani/alion  in  niaiiy  fornis,  the  nunilicr  of  species  is  dilll- 
ciill  to  ilclcniiinc.  Mild  is  \eiy  variously  c-limatcd  liy  dilliicnl  writers.  .Mr.  (i.  I{. 
(ii'MV  admits  upwards  of  two  liniidrcit  spi'cics,  which  he  di>liilMites  in  lifly  <j:cnera 
and  snliicui'ia  ;    Imt  the-.c   (Ionics  are  certainly  exccs-.i\e,  proliMlily  re(|iiiiin^f  redu"- 

M  >     lit    N      '      lllllli-        '.'I 


i  ! 


\i 


i 


]<'.2 


(•«»lrVlli.1,,    ntoWH    .\M»   .lAVS.  —  liKN.    '.t.'i. 


ti'ili    liy  III    Iras)    nlli'-lliil'il,  ill    Ixilll    CIIhcm.      'I'liry    li:i\i'    lu'l'll   <li\iilril    ililii    lUi-   Mlli- 

laiiiilirs  ;  tlii'ff  ol'  tlicHc  tin-  Miiiill  anil  M|i|i:ii'i'iitlv  r-|M'i'iiill/.i'i|  ;:i'iiii|ih  ciiiilini'il  to 
till-  (Mil  Woi'lti,  mIii'I'i'  llicy  iiri'  i'('|>i'i  ^^iiilcil  iii<»t  l!ii';.'('lv  in  tin-  Aiixti':iliaii  ami 
liiili.-iii  rc;.'iiiiis ;  tlio  iillicr  twi>,  ('iiii>tiliiliii^  llic  ^'I'l-at  luilk  df  tin- laiiiily.  air  ninrr 
iifaily  <'i>''iini|>i'lilnii.  'I'Iii'hc  an'  the  Cin-riiiir  anil  (nirnillnir,  rcaUil.V  tlNliiij{iii>li- 
alilr.  at  Irast  mi  far  an  iiiir  I'ihiiih  air  ciiiirii  ni'il. 

Siihf,niiil;i  ('(>ll\  IS.K.     <',-t<ir.i. 

Willi  till'  »iii^M  |iiii<;  ami  iiuinlcil.  nnirli  rxcrciliii;;  tlir  tail,  llir  li|>  fnriiii'il  liy  tlic 
.'(il,  till  an. I  .'illi  i|iiills  ;  tlir  li';;s  siniit,  liltnl  I'm'  walKiii;.'  as  >vrll  a-<  |m  r.  Iiiii^>.  As  a 
rillr,  till'  |illlliia^r  is  miiiiIiIT  nr  al  Ira-I  iiiivai  ir;:Mtril  lijlii',  llii'  <'lial'arlrri->lir  inliir 
of  llu>  JiiVM,  liciii;;  lirir  I'ln*.  Tin'  srM's  all'  alikr,  ami  llir  rliaii;Z('M  <>t°  |iliinia;;i' 
sliv'lit-  AllliiMi'^'li  Iri'linirallv  n'-rilir,  IIii'm'  liililh  ale  lii'^lil\  iiiiliiU'<iral  ;  tin-  Miirc  iif 
tlir  lar;:rr  kimU  is  raiu'niis,  ijimI  uC  lln-  Miiallir  sliiilnil.  'I'licy  IVriiin'iit  all  sitiia- 
tiiiiis,  ami  nalk  liiiiily  an>l  rasily  mi  llir  ^rmiml,  'I'lirv  ari'  aiiimi;;  tlir  most  nearly 
miinixmiiiis  of  l>inls,  ami  as  a  ri>iisi'i|m'm  r,  in  rmiiiri'timi  willi  llicir  lianly  ii'itiiii-, 
tlii'V  all'  lairlv  il'i'MT  lllllv  llli;4ialm\  .  'I'licir  lirslili;^  is  \  ai  iiiils,  ai  rui'iliii^  to 
circiiinNtaiii'i's,  liiit  llir  I'alirir  is  usually  rmlr  ami  Imlky  :  tin- ryjis,  uf  llir  avrrajiu 
oHi'iiic  iiiinilii'i',  air  cuiniiimily  Miiisli  nr  i^it'cnisli,  spi  rklnl.  Alllimi'^li  iinl  |iii>|>- 
nly  •,'irj,';iiiiiiis.  a.s  a  liili',  lliry  kIIi'II  assui'iair  in  lai'^r  niiiiiliirs,  ilia«ii  In^illiiT  liy 
('miiiniinily  nf  inliirst.  In  illiisl;alimi  nl'  this,  may  lir  iiistaiici'il  tlu-  cNlciiHixc 
ri">stin'_'-|i|airs  ill  till'  Allanlir  Slairs,  cmniiarMlilc  In  tlir  innkrlii's  nf  l''.iii'ii|ii', 
wliillui    iiiiini'iisr  ti'iMi|>s  111'  iiutts  ir.smt  nightly,  olli'ii  iVmii  filial  ilistanrrs,  itrall- 

ill^  till'  lilir  line  iif  till'  |M)i'| — . 

••  Till"  liliH'lii'iiliiK  triilii'-  iif  i  r"H  ■•  Ici  llirlr  ii'|ni>«.'' 

05.    QonuH    CORVUB    LinniLUH. 

*,*Tlii>  Hpocit'H  tlii-iiii;;liiiiit  nnit'Driii  liiHlroiis  Maik.  iiirlinlinu  tin'  l>ill  ami  Ifil  ; 
nasal  liiistics  alunil  half  as  |iiii<;  as  llir  liill. 

*  /I'lii'i /IN,  uilli  till-  tliriiiiMratlu'rH  ariito,  lrii;,:tli)'iii'il.  (liscmiiii'i'ti'il, 

Itiivrn.  Alioiit  i  fi'cl  Idii;.';  win;;  lli-JS  imjn's :  tail  alioiit  HI.  Nni'tli 
Aiiin'ica  ;  lint  now  i-arr  in  the  I'liitril  Stairs,  <ms|  nf  tlic  Mississi|i|ii,  ami 
!ilti>;.'i'tli('r  waiilin;:  in  iiinsl  uf  llic  ,"<lati's  ;  l/ilinniur,  iani.'iii^'  soiitliwaiil, 
raii'ly,  aliiii;;  tlic  cilisI  In  IIic  .Miijilii'  disliicls;  v<  ry  al)iiiiilaiil  in  tin-  nmsI, 
lluTf  ;i«'iiofiilly  Hti|>|il.'inlin;.'  the  rinw.  Wii.s.,  ix,  Lli!,  pi.  7.'i,  I'.  ;i  :  \i  it., 
i.  i'(li>  ;  All).,  iv,  7.S,  pi.  -i*\  ;  ilu.  .MK).    ('.  i;ir,,l„l/  Uii.,  .M;a.    «'oiiAX  ( vnr?). 

W hilv-mi l,t il  lldvcii.  .Sniallrr;  ('(iiiccaicd  htists  nf  ccivical  t'l-atlirrs 
jMllt'   wllitr.       .SniltliWi'sti'l  II   r,   .S.       H|(.,  ,')(;,');    ( 'i  H  if. ,  I'N  | .       (  l!V  l"Hi|.i:i  (  I  >. 

^.  ••  ('runs,   Willi    III!'    tliiiiat-lVatlnrs   oval    ami 

■j=r.'-  -^^:.      i,i,.,„i,.,|. 

('ii>ii\      I<.'ii.Mli    l,s-2il:   will''   1.1-1  I:  lail 


.'  alionl  «;  liill  \l-'2,  its  ii.'ii:lil  at  l.asr  ■/ ; 
^(^  tiii'siiN  alioiii  i-t|iial  to  till-  niiiMIc  tor  ami  t-luw. 
^^-  Kasli'iii  N'mtli  Aim-iica,  .  Iiirtly  I".  .S.,  not 
nl  iliiiai'ily  tniiinl  \\«'s(\\ai'il  in  tin*  iiilriinr, 
wImtc  tin-  lavcn  almiimls.  S\  its.,  iv,  7'.',  pl,  i.\  f,  .1;  Niri.,  i,  I'lllt ; 
.\i'i»..   iv,  h7.  pl.  I'l'.'i :  Uii,,  .'iiiC. »     .      .     amI':i;ii- am  .><. 


Kh.    lilt      IliM  ..I  I  I..U 


i 


t 


roKvin.v,  i 


Itows  AM>  .lAVs. — UKN.   '.'•!,  ;i7, 


it;:i 


N'lii'.  ri.oiMMVM*  III".,  .'ids.  rr|iir-<riil-i  Mil'  nfcalcr  irhilivi    ti/f  id'  tlic  liill  iiiiil 
iVi't  sli(i«ii  liv  iiciiiv  liiiil-  III"  |'"|iini|,i  :ii|i|  (■iinr^|iiiiiiliii;i  liililiiilc-*, 

\'iir.  <  \i  HIM  -  III'.,  .'><i'.i  ;  ("Mil'..  •J.s.'i,  is  a  himuHi'I'  i 
lliai'itillli' ;    liisrhuliills  ;    Vnicr  sail!  tu  lie  iliiri'lrlit. 


riiiiii  thf  I'acillf  (oiiMl; 


/•V.s//    f 


Small;    ll-Hi  iiu-lu-rt  juii'' ;   will''   l(»-ll;  tail   ti-7  ;   larsiis 


aliiiiit  I'ljiial  til  iiii<lilli'  till'  al(ii)<< :  a  lian-  >|)ai'i>  aliniil  the  ;:a|)t'?  Smilli 
Allaiitit'  ami  (iiiH'  Slates,  tinrtli  tu  New  l-Jiirl  in'l,  riMiiiiinii  ;  niaritiiiir, 
pisciviiioiis.  A|i|iar(iill\  a  iliircriiil  liini,  as  ii  iiifriils  mhmc  taii;.'ililt>  tlis- 
liiicliiiiiM,  aliliiiiiL'li  ('iiiistaiilly  assuriatcil  with  tlio  la^l.  Wii.s.,  v,  27,  pi. 
."17,  f.  '2;   NiTT.,  i,  '.Mil;   .\ni.,  iv,  !•!,  pi.  I'l'il :   lln.,  ."i71.     .     «»s>int.V(ii  .s. 


00.    aoiuiH    I'ICICOUVUS    Uouapiirlo. 
(Jtiiihi's   Criiir.     (iiay,  ulti'ii  lilcatliiii;;  mi  tlic  lit'ail ;    vviii;r'<  j^lussy  Mark, 
most  III'  tlir   si'iiiii<laiii-s   liniailly  lippril   willi  whil,';     tail  wliili',  tlii>  riiilral 
Irallii'i's  Mark  ;  liill  ami  Irrl  Mark.     .Mmiit 
a  I'lmt  ImiLr;  win;;  7i-M  im-jics ;  tail  M~.'t; 
liill    lij  ;  iia>al  Icatliirs  very  slmrl  I'ni  ilii-^ 
I'ainily  ;  i-laws  vt-ry  lapjrr  ami  tiiiirli  niivnl. 
('.illilrnillH   lull  111    liu-  W'inI,   \.  tu  Sill;:!, 

S.  tu  .Mt'xiin,  K.  tu  .N'l'linwka,  W.  In  the 

CtiaHl    Kan;.'!':    tli<'  AiiK-riraii  ivpr.Hciil,!-  *'"  ""    ""f^-'- '»'«• 

tivf  of  till'  I'Jiriipi'aii  iiiitrrarkri',  Xiiii/'rni/n  i-iiriinrnliirh-t ;  ahiinilaiit,  iiiipcr- 

fnlly  i:i<',i::iii'iii'*.     Wii.s.,  iii,  l".i.  pi.  l'h  ;  Nj  rr.,  i,  iM  »•<!.  I'.'il  ;     Ai  i>.,  iv, 

!_'7,pl.  iM.'i  ;    lll».,  .'■|7.'l  ;   ('imi'.,  •.'S'.l cni.i  Mlil.lNrs. 

U7.    QonuH    QYMNOKITTA    Mnxiiiuhuii. 
Ithir   Croir.      |iiill  Miii',  very  vaiiiiMi'  in  inli'ii-^ity,  iii'arly  iinirumi,  liiit 
lii'i^litrst  (III  till'  liiail.  t'ailini:  on  till'  lirlly  ;   llir  lliinat  uilli  wliitiNli  sd'cakH; 

\\in;.'s  iliisky  nil  III'  iiimr  Wilts;  liill  ami  l<«t 
lilai'k  :  J  ll-l'.':  w  in;;  alimil  il  ;  l.iil  aliiuit  1^  : 
liill  l:\;  9  ."inaliir,  iliilli  r.  ItucUy  Muiintain 
ii'u'iini  ;  mm  II  llir  siiiiic  t-livattMl  tlisliiliiition  as 
tlic  last,  liiit  app.ii'(iill\  ratli"!'  iiii>i'«-  NiMillirrly  ; 
(Iniilt'illy  ;;ii'i:,'iriiiiis,  ami  viTy  alMimltiit  in 
Miiiit'  plan's,  tliiiiivrli  still  raro  in  rulIci'tiiitiH. 
A  rcniarkalili'  liinl,  rninliinin^  tin*  furin  of  a  i-imw  with  tin'  rulur  ami  ratlicr 
till'  lialiits  of  a  jtiy,  ami  a  pi'ruiiirly  sliapcil,  sli'inlci-,  lt'n:.'tln'm'>l  aii<l  i'  iilr 
liill  ;  till'  aiitia'  aii'  pruniiiiriit  ami  suiiu'wliat  aiitrur-ic,  hul  kin  iiul  liiilr  llio 
mi'^trils.     ('.v.srt.,  111.  Id.'i,  pi.  L'.S  ;   Ilii.,  r»7l  ;  CotU'.,  iii-J.    t;v.v.\«>t'Kni.vi.i  s. 


Kli>.   Iii'i.    ntii''  I'liin. 


.Snh/.niiihl  i.AUh'l  l.lX.i:.    ./.,./.,. 

Willi  till'  wiii'.;s  iiiiii'li  sliiirliT  than  ur  alxiiil  i'<|iia!liii'_'  Ihi'  tail,  Imlh  )'niiii<l)'>l,  Iho 
tip  III'  Ihr  »ili'4  riiiiiiril  li\  till'  till  7lli  iinilN.  'I'lii'  I'l'i'l.  as  wi'll  as  Ilir  liill.  arc 
nsiially  wraki'i'  than  In  tin-  Irih'  ri'uWM,  aii>l  (he  hinls  arr  nioii'  Htiiclly  urlNHifule, 
ihmhIIv  ailvinirin>;  liy  Iraps  whrii  mi  the  ;:iiiiiiiil,  In  whicli  ihcy  il<i  imi   haliiliiitlly 


'  ! 

1 

! 

i 

ir.i 


I  (i|;\  in.l,,    »  IIIIWS    AMI    .lAVS. (ii;N.    I'S,    '.•'.•. 


icHiiri.     Ill  kliikiii;,'  riiiiti':i-<l  111  iim-^l  ( 'urriim .  llic  jiiys  hit  iimiiiIIv  liii>N  nl'  luinhi 

mill  ^ll'ikill^  Coltil'H,  IIIIKill^r  wllii'll  lilllr  is  till'  iiiiihI  priilllllH-Ilt,  mill  llir  llt'llil  is 
rrri|lli'lilly  cir^tl'il.  'I'lir  st'M'S  iili'  ti<'Mll\  MJIKr,  iiliil  llii'  l'lltlli;:i'^>  iif  |ilUMI!l^r  ilii  lliil 
:t|i|M'm'  III  lie  its  ^Mr:il  its  i>.  iisiimI  iiiiiuii;^  iii;:lllv  ('iiJMri'il  liiiiU,  !iltiiiiii;:li  miMii-  ilillrr- 
riici'M  till'  ri<*i|iii'iilly  iili>ri'>;ililr.  Oiir  well  kiiiiwii  liiiM'Jiiy  is  a  rmiiiliar  illiiMtniliini 
ul"  III!'  Ii.'iliil-  ami  liails  uC  Ilic  >|it'i'irs  in  ;;t'iH'ial.  'I'liry  arc  ruliliil  in  lim-l  pallH  id' 
till'  »ii|li|,  ainl  rcarli  liiiir  lii;:lii'st  ilr\i'lii|iiiii'iit  in  llir  waiiiii'i'  |iiii'|iiins  tif  Anii'i'ira. 
Willi  one  liiiical  t'xct'|»liiiii   ( I'li'imni  ii.H),  llic  j;cin'ia  ul"  tlir  ( )|i|  anil  NfW  Wmlil  arc 

ctitilrlv  ililli'lrlil. 

It   i--  |irii|irr   III   iili-rlM'.  Ilial,  wliili'    llii'  AlMrlicall    Ciiiriiiif  Mini  diin-iiliiiii  ,  U|iii|i 

wliicli  till'  riirc;.'iiiii;;  |iara;'ra|iliH  arc  in.'iinly  drawn  ii|i,  air  nailily  ili.sti'.i;:iii>lialilr, 
the  i-liaiarlrrs  ;;ivi'n  niav  ri'>|iiii'i'  niuiljlii'aliiiii  in  llirir  a|i|iliratiiin  tn  tliruliMli' 
raiiiily,  till'  ilillrnnt  liixi^imis  ol'  uliirli  .'i|i|ii'mi'  to  inlfr;.'rai|i'  clnsi'ly. 

08.    OonUB    PSILOUIIINU8    Ruoppol. 
/Irnirii  Jill/.      Smnl^y  liniwii.  ilaikci  mi  lirail,  lailinu'  mi  Im-IIv  ;   wIiilts  ami 
l.'iil  u  illi  liliii^ii  ,L.'ln~^  :    Ml!  ami  Ircl  Mark,  .Mitii('liiiir>  yillnw  ;  almiil  l(i|iiii;r; 
win;.'    IS;    tail  f>\,   in'nli    ^latliiali'il  ;    liiil    l|,vcry  .-Imil  :    ims/iil^  im/.n/; 

liiail  iiiirn'>lri|.      K'iii  (iramic  N'allcy  anil 
.siiiiliiwaitl.      I'lii.,  'i!)i'.     .      .      .      .M<ii;i<). 


01).     Olmuh    riCA    UriFKon. 

.\/ii'/jiii.  |,li,s||()lis  Mark,  U  illi  ;:l('i'ii, 
|iii!'|ili'  ami  viiilcl,  ami  even  l'hIiIi'Ii 
iiiili'Mi  llic,  oiuriaily  mi  llic  tail  ami 
\vin,L'- :  licliiw  I'rmn  tlic  lii(';i>l,  a  Ma|i- 
iiiar  pali'li.  ami  cil^^iii;.'  ><(  llic  i|iiill>, 
white  ;  Millie  uliili.-li  Imirlics  mi  Ijic 
lliriial  ;  liiil  ami  lict  Mark.  I.ciii^ili  l.'i 
III'  L'O  inches,  aiiiPiiliii;,'  In  the  iIcM'Iii|i- 
iiicnt  di'  the  tail,  uliiili  is  a  t'lml  or  less 
Inn;:,  exiieniely  ^rrniiiialed  ;  win;.'  iiImhiI 
^,  the  niiler  priniaiy  slmii,  .-lemlcf, 
ami  lahalc.  Arctic  .\nierica,  ami  I'.  S. 
IVnlii  I'laili-  tn  I'ai  ilic,  cxcejil  ( 'alil'iil  Ilia  : 
CO  ill  III  nil.  \\'ii.>.,  iv,  7.'i,  pi.  ',\'t  : 
Nin..  i,  I'l'.t;  ,\i  i..,  iv,  W,  pi.  2-'7  ; 
Mit.,  .'■|7t! \iKi.\Nui.i.i  (A  var.  iiiii.s(»\HA. 

\'ar.  M  II  Ml  II.  )'i  lliiir.liilliil  Miiijiiii  .  Itill  \ellip\\  ;  nllierwisc  precisely  like  tlie 
last.  III'  wliii'ii  il  i<  a  pel  peliiati'il  aiciilelit  !  '  'I'lie  I'jiiupcaii  .Ma;.!pic  snllietillliw 
slinws  the  s.'iiiii'  tilin;;.  aiiil  in  sniiie  nllicr  specie^,  like  /'.  mniin,  llic  liill  is  iinlilfer- 
eiitly   I. lack   in    \i'llnH.     Calil'iiiiiia.     Ain.,  iv,  Hll.pl.  'JJH;   Ni  i  r.,  i.  "Jii  I'll., '.Mil  ; 

ltl>..  .'uM  ;    Ciinf.,    :.".l.i. 

Oil".  'I'lie  ( 'iiliiinliiiin  .Maj.'pie,  I'mi  Imllurl.ii  nf  Alli..  i\.  Id.'i.  pi.  •J-Jll.  ami 
Nl  rr..  i,  •.'•.'•••  is  the  l'iil>i,,'ll,i  inlliii.  a  liia;,'aillceli(  spn  ies  nl'  the  West  (ohmI  uC 
M«'Xirii,  errnlieiillsh    altl  llilllol   In  (  'alil'orililt  Mini  Orciriin. 


l-'ii.   Iim.    \\.i^\A 


I 


(  i»||\  iD.i;,   cljftw.s   AM>   .1  VVS. — (ir.V.    Kid,    litl. 


k;:. 


100.    QomiH    CYANUllUS    SwnliiHon. 

•  ,  •  ('i>li'<|iiiMi(iii>lv   iir^li'il  ;    «in;,'-i    mill    \:i\\    lililf,   lihirk-liailcil  ;    liill    jitlil    Iri'l, 

lihii'k.     I.i'ii^tli  II    l:> :  will'/  III'  lull  .'i    r,. 

/lliii  Jii'/,  I'iii|ili.-.li-lilii('.  lit'Ims  iiMJc  |iiiriili>li-;ii;iy,  wliilriiiiij:  mi  tin- 
lliniMl,  lii'lly  ami  cii-^siiiii  :  a  Mark  nillar  ari'u^s  iju'  Inwrr  llnnat  and  up  tlii' 
nitlcs  til'  ihr  iii'i'k  Mini  licail  luliiiiil  llic  cit"-!,  and  a  liiaik  I'nintlct  iMitdrrt'd 
witli  \vliili>li;  \\iii;:s  and  tail  |iiiri'  rirli  liliir,  willi  Mack  liar-,  llic  irrcalti' 
('uvcil-',  siTiiiidaiirs  and  lad  I'callii  r-,  f\('r|il  llic  ccnlral,  Initadly  ti|i|iiMl  wilji 
|iiii'i'  wliili';  tail  iiiiK'li  rniiiiiji'd,  llic  i/radiialiuii  nscian  inch.  IOa>lcrn  .N'tntli 
America,  «'.-|iccially  llic  I'nilcd  Stales,  cvciv  wlicic  almndant.  NVii.s.,  i,  2, 
pi.  1,  r.  1  ;  .\ti).,  iv,  ll(>,  pi.  :';ll  ;    .\rrr.,  i.  ■JJ\  :    Mn.,  .'nSd.     ciiisiATis. 

,S/,/lirs  ./ill/.  SiMity  limwn.  darker  ini  llie  liead,  passini,'  insensilily  into 
ricli  Miic  nil  the  I'uinp  ami  licjnw  riiuii  llie  lirca-l  :  wiiii^s  and  tail  deep 
pi'iis^ian  Mile,  willi  Mack  hais  (  waiitiiii.'  in  very  \  luiiiLr  l>ii'd>):  clot  laced 
with  Miinc  lijiie  tiiiiches,  and  llinial  \\illi  Nuine  \\liili>h  -Ircak-^  :   ini  wliile  (in 


r;i.-  |ii7.     >li'llri''<  .l.iy:  I'niK    M'-lr.|  v.iiirli, 

the  cycJiiU  :  tail  ninijeialciy  rnitiidcd  :  cir~l  almiil  Iwn  inches  joni;  when  lull 
;.ri'<iwii.  W'e^lein  Nni'lh  Aiiiciica  ;  the  lypiiai  Mid  lallicr  iKirtlierly.  Ni Tl'., 
ii,  -'Jit;  Ari>.,  iv,  lii7,  pi.  I'.'Ut;  |{i>.,  .Vs|  ;  ('uui-.,  l'II.h.  .  .  sir.i.i.riMi. 
\'ar.  M  M  iiiii.iii'iM  s.  /,>i/ii/-i'/'i  .^^  (/ ,/i(</.  Sjiiiihir;  iieail  i|iiilc  Mack  ;  eicsl  Imc^ri'? 
llic  laciii;;  liliiisli-wliili',  ami  •.uiiir  u  liilc  luinlic^  mi  llic  i'\i'lii!>.  Sniillicni  i;iiik\ 
.Miiinitaiii  ici;iiiii.  Mil.,  ."i.s_>  ;  j'a.i  ..  |i|.  17:  (  'hic,  ;;iiu  ;  ('.>ii..  Ain.  Nal.  v.  I.s7l. 
770. 

101.     OoiuiH    APIIELOCOMA    CiibaniH. 

•,*  Niil  crcNJcil  ;   wiic^s  :iiii|  l.iil   Miic,  mil  lialicil. 

/■'Iiiiiilii  Jill/.  nine;  liaii\  with  a  iaiLic  well-delincd  irray  palch,  liciiy 
and  sides  pah-  ^.nayish,  under  taii  cdVerlH  and  tiliiu'  hliie  in  niaiked  cdnli-.i-t  ; 
iiincli  hiiai'v  vvliiti-'li  nn  t'liiclicad  and  sides  nl' crown:  chin,  tlirnal  and  iniddh- 
oC  lireasl  xML'tic  -Ircaky  whili-h:  iar-cn\erls  dii^ky  :  tlic  Mnc  tiial  s<'cins  In 
eiicil'ele  the  licad  and  neck  Well  dcliiii  d  aLiaiii^l  the  t:iay  ol'  hack  and  hrc.-isl  ; 
liill  iiiinparalivcly  shnil,  very  slniit  at  llie  !ia>e.      .Miuiil   12:    \\\w^  't  or  less; 


^ 


I 


I  M 


•  iiiivrK.r.,  nt<»\vs  ,\si».r\vs, — tn:s.    Inj,   lo.'l. 


I'J<.    I'».     I'l Ill  .la.\. 


tail  iiImiiiI  iI,  iihkIi  i'iiiiiii|*-i|  ;  hill  iilniiil  I.  I''liii'iil;i  (uinl  (iiilf  Slatt's?), 
aliiiiKlant.  Ni  n  .,  i,  iMii ;  At  i>.,  iv.  Mm,  pi.  :.':i:i  ;  lli>.,  A.si;.  i  i.i)i:ii>.\na. 
\':ii'.  \\ii<ii>iiiii  -II.  'I'lir  ilinsal  jiatrli  ilai'l\.  ■•iiiiicw  hat  ;;li)s>>i'il  willi  liliic,  sliailiii^ 
iiilii  llir  Mill'  i>r  >iirii>iiiiiliii^'  |iai't-;  iiiiiIit  jiai'ts  rallicr  ilarki-r.  •«i)iiirtvliat  liliiinli- 
;;i'a y  ;   tlir  ImII  ruMils  pair   li|iii-li   liiil  mil    riiiilra>ti'il  ;  tiii  tlir   liirasl  Ihc   liliic  ami 

l^iay  sliailiii;;  iiilii  cacli  utliri',  (In-  ;;iilai'  am!  |icrliii'al 
Mli'ciiks  whitiNJi  tiiiil  wt'll  lii'lliii'il,  the  Huiicrcillaiy  iiiii' 

ili'lillilr  uliitc.  lull  Mil  hital'V  nil  rnirlii'ail  ;  111 II  sIiMhIi'I'IT, 
SiMilliiTii  l»in'l>y  .Mniiiilaiii  ir^;ii)ii.  Ilii.,  ."i.s.'i.  |il,  '»',l ; 
(  IIIII-.,  ."iill. 

\'ar.  <' vi.iKiiiiMr  V.  < 'iili/iiriiiii  .A/'/.  'I'lic  ilmwal 
jiati'li  li;;lil  ami  ili.stiiirl  »•*  in  true  jhn-iiUtun,  liiil  Ilir 
iimlcr  |iai'tH,  Inrliiiliii;;  lail  mvi'i'lM  ami  tiliiii*,  nearly 
wliili' ;  ;:iilar  sliraKs  wry  laiv;r,  av'!,'rt'Halcil,  aiiil  wliilc, 
i'aii-<iii;4  this  |iaii  lo  lie  iiraily  iiiiirnnii ;  a  \vliili'  nii|ii'|-- 
ciliaiy  liiii'.  Iiiil  III!  liiiMiv  nil  riii'clirail,  as  \u  ifiiiiilliniinii ;  liilj  slcinifi'.  'I'Iiiih  il  i>< 
Ki't'ti  lliat  ''::.'li  iil'llii'  liiii'i'  rut'iiis  |in>sriits  axai'viii;;  i'iii|i|iaHiM  uf  coiiiimni  rliar- 
arlfix.     j'acilir  (nasi.  I  .  s.      Ai  n..  iv,  ll.'i.  |il.  -.'.Il' ;   lti>..  .1^1  ;  Cuiir.,  .idj. 

.S'ii//frs  .///'/.  r>ii;:lil  liliif,  Miiicciy  tliillcr  (»ii  tin-  iiiidilir  nf  llic  hack, 
hcjiiw  uliili',  liic  llniial  aihl  hri'a>l  liiiirnl  wiih  hliic.  {.ciiltIIi  •••:  wiiii;  (IH  ; 
t.'iil  ahiiiil  llic  >aiiii',  niiiiiili'il,  llii'  LTailiialiuii  nearly  an  iiirli :  laiMis  I'rJ  ; 
hill  1,  its  liciulil  at  hax!  nearly  A.     Mn.,  .').s7  ;   Coui'.,  iin.'i.     .      .     .mhmiiha. 

Oils.      Niil    li:i\iii^  seen   lliis  sjieeics,  I  take  (he  iiaiiie  ami  ile!sei'i|i.  inn   rrmii  (he 
wmks  I'ilnl,  wiiliiiii'  raisin;;  llie  i|iiesliiiii  uC  ils  it-lation- 
Nliips  Id  its  allies,  eslieeially  ' '.  iilhiliiiiiriiiiis. 

102.  GonuH  XANTIIOUHA  Boniiparto. 
liid  (iruiiili  .hti/.  (irccii,  helow  <j:r<'i'nisli-yc||i»\v, 
inside  of  the  wind's  and  all  the  tail  I'eallieis  exeept 
the  central  pair,  clear  yellnw  ;  cmwii,  nape  and 
stripe  from  hill  to  eye,  rich  hine  ;  Inreiiead  hnaiy 
wliite;    rest   of   tile   head  and   whiije  thnnil  velvety 

hiack  :  ceiitial  tail  feallicrs  irreeni-li-l.!iie  ;  hill  hlick':       ^"'  "''    " '"i"  •^':  • 

leet  dark.  .Miuiit  II  ion!.' :  wiiii.'  \S,  nniiideij,  willi  ilniiir.ilcd  inner  i|nil|s  : 
tail  "i,  ;,nadnated  an  inch  nr  iiiine  :  hill  very  slmrl  and  stout.  Soiilherii 
'Fexas  and  soiilhward.     Cass.,  ill.  i,  pi.   1  ;    jlii.,  .'i.s:t.    vncas  var.  i.i  xi    ».«a. 

103.  QoniiH  PERISORKUS  Bonapnrto. 
('iiiiiidd  Jill/.  \\'/ii.i/,ri/  .link,  (iray,  whileiiinx  anieiiiirly,  with  a  darker 
nuchal  area  ;  wiiiirs  and  lail  pliimheoii-,  the  leathers  ohsciirely  tipped  with 
whilish;  hill  and  feel  hlack.  Yniiini  niiieli  darker,  sooty  or  smoky  hiowii  ; 
tlie  hleachiiii:  proi.'resses  iiidelinitely  with  aire.  lO-ll  lonir ;  win;,'  •'»;!-''; 
tail  rather  more,  irradiiated  ;   tarsiis  I  ,\  ;   hill  under  1,  shiiped  like  a  lit  mouse's. 

Arctic  Ann  rici,  into  ihe  N.  Stales.  .S.  ;ilnn;.'  ihr  {{ocky  .Moimtains  to   |i)    I 

perhaps  t'lirlhcr;  Ineeds  in  Maine  in  winter.  Wii.s.,  iii,  ;i;{,  p|.  lM  ;  Niit., 
i.  -IWl;    ,\t  1).,  iv,  liM,  pi.  2;il  ;    15i>.,  .'iKO  ■  Cuoi-.,  M)l .       .       canadensis. 


I 


t 


I 


! 


1 


I  YUANMh.r.,    ir.V<\T(||Klt«. 


1(17 


Oil".      St'Vi'l'iil    iliMilinlilll    H|ii'('ii'S  III'  Jiiy-<  lia\t'  liri'll    ii'^rrilicil  In  our  rullllll  v,  Iml. 

ii|i|i!ii'i'iitl,\  ii|iiin  ill"!!!!!!'!!'!!!  i'\iili'iH'c  nr  cn'oiii'iiu'*  iiil'iiiiiiiiliiiii. 

.S'i(/»iyv/i  ;•  ('I.AMAI'Olti'.S.      \iiii-mi  liiilliiii.i  I'lismri'S, 
An  iilrriiily  iiiliiii.'ilnl  (ji,  7(1),  till-  t'HNciiliiil  ('liiii'iii'li'i'  III'  tliU  irnnii),  mm  ili'<liii' 

friliNJii'il    I'l'iilli  O.siiiiiM,  is  Mil  Mli^tiiliiii'iil  nlir Il'<i'<lill^  ill  llir  lli>ll-i|rvrlii|illll'lll  (if  It 

Mill^;ili)J  :i|)|iilllili|'»  ;  Ilir  xiiiiil  liill-'rIrH  III'  llir  jciMiT  hiiyiiN  (■<;iiiii.i)  lii'ili'J  ■^IIImII  :iiii| 
Wrak,  III'  I'Nr  rollllill^i  -illllily  !l  llil;;i'  lI^•^lly  MI:i-s,  nnl  sr|i;ir.iln|  into  |i:nlirlll:ir 
IIIIIHcli')*,  'I'liiH  rliMl'iii  Irr,  liii\vi'\rl',  lijijiiMlI'M  Nllliji'i-t  III  Niiiiii-  iiiu'i'il.'iililv  <>r  ilrlci'- 
iiiiiiiilii<ii.  !iiiil  jiiiiIi.'iIiIn  iliii'-^  mil  mInmi\  s  i'iii'i'i's|iiiiii|  wiih  l|ii<iiiilv  I'vlriiiiil  iliiiiMrli'r 
a^>i;.;iiulilr  In  llir  ;rr<><l|)<  liaiiirly,  II  rri'l.'illi  rnlnlil  inn  nl'  Ijir  IiiinmI  i'll\rlii|ir  I'alrly  if 
over  Hl't'li  in  lllr  lii;illi'|-  I'lHSfi'tS,  IT  Ihi'  |i"^'  nl'  a  Uiii^liiiij,  I'nr  i'\aill|)li'.  In-  rinscly 
l'\aillillri|,  it  will  III'  sri'll  rnViTnl  with  a  Inw  nl"  Hrnli'lja  I'linilill,'  r\  lillilriral  plulrs 
t'iililiiiiinii>ly  <'ll\rln|iiii;;  llii>  latNiis  liKi'  a  Ni>;;iiii'iilr(|  ki'IhII,  aiii|  --linniii;;  mi  il.H 
|Mintcril-illtcnitll  I'lli'l'  II  llr«'|l  filniiM'  wliirr  t||(>  filfrfHiif  llir  rll\r|n|ii'  inini-  |n;r|>tl|C|- ; 
lllis  ^'I'nnM'  M  iili'iiili;^  ililn  :i  iiaki'il  sjiarr  aliiiM',  iiai'lially  lillril  in  ln'liiinl  with  ii 
I'liW  of   Mlliall     jllati'S,       Wit'        nllir     lliilinr     niniljliralinns,   lliis    rnlnlilinli     lliaiKs    till' 

I'liitiiiitni'iiil  liii'iU,  mill  is  sntiirlliiii};  laii^ilily  ilillriiiil  I'lnni  llir  nnlinaiy  n*<ritiii 
cliaiarliT  of  llir  tal><l|s,  wliirli  i'ii||si.>,ts  in  llir  |in'-.i'|irf  nil  llii>  sjilcs  nl'  rlilil'i' 
cnnii'iiiiH  iaiiiiiia-  iiirrliii^  lii'liiinl  ill  ii  hiiMi'ji  i'iil;.'r ;  iiml  t'M'ii  wlii'ii,  im  in  tlic 
ctlHt*  III'  /■,'(•< /ii'iyi/ii'/i I  ainl  .\iii)iill.i,  lliiTi'  is  I'Nli'iisiM'  siilMJiv  i^inii  iif  ||ir  jaiiiiiia' 
on  till-  hiili-s  III-  lii'hiiiii,  till'  an'an^n'iiii'iil  ilm-s  imt  i-\iiclly  tiiiswi'i'  In  llir  !il<ii\ii 
ili'si'ri|iiiiiii,     'I'hv  < 'III iii'iinrr.^  ifjin'si'iil  llir  linvi'-<t   /'ii.i.sr/'i.v,  ii|i|ii'narliiii^  llir  lai^i* 

Ol'ili'l'  I'iriiriii  (mt  lii'\iini|)  ill  till'  -.Irjis  liy  wllirll  I  liry  li'rnlr  I'lnlii  Om-Iiii  s,  y\  Will 
Hi'jiaiiilcil  riniii  till-  I'irai'iaii  liinls.  'I'lir  raiiiitirs  rnni|iiisiii<r  |||i>  snlini'iliT,  as 
(■nliiliiiilily    irri'ixi'il,  air    I'l'W  in    llllllllirr;    nllly  nni'  nl"  llli'lll   is  ri'|iri'Si'||li'i|    in   Nnrlli 

Aiiu'iii'u,  iiiirlli  III'  Mi'\ii'n, 

Family  TYUANNID/B.    Flycatchers. 

While  liavill'^'  a  rln-.c  ;;rl|i|al   Irscllllpiailil'  In  snilir  nl'   llli'   rnlT^nin;,'   ill^i'i'l  i  \  nl'nils 

/ViMNcCfK,  till*  Nni'tli  Aiiirl'ii'aii  irjiirM'iilaliM's  III'  lliis  raiiiily  ^^iil  ''•'  in-<tanll\  <li>tiii- 

^'llislifil  liy  till'  alMiM'-ili"<i'l  ilii  i|  rnliililinn  ill'  llli'  laislls;  ami  I'lnni  llir  liil'<|s  III' 
till'  rnl|n«iii'j;  iililiT  liy  llli'  l'a-i>iiilii'  rliai  ai'tris  nl'  twrhi'  I'i'itl  iris,  liimli  r  \>inj» 
ciivi'ils  lint  iimii'  lliMii  hair  as  Iniiy;  (IS  till'  Hi'iniirlaiii's,  ami  liiml  il.i«  iml  ■-iiiallvr 
than  thr  niiiMIr  rlaw  . 

This  la  llli  I  \  i--  prrnliar  In  Almiica  ;  il  i-.  niu'  nl"  Ihr  iiinsi  i'\tiiisi\i'  ainI  I'liaiarlrr- 
islic  ^t'liiijis  111"  its  ;.'iail''  ill  111!'  Ni'W  W'nilil,  Ihi'  'I'liiiiKjiiilii  a. Ill  'rmfliiliilir  »\tiuv 
ii|i|)rnai'liiii;;  il  in  lhr-<i'  i'i'-|ii'i'ts.  'I'lu-i'i-  nrr  iimt  rmii'  hiiinlrnl  riirri'iit  sjirrii'S, 
ili>li'ilintr<l   Miiinii^  aliniil   a    hiimli'i'il    ^'i-iiria    ami    siili'^'i'iii'ia.      As   NVrll    as    |    ran 

Jllil^i'  at  jilrM'Ml.al  IfllHl  I  \\ii-tlli|i|s  III'  llir  •-|M'i  ii'S  air  \alii|,  nr  Xiiy  .sllnir^ly 
liialiiril  i^rn^iajihli'al  rtll'CM,  llir  Irliiaimlrl'  lirinu  aliniil  ri|nall\  ili\ii|ri|  lii'lwi'i'ii 
slight  vai'irlirs  aiiil  iiirrr  synniiyins.  ( )iily  a  small  ri'a<;niriil  nl'  thr  I'aniilN  is  i'r|ii'r- 
Hi'iilt'il   within  mil'  liiiiils,  <{i\iii;;  Iml  a  \a;;iir  iilra  nl'  thr  niiiminiis  ami   sin^^nlaily 

(livi'l'silinl  rmilis  aliniiiiilill^  ill  ll'iijiiral  Allirliia.  .Sniiir  nl'  llirsr  ^raili'  so  rlnsrly 
lowanl  iilhrr  t'atllilirs,  thai  a  sllirl  ilrliliitimi  ni'  llir  'I  iii-iinniil"  lirrnnirs  rNlrmirly 
ililllrlill  ;  aiiil  I  am  iml  |i|'r|iai'ril  In  nll'i'i-  a  salixrarlmy  ilia<;iinsis  nrthr  whnir  ^'rniiji. 
Our  H|irrirs,  ImwrM't',  ai'r  rlnsrly  I'l'latnl  In  rarli  nlhir,  ami  may  I'raililv  lir  ilrlilii'l 
ill  II  llllllllirr  llllMWrl'ill^  thr  ri'i|llil'i'liii'lits  nl'  thr  |iirii'iit  \nllinir,  W  il  h  a  |iii>''-ili|r 
t^\rr|llil)ll,   lint     lirrrssaiy    In   iii-ist     iijinii    in    llii>.    rmiiirrtinii,  liny   (|t'lnn;r    In    ihr 


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Photographic 

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TVItANMD.i:,    rr.YCATCIIKIIS. 


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S„l,f„u,n;i   TVHAXXr.WE,    Tnu-  T;im:!ts, 

]ii("iriiliiii!;  tlic  liillouini;  cliiiractcrs  : — 'Wiiiu^:^  of  10  i>riiiiMrios,  the  1st  iievor  spurious 
iiur  \cry  sliort.  one  m-  more  IVciiiiciitly  cmariiiiiate  or  attcmiato  on  lliu  inner  web 

near  tlio  end.  Tail  of  12  reetrices,  usually  nearly  oven, 
sometimes  deeply  forlicate.  Feet  small,  weak,  exclu- 
sively fitted  for  pereliing  ;  the  tarsus  little  if  any  longer 
than  the  middle  toe  and  ehiw,  the  anterior  toes, 
especially  the  outer,  extensively  coherent  at  base. 
Bill  very  broad  and  more  or  less  de|)ressed  at  the  base, 
and  tapering  to  a  line  point,  tluis  presenting  a  more  or 
-^  less  perfectly'  triangular  otillino  when  viewed  from 
above;  the  tip  abru|)tly  dellected  and  usually  plainly 
iiotchcil  just  behind  the  bend;  the  culmen  amooth  and 
rounded  transversely,  straight  or  nearly  so  lengthwise, 
except  towards  the  end ;  the  commissure  straight  (or 
slightly  curved)  except  at  the  end  ;  the  gonys  long,  flat, 
"fl-L-J  not  keeled.  Nostrils  small,  circular,  strictly  i)asal, 
^3  overhung  but  not  concealed  by  bristles.  ^I(jutli  capa- 
cious, its  roof  somewhat  excavated,  the  rictus  ample 
and  deei)ly  cU'ft,  the  commissural  point  almost  beneath 
the  anterior  border  of  the  eye.  Kictus  besot  with  a 
number  of  long  stilf  bristles,  sometimes  reaching  nearly 
to  the  end  of  the  bill,  but  generall3-  shorter,  and  llaring 
outward  on  each  side;  there  are  other  bristles  or 
bristlc-tiiiped  fealhers  about  the  base  of  the  bill.  The 
bill  is  very  light,  gives  a  resonant  sound,  in  dried 
Fi(i.iii).  Kniiirjrin.'iiM.nnrpninarics  specimens,  wlicu   ta[)ped,  and   on  being  broken  open, 

the  upper  mandible  will  be  found  extensively  hollow. 


ill  Tiii'itniiitltv.. 


These  several  peculiarities  of  (he  bill  are  the  more  obvious  and  important  features 
of  the  groiq) ;  and  will  prevent  our  small  olivaceous  flj'catchers  from  being  con- 
founded with  insecUvorotis  Oscines,  as  the  warblers  and  vireos. 

Tlie  structure  of  the  bill  is  admirably  adapted  I'or  thecai)ture  of  winged  insects; 
the  broad  and  deeply  fissured  mandibles  form  a  capacious  mouth,  while  the  long 
bristles  are  of  service  in  entangling  the  creatures  in  the  trap  and  restraining  their 
struggles  to  escape.  The  slui|)e  of  the  wings  and  tail  confers  the  i)ower  of  rapid 
and  varied  ai'rial  evolutions  necessary  for  the  successful  pursuit  of  active  flying 
insects.  A  little  ]iractice  in  ficM  ornithology  will  euidile  one  to  recognize  the 
llycatehers  from  their  habit  of  perching  in  wail  for  their  prey  npoii  some  prominent 
outi)ost,  in  a  peculiar  attitude,  with  the  wings  an<l  tail  drooped  and  vibrating  in 
readiness  for  instant  action  ;  and  of  dasliiig  into  the  air,  seizing  the  passing  insect 
with  a  quick  movement  and  a  dick  of  the  bill,  and  then  returning  to  their  stand. 
Although  some  Oscines  have  somewhat  the  same  hal)its,  these  pursue  insects  from 
place  to  pl.aee,  instead  of  i)erching  in  wait  ai  a  particular  s|)ot,  and  their  forays  are 
not  made  with  such  admirabU'  iVk/i.  I)e[H'Udent  entirely  \\\wn  insect  food,  the 
species  are  necessarily  migratory  in  our  latitudes  ;  they  appear  with  great  regularity 
in  spring,  and  (le[)art  on  the  fu-st  approach  of  cold  weather  in  the  fall.  They  are 
distributeil  over  tem|)crate  North  America  ;  many  of  lliem  are  common  birds  of  the 
ICasliMii  Slates.     The  voice,  suscei)lilile  of  little  modulation,  is  usually  harsh  and 


; 


t 


HHHl 


TYRAXNID.E,    FLYC.VTCITKUS. — f'.EX.    101,    105. 


109 


strulont,  tliougli  some  species  have  a  not  unpleasant  wliistle  or  twitter.  The  sexes 
are  not  ordinarily  distinifuislialile  (remarkable  e\'ee|)tion  in  <j;eii.  Ill),  ancl  tlio 
chanj^es  of  plumage  witli  ai^c  ami  season  are  not  very  iireat.  Tlio  larjj;er  kinds  are 
unniistakahle,  l)nt  several  of  the  smaller  species  (of  ocn.  107,  lOS,  101))  look  very 
nmch  alike,  and  their  discriniinaliou  heconu's  a  matter  of  niiicli  tact  and  dilijj;'enee. 

104.    Goniis  MILVULUS  Swainson. 

*(j*  Adults  with  the  tail  nmch  lonjj;er  than  the  body,  (leo[)ly  forficate,  one  or  more 
outer  primaries  strongly  emirgiiiate,  and  a  bri<flitly  colored  crown-i)atch. 

Fork-tailed  Fli/r.aldwv.  Tlircc  or  four  priinarios  cnniririiiiito ;  crowii- 
piitch  yellow.  Clear  ash,  below  wliito  ;  top  iiml  sides  of  lieiul,  and  tail,  black  ; 
tlie  outer  tail  foatln  r  wiiile  on  tiio  outer  web  for  about  half  its  length  ;  wlugs 
dusky,  uiuiiarked.  Sexes  alike;  younir  similar,  but  primaries  not  omi.r- 
jriuate,  nor  tail  lenirthcued.  Wing  about  4  ;  tail  from  .'5  inches  to  ii  foot 
long.  A  beautiful  bird  of  tropical  Amorica,  accidental  iu  tlie  U.  S. 
(L()'"  -,a:i:;,  Xow  Jersey,  Anduhon).  Aid.,  i,  11m;,  pi.  ,")2  ;  Xi;tt.,  i,  274, 
2ded.  .■•'(:    '?i>.,  108 TVi!.\\.\i;s. 

tS'iraJlnir-t.  Jed  Fli/cufcJici'.  Sc!>innr-fiiil.  First  prim  uy  alone  cm;irgiuate 
(tig.  110(7)  ;  crown-;)atch  orange  or  scarlet.  Hoary  ash,  piler  or  white  below, 
sides  at  insertion  of  the  wings  scarlet  or  l)loody-red,  and  other  p  u-ts  of  the 
l)()dy  variously  tinged  with  tlie  same,  or  a  paler  siiado  ;  wings  i)lackish,  gener- 
ally with  wliitish  edgings  ;  tail  black,  several  outer  feathers  extensively  white 
or  rosy ;  wing  about  4A  ;  tail  upwards  of  a  foot  long.  Young  similar,  lack- 
ing the  cnnvii-patch,  less  tinged  with  red,  tail  not  elongated,  primary  not 
cmarginate.  Lower  ;\Iississi|)pi  Valley,  Texas  and  southward  ;  accidental 
in  New  Jersey  (Aimor,  Am.  Xat.,  vi,  .■5()7).  A  most  elegant  and  gracefid 
bird.     XuTT.,  i,  27');  Aui).,  i,  li)7,  pi.  ."jo  ;  ]][).,  KJ!).       .     .     foijficatus. 

105,    Gonus  TYRANNUS   Cuvior. 

*ji,*Adults  with  the  tail  not  fordcato,  shorter  than  the  lengthened  wings,  of  which 
several  outer  primaries  are  cmarginate  or  gradually  attenuate,  and  crown  with  a 
j'ollow  or  llanie-colored  patch.  Young  with  the 
crown  plain  and  primaries  not  cmarginate.  Sexes 
alike  in  color;  primaries  said  to  be  less  eniMrgiuate 
in  the  ?  . 

*  Xo  olive  nor  decided  j'ellow. 

Iihii/bird,  Bec-iiiarthi.  (Pr.ATR  rr,  ligs.  1,  ^i^^"^' 
2,  let,  2(1.)  Onl^'  two  outer  primaries  obviously  ^i^* 
cmarginate  ((ig.  lUI/>).  IJIackish-ash,  still  darker 
oil  head,  below  pure  white,  the  breast  shaded  with  -.. 
plumbeous;  wings  dusky,  with  much  wliitish 
edging;  tail  black,  broad I3'  and  sharply  tip[)ed 
■with  white,  the  outer  feather  sometimes  edged  ^" 
wit'-  the. same  ;  bill  and  feet  black  ;  very  yomig  birds  show  nifous  edging  of 
till  iviugs  and  tail.  Length  about  8  inches;  wing  4^  ;  tail  ."U,  even  or 
slightly  rounded  ;  bill  small,  under  an  inch  long.    Temperate  North  America, 

Kl;^      10    N.    A.    IMUD.S.       2'2 


Kinjrliiril.    I!oo-iii:irliii. 


170 


TYRANNID^E,   FLYCATCIIEI5S. — OEN.    105,    106. 


I 


Imt  chiefly  Eiistcrii  United  States  to  Rocky  ^loiinlains  ;  rare  or  casual  on 
tiic  Pacilio  slope  ;  altundant  in  summer.  Destroys  a  tiiousand  noxious  insects 
for  every  bee  it  cats  !    Wils.,  i,  (!(!,  pi.  i;5 ;  Add.,  i,  204,  pi.  5() ;  Xurr.,  i, 

2(!5  ;  Bi).,  171 ;  Coop.,  311 cauolinknsis. 

Gray  Kitnihinl.  Five  or  six  outer  primiirics  usually  emarginate.  Grayish- 
phuubeous,  rather  darker  on  the  head,  the  aurieulars  dusky;  below  Avhite, 
shaded  with  ashy  on  breast  and  sides,  the  under  wing  and  tail  coverts  faintly 
yellowish ;  wings  and  tail  dusky,  edged  with  whitish  or  yellowish ;  the  tail 
feathers  merely  indistinctly  lighter  at  the  extreme  tip.  Larger  than  the  last ; 
about  y  ;  wing  54  ;  tail  nearly  5,  more  or  less  emarginate  ;  bill  very  turgid, 
an  inch  long.  West  Indies  ;  Florida  regularly  ;  N.  to  Carolina  rarely  {Axd- 
tthon),  to  Massachusetts  accidentally  {Allen).     Ari).,  i,  201,  pi.  55;  IJd., 

172 DO.MIMCKNSIS. 

*  •  Olivaccotis  and  yellow  ;  belly  and  niidcr  tail  coverts  clear  yellow,  back  ashy 
olive,  cliaiigin}^  to  clear  asii  on  the  head,  tlr/oat  and  breast,  the  chin  whitening,  the 
lores  and  aurieulars  usuall}-  dusky,  wings  dark  brown  with  whitish  edging,  tail 
black  or  blackish,  hill  and  feet  black.  Very  .young  birds  paler  below,  with  rufous 
traces  above.     8-0  long  ;    wing  nearly  ."J ;    lail  about  4  ;    bill  j-^. 

Arkanxax  Fh/catchcr.  Several  outer  prinuuies  graduidly  attenuated  for  a 
long  distance  (tig.  110c).  Outer  web  of  outer  tail  feather  entirely  white.  Ash 
of  the  fore  parts  pale,  contrasting  with  dusky  lores  and  aurie- 
ulars, fading  insensibly  into  v/hitc  on  the  chin,  and  chang- 
ing gradually  to  ■jellow  on  the  belly;  olive  predonunating 
over  ashy  on  the  back.  Western  U.  S.,  abundant;  acci- 
dental in  Louisiana,  New  Jersey.  Nutt.,  i,  27;} ;  Aui).,  i, 
l'J9,  pi,  54;  Bi>.,  173;  Coop.,  312.  .  .  vekticalis. 
Cassin's  Fli/calchcr.  Several  outer  primaries  abruptly  emarginate  for  a 
short  distance  (fig.  WQd) .  Outer  web  of  outer  tail  feather  barely  or  not  edged 
Avith  whitish.  Ash  of  fore  parts  dark,  little  dilVerent  on  the  lores  and  aurieu- 
lars, changing  rather  abruptly  to  white  on  the  chin  and  to  yellow  on  the 
belly  ;  ashy  predominating  over  olive  on  the  back.  Southwestern  U.  S.,  and 
southward,  conmion.  Ti/rannus  cassinii  Lawk.,  Ann.  Lye.  Nut.  Hist.  N.  Y. 
V,  3i),  pi.  3,  f.  2;  T.  vociferans  Bi).,  174;  Coop.,  314.  .  vocifekans. 
Couch's  Fbjcatcher.  Very  similar  to  the  last ;  tail  dark  brown,  like  the 
wings,  and  obviously  forked  (about  ^  an  inch ;  in  cassini'i  the  tail  is  quite 
l)lack  and  slightly  emarginate  or  nearly  even),  all  its  feathers  with  slight 
pale  edges,  and  their  shafts  pale  on  the  under  surface  ;  yellow  of  under  parts 
very  bright,  reaching  high  up  the  breast;  throat  as  well  as  chin  extensively 
white.  A  universally  distributed  S.  and  Cent.  Am.  species,  of  which  u  slight 
northern  variety  (7'.  co«c/f/t  Bi).,  175)  reaches  our  Mexican  border.  S. 
Arizona  (Bendire)  ;  Coues,  Am.  Nat.  vi,  Aug,  1872.     .     melancuolicus. 


Fl(i.  U2.    Aili!iii6ii8  Fly 
catcher. 


106.    Genus  MYIARCHUS  Cabanis. 

•,*No  colored  patch  on  the  crown,  but  head  slightly  crested;   primaries  not 
einaigin.ite.     Olivaceous ;  more  or  less  yellow  below,  the  throat  ash,  the  primaries 


TYBANNIDiE,   FLYCATCIIEUS.  —  (JEN.    10(),    1U7. 


171 


• 


mar^iiicil  with  clie.stmit ;  tlio  tail  feathers  the  same  or  mostly  chestnut ;  wings 
rounded,  iiboiit  as  long  as  the  nearly  even  tail ;  feet  black,  bill  blackish,  usually 
l)ale  at  the  base  below.     Fig.  1  lli((. 

Great  Crested  Fh/calcher.  Decidedly  olivaceous  above,  a  little  browner 
on  the  heii.i,  where  the  leathers  have  dark  centres;  throat  and  fore  breast 
pure  dark  ash,  rest  of  under  parts  bright  yellow,  the  two  colors  nieetin<^ 
abruptly  ;  primaries  margined  on  both  edges  with  chestnut :  secondaries 
and  coverts  edged  and  tipped  with  yellowish-white,  tail  with  all  the  feathers 
but  the  central  pair  chestnut  on  the  whole  of  the  inner  web  excepting  per- 
haps a  very  narrow  space  next  the  shaft ;  outer  web  of  outer  feathers  edged 
with  yellowish  ;  the  middle  feathers,  outer  webs  of  the  rest,  and  wings  except 
as  stated,  dusky  brown.  Very  young  birds  have  rufous  skirting  of  many 
feathers,  in  addition  to  the  chestmit  above  descril)ed,  but  this  soon  disap- 
jjcars.  Large;  8^-1)^;  wing  and  tail  about  4  ;  bill  !{  ;  tarsus  if.  Eastern 
United  States,  west  to  Missouri,  Kansas,  Arkansas  and  Texas,  north  to 
Massachusetts ;  Mexico  and  Central  America  in  winter.  An  abundant  bird, 
in  woodland,  of  loud  harsh  voice  and  (juarrelsome  disi)osition,  noted  for  its 
habitual  use  of  cast  otf  snake  skins  in  the  structure  of  its  nest.  WiLS.  ii, 
75,  pi.  13;    NuTT.,  i,  271;  Aui).,  i,  20i),  pi.  57;   Bi).,  178.     .       cuixirus. 

Axli-tlivmletl  Ffi/cctfcher.  Rather  olivaceous-brown  above,  quite  brown  on 
the  head,  the  throat  very  pale  ash,  sometimes  almost  whitish,  changing  grad- 
ually to  very  pale  yellow  or  yellowish-white  on  the  rest  of  the  under  parts  ; 
primaries  edged  as  before,  but  secondaries  and  coverts  edged  with  grayish- 
white  ;  tail  feathers  as  in  the  last,  but  the  chestnut  of  the  inner  webs  hardly 
or  not  reaching  the  tip,  being  cut  off  from  the  end  by  invasion  of  the  dusky. 
In  young  birds,  in  which  the  (juills  and  tail  feathers  are  more  extensively 
rufous-edged,  this  last  distinction  does  not  hold.  Southwestern  U.  S., 
Mexico,  conunon  ;  very  near  the  last  species,  but  apparently  a  ditferent  bird. 
It  is  rather  smaller,  but  witli  longer  (i)  tarsi ;  the  bill  obviously  narrower, 
only  about  as  wide  as  high  at  the  base  ;  but  in  Cape  St.  Lucas  specimens 
{M.perlinax  15i).,  Proc.  Phila.  Acad.  1851),  3U;} ;  Cooi-.,  318),  again,  the  bill 
is  shaped  as  in  crlnititK,  although  smaller.  Ti/funnitla  cinentscenn  Lawk., 
Ann.  Lye.  X.  Y.  1851,  10!);  M.  7iiexiciinit,'i  Bu.,  171);  Coor.,  31(i  {not  of 
Kaui',  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  1851,  51) cineuascens. 

Laivrence\s  Flijcatchev,  Very  similar  in  color  to  crinitus,  but  much 
smaller;  about  7  long,  wing  and  tail  about  3^  ;  wing  coverts  and  inner 
quills  as  well  as  the  primaries  edged  with  rufous  (rarely  yellowish  on  the 
inner  secondaries)  ;  no  chestnut  on  tail  feathers  except  a  narrow  bordering 
on  the  outer  webs,  and,  in  the  young,  an  inner  murylnimj  also ;  bill  broad, 
flattened.    Texas  (?),  Mexico  and  Central  America.    Bi).,  181.    lawuencei. 


107.    Genus  SAYOBNIS  Bonaparte. 

*„•  The  throe  following  species  do  not  particularly  resemble  each  other ;  most 
authors  place  them  in  separate  genera,  and  even  under  ditt'erent  subfamilies.  Tiic 
discrepancies  of  form,  however,  are  not  startling,  antl  for  the  purposes  of  this  work 


'I 


172 


TYIIANMD.T.,    KIA CATCH KKS. GKX.     107, 


»'      i 


!i 


tlic  siiccics  iiiiiy  lit'  projicily  put  toj^elliiT,  as  they  ii^icc  in  pieseiiting  a  cortiiin 
iisiK'cl  not  slul^vn  liy  tlif  oilier  North  Aincrican  groups.     Fig.  l\ob. 

JS(ii/'s  Fh/calclK i\  (m:i\  ish-hrown,  piiliT  hclow  iuid  cliniifiiiiir  to  ciiuui- 
moii  on  tlu!  l)C'lly  iin<f  cri.'^siiiii :  wiiij,'.s  dusky  witli  paler  ediiin'jrs  on  tlic  iinior 
(|uills  and  coverts  ;  tail  jjorfoctly  I)Iack  ;  bill  and  feet  hlack.  Youiiircr  liirds 
arc  nnicli  more;  extensively  i'nlvoiis  or  jcder  einnanion  tliiiii  the  old,  this  eolor 
extending:'  far  nj)  the  I)reast,  skirting  the  leathers  of  the  liaek  and  rnnip, 
I'orniing  eonspieiions  eiosshai's  and  edging  on  the  wings,  and  sometimes 
tipjjing  the  tail.  7  or  <S  inehes  long;  wing  4  ;  tail  3i,  emarginate.  A\'est- 
<;rn    Ameriea,  in    open    eoimtry,  common.      Nutt.,  i,  277;   Ai;i).,  i,  217, 

pi.  f)!) ;    1)1).,  1^5;    Cooi'.,  .'520 sayus. 

Jihulc  Ili/ca(cher.  Sooty-brown,  deepest  on  head  and  bresist,  belly  and 
erissum  abrni)tly  pure  white:  lining  of  Avings  and  edging  of  onter  tail 
feather  aiul  iinier  (piilis,  whitish;  bill  and  feet  blaek  ;  ''iris  red;"  about  7; 
wing.Tr,  ;  tail  3^.  Southwestern  United  States  and  southward,  in  unwooded 
coimtry,  canons,  and  along  rocky  streams.      Nltt.,  i,  2d  cd.  311  ;  Aid.,  i, 

217;  1)1.  ;)!> ;  1)1).,  IS");  Cooi'.,  320 nighicaxs. 

/'eicec  Pcu-lt.  Vlmhc.  Dull  olivaceous-brown,  the  head  much  darker 
fuscous-brown,  almost  blackisii,  usually  in  marked  contrast  with  the  back  ; 
below  soiled  whitish,  or  palest  possible  yellow,  particularly  on  the  I)elly  ;  the 

sides,  and  the  breast  nearly  or  quite 
across,  shaded  with  gra3ish-l)rown ; 
wings  and  tail  dusky,  the  outer  tail 
feather,  inner  secondaries,  and  usually 
the  wing  coverts,  edged  with  whitish  ; 
a  whitish  ring  round  the  eye ;  bill 
and  feet  black.  Varies  greatly  in 
shade  ;  the  foregoing  is  the  average 
spring  condition.  As  sunmier  passes, 
the  plumage  becomes  much  duller  and 
darker  brown,  from  wearing  of  the 
feathers,  and  then,  alter  the  moult, 
fall  si)cciniens  are  much  brighter  than 
in  spring,  the  under  parts  being  fre- 
quently decidedly  yellow,  at  least  on 
the  belly.  Very  young  birds  have 
some  feathers  skirted  with  rusty,  par- 
ticularly on  the  edges  of  the  wing  and 
tail  feathers.  The  species  reijiiircs 
careful  discrimination,  in  the  hands  of  a  novice,  from  any  of  the  little  oliva- 
ceous species  of  the  next  two  genera.  It  is  larger ;  ();J-7  ;  wing  3-3^  ;  tail 
about  the  same,  slightly  emarginate  ;  bill  .^  or  slightly  more,  little  dejjrcssed, 
not  so  broad  for  its  length  as  is  usual  in  (JontoiniK  x\\\i\  Enipidonax,  its  lateral 
outlines  straight ;  tarsus  e(iualling  or  slightly  exceeding  the  middle  toe  and 
claw,  these  together  about   1;\  long;  point  of  the  wing  formed  by  the  2d  to 


Klii.  111).    Gi'iieiii'  cli'tails  in  llic  siii:iller 
Flvrati'liciv. 


■ 


k 


V 

4 


TVIiANNin.K,    FLYCATf'lir.IiS. OKV.     108. 


173 


V 

4 


r»tli  (|uill;  1st  shorter  lliaii  (itli ;  '.'>(\  ami  Ith  irt'ucrally  rather  the  h)ii!:est. 
Ivisteiii  Xortli  Aincriea,  very  aliiiiidaiit,  in  open  plaees,  tiehls,  ah)iiir  streams, 
ote.  ;  one  of  the  very  earliest  arrivals  in  si)rinLr,  a  late  loitei'er  in  the  I'all  ; 
winters  in  the  Sontiiern  States.  A'oiee  short,  alirupt,  nnlike  the  drawlin;^ 
Hole  of  tli(!  wood  pewec.  AViLS.,  ii,  7<S,  iil.  i;i  ;  NlTT.,  i,  '216;  All).,  i, 
2i';!,  pi.  (■.;}  ;    15i).,  ISI iLscrs. 

108.    Genus  CONTOPUS    Cabanis. 

*,;.*A\'illi  1  lie  feel  eNticiMcly  small.  l!ie  tardus  shorter  than  the  middle  toe  anil 
claw;  the  tarsus,  uiidilk"  toe  and  claw  touctlier,  hai'ely  or  not  one-tliird  as  lon^  as 
llu'winji:;  the  hill  llattened,  veiT  liroad  at  liase;  the  [Kiinted  winu's  nuich  longer 
than  the  eniar;j,inate  tail.  ^ledinni  sized  and  rather  small  siJi'cies,  hrownisli- 
olivaceons,  without  any  luijiht  colors,  or  veiy  decided  mai'kinus ;  the  coronal 
I'catliers  lengthened  and  erectile,  hnt  hardly  I'oi-minjj;  a  true  crest.      l""i,i;.  11  of. 

*  Species  7-H  lonu'.  with  a  tnl't  (^f  white  llully  feathers  on  the  Hank. 

(Jl/'rc-si'ilcil  J-'/;/aifc//i'r.  Dusky  o!ivaeeoiis-])rowii,  usii..lly  darker  on  the 
crown,  where  the  A'alliers  have  blackish  centres,  and  paler  oi:  tho  sides; 
chin,  throat,  helly,  crissmii  ami  middle  line  of  breast,  white,  morci  or  less 
tinired  with  ytdlowisli ;  wini,'s  and  tail  bhiekisli,  unmarked,  exceptinjr  iiicou- 
spiciions  m'ayish-brown  tips  of  tin-  wiiiij;  coverts,  and  some  \\iiitish  odjiin;^ 
on  the  inner  (pnlls;  feel  and  ii[)per  mandible  black,  lower  mandible  mostly 
ycdlowish.  The  olive-brown  below  has  a  pecniiar  xlrcaki/  apijcaraiicc  hardly 
seen  in  other  species,  and  extends  almost  entirely  across  the  breast.  Yotimj 
may  have  the  feathers,  especially  of  the  wini,''s  and  tail,  skirted  with  rnfons. 
AVinjr  .'i;-4;\,  remarkably  pointed;  secoml  ([iiill  lonu'est,  siipi)orted  nearly  to 
the  end  by  the  tirst  and  third,  the  fonrtli  al)riii)tly  shorter;  tail  about  ."> ; 
tarsus,  middle  toe  and  claw  toirether  oidy  iibont  1]  ;  bill  3-:J.  North  Amer- 
ica, iipparently  nowhere  very  abundant.  Xurr.,  i,  'l&l ;  2d  ed.  21I.S  ;  Ai;i)., 
i,  212,  1)1.  ,")S  ;    1)1).,  18S  ;    Cooi'.,  32.') houkams. 

CoitCK'  F/i/va/c/icr.  Somewhat  similar:  colors  more  muform  and  uioro 
clciirly  olive  ;  below,  fading'  insensibly  on  the  throat  and  belly  into  yellowish 
white,  and  lacking  the  pecniiar  streaky  appearance;  cottony  tnl'ts  on  the 
flanks  less  conspicnous ;  winu-formnla  entirely  dill'erent ;  second,  tiiird  and 
and  fourth  (pdlls  nearly  eipial  and  longest,  first  abr(i[)tly  shorter ;  tail  longer, 
about  'i]^l.  Mexico;  north  to  Arizona.  Cau.,  ^Ins.  Ilein.  ii,  72;  C<)i';s, 
Proc.  Phila.  Acad.  18()(),  (iO  ;  Ell.,  1)1.  18;  Coop.,  021.      .     .     i'i:i;tinax. 

**  .Si)ecies  nnder  7  long,  without  an  evident  cottony  white  tuft  on  the  Hank. 

M'ood  Peircc.  Olivaccoiis-brown,  rather  darker  on  the  head,  ludow  with 
the  sides  washed  with  a  paler  shade  of  the  same  reaching  nearly  or  (jiiite 
across  the  breast ;  the  throat  and  belly  whitish,  more  or  less  tinged  with  dull 
yellowish;  nnder  tail  coverts  the  same,  usually  streaked  with  dusky;  tail 
and  wings  l)lackish,  the  former  unmarked,  the  inner  quills  edged,  and  the 
greater  and  ndddle  coverts  tipped,  witli  whitish  ;  feet  and  upper  mandible 
black,  nnder  mandible  usually  yellow,  soiaetimes  dusky.  Spring  specimens 
are    purer   olivaceous;    early   fall    birds   arc    brighter    yellow    below;    in 


i 


174 


TYltANMD.K,    FLYCATCIIEKS. — OKX.    108,    109. 


.summer,  Ix-lort!  (lie  now  worn  fciitnros  Jiro  renewed,  the  pluniiigo  is  quite 
brown,  ami  dinjry  wliitisli ;  very  young  birds  have  the  wing-I)iirs  and  edging 
ot'(iuilis  tinged  with  rusty,  the  feathers  of  the  upper  parts  skirted,  and  tiio 
h)wer  plumage  tinged,  with  the  same;  but  in  any  plun)agc  tlic  species  may 
bi!  known  from  all  tlr  birds  of  the  following  genus,  by  these  dimensions : 
Lcngtii  {\-i')S  ;  wing  o{-;5ii  ;  tail  2^-3  ;  tarsus,  middle  too  and  claw  together 
hardly  one  ineh,  or  evidently  less;  tarsus  alone  about  J,  not  longer  than  the 
h/'/l.  N'ortli  America,  in  woodland  :  extremely  abundant  in  most  United 
States  localities,  May — Sept.  Mnsriaijta  rapa.c  Wii.s.,  ii,  81,  pi.  l.'J,  f.  5; 
^f.  n'iriis  Ai:i).,  i,  231,  pi.  (Jl ;  Xurr.,  i,  285  ;  C  vireim  Bo.,  190.  viuens. 
Var.  KicnAKKSoxii.  Wcslcrn  W<xiil  I'ciree.  Siniilur  ;  darker,  more  fuscous  olive 
above,  tlic  sliadinjr  of  the  sides  reaching  almost  uninterruptedly  across  the  breast; 
belly  rather  whitish  tlian  yellowish  ;  outer  primary  usually  not  ol)viously  white- 
edjicd  ;  bill  below  ol'tencr  dusky  than  yellow,  sometimes  quite  black.  I  fail  to 
api)rcciate  any  reliable  dill'erenccs  in  size  or  shape.  Note  not  exactly  like  that  of 
virciis;  nesting  said  to  be  (hii'erent  (Aitihihoti,  Allen).  Rocky  Mountains  to  the 
I'acilic;  "Labrador"  {^baliibdii).  Ti/ruiiniiln  Jiivliiirdtioiiii  Sw.,  Fn.  IJor.-Am.  ii, 
IKi?  Cotildptia  ricJidfilsiiiiii  15u.,  1st);  Cooc,  32").  JUascicupu  plKuhe  Aun.,  i, 
211),  \)\.  Gl  ;  NuTT.,  i,  2d  ed.  319. 

109.    Genus    EMPIDONAX    Cabanis. 

*»*  Species  jj-G  (rari;ly  G])  long;  wing  3^  nr  h-ss ;  tail  ^'j  or  less;  whole  foot 
at  least  J  as  long  as  winLj ;  tarsus  more  or  less  ol)viously  longer  tlian  middle  toe 
and  claw,  much  lonj;er  than  bill ;  2d,  3d  and  4th  quills  entering  into  point  of  wing, 
1st  sliorter  or  not  obviously  longer  thanotli;  tail  not  over  4  an  inch  shorter  than 
wings;  breast  not  butty.  (Compare  107,  108,  110.)  As  in  allied  genera,  several 
outer  primaries  are  slifj;htly  cmarjiinate  on  the  inner  web,  but  this  character  is 
ol)scure,  and  often  inappreciable.     Fig.  113(?. 

/Siindl  Grecn-c rested  or  Acadicm  Flijcatclwr.  Above,  olive-green,  clear, 
contimious  and  uniform  (though  the  crown  may  show  rather  darker,  owing 
to  dusky  centres  of  the  slightly  lengthened,  erectile  feathers)  ;  below, 
whitish,  olive-shaded  on  sides  and  nearly  across  breast,  yellowish-washed  on 
l)elly,  ilanks,  crissum  and  axillars  ;  wings  dusky,  inner  quills  edged,  and 
coverts  tipped,  with  tawny  yellow  ;  all  the  quills  whitish-edged  internally ; 
tail  dusky,  olive-glossed,  unmarked  ;  a  yellowish  eye-ring ;  feet  and  upper 
mandible  brown,  under  mandible  pale.  In  midsummer,  rather  darker;  In 
early  fall,  brighter  and  especially  more  yellowish  below  ;  when  very  joung, 
the  wing-markings  more  fulvous,  the  general  plumage  slightly  butly-sulfused. 
Largest;  W{-^^\  ;  wing  2:^-3  (rarely  3ji)  ;  tail  2ji-2;^  ;  bill  nearly  or  quite  i, 
about  \  wide  at  nostrils ;  tarsus  r!  ;  middle  toe  and  claw  h  ;  point  of  wing 
reaching  nearly  an  inch  beyond  the  secondaries ;  2d,  3d  and  4th  quills  nearly 
ecpial  and  much  {\  inch  or  more)  longer  than  1st  and  5th,  which  about  ecpial 
each  other;  1st  much  longer  than  (ith.  Eastern  United  States,  abundant,  in 
■woodland;  readily  diagnosciblc  by  the  points  of  size  and  shape,  without 
regarding  coloratiini.  Mnsckapa  quernla  WiLS.,  ii,  77,  pi.  13,  f.  3;  M. 
ucadica  Nutt.,  i,  208;   Aun.,  i,  221,  pi.  02;   Bu.,  I'JT.      .      .      agauicus. 


1 


•!• 


■"'""*'- 


TvnAX.vin.T;,  flycatchkus.  —  (if,\.   10!». 


175 


I 


,: 


TraUVs  Fh/cnfchci'.  Ahovo,  olivc-ltrown,  li<;Iitor  iuul  duller  lirowuisli 
posti-riorly,  darktr  anteriorly,  owiiiir  to  obviously  dusky  ('(Mitres  of  llie 
coi'oiud  I'entiiers  ;  below,  nearly  as  in  (iriii1!ritx,\n\{  darker,  tlio  oiive-irray 
shading  quite  aeross  the  hreast ;  \vin,!j:-n)arkinj,rs  grayish-white  with  slight 
yellowish  or  tawny  shade  ;  under  niandiltle  pale;  upper  niandihle  and  I'eet 
Maek.  Averaging  a  little  less  than  avmUcHK;  rtjj-l);  wing  ^H--''!.  more 
•  rounded,  its  tip  only  reaehing  about  n  of  an  ineh  beyond  the  secondaries, 
formed  by  2d,  3d  and  4tli  quills,  as  before,  but  5th  not  so  nineh  shorter, 
(hardly  or  not  \  of  an  ineh),  the  1st  ranging  between  5th  and  (!th  ;  tail  -Ik  ; 
tarsus  H,  !»s  before,  but  middle  toe  and  elaw  I,  the  feet  thus  dillerentiy  pro- 
portioned, owing  to  length  of  toes.  Eastern  North  America  to  the  Plains, 
eonimon  ;  an  entirely  dillerent  bird  from  (ic(i(l!ri(s,\)\\i  dilHcult  to  distinguish 
from   the   following  speeies.     Aun.,  i,  ^vii,  i)l.  (15;    Nltt.,  i,  2d  ed.  \V1',\ ; 

Bd.,  1<»2,  193 TUAILLII. 

Var.  iMsiLi.rs  of  Bd.,  104,  wliieli  replaecs  true  Inullil  from  the  I'lains  to  the 
Paeilie,  may  usually  be  recognized  by  its  more  Cuscoiis  coloration,  the  oli\accoiis 
and  yellowish  shades  of  Indllii  beiiii;  snlidiied  ;  l)y  its  larger  i)ill,  and  tlio  feci  iiciuly 
us  in  ((rdilirits.  The  original  Ti/nnniKla  jiiial>l<t  of  Swainsox,  Fii.  Bor.-Ani.  ii,  114  ; 
All).,  ii,  'I'M,  pi.  (!(■»,  is  uncertain,  just  as  likely  have  been  viiniitinx  as  this  liird. 
I  therefore  pass  over  the  name,  which,  if  belonging  here,  antedates  trdillii,  and 
adopt  IriiiUii  for  the  eastern  Ibrm  (although  Aldup.ox  says  "Arkansas  to  the 
C'olinnbia"),  taking  j)i(.s///((.s  of  liAiai)  for  the  western  variety. 

Least  Fli/catchev.  Colors  almost  exactly  as  \\\  tmiUi'i  ;  usually  however 
olivc-gra}' rather  than  olive-brown;  the  wing-markings,  eye-ring  and  loral 
feathers  plain  grayish-white  ;  the  whole  anterior  parts  often  with  a  slight 
ashy  east ;  under  mandible  ordinarily  dusky  ;  feet  perfectly  black.  It  is  a 
smaller  bird  than  (raillit,  and  not  so  stoutly  built ;  the  wing-tip  projects  (ndy 
about  ^  an  ineh  beyond  the  secondaries ;  the  5th  quill  is  but  very  little 
shorter  than  the  4th,  the  1st  apt  to  be  nearer  (ith  than  5th;  the  feet  are 
dillerentiy  proportioned,  being  niueh  as  in  (laith'cKs ;  the  bill  is  obviously 
under  i  an  inch  long.  Length  5-5i  ;  wing  2^  or  less;  tail  about  2.}:. 
Although  it  grades  up  to  tntlllii  in  size,  and  has  no  obviously  ditl'crcnt  color- 
ation, yet  I  am  satislied  that  it  is  a  different  bird.  Kastern  North  America  to 
the  Plains,  very  abundant  in  the  U.  8.  during  the  migrations,  in  orchards, 
coppices,  hedgerows  and  the  skirts  of  woods  rather  than  in  heavy  forests. 
Aui).,  vii,  343,  pi.  4!»1  ;  I?i).,  I!t5 minimus. 

Yclloic-bcUicil  Flijcalclicr.  Above,  olive-green,  clear,  continuous  and 
uniform  as  in  avadicux,  or  even  brighter;  below,  not  merely  yeilow/.s//,  as  in 
the  foregoing,  but  emphaticall}-  i/efloir,  bright  and  pure  on  the  belly,  shaded 
on  the  sides  and  anteriorly  with  a  paler  tint  of  the  color  of  the  back  ;  eye- 
rinj;  and  wiuij-markinirs  vellow;  under  mandible  yellow;  feet  black.  In 
respect  of  color,  this  si)eeies  differs  materially  from  all  the  rest;  none  of 
them,  even  at  their  autumnal  yellowest,  quite  match  it.  Size  of  Ifnilln,  or 
rather  less;  feet  proportioned  as  in  (icatliciis;  bill  nearly  as  in  DiiiiiniKu,  but 
rather    larger;    1st   (piill    usually  equal    to    (ith.       Eastern    Ignited    States, 


4' 


t 

! 


•I 


wmm 


170 


tviianmk.t:,  iLvrATciiEiis,  —  nF,\.   101),  110. 


coiniiinn.     Arn.,  vii,  .'ill,  pi.    VM^  \  Hi).,  li'.s.     Vtw.  difficims  I'.d.,  I'.lS 
(ill  text ),  ('oi)i'.,  .".:.'s,  is  the  piilcr  wcstci'ii  (urm.       .     .     .     Fr.AVivi'.Nrms. 


/A 


(hiniioiiirs    /•'/i/i-ii/c//i 


liiiVC 


(ilivc-ifniv,  (li'cidcdlv    Lri'iivcr   or    even 


iisliy  on  tlie  i'nvo.  pints,  the  wlmle  lin'oiit  and  lireast  mIiikisI  eoiitinniiiisly  olive- 

llie   hi'ilv  alone   iniU'e  or  less  (lecidedly 


hac 


^'ray  Imt   little  paler  tiian  the 
yellowish  ;  wiiiir-inarkiiiirs  and  eye-riiiii'  dull  soiled  whitisii ;  hill  very  small, 
and  eNlreinidy  narrow,  heiiiii'  hardly  or  not  \  wide  at  the  nostrils  ;  this  distin- 

is;   under  iiiaiidihli^  nsiially 


ml 
inishes  tiie  liird  IVoin  all  liut  in/'nniiiis  anil  af/sciiri 


Itlaekisli  ;  tail  usually  deeidedly  forked,  more  so  than  in  other  species,  thouifli 
in  all  of  them  it  varies  from  sliirhtly  rounded  to  sliuditly  emarufinato  ;  outer 
tail  feather  usually  whitisji-edired  externally  (a  ehanicler  often  siiown  hy 
Iriitllil  \\\\i\  iiiiiihiiiix)^  l)ut   not  decidedly  whito.     Ahoiit  the  size  of  fniil/ii, 

tail  relativeh' loii'jfcr  ;   feet  as  in  iiiIiiIiiiiik. 


lint  not  so  stoiitlv  liuilt  ;   wiiiirs  and 


Western  I'liited  Slat 


l>i>. 


lilll;    Cool' 


0. 


IIAMMONDII. 


\\'r/;//i/'s  l''h/i:ifrlit'i\  Colors  not  laiiu:il)ly  dill'ereut  tVoin  thoso  of  fniillii 
or  iiiiiiiiiiiix^  hut  outer  wel)  of  outer  tail  feather  ahriiptly  whito  in  decidod 
contrast.  ( ieneial  dimciisioiis  approachini;  thosu  of  (icniUciis,  owing  to  leiiiilii 
of  winirs  and  tail;  winu;  lifl  to  nearly.!;  tail  iK-l'l;  tarsi  ahoiit  '1;  l)ill 
ahoiit  .],  extremely  narrow  (much  as  in  Sdi/oniis  fnscus),  its  width  at  the 
iKislrils    oiilv  ahout    ^    its    ii'iiirlli.      Southwestern    U.    8.     1>I).,  200,  '.122 ; 


( 


0((1' 
Oil: 


OliSCUltUS. 


'J"he  r('r>'.';(iinL;  aceoiiiit,  carcCiilly  i)ro[)ared  after  extuniiiation  of  a  li'reat 
anioiuit  of  iiiateri.al  IVoin  all  [larts  of  the  co\uitrv,  will  |)rol)alily  sulliee  to  (lelerniiiio 
iiiiiely  oiU  of  a  liiiiuli'ed  speciiiu'iis  ;  liut  I  eonl'oss  it  does  not  entirely  satisly  me, 
and,  as  it  does  not  fully  answer  all  the  re(iiiirenieiits  of  the  case,  it  must  ho  re,i;:U'(led 
as  provisional.  At  tlio  siune  time  1  must  say,  that  the  only  alternative  si'ems  to 
he,  to  consider  all  the  foregoing  (excepting  ut'wlicKK  mid  Jlucicentrin,  purliai)s)  as 
varieties  of  one  species  ;  lint  lor  this  1  am  not  i)rei)are(l. 


110.  Genus  MITEEPHORUS  Sclater, 
Jhiff'-hrraslid  FJi/i-nlclicv.  Coronal  feathers  and  rictal  bristles  lonirer  than 
in  Eiiip!tlnH<i.i:,  and  irencral  cast  of  the  plumaire  hnfly.  Ahove,  dull  irniyish- 
hrown  tinjj;ed  with  olive,  particularly  on  the  hack  ;  hclow,  pale  fulvous, 
stronirest  across  the  hroast,  whitening  on  the  lielly;  no  fulvous  on  the  fore- 
head ;  sides  of  head  light  hrownish-olive  ;  wings  and  tail  dusk\',  outer  web 
of  outer  tail  feathers,  edges  of  inner  primaries  except  at  the  biise,  and  ti[)s 
of  wing  coverts,  whitish;  iris  brown;  bill  yellow  below,  black  above;  feet 
black;  A'\  long;  extent  1\;  wing  2i  ;  tail  2;  tarsus  .r»."> ;  middle  toe  and 
ehnv  .4,5;  bill  .40.  Fort  Whipjjle,  Arizona.  Einpidonox  j)i/;/i)ia'i(,s  CovKS, 
Ibis,  1(S()'),  f)'M  ;  M.  juil/rscfus  Coiks,  I'roc.  Phila.  Acad.  1<S(;(),  OiJ ;  Cooi*., 
o.'i  I  ;  Em-iot,  1)1.  ID.  My  original  si)cciuicns,  affording  the  descriptions 
(pioted,  and  the  lirst  known  to  have  been  taken  in  the  United  States,  do  not 
api)ear  to  be  s|)ecilically  distinct  from  fnlrlfmitK  of  (}ii!Ai:n  (  15.  of  Tex. 
pi.  2,  f.  2),  which  may  itself  be  \]u\  s;ime  as  a  Mexican  species  of 
l)rior   name fi  r,viii!().\s  var.  iwrjj-.scKxs. 


I'ICAIII.K,    riCAUIAN    Hllins. — OKN.     Ill, 


177 


111.    Gonus    PYROCEPHALUS    Gould. 

Vi'rmUion  Fhi<'i(li'h('r.  ^  piiro  diirlc  lirowii;  \viiiL,'s  luid  t.'iil  hliiokisii  witli 
sliu;lit  paio  cdgiiii^-t ;  tiio  full  irlohiiliif  crosl,  mid  all  tlu! 
uiidor  parts,  scarlet;  hill  and  Itn't  Mack.  9  dull  limwii, 
including,'  llio  liltlo  croslod  crowii  ;  hciow,  wliilo,  tinu'i'd 
with  red  or  roddisli  in  soiuo  places,  tlic  breast  willi 
Hlii^lit  dusky  streaks.  Iminatiirc  $  shows  <j;radati()ii 
between  the  characters  of  both  sexes  ;  the  red  is  soiiie- 
tiiiies  rather  oraiiixe.  5|-(! ;  wiii^  .">}  ;  tail  2A.  Valleys 
ol'  tiie  Hio  (iraiide  and  Colorado,  and  southward.  Cass., 
111.  127,  pi.  17;  l?!).,  201;  Cooi'.,  WM.     .     .       iiitiu\ki:s  var.  mkxk.'amjs 


Vu 


III.     Vrniiili.iii    l''lv 

CMh'lllT. 


Order  PIOAEIiE.    Picarian  Birds. 

Tliis  is  a  miscellanooiis  assortment  (in  scientilie  lan'^iiM;j;(',  "  a  ijolyniorpliic 
p;ronp,")  of  birds  of  liii^lily  iliversilied  forms,  grouped  tondiier  more  hi'e;iiis(!  they 
(IKfer  from  other  birds  in  011.1  way  or  aiioliier,  tliiiii  on  account  of  llicir  resemblaiH'e 
to  Ciieli  otlier.  As  eommonly  received,  this  oriler  inchidcs  all  the  iioii-pisscriiio 
Iiisrs.'iofe.f  down  to  those  with  a  cered  l)ill  ([larrots  and  birds  of  pi'(!y).  Kxebilinif 
the  parrots,  which  constitute  a  stronjiiy  markeil  natiiral  tiroiip,  of  ei]ual  value  with 
those  called  orders  in  this  work,  the  J'irari'i'  currespoiul  to  th(!  .SV/v'.w/v.s'  ami 
tSrdiisoroa  of  anthors,  inelndinuf,  however,  some  that  are  ol'len  referred  to  C'ldimt- 
tiircs.  This  "order"  S^'UinnreH,  ov  Z'/;/'*'/'"'';///.  containiirj;  ad  the  liirds  that  have 
the  toes  arranged  in  pairs,  two  in  front  aiKl  two  bciiind  (and  some  that  have  not), 
is  one  of  the  most  unmitigated  intlietiDiis  that  ornithology  has  snlferod  ;  it  is  as 
thoronghh'  ininatnral  as  tlie  divisions  of  my  aidlicial  key  to  (air  genera. 

As  at  present  constituted,  the  I'lcari'i'  are  iiisiiseeptilile  of  satisfactory  definition  ; 
but  we  may  indicate  some  leading  features,  mostly  of  a  negative  eharacMer,  that 
they  possess  in  common.  The  sternum  rarely  if  ever  conforms  to  the  [larticiiiar 
Passerine  model,  its  posterior  border  usually  licing  eith(a'  entire  or  else  doubly 
notched.  The  vocal  apparatus  is  not  highly  ilevelopeil,  having  not  more  than  three 
pairs  of  se|)arate  intrinsic!  muscles  ;  the  birds,  consciiueiitly,  are  lu'vcr  highly  musical. 
There  are  some  modifications  of  the  la'anial  bones  not  oliserved  in  I'usficrpi^.  Ac- 
cording to  Siindevall,  they,  lik(!  lower  birds,  lack  a  certain  sp;>ciali/ation  of  the 
flexor  muscles  of  the  toes  seen  in  I'lOturrrn.  The  feet  are  very  variously  modified  ; 
one  or  another  of  all  the  toes,  except  the  middle  one,  is  susceptibh!  of  being  turned, 
in  this  or  that  case,  in  an  opposite  from  tin;  customary  direction  ;  the  fourth  oik! 
being  frequently  capable  of  turning  eitli(!r  way  ;  while  in  two  genera  the  lirst,  and 
in  two  others  the  second,  toe  is  delicient ;  .and,  more()via',  the  tarsal  envelope  is 
never  entire  behind  as  in  the  higher  /Vn.sc/vs.  Another  curious  [leculiarity  of  tlu; 
feet  is.  th.at  the  claw  of  the  hind  toe  is  smaller,  or  at  most  not  larger,  than  that 
of  the  third  toe.  The  wings,  endlessly  varied  in  shape,  agree  in  possessing  ten 
developed  iiriinaries,  of  which  the  first  is  rarely  spurious  or  very  phort.  A  notable 
exception  to  this  occurs  in  the  /'/>/.  A  very  general  and  useful  wing-character  is, 
that  the  greater  coverts  are  at  least  half  as  long  as  the  secondary  ((uills  they  cover. 
and  they  sometimes  reach  nearly  to  the  ends  of  these  (inills.  This  is  the  common 
case  lunong  lower  birds,  laii  it  distinguishes  most  of  the  Plrnrin:  from  Pasuc.rcs;  it 
KKv  ro  N.  A.  iiiiiDs.    •_':? 


178 


ncAiii.i;,  ricAiiiAN  uiuds. 


is  not  slmwii.  lidwcvcr,  ill  llif  /'iilihr  mul  some  others.  'J'lic  tiiil  is  iiHlcliiiitcly 
viuicil  ill  .s|i!i|ic,  liiit  till'  iiiiiiilici'  ol'  its  I'l'iiliii'is  is  ii  ^Odil  cjiii'  to  tiic  order.  'I'lici'u 
iii't'  not  oriliiiiaiiy  iiioic  tjiiiii  h  n  pcilVct  icctiiccs,  iiml  occiisioiiMlly  iIk'Ic  iirc  only 
<'i;f|il ;  tlic  woddiM'ckcrs  Iimvc  Iwi'lve,  Imt  one  piiir  is  uljurtive;  llicit'  are  twelve, 
liowi'vr,  ill  tile  kiiinlisiici's,  iiihI  sonic  otlicrs. 

Willi  this  sliiilit  sketch  of  sonic  IcMdiii;^  Iciituics  of  the  <i;ron|(  (it  will  cnnlilo  tlio 
student  to  recognize  iiiiy  I'iciiiiiin  hird  ol'  this  coiintiy  at  least),  I  pass  to  the 
ponMidoration  of  its  siihdivision,  with  the  rcinaik,  tiiiit  a  iiiccedenl  may  lie  found  for 
liny  eonei'ivalilc  jii-oiiiiiiif;'  of  the  I'ainiiies  tliat  is  not  siniiilv  ini'iiosti'ioiis,  and  for 
some  ananjienicnts  tiiat  are  nearly  so.  As  well  as  I  eiin  JiidLii'  IVoiii  the  material 
nt  my  eoiiimaiid.  and  rclyinjj  upon  excellent  autlioiily  for  data  tliat.  1  lack,  tlio 
I'Iniriif  fall  naturally  into  riinii;  (li\isions.  'I'liese  I  shall  call  siiljorders,  not  how- 
ever insistinji  in  the  least  ii|)on  the  (iiU'stion  of  taNonoiiiic  rank,  Init  simply  employ- 
in<j  (he  terms  confornnihly  with  my  u^ngo  in  other  eases.  'I'lic  three  |.>ronps  mtiy 
be  here  talnilated.  with  remarks  ealcuialed  to  g\\i\  nn  iden  of  their  composition  :  — 

I.  CYl'SKU  —  inclndiiifj;  only  the  three  families  CitpKclliUv,  Cajirhiiithjidif,  and 
Trorhi'lidir  —  the  .swifts,  ^goatsuckers,  and  hiiniminj^liirds.  They  are  hirds  of  re- 
markalilc  volitorial  powers;  the  wing  Is  pointed,  mul  very  long,  in  its  feathers  anil 
terniiiial  portions,  though  the  upper  arm  is  very  short.  The  feot  are  extremely 
.small  and  weak,  ami  are  scarcely  if  at  all  sorvit'calile  for  progression.  Tiic  liiiul 
toe  is  sometimes  versatile  (among  the  swifts)  or  somewhat  elevated  (in  the  g(jat- 
suekers  and  some  swifts);  the  front  toes  are  frequently  connected  at  base  by  mov- 
iible  webbing  (goatsuckers),  and  Sfimetimes  lack  the  normal  number  of  phalanges 
(among  swifts  and  goatsuckers).  The  variously-  shaped  tail  has  ten  rectriees.  One 
family  (hummingbirds)  shows  the  tenuirostral  type  of  bill ;  the  other  two,  tlio 
flssirostral,  on  which  account  they  used  to  be  classed  with  the  swallows.  'J'lie 
sternum  is  broad,  with  a  deep  keel,  entire  or  doubly  notched  (rarely  singly  notched) 
behind  ;   the  syrinx  has  not  more  than  one  pair  of  intrinsic  muscles. 

II.  C'UC'L'LI — comprehending  the  great  bulk  of  the  order;  in  all,  about  fifteen 
fnuiilies,  rather  more  than  less.  They  are  only  readily  limited  by  exclusion  of  the 
characters  of  the  prt'ceding  and  following  groups.  The  sternum  is  usually  notched 
behind  ;  the  syringeal  nuiseles  arc  two  pairs  at  most.  The  feci  arc  ijcwndl)/  short ; 
the  disposition  of  the  toes  varies  remarkably.  In  the  Cvliiiltf,  or  colics,  of  Africa, 
all  the  toes  are  turned  forward.  In  the  I'l-oijotiiihr,  the  second  toe  is  turned  back- 
ward, so  that  the  birds  arc  zygodactyle,  but  in  a  dillerent  way  from  all  others. 
Families  with  the  feet  permanently  zygodactyle  in  the  ordinary  way  by  reversion 
of  the  fourth,  or  partially  so,  the  outer  toe  being  versatile,  are  —  the  ('iirnlidd',  or 
cuckoos,  with  their  near  relatives  the  Jiidirdtoiu'dir,  or  guide-birds  of  Africa  ;  the 
lihiimjihiistiihi',  or  toucans,  confined  to  tropical  America  and  distinguished  by  their 
enormous  vaulted  bill;  the  J/".sv)y)/ir((j//V/(c,  plantain-eaters  or  touracos,  of  Africa; 
the  Uiivcuuiihf  and  Capitunidd',  or  barbels  of  the  New  and  Old  "World  respectively  ; 
and  the  (lulbnliihi',  or  jacamars,  of  America.  In  the  remaining  groups,  the  toes 
have  the  ordinary  position,  but  sometimes  oll'er  unusual  chai'actcrs  in  other  respects. 
Thus  in  the  Alivdinida'  (kingfishers),  and  Moniolidn'  (motniots  or  sawbills),  the 
middle  and  outer  toes  are  perfectly  coherent  for  a  great  distance,  constituting  the 
xi/itdiirti/h'  or  aiiinodiicti/lc  loot.  The  Bi(rci-otiil'i\  or  liornl>ills,  of  the  OUl  World, 
characterized  by  an  inunense  corneous  process  on  the  bill,  are  near  relatives  of  the 
kinglishers;  so  arc  the  Todidif,  a  group  of  small  brightly  colored  birds  of  INIexico 
and  the  AVest  Indies.     Other  forms,  all  OUl  AVorld,  are  the  Menipidd'  or  bee-i'aters. 


CArKiMii.diD.i;,  (joMsicKr.us. 


175) 


tlio  ff/iiiiiiilii'  or  lii)r)|)i)r'<t,  tin-  (!'n'nriiihf  or  rollers,   with   llii'ir   iilliiM  the    TjOjilitsD- 
iiiiiliilii',  of  Maihijfiisciir. 

III.  riCI — comprisinjf  only  liili'c  ruiuilir-i,  the  li/mii'd'r,  di-  wr\  licclvs.  with  one 
j^cmis  iuiil  four  s|)i'ci(N,  (if  lMiro|»i',  A-iiii  an  i  Al'rica;  tlio  /'ii'ininiiiln',  wilii  one  or 
two  j^oncra  tvid  nearly  thirty  species,  eliielly  American;  ami  tlic  I'iriilu' or  triio 
woodpeckers.  The  dijrits  lire  poriuiinontly  |>iiireil  liy  reversion  of  the  fourth,  except 
in  two  triilactj'lc  i/enera  ;  there  is  a  moililication  of  the  lower  eml  of  the  metatarsus, 
corrcspondinij;  to  the  reverse  position  of  the  fourth  loo,  iiml  the  uppiT  part  of  the 
same  hone  la  perforated  by  canals  for  llexor  tendons.  The  hasal  plialaii;j,('s  of  the 
toes  are  short.  The  winii  I'lH  ten  primaries,  with  short  coverts,  contrary  to  the  rule 
in  this  order;  the  tail  ten  rectrices,  soft  and  rounded  in  /////;//(/"'  autl  I'ifiiniiiidir, 
rijfid  and  acuminate  in  /Vc/i/'c,  where  also  a  su|)plementary  pair  of  spurious  feathers 
is  developed.  The  nostrils  vary  :  they  are  larj^e  and  of  peculiar  structure  in  ////i- 
f//fi"',  usually  covered  with  antrorse  plumules  in  the  rest.  The  i)ill  is  straight  or 
nearly  HO,  hard  and  stroni?,  acute  or  truncate,  the  niandiltles  e(inal ;  the  ton^jiuMs 
lumliriciform,  and  very  generally  extensile  to  a  remarkable  dej:;ree,  liy  a  sin<j;ular 
elonL;ation  of  the  bones  and  muscles.  The  salivary  glands  have  an  unusind  devel- 
opment, in  the  typical  species  at  any  rate.  The  sternum  is  donhly  notched  liehiml. 
A  very  strongly  marked  grouii ;  in  some  respects  it  api)roaches  the  Passi'iu'im  birds 
more  nearly  than  other  I'ican'w  do. 

tSafjnnhr  CYPSIJLT.  C^pscUform  Binh. 
See  p.  178,  where  some  leading  characters  of  the  group  arc  indicatctl. 


Family  CAPRIMULGID^.    Goatsuckers, 

So  called  from  a  tr.niitional  superstition.  Fissiroatnil  I'lrari'ir .■  head  l)road, 
flattened  ;  eyes  and  cars  large ;  bill  extremely  small,  depressed,  triangular  when 
viewed  from  above,  with  enormous  gape  reaching  below  the  eye,  and  generally  with 
liristles  that  ('reciuently  attain  an  extraordinary  development ;  nostrils  basal, 
exi)osed,  roundish,  with  a  raised  border,  sometimes  prolonged  into  a  tube.  Wings 
more  or  less  lengthened  and  pointed,  of  ten  primaries  and  more  than  nine  second- 
aries ;  tail  variable  in  shai)c,  often  rectrices.  Feet  extremely  small ;  tarsus  usually 
short,  and  i^artly  feMther;  d  ;  hind  toe  commonly  elevated  and  turned  sideways  ;  front 
toi's  connected  at  base  by  movable  welibing,  and  freijuently  showing  abnornnil  ratio 
of  phalanges  ;  middle  toe  lengthened  beyond  the  short  lateral  ones,  its  claw  fre- 
(|ncntly  pectinate.  A  dclinitely  circumscribed,  easily  recognized  group  of  about 
fourteen  genera  and  rather  more  than  a  hundred  si)ecies,  of  temperate  and  tropical 
parts  of  both  hemispheres.  It  is  divisible,  according  to  the  structure  of  the  feet, 
into  two  subfamilies,  PoiJanjiiM',  chielly  Old  Worhl,  wUh  the  normal  I'atio  of 
phalanges,  and  Caprtmnlijind',  as  below.  Considering,  however,  other  points, 
l)articularly  the  slnqje  of  the  sternum,  a  more  elaborate  division  is  into  I'odnrijiiKv, 
l)halanges  nornud,  but  tarsus  naked  and  lengthened,  and  sternum  doubly  notched, 
with  three  genera  of  the  Old  World — Xi/rlibiinii',  phalanges  normal,  tarsus  short, 
feathered,  sternum  doubly  notched,  ui)per  mandible  toothed,  containing  one  genus 
of  tropical  America  —  StcKtorni/Iiind',  phahinges  normal,  sternum  singly  notched, 
with  one  genus  of  tropical  America  —  and  linally  Caprttmdijum,  comprising  the  rest 


[Noir..  All  I'rronciiiissciiiuMiccdflWdKeiicra  liaviiig  lipoii  discovi'icil  siiico  the  key  was  |ii'iiitocl,aiia  tliei-e 
foil!  too  late  to  retaily  tlie  miuilieniig,  Gen.  112  ami  tieii.  ll;i,  will  be  lounil  next  uller  Ueu.  I'i.i.J 


.   ; 


r 


ISO 


(•Ari!IJiri.(iIl)ii:,    (iOATSlCKKliS. liKN.    114. 


of  tlic    liiiiiily.     '1"1k'  t'jjjis  are  colurlsss  in  the  lir.st  and  tliiid  of  these,  colored  in 
thu  second  and  fuiutli. 

Suhfamibj   CAl'UlMl'LaiX^E.     True  Goatsuckers. 

Stcrnnm  sinjrly  iiotelii'd  on  cacli  side  lieliind,  its  liody  not    square.     Ontcr  too 
A-/(iiiiliil;    inidilli'   cldn^    ]iirllii(iff ;    hind    too    very    short,    elevated,    semi-lateral; 
jniteriur    toes    inovably   '.velilied    at    liase ;    tarsus   very    short,   eonunonly   niiieh 
l'(  alhcK  (1.     lU'sides  the  MiiiipMlniatidn  of  the  feet,  there  is  another  curious  analojry 
ii>  vading  birds;    for  the   young  are   downy  at  birth,  as  in  J'racoces,  instead  of 
naked,  as  is  the  rule  among  Altriccfi.   The  plumage  is  soft  and  lax,  much  as  in  the 
owls;  the  birds  have  the  same  noiseless  lliglit,  as  well  as,  in  many  eases,  nocturnal 
or  erepuseular  habits  ;  and  they  sometimes  bear  an  odd  resemblance  to  owls  in  their 
general  appearance.      An  evident  design  of  the  capacious  mouth, 
is  the  caiiture  of  insects  ;   the  active  birds  ijuarter  the  air  with  wide 
open  mouth,  anil  their  minute  prey  is  reailily  taken  in.     But  they 
also  secure  larger  insects  in  other  ways ;  and  to  this  end  the  rictus 
is  fri'Oiientlv  stroniilv  bristled,  as  in  the  I'l/rainiidir.   Our  two  genera 
are  readily  discriminated  by  the  enormous  rictal  bristles,  roumled  tail 
and  comparatively  short  wings  of  Ant ronlovnis,  ihc  slight  bristles,  {^  /^    [} 
foiked  tail  and  long  pointed  wings  of  ('/lordcilrs ;  they  each  repre-  ^    (j      ^ 
sent  one  of  the  two  sections  of  the  subfamily.     In  both,  the  feet  are      ^ 
so  extremely  short  that  the  birds  cannot  perch  in  the  usual  way,  but        v;^ 
sit  lengthwise  on  a  large  branch,  or  crouch  on  the  ground.     They  Ki(i.iir>.  v.oncs^  or 
lay  two  lengthened,  dark  colored,  thickly  spotted  eggs,  on  or  near    -'''""""K""' 
the  ground,  in  stiunps,  etc.;  the  sexes  are  distinguisuable  but  nearly  alike;    the 
colors  are  subdued,  blended  and  variegated  ;  the  voice   is  peculiar.     Migratory. 


114.    Gonus    ANTEOSTOMUS    Gould. 

*  The  rU-liil  hrintlcti  iritli  lateral  Jilatiients. 

C/iur/^-in'/r.f-in'doir.  Singiilarl}'  variogatcil  ■\villi  black,  white,  brown, 
tawny  iwid  rufous,  the  proviiiliiig  tone  fulvous;  a  whitish  throat-bar; 
several  lateral  tail  feathers  tipped  with  Avhite  in  the  ^  ,  Avith  rnl'oiis  in  the 
9.  Large;  a  foot  long;  wing  8-1);  tail  5i-(!i,  slightly  rounded.  South 
Atlantic  and  (julf  States,  strictly ;     resident    in   Florida.     AVils.,  vi,  i)."), 

pi.  54,  f.  2  ;  Ni  TT.,  i,  (512  ;  Aiii).,  i, 

151,  pi.  41  ;  Bd.,  147.  cauolixensks. 

*  *  The  rictal  bristles  ximj^le. 

]Vliij)pooriL-iU.     Nitjld-jttr.    Upper 

parts   variegated   with    gray,    black, 

w hitish    and   tawny ;    black    streaks 

sharp   on   the   head    and    back,   the 

vxv.AK.  whipiH.mwiii.  iioVn-<i  clscwlicro  delicately  marbled, 

Including  the  four  median  tail  leathers;    jjrevailiiig  tone  gray;  wing»  and 

their    coverts  with   bars  of  rufous  spots  ;    lateral    tail  feathers  black,  with 

tawny  marbling   in   distant   broken   bars,  and   tipped  with  whito   (  <J  )  or 


1 


i 


CAPUIMULOID.E,   OOATSlCKEltS.  —  (iEX.    llf). 


181 


tawny  (  9  )  ;  a  bur  across  the  throat  Avhitc  (  (J  )  or  tawny  (  9  )  ;  bcloAV  mottled 
with  dusky  and  whitish;  9-10  h)ng ;  wing  5-0;  tail  4-5,  much  ronndod. 
Eastern  United  States,  abnndant;  a  nocturnal  bird,  rarely  seen,  but  well 
known  for  its  loud  strange  cry,  whence  its  name  is  taken.  Eggs  2,  ellip- 
tical, l.i  by  I,  white,  speckled  and  i)!otclied.     Wii-s.,  v,  72,  pi.  41,  f.  1,  2, 

3;  Kltt.,  i,  (514;  Aid.,  i,  155,  pi.  42;  IJi).,  14f> vocifkuus. 

JS"itt/(iirs  ]]7i/j)j)Ooncin.  Somewhat  similar;  small;  about  8  ;  tail  under 
4  ;  much  paler  in  tone  ;  crown  barred  transversely  ;  throat  patch  very  large  ; 
tawny  prevailing  over  black  on  the  wings ;  terminal  white  tail  spots  short. 
Kote  dillcrent,  the  lirst  sylla])le  l)eing  omitted.  Plains  to  the  I'acitic,  U.  S. 
Ald.,  vii,  350,pl.  4'J5  ;  Cass.,  111.  2;>7  ;  Bo.,  149  ;  Coop.,  340.    kuxxallii. 


f- 


115.    Genus    CHORDEILES    Swainson. 
j\^i(j/i(-/i(tirJc.     JiiiU-hat.      Above,  mottled  with  black,  brown,  gray  and 
tawny,  the  former  in  excess;  below  from  the  l)reast  transversely  barred  witii 
blackish  and  white  en-  pale  fulvous ;   throat  with  a  large  white  {$)  or  tawny 
(  9  )    cross-bar ;    tail    blackish,  with    distant    pale 
marbled  cross-bars  and  a  largo  white  spot  (wauting 
in  the  9  )  on  one  or  both  webs  of  nearly  all  the 
feathers  toward  the  end  ;   quills  dusky,  unmarked 
except    by    one    largo    white    spot    on   Jive   outer 
primaries   about   midway  between   their  I)aso  and 
tip  ;  in  the  9  this  area  restricted  or  not  pure  whiter 
Length  about  9  ;  wing  about  8  ;  tail  5.     Temperate 
North  America,  al)undant.    This  sj)e(Jes  tlies  abroad 
at   all   times,  though   it   is    perhaps    most    active 
towards  evening  and  iii  dull  weather;  and  is  gener- 
ully  seen  in  companies,  busily  foraging  for  insects 
with   rapid,    easy  and    protracted    llight ;    in   the 
breeding    soastm    it   performs   curious   evolutions, 
falliuir   throu"h  the  air  with  a  loud  boominir  cry. 
Eggs  2,  elliptical,  l.i  by  I,  liuely  variegated.   WiLS. 
NuTT.,  i,  ()19  ;  Aui).,  i,   159,  pi.  43;  Bi).,  151. 

Vur.  iiKMtYi  is  tlio  lighter  colored  form  prevailing  in  the  dryer  or  lur.voodod 
portions  of  western  L'nited  States  ;  the  gray  and  Ciilvoiis  in  excess  of  the  darker 
luics,  the  white  patches  on  the  wing,  tail  and  throat  usually  larger.  Cass.,  111. 
2:33;  Bi).,  153,  1)22,  pi.  17;  Cone.,  311. 

Ti'xax  X!ij]il-]iaii:k.  Similar  to  the  first;  smaller;  wing  7  ;  tail  4  ;  tine 
gray  mottling  much  i)redomiuant  above  ;  below  rufous  prevailing  over  the 
dark  bars  ;  many  broad  fulvous  bars  on  the  tail,  besides  the  white  spots  (  i) 
wanting  in  the  9  ;  primaries  all  sprinkled  toward  the  base  with  nuuierous 
fulvous  spots ;  the  large  white  {^)  or  tawny  (  9  )  area  nearer  the  tip  than 
the  bend  of  the  wing,  and  on  only  four  primaries.  Southwestern  U.  S. 
and  southward.;  un()uestionably  diilbrent  from  the  common  bird  of  this 
country,  but  in  adopting  the  numo  texeanis,  1  must  say  that  I  have  not  inves- 


FKi.ir..    Ninlit-hawk. 

v,  G5,  pi.  40;  f.  1,2; 

.        .       .  VIlKilNIANlS. 


I   It 


182 


CYPSELID.E,    SWIFTS. — OEX.    110. 


ti^jf.itcd  its  rcl.itioiisiiips  to  tlio  South  American  form.    Lawr.,  Ann.  Lye.  v. 
la  J 1,  Hi;  Cass.,  III.  2;J8;  Bo.,  151;  Coop.,  344 texexsis. 

Family  CYPSELID^.    Swifts. 

Fissiriisli-<(l  I'inirlii' :  bill  vciy  small,  flattened,  triangular  when  viewed  from 
•■iliovc,  uitli  -ircat  giipe  rcaoliing  below  the  eyes.  Wings  extremely  long,  thin  and 
liointi'd  (ri'e(incMlly  as  long  as  the  whole  bird)  ;  the  seeondaries  extremely  short 
(nini'?).  Tail  of  ten  rectrices,  variable  in  shape.  Feet  small,  weak  ;  tarsi  naked  or 
rcathei'ed  ;  hind  toe  fre(iu('ntly  elevated,  or  versatile,  or  i)ermanently  turni'd  side- 
ways or  even  Ibrwanl ;  anterior  toes  conii)letely  eleft,  the  basal  phalanges  extremely 
short,  the  iiennltiniate  very  long,  the  number  of  i)halanges  I'recinently  abnormal; 
claws  sharp,  curved,  never  pectinate.  Sternum  deep-keeled,  widening  behind,  its 
posti'rior  margin  entire.     Kggs  narrowly'  oval,  wliite.     For  pterylosis  see  i-latk  i. 

'*(.)ne  of  the  most  remarkable  points  in  the  structure  of  the  Ci/pseluhn  is  the 
great  deveIo|)ment  of  the  salivary  glands.  In  all  the  species  of  which  the  nidifi- 
cation  is  known,  the  secretion  thus  producetl  is  used  more  or  less  in  the  construc- 
tion of  the  nest.  In  most  eases  it  forms  a  glue  by  which  the  other  materials  .are 
JoIiumI  together,  and  the  whole  nest  is  allixed  to  a  rock,  wall,  or  other  object  against 
which  it  is  placed.  In  some  species  of  Culhiadin,  however,  the  whole  nest  is  made 
uj)  of  inspissated  saliva,  and  becomes  the  'edible  bird's-nest'  so  well  known  in  the 

Fast."       (.S(  LATKl!.) 

A  well  delined  family  of  six  or  eight  genera  and  about  lifty  species,  inhabiting 
tem[)crate  and  warm  parts  of  the  glolie.  Thej"  are  rather  small  birds  of  plain 
l)lnmage,  closely  resembling  swallows  in  sui)erficial  respects,  but  with  no  real 
alllnity  to  these  (hcincfi.  The  family  is  divisible  into  two  subfamilies,  according  to 
the  structure  of  the  feet. 


'^^J\ 


Sithfumilii   CYPSELTNJE.     Typical  Swifts. 


w 


Km.  IIS,    noiii 

(if  Cvpseliiie 

fool. 


IkMtio  of  the  phalanges  .abnormal,  the  3d  and  -Ith  toes  having  each 
3  joints  like  the  2d  ;  hind  toe  reversed  (in  Ci/pni-lKfi,  where  nearly 
all  the  si)ccies  belong)  or  lateral  (in  I'ldn/plilo)  ;  tarsi  feathered 
(in  Ciipsclim)  ;  toes  also  feathered  (in  Pitii'iptila).  Contains  only 
tliese  two  genera  and  nearly  half  the  si)ecics  of  the  family.  Of 
l'<iii;ijitlhi  there  are  only  three  well  determined  species,  all  American;  while  Ci/puclns 
has  ui)ward  of  twenty,  mostly'  of  the  Old  World;  the  three  or  foiu'  American 
ones  are  sometimes  detached  under  the  name  of  Tachornis. 


118.    Genus    PANYPTILA    Cabanis. 

Wliilc-lhrnaled  iSwIfl.  Ulack  or  blackish  ;  chin,  tliroat,  breast  and  middle 
line  of  belly,  tips  of  secondaries,  edge  of  outer  primary,  bases  of  tail 
featlu'rs  and  a  tiank  patch,  wliitc.  Length  5^-0  ;  wing  the  same  ;  tail  about 
2H,  forked,  soft.  Soutliwcstern  U.  S.  and  southward,  breeding  in  colonies 
on  cliH's.  ^lcini//i;/lis  s((X(ililis  Wooi)\iovsK,  Exp).  Zuni  River,  LSo.l,  M ; 
Ci/jificli(s  niflininlencun  Bd.,  Proc.  Phila.  Acad.  1854,  118.  CoURs,  ihid. 
18t!(!,  57  ;    Bi).,  141;    Cooi-.,  .'547 saxatilis. 


h 


4 


i 


"T 


t. 


^4 


I 


^ 


CYPSELID^.,    SWIFTS. — GEN.    117,    118. 


183 


Suhfamlly  CIIyETUniXyE.    Sinne-tatled  Sji-ifts. 

Toos  with  the  normal  nunilicr  of  plialaiigcs ;  liind  toe  not  revcrsod,  but  sonic- 
tiiiies  versatile  ;  our  species  have  it  obviously  elevated,  and  sliould  have  come  in 
the  Kej'  under  A,  like  gen.  114,  115  ;  but  it  has  not  been  technically  so  considered 
(compare  §  87,  p.  4I>).  Tarsi  never  feathered.  In  the  princii)al  genus,  ('/id'lxrii, 
containing  about  half  the  species  of  the  subfamily,  of  various  i)arts  of  tlic  world, 
the  tail  feathers  are  stiffened  and  nuicyoiiali'  bj'  the  projecting  rhachis.  The  other 
genera  are  Colhmilia  and  DeniJinrhi-Iidon  of  the  Old  World ;  Ci/jitscluide.-^,  and  the 
scarcely  diU'erent  Xepltoxetes,  of  the  New. 

117.  Genus  NEPHCECETES  Baird. 

lilacli  Swift.  I'jlackish,  nearly  uniform.  Length  iiciirl}^  7  ;  wing  as  much  ; 
tail  about  'A,  forked,  stitKsli,  but  not  muoronatc.  AV^osteru  America.  Bi>., 
142;  Elliot,  pi.  20  ;  Coop.,  34!) nigku  var.  uouealis. 

118.  Genus  CH^TURA  Stephens. 

Chimney  Swift.  Cliimney  ''Swalloir."  Sooty  brown  with  a  faint  green- 
ish gloss  Jibovc,  below  paler,  becoming  gray  on  the  throat ;  wings  black. 
Lcngtii  about  5  ;  wing  the  same  ;  tail  2  or 
less,  even  or  a  little  rountletl,  spiny.  Eastern 
United  States,  migratory,  very  al)uiulant  in 
summer.  Like  the  swallows,  which  this  bird 
so  curiously  resembles,  not  only  in  its  form, 
but  in  its  mode  of  flight,  its  food,  and  twitter- 
ing notes,  it  has  mostly  forsaken  the  Avays  of 
its  ancestors,  who  bred  in  hollow  trees,  and 

now  places  its  curious  open-work  nest,  of  bits  j.„,.  „,,    ^^^,„„„„,.  ,„,„  „.,^|,  ,„„,,„„„to 
of    twig   ghied    together,   inside   disused  nctnx. 

chimneys.   AViLS.,  v,  48,  pi.  39,  f.  1  ;  Xitt.,  i,  tiOO  ;  Anx,  i,  KU,  pi.  44; 

Bu.,   144 PELASOIA. 

]'(iitx's  Swift.  Similar;  paler;  the  tin-oat  whitish;  smaller;  length  4*  ; 
wing  the  same,  raciiic  Coast,  U.  S.  Seems  to  bo  diU'erent  from  pehisiiia, 
but  perhaps  the  same  as  a  S.  Am.  species.     Bi).,  145  ;  Coop.,  351.    vauxii. 

Family  TROCHILID^.    Hummingbirds. 

Tciiiiirostrdl  J'!i-((riii'.  These  beautiful  little  creatures  will  be  known  on  siglit ; 
and  as  tlic;  limits  of  this  work  precluile  any  adeipiate  presentation  of  the  sulijeet,  I 
prefer  merely  to  touch  upon  it.  Tlie  hunnners  are  peculiar  to  America.  S[)ecies 
occur  from  Alaska  to  Patagonia,  but  we  have  a  mere  sprinkling  in  this  country; 
the  centre  of  abinidanee  is  in  tiopical  .South  America,  particularly  Xew  Granada. 
Nearly  five  hundred  species  are  current ;  the  number  of  positively  specific  forms 
may  be  estimated  at  about  three  innidred.  The  genera  or  suligenera  vary  with 
authors  from  lifty  to  a  hundred  and  lifty  ;  i)erhai)s  half  the  latter  numl)er  of  generic 
names  may  be  eligible.  The  birds  appear  to  fall  naturally  into  two  groups  ;  one  of 
these,  I'hii'ilioriiit/n'nii',  rejjresenting   about  one-tenth  of  the  wlude,  is   composed 


:  : 


!•    '■ 


f 


i 


I 


184 


TitocirirjD.K,  iii'MMixaiiiRDS.  —  fii:v.  11!),   120,  121,   122. 


of  duller  eoli)rcil  spoeios  especially  inliabltiirj;  the  dense  forests  of  the  Amazon ; 
the  other  is   the 

Suhfamil;/   THOCIIILTN.i: . 

119.  Gonus  HELIOPJEDICA  Gould. 

Xmiln^  Thimmhi'ihu'il,  Tarsi  foiitliored  ;  tail  nearly  even  ;  first  primary 
not  alti'Miiiite  ;  tVoiital  foatliors  ending  abruptly  at  base  of  bill  ;  $  above,  and 
tlu!  throat,  metallic  gras.s-grccn  ;  below,  cinnamon-rnfous  ;  face  bliie-blaek  ; 
a  white  strii)e  through  the  eye ;  wings  purplish-dusky;  tail  pnri)lish-clicst- 
nut,  the  central  feathers  glossed  with  golden  green  ;  bill  llesh-colored,  blaek- 
tippcd,  9  shininjf  green  aI)ove,  including  central  tail  feathers;  below,  and 
tlie  face,  pale  rufous,  whitening  about  the  vent,  and  the  sides  greenish; 
liead-strii)es  rufous,  whitening  on  the  auriculais ;  tail  feathers,  except  the 
central,  chestnut,  with  a  dark  terminal  spot.  '.\\  ;  wing  2J  ;  tail  1^;  bill  ;|. 
Cape  St.  Lucas.  Ama::iJ!(i  xaii/nsii  imd  J/eJiop(pdica  ats/aurt'cdiidd  JjWVii., 
Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  18(!0,  pp.  105,  10!) ;  Ell.,  pi.  22  ;  Cooi'.,  3(55.    xaxtush. 

120.  Gonus  LAMPORNIS  Swainson. 
Jihtrh-thrcxitrd  IlnmmhvjJilnh    Tomia  serrate,  near  the  end  ;   bill  depressed, 

not  (piite  straight;  no  metallic  scales  on  throat ;  (J  golden-green  above  and 
on  the  sides;  below,  opacpie  l)lack,  with  white  ilank-tufts  ;  wings  and  tail 
duskv-purplisli.  9  wiiite  below,  with  median  black  stripe.  U  ;  wing  2.}; 
tail  1-,' ;  bill  nearly  1.     Straggler  to  Florida.     Bi).,  i;30,  !)22.      .      maxuo? 

121.  Gonus   TROCniLUS    LinnoDus. 

Ihthtj-llirnalril  lfniiiiiun;/fjird.  $  with  the  tail  forked,  its  feathers  all 
narrow  and  pointed;  no  scales  on  crown  ;  metallic  gorget  rellecting  ruby- 
red,  etc.  ;  golden-green,  below  white,  the  sides  green ;  wings  and  tail 
dusk^'-puiplish.  9  lacking  the  gorget ;  the  throat  white  ;  the  tail  somewhat 
double-rounded,  with  black  bars,  and  the  outer  feathers  whitc-ti[)ped.  3^  ; 
wing  I'n  ;  taillj;  bill  n.  Eastern  North  America,  abundant  in  summer, 
generally  seen  hovering  about  flowers,  sometimes  hi  Jlockti,  Feeds  on  insects, 
and  the  sweets  of  i'owers.  Xest  a  beautiful  strucliu'c,  of  downy  substances, 
stuccoed  with  lichens  outside;  eggs  two,  white.  Wils.,  ii,  2(),  pi.  10; 
NuTT.,  i,  r)88  ;   An)..  ''0,  pi.  i'))) ;  Jin.,  131 coLuniiis. 

Jildck-c/iiiiiicd  JIui  ,  _,iril.  Similar;  tail  merely  emarginate  ;  gorget 
opacpie  black,  rellecting  steel  blue,  etc.,  posteriorly.  9  with  the  tail  simply 
rounded.     California,  Arizona  and  southward.     Cass.,  111.  141,  pi.  22;   Un., 

l;!;?;     CoOI'.,  .'U').'? ALKXANDIII. 

122.    Genus    SELASPHORUS    Swainson. 

*  Xo  inet;illic  Scales  oil  crown  ;  ^  thrnat  scales  not  niiicli  prolnngeil  into  a  rnll'; 
outer  primary  attenuate;  tail  graduMted,  tin;  midille  feathers  liroader  than  the 
latiaal. 


I 


TI10;^IIILII).K,    irU.MMIXC.lllllDS. — (IKX.    122,    12.'^. 


18") 


. 


Itn/oim-hdclcal  Ihimiahx'jhh'il.  $  chiolly  ciiiiiiMDii-riitbiis  abovo,  l)olo\v 
and  on  tlio  tail;  traces  o(\<j;roeii  above,  0  5|)i'c'i!illy  on  ei'owii ;  gorget  red, 
etc.  ;  a  white  collar  beiiind  it.  ?  with  a  trace  of  the  gorget;  upper  parts 
more  or  less  green;  tail  I)arred  with  iilacic  and  lipped  witii  white.  fJA  ; 
Aving  I'rl  ;  tail  1;^.  Kocky  .Mountains  to  the  l*aci(ie,  from  >[exico  to  Alaska; 
al)undant;  the  sole  boreal  reprtisenlative  of  the  family.  Aui).,  iv,  201),  pi. 
2.")  t ;  I'll).,  l.'il;  Cooi*.,  ;].").") iiui'u.s. 

Jh'oad-tailed  J/itiiti)iiji>j/jird.  Outer  primaries  nuich  attenuated,  outer 
tail  feather  linear,  very  narrow  ;  others  l)road  ;  ^  glittering  green,  with 
nnich  white  below,  the  gorget  purplish-red,  etc.  ;  wings  and  tail  dusk}'- 
purplisli,  most  of  the  tail  feathers  with  rufous  edging  basall}'.  9  with  no 
gorget;  no  green,  but  much  rufous,  below;  1;  wing  2.  Koeky  Mts.  to  lat. 
42^  ;  W.  to  Sierra  Nevada  ;  S.  into  Mex.   Ud.,  l;!")  ;  Cooi'.,  o.')?.  i'Latvceiicus. 

**  Crown  of  J  with  nu'lMUic  scales  like  the  gorn'ct,  wliicli  is  prolonged  into  a  rail"; 
outer  primary  not  atteimale;  tail  of  ^J  Ibrked,  tiie  outer  I'eatiua-  abruptly  narrow 
and  linear.     {Cali/jiti .) 

^inna  IfitiaiiihKjIilrd.  ^  above,  and  the  breast,  green  ;  crown  and  gor- 
get ruby-red,  etc.  ;  9  lacking  the  scales  ;  the  tail  slightly  rounded,  black- 
barred,  white-tipped.  Size  of  the  last.  California;  resident,  al)undant.  Xurr., 
i,  2d.  ed.  712;    Aid.,  iv,  18.S,  pi.  2.')2  ;   lii).,  l.'JT  ;  Cooi'.,  lij.S.      .     anx.v, 

Costa  lluiinnni'jhlrd.  ^  above,  and  on  the  sides,  green  ;  niootly  white 
below  ;  crown  and  gorget  puri)lisli,  stecl-blno,  etc.  ;  tiie  latter  nuich  pro- 
longed into  a  rn(F;  tail  lightly  forked;  9  like  that  of  (iiiun ;  s-naller ;  about 
.'U  ;  wing  under  2;  tail  1^  ;  bill  r!-  ^'alley  of  the  Colorado:  S.  and  Lower 
Calilbrnia.     r)i).,i;38  ;    Cooi'.,  .'UiO cost.e. 

***  Crown  of  ^J  not  niefMllic  like  the  gorget,  uliicli  is  prolongei'  into  a  rull";  outer 
l)iiuiarv  of  J  attenuate  ;  tail  graduated,  the  feathers  rounded  at  ilie  end,  the  lateral 
i)lack-l)arred  and  wliile-tip|)ed  (in  both  sexes).      (Allliis.) 

Jfelo/'sc  Jli!i/n/iiii'//jird.  ^  golden-green  aI)ovc,  including  crown  ;  gorget 
lilac-red,  bordered  with  white;  below  white;  sides  with  green  and  rufous; 
tail  feathers  cinnanu)n-rufons  at  base,  the  central  otherwise  like  the  back,  the 
others  black-barred  and  white-tipped  ;  9  similar,  lacking  the  goi'get ;  outer 
prinniry  not  alteniiate.  ^'crv  small  ;  2!^;  wing  1^;  tail  1  ;  bill  i.  Texas 
and   southward.     Elliot,  pi.  21  ;  Cooi'.,  olJl iiklois.k. 

123.    Gouus    STELLULA    Gould. 

C<dJ'iopp  IIi(iiniiiiir/hird.  ^  golden-green  ;  below  white,  with  green  and 
rufous  on  sides;  gorget  violet  or  lilac,  the  bases  of  the  scales,  and  sides  of 
the  neck,  pure  white  ;  tail  feathers  brown,  including  the  central  pair,  with  pale 
tips  and  slight  rnlbus  edgings;  under  mandible  light ;  9  with  dusky  specks 
in  i)lace  of  the  gorget ;  throat  feathers  not  rulled  ;  no  green  on  sides  ;  tail 
feathers  variegated  with  green,  rufous,  black  and  white.  2'f  ;  wing  lij  ; 
tail  1  ;  bill  .},.  Mountains  of  AVashington,  Oregon  and  California,  to 
Mexico.     Elliot,  j)l.  'I'.];   Coop.,  i5 1)3 callioi'io. 

Ki;V    10    N.    A.    IMHDS.       L' t 


180         TKOCiONlDii;,  TROGONS  ;    MOMOTID.T:,  S.UVIIILLS. — (!E\.   124,  125. 


124.    Genus    AGYRTKIA    Cabanis. 

Llinir  JliinntihKjhifd.  J  hi'oiizy-grt'i'ii,  iiifludiii^ir  niiiliUo  tail  fcaihei's  ; 
tliroat  1111(1  lirca^t  iri'fi.ss-groc'ii,  jialer  on  sides;  iiiiddlo  of  lu'liy,  and  ci'i.s.siini, 
wliitf  ;  ■\viiigs  piii'iilisii-hrown  ;  iatfral  tail  tVatiicrs  black  with  paler  tips; 
9  duller,  inure  wliile  lielow,  no  j;reeii  on  tliroat;  \\\u\i  2;  tail  \\\  bill  n. 
So!itli  Aineriea ;  aei'ideiital  in  Massaeliiisotts,  one  instaiieo  (Aug.  1«S(!5, 
Hirirslcr)  ;  hut  I  am  advised  that  the  oeeurrenee  is  ojieii  to  suspieion. 
Am.k.n,  Am.   Nat.   iii,  lS(i!»,  p.  (ilf);    .Mavnaim),  Guide,   12<S.     .     i.i.NN.r.i. 

Siihnrdcv   ('('(' I  LI.      CiiciiJi/hnn    Jiinls. 
'till'  iiatiiic  III'  tills  huge  i^roiip  lias  ln'cii  iiulieateil  on  a  preceding  page  (ITS). 

Family  TROGONIDiE,    Trogons. 

Fi'ct  zJiijiiihirhih'  hij  re  r(  rail  I II  of  l/ie  .yrcoiiil  tav.  I'lie  liase  of  (lie  sliort,  broad, 
deiilate  bill  is  liiddi'ii  by  appresscd  aiitrorse  leatlieis  ;  tlic  wings  are  short  and 
rounded,  with  laieate  (Hiills  ;  the  tail  is  loiiii,  of  twelve  bioad  t'callu'is  ;  the  feet 
are  very  sihmU  and  weak.  The  general  iihniiauc  is  soft  and  lax,  the  skin  tender, 
the  eyelids  lasiiecl.  A  well-marked  I'aiiiiiy  of  about  fifty  speties  and  periiajis  a 
dozen  genera,  ehielly  iiilialiitiiij:  tropical   .America.     They  are  of  goriicoiis  colors, 

and  anioiiii'  them  are  found  the  most  magnillcent  liirds  of 

this  continent. 

125.    Genua  TROGON  Auctorum. 

Jlc.chvn  Trn(j(in.  Metallic  golden-green  ;  face  and 
sides  of  head  black:  below  from  the  breast  carmine; 
a  white  collar  on  the  throat;  middle  tail  feathers 
coi)pery -green,  the    outer    white,  barred    with    black  ; 

KMi.iJo.    M.xi.an  tio^'om.  ,j„i||^  [^xi^(_>i\  with  wliitc  ;  about  11  ;  wing  oj  ;  tail  (i','. 

Valley  of  the  Rio  Grande,  southward.     Ud.,  GU,  pi.  40.     .      .     mkxicanus? 

Family  MOMOTID.ffi.    Sawbills. 

Feet  sj/ixhiftiilr  In/  rdlicsimi  af  lliinl  uiii) JhndJi  tacs;  toinia  scrrdlf.  A  very  small 
family  of  tropical  ^Vmerican  birds, 
comprising  about  lifteen  siiecies. 
Neitlu'r  this  nor  the  foregoing  has 
really  rightful  |)lace  here,  but  they 
come  on  our  border,  and  are  in- 
cluded to  illustrate  the  suborder. 
In  the  following  species,  the  central 
tail  feathers  are  hjug-exserti'd.  and 
sjiatnlate  by  absence  of  webs  along 
a  part  of  the  shaft  —  a  mutilation 
clfected,  it  is  said,  by  the  birds 
themselves ;  the  liill  is  about  as 
long  as  the  head,  gently  curved  ; 
the  nostrils  are  i-ouikU'iI,  liasal,  exiiosed  ;  the  wings  are  shoit  and  rounded;  the 
tarsi  are  scntellate  anteriorlv. 


IJl.      nilK-lMM.IlMl   Sawhill. 


ALCEmNin.i:,  KiNorisiiKus. 


-(1E\.    112. 


187 


112,    Gonus   MOMOTUS   Lesson. 

lihie-hcdih'd  tS'ijrf/i/f.  (riToiiisli,  latlicr  pulor  hi'low  ;  piiror  on  wiiiir^^  ami 
tail ;  tlio  civstt'il  crown  hlno,  oncirclcd  with  liliick  ;  face  mostly  hlack.  1.") ; 
wing  51.     ^Icxico.      lin.,  1(!1,  pi.   Ill ckullkicki-s. 


/=i5^' 


Km.  122.    Sviiilaclvk' Ibiit. 


Family  ALCEDINID^.    Kingfishers. 

F^'t  fti/u'lacti/h'  hi/  rolicsioii  (if  third  uiid  Jhnrth  Uw.^;  Itnain  tiiiiipl<\  liill  lon^, 
large,  slraif^lit,  acute  (rarely'  liooked),  "  lissiro.-itral,"  the  ga|)e  l)cing  doep  ami  wiile  ; 
toiijriio  vuilhncntary  or  very  small ;  nostrils  basal, 
rcuehod  by  the  frontal  featiicrs.  J'\'ct  very  small  and 
weak,  scarcely  or  not  amhiilatorial ;  tarsi  extremely 
short,  roticidate  in  front;  lialhix  sliort,  llattcned 
tmderneath,  its  sole  more  or  less  continuous  willi  tiio 
sole  ol'tiie  inner  toe  ;  soles  of  outer  and  middle  toe 
in  common  for  at  least  half  their  lenjitli ;  inner  toe 
always  short,  in  one  genus  rudimentary,  in  auotlier  wanting  (an  ahnormsd  modifica- 
tion, overlooked  in  iieiining  ;!  s'i.  p.  1'.)  ;  hut  see  S  S  I )  ;  wings  long,  of  10  i)rimMries  ; 
tail  of  12  rcctrices,  variable  in  shii|)e. 

"The  kinglishers  form  a  very  natural  family  of  the  great  Picarian  order,  and  are 
alike  remarkalile  for  their  brilliant  coloration  anil  for  the  variety  of  curious  and 
aberrant  forms  which  are  included  wilhiu  their  numlicr.  .  .  'Their  characteristic 
habit  is  to  sit  motionless  watching  for  their  i)rey,  to  dart  after  it  and  seize  it  on 
tlu'  wing,  and  to  return  to  their  original  position  to  swallow  it.'  .  .  The  Ali-itJ- 
iidihr  nest  in  holes  and  lay  while  eggs.  It  is,  however,  to  be  remarked  that,  in 
accordance  with  a  modification  of  the  lialiits  of  the  various  genera,  a  corresponding 
modification  has  taken  i)la(e  iu  the  mode  of  nidilicati(}n,  the  piscivorous  section 
of  the  family  nesting  for  the  most  i)art  in  holes  in  the  banks  of  streams,  while  the 
insectivorous  section  of  the  family  generally  nest  in  tlie  holes  of  trees,  not  neces- 
sarily in  the  vicinity  of  water."     (SiiAiiiM..) 

The  nearest  allies  of  the  kingfishers  are  considered  to  he  the  horuhills  and  bee- 
eaters  of  the  Old  World,  and  the  sawbills  and  todies  of  the  New.  One  would  gain 
an  imperfect  or  erroneous  idea  of  the  family  to  judge  of  it  by  the  American  fragment, 
of  one  genus  and  six  or  eight  species.  According  to  the  author  of  the  splendid 
mon<)gra[)h  Just  cited,  there  arc  in  all  12')  s[)ecios,  belonging  to  19  genera;  the 
latter  ap|icar  to  be  very  jiidici(jnsly  handled,  but  a  moderate  reduction  (jf  the  former 
will  be  reiiiiircd.  They  are  very  unei|ually  distributed;  C'cri/lc  alone  is  nearly 
cosmopolitan,  absent  oidy  from  the  Australian  ri'gion  ;  the  northern  portion  of  the 
Old  World  has  only  2  iieculiar  species;  ;!  genera  and  21  species  are  characteristic 
of  the  Ethiopian  I'egion.  ouc  genus  and  2.'t  species  are  confined  to  the  Indian,  while 
no  less  than  10  genera  and  fill  si)ecies  arc  peculiar  to  the  Australian.  Mr.  Shari)o 
recognizes  two  subfamilies;  in  the  DarrUniino'  (with  11  genera,  and  81  specii's) 
the  bill  is  more  or  less  depressed  with  smooth,  rounded  or  sulcate,  eulmen.     In  the 


Suhf„Mt il;i   MA  '111) I XI  .V.  /•;, 

the  bill  is  compressed,  with  cariiiate  eulmen.  The  American  species  all  belong  here. 
It  is  the  more  particularly  piscivorous  section;  the  Dari'huiiiui'  feed  for  the  most 
part  upon  insects,  rei)tiles,  and  land  mollusUs. 


PSSI 


is.s 


AI.fT.DIMD.i;,    IUN(lllMli;i;S. (iKN.     III). 


1 ! 

I 

h 


:  ; 


113.    Gomis    CERYLE    Boio. 
Jif'lliil  /x'lii'/jix/iir.     rpp''!'  p.'irts,  linnid  pi-ctoral  bar,  aiul  siilos  uiidor  llio 

wiiiirs,  tliill   l»liic  with  lint'   liiaclv  shaCt    lines;   lower  eyelid,  s|)()t  before  eye, 

ii  eervicid  eoihir  find  inider  piirts  exeept  as 
said,  pnre  wliite  ;  tlio  9  witii  a  elie.slniit 
belly-band,  and  the  sides  of  the  .same  color  ; 
(juills  and  tail  feathers  black,  speckled, 
Iddtehed  or  barred  on  the  inner  webs  with 
white  ;  (inter  webs  of  the  secondaries  and 
tail  feathers  liko  the  liack  ;  win<x  coverts 
frequently  sprinkled  with  white  ;  bill  black, 
pale  at  i)ase  below  ;  feet  dark,  tibiic,  naked 
below  ;  a  lonjr,  thin,  pointed  occi[)ital  crest ; 
l)lnniajj;e  compact  and  oily  to  resist  water, 
into  which  the  birds  constantly  plunge  after 
their  tinny  prey.  Length  a  foot  or  more  ; 
wing  about  (i ;  tail  ."U  ;  whole  foot  1;',  ; 
culnieii  about  2|.  North  America,  com- 
mon   everywhere,  resident  or   only  forced 

southward  by  freezing  of  the  waters.     WiLS.,  iii,  "jK,  pi.  23,  f.  1;  Xitt., 

i,  T)!!!;  All).,  iv,  20."),  1)1.  2.")")  ;    Bi).,  158 ai.cvon. 

(Jdhdiii.^'  h'iuiijisJier.    Glossy  green  ;  a  cervical  collar  and  the  under  parts 

Aviiite  ;    $  with  a  rufous,   9    with  an  imperfect,  greonish,  pectorall)ar ;  ([uills 

and  tail  feathers  black,  partly 

like  the  back,  with  numerous 

white   spots,  mostly  paired. 

Small  ;    about  S  ;    wing  ;1A  ; 

t;iil   2.i.     ^'alleys  of  the  liio 

Grande   and    Colorado,    and 

southward.     Cass.,  111.  25");  Bi>.,   1511,  and  Mex.  Bound.  Surv.   ii,  pi.  7; 

Coop..  33!) amkuicaxa  var.  cauaxisii. 


I.illcil  Kin,-II>lior.  V. 


I'lii.  121.    Cabani.-'  Kiiigll^lier. 


h 


; 


Family  CUCULID^.     Cuckoos. 

Ffi't  zj/f/odachih'  b>/  rorcffiioi)  of  the  fourth  too.  This  character,  in  connection  with 
those  given  liclow,  will  answci'  i)reseiil  purposes  ;  aiul  in  my  ignorance  of  some  (jf  the 
exotic  forms,  I  cannot  attempt  to  give  a  full  diannosis.  Tlie  family  is  a  iargi'  and 
important  one.  It  comprehends  quite  a  nnniher  of  leading  forms  showing  peculiar 
n)inor  modifications;  these  corres[)on(l  in  great  n)easure  with  certain  geograpliic.-il 
areas  of  faunal  distriliution,  and  are  generally  held  to  constitute  sublainilies.  Three 
or  four  such  are  confuied  to  America  ;  about  twice  as  many  belong  exclusivel}' to  the 
Old  World;  among  them  arc  the  ('ncuh'ii'r,  or  typical  cuckoos  allie<l  to  the  Imu'o- 
pean  C.  ('(o/ojv/.s,  famous,  like  our  cowbird,  for  its  i)arasilism.  This  section  com- 
prehends the  gn-at  majority  of  the  Old  World  species;  tlie  ('oiiiiin'  are  a  i)cculiar 
Madagascan  type;  others  rest  upon  a  speci.-d  con<lition  of  the  claws  or  i)luniagc. 
There  are  aliout  two  htuidred    cni-renl   s[)ecies  of  the  family. 


( 


i 


('iriMD.i;,  ci'CKOOs.  —  (jkn.   U'(!,  127. 


189 


Suhjlni,!!;/  C/^OTOl'/fAfi I .WIJ.     J//m. 

Tail  of  ('/;//)/  ffalhiTs,  ifnidiuilcil,  loniici'  than  tli(>  rniiiulcil  uiiiL;-!.  r.ill  oxcct'il- 
iii^Iy  <'i)iniii'i'ssi'(I,  till'  tiiipcr  iiiaiidililc  rising  inln  a  thin  MTticai  cicst,  llic  sides 
usually  siilcato,  llic  ti|>  di'llcclcij.  I'lmiidiii'  unirdiin  (lilack),  lustrous,  ihc  rcatlicrs 
ol'  till'  licad  and  neck  ii'iiiillii'iicd,  lancoolati',  distinct,  witli  scali'-likc  niai'jfiiis;  I'aco 
iiaki'd.  TtTi'i'strial.  Xi'st  in  IjusIics.  Uni' genus,  and  two  or  lliive  siioeies,  of  lliu 
waiiiuT  jiaits  of  AiiR'iii'a. 

120.    Genus    CROTOPIIAGA    Linnrous. 
All/'.     About  a  foot  long;   wing  (! ;  tail  S.      Florida  (and  (iiilf?)  coast, 
sonlliwanl ;    accidental    iiortli  to  l'i)ila(lcl[)liia.      (J.   mi!  and    (',   rii'jh-nstrls 

III).,   71,   72 AM. 

Siihfmiiihi   SA('l!(tTIfi:in.\\i:.      (irn,,,^,!   C\irl;„,x. 

Tail  of /''»  fcatlicrs,  giailuatcd,  lunger  llian  the  short,  roinidcd,  concave  wings. 
Hill  alioni  as  long  as  the  head,  conipressecj,  straight  at  liase,  tapering,  with  dellecled 
tip,  gi'ntly  I'urved  culnien,  ami  ample  rictus.  Feet  large  and  strong,  in  adaptation 
to  tcriTst rial  life  ;  tarsus  longer  tiian  file  loos,  scutidlate  liefoie  and  liehiiid.  One 
West  Indian  genus,  Sanroji/Kdja,  with  tlireo  or  four  siiecies,  and  the  following, 
with  one  or  two  :  — 


( 


127.  Genua  GEOCOCCYX  Waglcr. 
(irnu)iil  Cacknn.  C/Kipnvriil  Cock.  Jtoiid  JliniiKr.  SiKih'  IClllir. 
l\nsano.  Most  of  the  foatliers  of  the  head  ami  neck  hristk'-tipix'd  ;  a  naked 
urea  around  eye  ;  crown  crested  ;  pliiiiiage  coarse.  Above,  lustrous  bron/.}' 
green,  the  crest  (hirk  bine,  everywhere  sharidy 
streaked  witli  wliitish  or  tawny  brown;  sides  and 
front  of  the  neck  tawny,  with  sharp  black  streaks  ; 
otiier  under  parts  dirty  white ;  quills  and  tail 
feathers  much  edged  with  white;  central  reetrices 
like  the  back,  others  darker  green,  violet,  etc.,  with 
broad  white  tips.  Nearly  2  feet  long;  tail  a  foot  or 
more;  wing  ()-7  inches;  tarsus  2;  bill  Ij-J.  Sexes 
near!}'  alike.  T(!.\as,  New  ^Fexico,  Arizona,  Cali- 
forniii  and  southward.  A  l)ird  of  remarkable 
aspect,  noted  for  its  swiftness  of  foot;  aided  by  its  wings  iudd  as  outriggers, 
it  taxes  the  horse  in  a  race;  feeds  on  reptil<\s,  insects  and  land  molliisks. 
Cass.,  111.  2i;>,  pi.  ;>(! ;  lit).,  73  ;  Coor.,  ;5(i3 cAMioiiMAMs. 

Suhjhmih/  COCCYZIX.E.     Aiiwrinm   C>n-l.:,os. 

Tail  of  Ion  soft  fi'athers,  iinu'li  graduated,  little  longer  tiiaii  the  wings,  whieli 
are  somewhat  pointi'(l,  altli<iugh  the  tirsl  and  second  quills  are  shortened.  Hill 
idioiit  e(iualliiig  or  rather  shorter  than  the  head,  stout  at  base,  then  nnieli  coiniiressed, 
curv<'d  tlirougliont,  tapering  to  a  rather  acute  ti[);  nostrils  basal,  inferior,  e\i)osod, 
elliptical  ;    feet  comi)aratively  small,  the  tarsus  naked,  not   longer  than  the  toes. 


<iniiincl  lurkc"). 


T^ 


lOO 


CirrMM.K,   Cl fKOOS. — (IKN.    12.S. 


I'"(iiir  oi'  live  ;_'(Mi('r.'i,  Mini  iiciIimjis  twenty  species;  none  ]);irMsiti('.  (Iiirs  ore  strictly 
illlMiiieole  liilds  111'  litiie  I'linii,  Meiiijed  lilllliiM^c  iillij  siliMliieij  e()l<irs  ;  tlu!  Iieail  is 
not  cresteil  :  till'  tiljiiil  I'enliiers  are  I'lill,  as  in  a  liawli;  tiie  si'xes  are  alike,  ami  tlio 
yiiinii;  scaicely  liiiliient.  In  the  l'i)llii\vin;j,  the  niiper  parts  are  iiiiilorni  satiny 
(p|i\e-i;ray.  ur  "  ijiiaker  enhii',"  with  hrnii/y  relleetions.  Miuratory,  inseelivoioiis  ; 
lay  jilain  ;;r<'eiii--h  eiiirs,  in  a  rnile  nest  of  twin's  saildled  on  a  liraneh  or  in  a  fork. 
They  are  well  knuwii  inhahitants  ol'  our  streets  iind  parks  as  well  as  of  woodland, 
nole(l  for  their  lond  Jerky  cries,  which  tiiey  ai'e  snpiioscd  to  ntter  niosl  fri'ijneiitly  in 
I'alling'  weather,  whence  their  poimlar  name,  "r;iin  crow." 


{     : 


'1 


128.  Genus  COCCYZUS  Vicillot. 
/l/drJt-hi'llciI  ('nrl.'dii.  \\\\\  liiackisli  except  uccasioiially  ii  (nip«  of  vcHdw- 
isli  iielow.  IW'iow,  pure  uiiite,  soiiieliiiies  witii  a  laiiit  tawny  tinjj;e  on  tlio 
fore  parts.  "Wini^s  willi  little  or  no  nifoiis.  liMteral  tail  featlicrs  not  cou- 
IrastiniT  witli  llif  central,  tlieir  tips  for  ii  short  distiuico  hlackisli,  thou 
ohsciiridy  white,  liare  eirctiiiiociihir  spiici;  red.  Lon^tii  11-12;  wing  .")-.") ^  ; 
tail  (!-(U  ;  l)ill  tiniler  an  inch.  Kaslern  l'.  S.  and  Caiiaiia.  Wii.s.,  iv.  Hi,  pi. 
2N  ;  Xrrr.,  i,  ,").">(!■.  Aid.,  iv,  ;>0(),  p|.  27(! ;  I5i>.,  77.  ki!Vtiii:()1'iitiiai-.mls. 
Yi'lhir-liHli'd  Ciirbn).  liill  extensively  yellow  hclow  and  on  the  sidos. 
llelow',  piiro  white.     ANings  extensively  einnanion-riil'oiis  on  innor  webs  of 

the  (piills.  Central  tail  feathers 
like  till'  hack,  the  rest  hlack  with 
large  white  ti[)s,  tiie  onterniost 
nsnally  also  edged  with  wiiite.  Sizo 
of  the  last.  Tnited  States,  rather 
more  southerly  than  the  last  speeies, 
and  chielly  Eastern ;  also,  I'aeilic 
Coast  {C'oojier,  JSlntlall).  Wils., 
iv,  13,  pi.  28;  Nirrr.,  i,  b'A  ; 
Aui).,  iv,  2!t;!,  pi.  275;  Ilix,  7(1; 

Cool'.,  ;571.      .        .        .       AAlintlCANUS.  ' 

JfdiK/rort'  Ciirkon.     Hill  much  as 
in    the    last.     J>elow,  pale  orange- 
brown.     Aiirienlars  dark,  in  contrast.     Tail  as  in  the  last,  hut  outer  feathers 
not  white-edged.      Si/.e   of  the    others,  or    rather    less.     West    Indies  and 
i'Morida.     Ai;tt.,  i,  or)S  ;  Ai;i).,  iv,  iSO.'l ;    pi.  277;   Hi).,  78.   .     si-.MctJLis. 


ru;.  lie.    Vclldw-billi'il  Ciicl>0(i 


Suhnrtlcf   PICI.     Pkiform  JJinlft. 
See  p.  1711  for  characters  of  this  suborder. 


Family  PICID^.    Woodpeckers. 

Tlies<'  birds  liaxe  been  specially  stndicil,  with  more  or  less  gratifying  success,  Iiy 
Malherlie,  Snndevall  and  C'assin.  There  are  nearly  two  Imiidred  and  lifty  well 
delerniiiiecl  species,  of  all  parts  of  the  world  except,  ^ladagasear,  Australia  and 
rulynesia.     Their  separation   into  minor  gnaips  has  nut  been  agreed   U|)on  :    our 


1>I('II).1',,    VOODI'KCKKUS. 


l!ll 


■I  4 


siu'cios  !M'o  cnimiiDiily  tlnowii  into  tliicc  div  i'-imis,  wliidi.  liowrvcr.  I  slmll  iii)t. 
l)it'si'iit.  Till'  ivdiv-liill  luiil  (lie  lliikcr  stimil  iiciirly  at  cNlrciin's  of  tin'  rainily,  tin- 
little  (livci'sity  of  \Nlii(li  is  tiii'icliy  cviili'iil.  One  of  our  j:t'iii'ia.  without  vciy 
ol)\ious  cxliTiiiil  iK'cuiiiii'itii's,  staiuls  a|)art  fruiii  the  ic^l  in  tlic  cliaraclci-  of  tlnj 
toiiiiuc  —  ii  I'ai'l  tiiat  sct'ins  to  liavi'  cscapiMl  itviiiial  allciilioii.  Ill  oi'iiiiiary  /'''■/  tlii! 
'•  horns"  of  ilic  toii;;ui'  iirc  fxtraoriliiiariiy  iiroduccil  liackuanl,  as  slender  jointed 
liony  rods  ('Ul'linL>'  n|>  over  the  skull  iie'hind.  Iietweeii  tlie  skin  ami  llie  hone,  to  llie 
eyes  or  even  further;  these  ro(ls  are  enwraiiiied  in  hi^lily  de\('loiied.  specialized 
iniiseles,  by  means  of  \vliieh  the  liirds  thrust  out  the  toiiune  soinelinies  se\eial 
ilielies  lieyond  the  liill.  'I'his  is  not  the  ease  in  Sjilii/riijiii-iis,  whi'ie  the  hyoid 
cornna  do  not  exti'lid  lieyond  the  hase  of  the  skull,  and  the  loiiuuc  ('oiisei|iielitly.  is 
liul  little  more  eNtensilile  than  in  ordinary  hirds.  I  have  detirniined  this  liy 
I'xamination  of  all  our  species  Imt  one.  in  the  llesli.  'I'he  tonune  of  .^ji/ii/i'djiiriis 
is  hesel  at  the  end  by  numerous  hnishy  lilaiiients,  instead  ol'  the  few  acute  hailis 
commonly  ohserved  in  the  family.  (See  also  nnd'T  ncn.  l.'l.'l.)  In  most  of  onr 
s|)eeies  the  liill  is  perl'ectly  siraijilit,  wide  and  stout  at  the  base,  ta|ieriii.ii;  reii'iilarly 
to  a  e(jmpi'essed  and  vertically  trun<'ate  tip,  chi-^el-like,  ami  stremilliened  hy  sharp 
ridi^es  oil  the  side  of  the  uppi'r  mandilile  —  an  admiralile  tool  for  euttinu'  into  trees  ; 
and  in  .all  such,  the  nostrils  are  hiddi-n  by  dense  tnfls  of  antroise  feathers.  In 
others,  like  the  llicker,  the  bill  is  smooth,  barely  curved,  the  tip  acute  and  the 
nostrils  exposeil.  The  claws  ai'c  alw.ays  larii'e,  stroiin'.  sharp  and  much  curved  ;  the 
I'eet  do  not  iireseiit  strikinij  niodilications,  except  in  the  tliree-loecl  nciiiis  /'imiilci. 
The  winij;s  oiler  iiothiiiji'  specially  iiotewoilhy,  unless  it  be  the  shortness  of  the 
coverts,  in  oxei'ption  to  the  ricaiian  rule;  and  the  shortness  of  the  lirst  primary, 
which  iii.iy  I'uirly  be  called  s[)urions.  'i'he  ri'inarkalile  character  oi'  the  tail  has  been 
already  mentioned.  This  member  oilers  indispensable  assistance  in  clinibim^-, 
when  the  stilf  strong  (piills  are  pressed  auainst  the  tree,  and  form  a  secure  sui>|)oiL 
To  this  end,  the  nniseles  are  highly  de\i'Iopeil,  and  the  last  bone  {rnnicr or jii/f/'i.sli/li') 
is  larji'c  and  [x'culiar  in  shape.  W(jodpeckers  rarely  if  ever  hang  head  downward, 
like  Xuthatches.  nor  are  tli(>  tarsi  applied  to  their  support. 

S]iccies  are  abuii<laiit  in  all  the  wooded  portion  of  this  country,  and  wlicrevcr 
found  arc  nearly  resilient.  l''or,  although  insectivorous,  they  feed  iirinci|ially  n|)on 
dormant  or  tit  least  stationary  insi'cts,  anil  therefore  ucimI  not  migrate;  thoy  are, 
moreover,  hardy  binls.  They  dig  insects  antl  their  larva'  out  of  trees,  and  are  eminent  I}' 
benelicial  to  the  agriculturist  and  fruit  grower,  t'ontrary  to  a  prevalent  impression, 
their  boring  does  not  seem  to  injure  fruit  trees,  which  lua}-  be  riddled  with  hoU-s 
without  harmful  ri'sult.  The  number  of  noxious  insects  these  birds  destroy  is  simply 
inc.'dcnlable  ;  what  little  fruit  some  of  them  steal  is  not  to  be  mentioned  in  the  same 
conneetion,  and  they  deserve  the  good  will  of  all.  The  birds  of  the  genus  iSpli;/- 
irijiicKs  are  probably  an  exception  to  most  of  these  statements.  AVoodpeckers  nest 
in  holes  in  trees,  which  they  excavate  for  themselves,  s(jmetimes  to  a  great  depth, 
and  lay  numerous  roundeil  pure  white  eggs,  t)f  which  the  shell  has  a  crystalline 
texture,  on  the  chips  and  dust  at  the  bottom  of  the  hole.  The  voice  is  loud  and 
harsh,  susceptible  of  little  intlcction.  The  plumage  as  a  rule  presents  bright  colors 
ill  large  areas  or  in  striking  contrasts,  and  is  sometimes  highly  lustrous,  'i'he  sexes 
are  ordinarily  distinguishable  by  C()lor-i"arkings. 

Oiis.  Citiiijii'pliihtu  iiiijicrialis,  the  largest  and  UK^st  magnilicent  bird  of  the 
family,  inhabiting  Central  America,  has  been  attiibuted  to  the  I'nited  .States,  but 
upon  unsatisfactory  evidence.  (Am.,  iv,  21.'?;  Cass.,  2s."i,  pi.  ID;  15i).,  N'J.) 
DryocopKn    HkchIus,  likewise,  was    improperly  introduced    by  Audubon    (iv,  '2'.>o). 


••  1 


T 


f 


! 


l!l-> 


riciKi;,  wooDiT.cKi'.iM. — (ir.v,    Ii'It,   l.'l(»,   I.'il. 


120.    aonus    CAMPEPIIILUS    Orny. 


WhUc-licdihtl   Will  III iii'clcr.     riiiroiiii  hlack  :   whole  Iicail  wliilc,  in- (he  ^ 
will)  ii  scMi'lct  niiclial  liaml  ;  ii   lai'Lic   patili  ol'  wliilc  (»ii  (lie  win;:',  comiiuiiily 


resolved  into  a  iiuiii 


lilotilies  ;  ahoiil  !•  ;   wiiiiT  ") ;  fail  li.L      Moiiiitaiii- 


ol"  ("alU'oniia,  ()i'ei:()ii  ami  Wasliiuuloa.     Cass.,  .loiirii.    Pliila.  Aead.  JS." 


V 


■>■) .     i>,.       I 


>i>. 


Cooi-.,  ;!.S:.'. 


;m;;    Im,l.,   pi.    21  ; 
Ai,iior,.\i;VAiis. 


Spolted  and  crusswise  liaiidcd,  bill   iiul 


slreMKi'il 


licil-riii-I:ii(Ji(l  WoniJprr/iTr,  Ilo.ad  Maek 
on  loi),  willi  a  larire  .silUy  wliito  aiirienl;ir 
patch  eiiihraeiiii^  Ihe  eye  mid  extending; 
on  the  side  of  the  iieel<,  bordered  ahove 
in  the  (^  liy  ;i  scarlet  stri|)e  nol  nieetinii' 
its  fellow  on  the  nape;  nasal  leathers  and 
those  on  the  side  of  the  nnder  jaw  white  ; 
Idaelv  of  the  erown  conneeted  aeross  tlu; 
lores  with  a  lilaek  stripe  rnnnin;.'  from  the  corner  of  the  hill  down  the  sitle 
of  the  throat  and   neck  to  he  dissii)ated  on  the  side  of  the  breast  in  hlaek 


A 


I'lCIDK,    WOODlM'.CKr.lJS. (IKN.     1. 11. 


108 


4 


Hpitt-t  contimnvl  less  Miickly  iildii'j  tin-  wliolc  si(lt^  iiiul  on  tlio  crNsiiin ;  iimlor 
|i;irts  DtliKi'wi-in  ^  (ill-  1  wliili' ;  cimiIimI  tiil  I'lt  it!i"is  liUdt,  otluM's  wliili',  lilii;-!;- 
Icirn^il ;  l);i(^lv  mul  wiii'^-t  l)irn'il  witli  liUi-U  iiml  while,  llm  lur^cr  (luill-j  ami 
111  my  i'i>vt'rts  with  thiMvhito  liiirn  i't'si)lv(Ml  into  piiriMl  s|iit-i;  M-S^  ;  cxti'iil. 
H-l');  wiii'^  n  ;  t;iil  .'U.  I'iiu' mw.iiii|h  ;m  I  Ihitcih  ol"  th'^  Sna'h  Atlantic 
iiml  (Jriilf   St;ilos;    Xorlh  to   PoiiiiHylvMnii.     Wii.s.,  ii,  11).$,  pi.  l.'i;   \i;iT., 

i,  r*??  ;    Airi).,  iv,  2,'»1,  pi.  i(!l ;    ni).,!l(! iioitr.Ar.is. 

Texan  Wd'ufper/cur.  Crown  l)l;ii;k,  IV('i|iiciit!y  spccUhMl  with  whito,  in  tlm 
jf  tht*  liinil  hi'iid  iiml  iiipn  cxlcn-iis'cly  crinison  ;  sid-n  of  tlio  hcail  wiiitcf, 
with  .'i  Ioml;  ItliiL'U  sli'ipn  iVoiii  llio  l)ill  iiiulcr  the  cyiN  wiioiiiiii;  hiihiiul,  thnro 
Joiiiiii'^  11  idiick  postociiJMf  stripo  iinil  spn'adinir  ovor  tito  siili!  of  tho  noiik; 
iiiisal  foalluM'.s  nsiialiy  hrown  ;  iiniicr  parl-^  raiiunu'j^  from  soiled  wiiito  to 
smoivy  ;.'ray,  with  iiimn'roiH  lilack  spots  on  the  sides,  l!  mks  and  crissnm  ; 
lateral  tail  feathers  perfectly  liarreil  with  l)lael;  atul  wliit(^  in  eoiial  iiiiioimts, 
th(i  contriil  ones  Ulaek;  hat^k  and  winL^s  as  in  the  last  speeicvs.  Small  ;  about. 
7  ;  winijf  .'5A-I  ;  tail  imdiT  A;  hill  ij-s-  Sonlhwesterii  IJ.  S.  and  southward. 
I5i).,  iM  ;   Cool'.,  .'{7!t .';c,\r,Ai!i.s. 

Var.  Ni'ri'AT.iai.  llallier  l.ar;;('r ;  more  white,  tills  nillier  prevailiir^  on  tlii^  l)aek 
over  the  iilaek  liars,  the  liiml  iioek  ehietly  white,  the  iiiisal  tails  wliiti',  the  lateral 
tail    leathers,  especially,  sparsely   or    iinpeil'eetly 


barrel  I 


The    Calit'oriiiaii    co.ist 
ra(u> ;  Ho.,  it.'J ;  Coop.,  .'ii'rt.    I'irnn  //(ivt.in/o/.s,  IVoiii  (Jape;  St.  liUeas,  is  a  loi'al  lorni 


lik( 


HH 


ttidl! 


itii  ratlior  lari£i!r  l)ill  and  fe<'l ;    1)111   1 


men. 


Xantis,  V 


I'hila. 


Acad.  l.S.V.t,  2'.»M,  ;)()2;    C\sA.,ibliL    l«(J:t,   1!)");     Coop.,  ;i.sl.      /'.  jiiirnis  CAiior; 
/'.  liiuMi!  .Scr.ATiaf ;  /'/'.  nitijahtu  and  orinnbn:  Cassis,  all  lic'lon;..^  to  ni'iihirin. 
***  Spotted  and  leiiifthwiso  streaked,  hut  not  handed, 
t  Usually  9-10  lonj^  ;  outer  tail  reulhers  wholly  white. 

Ifdii'i/  Wondpcch'r,  Hack  hlack,  with  a  loiij>;  wliitd  stripo  ;  quills  and 
vu'n;/  rmrrf.'i  with  a  profusion  of  white  spots  ;  f(Mir  iiiidille  tail  feathers  Mack, 
next  pair  hlack  and  while,  next  two  pair  white,  as  stated  ;  under  parts  wdiito  ; 
crown  and  sides  of  head  black,  with  a  white  stripo  over  and  behind  tlio  eye, 
another  from  the  nasal  feathers  runiiini;  bidow  the  eye  to  spread  on  the  side 
of  the  neck,  and  a  scarlet  nuchal  band  in  the  jj  ,  waiitin;^  in  the  9  ;  young 
with  the  crown  mostly  red  or  bronzy,  or  even  ytdlowish.  Eastern  North 
Aincrioa,  abundant.  Wing  nearly  ."> ;  tail  ',\.^  ;  bill  IJ  ;  whole  foot  ]'i.  Varies 
greatly  in  size,  mainly  according  to  latitude.  Large  whiter  northern  birds 
are  —  J\  IciicdiiicIus  Ijodd.,  1*1.  Knium.  .'51.'),  f.  1  ;  P.  ca)Ht<hin<in  (Jm.,  i, 
•i;')?  ;  /  ,/iillips/i  Add.,  iv,  2.'5H,  pi.  '2i')'.)  (young  with  crown  ycdiowisli)  ; 
v.  xrptt'iitrionalis  NiriT.,  i,  2d  ed.  (iS4  (same)  ;  var.  iiiajor  \\\>.,  <S  I. 
Ordinary  birds  arc  —  /'.  vil/osiis  Wii.s.,  i,  l')0,  pi.  !.) ;  Nirrr.,  i,  oTTi ;  Auo., 
iv,  211,  pi.  2()2  ;  I*,  mar/iiitc  Ann.,  iv,  210,  pi.  2(10  (young  with  crown 
reddish)  ;  /•.  riif/n'capi/his  Ni;tt.,  i,  2d  ed.  118.')  (same)  ;  var.  iiiciUkk  JJd., 

<iilitli(ini  SwAiNsoN,  l''n.  Iior.-Aiii.   ii. 


81.     Small  southern  birds  ai 


/' 


yOl! ;  i\  '/'?'/"w/(7*  'ritUDKAi,  .loiirii.  I'hila.  Acad.  l.SoTjIOl  (3'ouiig  with 
crown  yellowish);  Aui>.,  iv,  2.V.I,  pi.  2i!.")  ;  IS'i  rr.,  i,  2d  ed.  (ISI  ;  var. 
minor   Hd.,  85 viLi.osus. 


KKV    TO   N. 


i 


104 


viciu.r.,   wooDi'Kf  Ki:i;s.  —  fiF.x.   \"2,  1.".*) 


I'll 

foot    I'l 
plilccs. 


Var.  iiAiiiMsii.  I'^xaolly  liko  rilhisns,  cxc'i'iiliiiij;  fcwpi-  wiii<:-spots  ;  fjoiiprally  »oiir^ 
on  the  coverts  and  inner  (piills;  with  spci'inK'ns  enough  we  can  see  the  spots  disap- 
pear one  liy  one.  (ienei'aliy  white  holow,  lint  in  some  regions  snioiiy-gray  (a  tiling 
not   oliserved  in   Eastern   liiids,  Imt   apparently  dne,  sometimes  at  least,  to  soiling 

with  carhonaeoous  matter).  IJoeky  !Monntains 
to  the  Taeide.  Aid.,  iv,  -il^,  \)\.  2(11  (dink- 
liellied)  ;  ^'rrr.,  i,  2d  cd.  027;  l$i).,  87  ;  Coon., 
.'!7.").     ]'.  lii/losr(i}}iis  Cahams. 

tt  I'snally  0-7  long;  ontertail  featiiers  hai-red 
with  hlack  and  white. 

Ddiriiif    ]\o(i(/jte(J:rr.       Exnctl}'    liko    P. 
vi/ldsiix,  except  in  the  above  respects  ;  wiiijj; 
iiiuler  4;  tail  tinder  3;  bill  about  n;  whole 
Kiistern    North  America,  abiimlant    in    orchards,  and    all  wooded 
Wir.s.,  i,  l,').!,  pi.  !);  NiTT.,  i,  570;  Aid.,  iv,  24!),  pi.  2(;;5 ;  J'.d., 
Mil.      /'.  iiicridlniKilin    Swains.,   F.   Jj.-A.  ii,  .'JOH    (small    sontherii    race)  ; 

/'.  iiif'dirniK.s  Id.,  ihid.  l]()S ruiu-.scr.Ns. 

\'ar.  (iviKOM.Kii.  liearing  the  same  I'clation  to  7'.  /)"//rxcr)/s,  that  hdrrisii  does  to 
/'.  rillnsii.i,  and  inhahiting  the  same  legions;  the  wing  spots  lew  or  wanting  on  tiie. 
inner  (|iiills  and  the  coverts,  tiie  helly  smoky-gray  in  some  localitii's.  Ald.,  iv, 
2.")2  :   111).,  !)1,  1)1.  M') ;  C'ooi-.,  ;)77.     J',  inciidiouulia  Nltt.,  i,  2(1  ed.  O'.M). 

132.    Gonus    PICOIDES    Lacepede. 

*,»*  Three-toed  ;  the  hallux  absent.  Crown  with  a  yellow  patch  in  the  ^  ; 
sides  of  lieail  striped,  of  body  barred,  with  black  and  white  ;  under  parts  otherwise 
white;  (piills  with  white  spots;  tail  leathers  nnbarred,  the  outer  white,  the  central 
blacl.-.     bength  8-!t  ;  wing  M-")  ;  tail  ;i]-l. 

Jil(irk-liarh-cd  Wood  pecker.  Back  imiform  black.  Arctic  America  to  the 
Xortherii  States.  Ai:i».,  iv,  StK!,  \\\.  2()S  ;  Xutt.,  i,  078;  Bd.,  !)8  ;  Cooi'., 
384.     /'.  ti'!(l(ii-ti/his  HoNAi'.,  Am.  Oni.  ii,  14,  })1.  14,  f.  2.       .       aiicticis. 

Jhnided  Wondperkev.  Back  with  a  white  leiijitliwise  stri[)e,  banded  with 
bl.'iek  tips  of  the  leathers.  Arctic  America  into  Xortherii  States.  /*.  Itlr- 
f<itfiis  All).,  iv,  2(18,  pi.  209;  XfTT.,  i,  2d  ed.  (;22  ;  Bu.,  !»8  ;  J',  trhhirh/lus 
Swains.,  F.  B.-A.  ii,  311,  pi.  a(i ;  /'.  (iiiien'aniiis  Coov.,  38,').    ajii'-uicanis. 

\'ar.  DoKsAi.is.  Hack  wiih  an  nninterriipted  white  strijie ;  lio.,  100,  pi.  S,"),  f.  1. 
IJocky  Moniitain  region.  *jj*  All  the  species  ol'  this  genus  are  nii(|iiestionably 
injidilied  derivatives  of  one  eirenmiiolar  stock;  the  American  seem  to  have  become 
completely  clill'erentiated  from  the  Asiatic  and  European,  and  further  divergence 
seems  to  have  perfectly  separated  (iiYliniti  from  (imerirtdiiin ;  but  dnrmdl.^  and 
((men'c(tiii(n  arc  still  linked  together. 

133.    Genus    SPHYEAPICUS    Baird. 

*„*Tongnenot  extensihle  ;  the  tip  brushy;  jiyoid  hones  short.  Hirds  of  this 
genus  feed  imieh  upon  fruits,  as  well  as  insects,  and  also,  it  would  seem,  n[toii  soft 
inner  liark  (cambium)  ;  they  injure  fruit  trees  by  stripiiiiig  oil"  the  bark,  sometimes 
in  large  areas,  instead  of  sim|)ly  lioring  holes.  Of  tjie  several  small  species  com- 
monly called  "  sapsuckers,"  they  alone  deserve  the  name.      In  declaring  war  against 


,1 


riCID.K,    WOODI'KOKKUS. OKX.     \'^'^. 


195 


woodpeckers,  the  a;^rieiiltiiri.st  will  do  well  to  disofiiuiniitu  IjetwoLMi  tlio  soinowliiit 
injurious  and  the  iiijj;lil3'  bL-iielifial  .spccii's. 

Ycl/oic-hcllied  W^oodpac/cer.  ^  willi  tlie  crown  criiusoii,  bordered  all 
iiroiiiKl  with  black;  cliiu,  tiii'oat  and  bioast  black,  ciiclosiiiij^  a  lariro  crimson 
patch  on  tiic  ibrnicr  (in  the  J  ;  in  the  9  this  i)atcli  wliitc)  ;  sides  of  head 
with  a  white  lino  .startinLT  from  the 
nasal  feathers  and  dividinu;  tiio 
black  of  the  throat  from  a  trans- 
ocidar  black  stripe,  this  separated 
from  tho  black  of  tiio  crown  b_v  a 
white  postocnlar  stripe  ;  all  these 
si ripcs  frecpiently  yellowish; 
under  parts  diuiry  yellow,  brown- 
ish and  with  sagittate  dnsky  marks 
on  the  sides  ;  back  variegated  with 
black  and  ^'cllowish-browii ;  wings 
black  with  a  largo  ol)li(jno  wiiito 
bar  on  the  coverts,  tho  (piills  with 
mmierous  paired  white  spots   on  •■'■"• '^''   v.M..w-i,oiiio,i wo,«iiMrk.,-. 

tho  edije  of  both  wohs ;  tail  black,  most  of  the  feathers  white-edged,  the 
inner  webs  of  tlio  tniddlo  pair,  and  tlu^  n[)i)i'r  (!overts,  mostly  white.  Yonng 
birds  lack  the  delinile  black  areas  of  tlu;  head  and  l)reast,  and  the  crimson 
thntat-patch,  these  [)arts  being  mottled  gray  ;  bnt  in  any  plumage  the  bird 
is  recognized  by  its  t/cllowncnti,  different  from  what  is  seen  in  any  other 
Kastori:  species,  and  tho  l)road  white  wing-bar,  to  say  nothing  of  the  generic 
characters.  About  ^h  ;  Aving  4i-")  ;  tail  3i.  Eastern  North  America, 
abundant.     Wils.,  i,   147,  pi.  1),  f.  2  ;  Xirr.,  i,  574;  Aud.,  iv,  2();5,  pi. 

207;  Bi).,  10;J VAUii-s. 

Vnr.  MciiAi.is.  With  an  a<lilitional  l)and  of  scarlet  on  tiie  nape,  and  tlie  throat- 
pateli 'jiore  extensive;  it  is  often  seen  in  the  9-  IJocky  Mountains  to  liie  Pacific, 
lait  apparently  not  exclusively  western  ;  I  am  informed  tiitit  birds  of  this  descrip- 
tion are  found  in  New  Eny;laud.     Bo.,  103,  807  ;  C'ooe.,  ■"VJO. 

Red-hreasted  ]\'ijodj)n-/ir'r.  Exactly  like  tho  last,  bnt  tho  whole  head, 
neck  and  breast  carmine  red,  in  both  sexes  ;  gray  in  the  j'omig.  .Size  of 
the  last,  with  which  it  is  said  to  intergrado,  and  of  which  it  is  ajjparently 
oidy  a  variety.  Pacilic  Coast,  U,  S.  Auo.,  iv,  2ljl,  pi.  200;  Bu.,  1U4 ; 
Cooi'.,  ;5l)2 untKU. 

Jtrotrn-Jieaded  Woodjjrcker.  General  plmnage  closely  banded  with  black 
and  grayish-white  ;  rump  white  ;  middle  of  belly  yellow,  of  breast  black  ; 
whole  head  nearly  uniform  brown  ;  (jnills  sprinkled  with  white  along  the 
edges;  tail  black  with  the  middle  feUhers  white-barred;  l)-'.*i  ;  wing  a  or 
more;  tail  4  or  less.  Wooded  mountainous  regions,  Pacitic  slope.  Cass., 
111.  200,  pi.  ;$2 ;  Hi).,  101!;  Elliot,  i)1.  2");  Cooi-.,  ;5ti;5.     .      Tiivii<>ii)Ki:.s. 

milhiiiisdii's  Woodpecker,  (llossy  l)laek  ;  sides  and  crissum  mixed  black 
and  white  ;  belly  yellow  ;   rump  white  ;  tail  black,  unmarked  ;   wings  black, 


L 


19fi 


ririDjT;,  -NvoorrKCKEiiS.  —  cf.n.  134,  135. 


witli  a  larfro  oblique  wliitc  l)iir  on  llio  covciLs,  and  a  l'v^\  whhc  spols  on  llic 
r(l<!(s  of  tlio  (|nill.s;  tliidiil  with  a  naircAV  ciinit^on  i)a1cli  (wliitc  in  llic  9  ?)  ; 
head  witii  a  ^\h\\v  po.-lociilar  i^lripc  meeting  its  fellow  on  tlic  nape,  and 
ancillier  i'nin  the  na^d  feathers  to  below  the  aniienlais ;  size  of  the  last. 
Same  liahilat.  A  beautiful  irpeeies  ;  this,  and  thyroldcvs,  rcsend)le  no  others. 
r>i).,  105;  Cooi'.,  3113 williamsonii. 

134.    Genus    CENTUEUS    Swainson. 

*  ,*  I'iick  and  wings,  cxerpt  larger  fiuills,  elosely  banned  with  black  and  white ; 
I>iin.!iri(s  \\\\h  large  white  blutclics  near  the  liase,  and  usually  a  few  smaller  spots; 
bfldw,  iuiniaciihite,  except  sagittate  black  marks  on  the  Hanks  and  erissum  ;  the 
belly  tinged  with  red  or  yellow  ;  i)-10  long ;  wing  about  5  ;  tail  about  34. 

linl-lnUied  Waodjiffler.  "\\'hole  eroAvn  and  nape  scarlet  in  the  $  ,  partly 
so  in  the  9  ;  sides  of  head  and  under  parts  grayish-white,  usiudly  with  a 
yellow  shade,  reddinhnj  on  the  belly;  tail  black,  one  or  two  outer  feathers 
white-barred  ;  inner  web  of  central  feathers  white  with  black  spots,  outer 
web  of  the  same  black  Avith  a  white  space  next  the  shaft  for  most  of  its 
len<:th  ;  white  predominating  on  the  riunp.  Eastern  United  States,  some- 
what southerly,  rarely  N.  to  New  England  ;  common.  "\Vils.,  i,  113,  pi.  7, 
f.  2;  KuTT.,  i,  572;  Aid.,  iv,  270,  pi.  270;   Bd.,  109.     .     .     cakolims. 

YeUov-factd  ]\'oodj.(vl,cr.  Extreme  forehead  and  a  nuchal  band  yellow  ; 
eroMii  with  a  central  square  crimson  patch,  wanting  in  the  9  ;  rump  and 
upper  tail  coverts  entirely  Avhite  ;  tail  feathers  entirely  black,  except  white 
touches  on  the  outer  pair;  lower  parts  sordid  whitish,  becoming  yellow  on 
the  belly.  Texas,  southward.  Cjldviveii/n'x  Bd.,  110,  pi.  42  ;  1'.  ciurifrons, 
Wa(ilf.1{,  Isis,  1!S29,  512  ;   Coop.,  31)!).     T au1!11'1!ONS. 

(ilia  Woodperler.  Jso  yellow  about  the  head;  crown  with  a.  sqiuire  crim- 
son patch,  wanting  in  the  9  ;  rump  and  ujjpertail  coverts  barred  with  black; 
tail  feathers  nuuked  as  in  (■(noh'ii>t.'< ;  head  and  under  parts  didl  broAvn, 
beconnng  yellow  on  the  belly.  Valley  of  the  Cohnado  and  Gila.  Bd.,  Ill  ; 
Coop.,  3!)!) uropygialis. 

136.    Genus    MELANEBFES    Swainson. 

Hed-headed  Woodpcvlcr.  Glossy  blue-black ;  rump,  secondaries  and 
under  i)arts  from  the  breast,  pure  white  ;  primaries  and  tail  feathers  black  ; 
whole  head,  neck  and  breast  crimson,  in  both  sexes,  grayish-brown  in  the 
young  ;  about  !) ;  wing  5 J  ;  tail  3J.  Eastern  U.  S.  to  the  Kocky  Mountains  ; 
Calitornia?  A  very  abimdant  and  familiar  bird,  in  orchards  and  gardens  as 
well  as  in  the  woods,  conspicuous  by  its  gay  tricolor  plmnage  ;  migratory  in 
northerly  sections.  Wilr.,  i,  142,  pi.  9,  f.  1;  Nutt.,  i,  p.  — ;  Aud.,  iv, 
274,1)1.271;   Bd.,  113;    Coop.,  402 euytiiiiockpuali  s. 

Cidlfhrnian  Wijodjiccker.  Glossy  blue-black;  rump,  bases  of  all  the 
quills,  edge  of  the  Aving,  and  under  parts  from  the  breast,  Avhite,  the  sides 
Avith  sparse  black  streaks ;  forehead  sijuarely  white,  contimious  Avith  a  stripe 
down  in  front  of  the  eyes  and  thence  broadly  encircling  the  throat,  there 


i' 


k 


k 


,_,-  -  >«.■.-. 


i 


$% 


1 
J 


■:^; 


I 


L. 


PICID^,    'VVOODrECKEliS,  —  GKN.    l.'U),    137. 


li)7 


l)cc()niinjr  yellowish  ;  this  cuts  oil'  tlic  l)liick  aroiiiul  base  of  hill  ami  on  Iho 
chin  conii)Ietely  ;  crown  in  tiic  J  crimson  (Voni  tlic  wliite  front,  in  llio  9 
separated  from  the  white  l)y  a  hlaek  interval ;  fretiucntly  !i  few  red  leathers 
in  the  black  breast-i)atch,  which  is  not  sharply  delined  behind,  but  changes 
by  streaks  into  the  Avhitc  of  the  belly.  IJill  l)!ack  ;  eyes  white,  brown  in  the 
young,  Avhich  arc  not  particularly  dill'erent,  ))Ut  have  tlie  head  markings  less 
defined.  Size  of  the  last.  Kocky  IMountains  to  tlie  Pacific,  U.  S.,  abund- 
ant ;  noted  for  its  habit  of  sticking  acorns  in  little  holes  that  it  digs  in  the 
bark  for  the  purpose  ;  whole  branches  are  frequently  studded  in  this  manner. 
Cass,,  III.  ii,  pi.  2  ;  Bd.,  114;  Coor.,  403 fois.micivoih  s. 

Var.  ANorsTiritoNS  is  said  1o  lia\e  llic  white  IVontal  bar  narrower  and  the  bill 
soniewliut  dillereutiy  shaped.     Cape  fSt.  Lucas.     Cool-.,  40o. 

136.    Genus    ASYNDESMUS    Coues. 

Levis'  Woddjierlir.  lihuk,  with  bronzy-green  iridescence;  wings  and 
tail  the  same,  uinnarkcd  ;  fico  and  sides  of  head  dusky  crimson  ;  cervical 
collar  and  under  parts  hoary-ash,  becoming  crimson  or  bloody-red  on  the 
belly  ;  the  feathers  of  these  paits  of  ii  peculiar  loose  bristly  texture  ;  sexes 
alike  ;  young  plainer  black  al)ove,  with  little  or  no  crimson  on  face  or  below. 
About  11  long;  wing  (ii  ;  tiul  4i.  Wooded  and  especially  mountainous 
parts  of  Western  America;  a.  remarkable  looking  bird.  Wii.s.,  iii,  .'il, 
pi.  :i();  NiTT.,i,  577;  Am.,  iv,  S^O,  i)l.  272;  Ud.,  11,");  Corics,  Troc. 
l*hila.  Acad.  ll^(JO,  50;  Cooi'.,  400 tokim  ati'.s. 


137.    Genus    COLAPTES    Sw^ainson. 

*jif*  Under  parts  with  nnnierous  eitcular  black  s|)()ts  on  a  pale  gromid.  A  largo 
black  pectoral  crescent.  Kump  snowy  wiiite.  liack.  wiiiu'  eoviats  niid  innermost 
(jiiilis  brown  with  an  olive  or  lilac  shade,  and 
thickly  barred  witii  black;  quills  ami  tail  black, 
excepting  as  below  stated.  About  a  foot  long ; 
wing  about  0  ;  tail  4i, 

(,'ohlen-u'iuf/ecl  Woodpecker.  Flicker. 
Wings  and  tail  showing  golden -yellow 
underneath,  and  the  shafts  of  this  color;  a 
scar'et  nuchal  crescent  in  both  sexes  ;  $ 
with  black  maxillary  patches,  wanting  in  the 
9  ;  crown  and  nape  ash  ;  chin,  throat  and 
breast  lilac-brown  ;  sides  tinged  with  creamy 
brown,  and  belly  with  yellowish ;  shade  of 
the  back  rather  olivaceous.  Eastern  North 
Atneriea  ;  Alaska  (JJall).  A  very  abundant 
and  well  known  bird.  Wils.,  i,  45,  pi.  3, 
f.  1;    Nl-tt.,  i,  501;    Aud.,  iv,  282,  pi.      ''"'■'■'-■  f-i'i''n»i"j.'."iw,Muii„.,kor. 

273;  15i),,  118 aiuati  s. 

Gilded  Woodpecker.     Wings  and  tail  showing  golden  yellow  underneath, 


i 


l!l« 


I'SITTACI,    l'Ai;i!(»T.S. 


and  tlu!  sliMt'ls  of  tliis  coldr ;  no  luicliiil  iTiiscciit  in  citlior  sex;  ^  with 
sciirlct  iniixilliiry  ])Mtflics,  wiintiiiLr  ill  tiic  ?  ;  crown  lilac-hrowii  ;  cliin,  throat 
and  bri'ii.st  asii ;  .sides  lin.u'i'd  with  c'ri'aniy-l)rown,  and  hclly  with  yellowish. 
C'olorado  N'aiicy,  Lower  California,  and  sontlnvard.  1)1).,  \2o,  and  I'roc. 
I'hiia.  Aead.  l.s.V.),  JJUi  ;  Ki.mot,  pi.  2() ;  Coor.,  410.  .  .  ciii;Y!S(>iim:s. 
Jied-xlidj'ted  or  Mexican  Wnixlprv/itr.  W'inirs  and  tail  showing  orange-red 
nndei'neath,  and  tiie  shafts  of  this  eolor ;  no  luichal  crescent  in  either  sex; 
(J  witli  scarlet  maxillary  patches,  wanting  in  the  9  ;  crown  lilac-l)rown  ; 
chill,  throat  and  hreast  ash;  under  parts  shaded  with  lilac-hrowii ;  no 
yellowisii  on  tiie  belly.  Western  North  America,  iSitUa  to  Mexico.  Aid., 
iv,  2!»U,  pi.  274 ;  Xurr.,  ii,  UUo  ;   Bo.,  120;    Cooi'.,  408.       .     iii;xi('.\M;s. 

Or.s.  It  will  be  noted,  liow  curiously  these  species  are  distiii<i;iiislie(l  mainly  liy 
!i  (liHi'icnl  coiiil)iiiatiuii  of  eoiuiiiou  eliaracters. —  Cubijitcf  ai/rcxii  ul'  Aii>.,  vii,  '.ilH, 
1)1.  4114  ;  C.  hijhridiix  of  IJaikd,  122,  is  a  form  from  the  ^lissoiiri  region  in  wliicli  the 
eliaracters  of  iiicciaiiiiis  and  unrutiis  are  blended  in  every  conceivable  degree  in 
dilfereiit  specimi'iis.  IVrlia[)s  it  is  a  hybrid,  and  perliai)s  it  is  a  transitional  I'oriu. 
According  to  3Ir.  Allen.  Florida  si)eciiiieiis  of  anrdlnn  somi'times  show  reil  touches 
in  the  black  maxillary  patch,  as  is  Irciiuuiitly  the  case  with  Kansas  exami)les. 

Order  PSITTACI.    Parrots. 

I'"eet  pei'manently  zyiiodactyle  by  reversion  of  the  fourth  toe;  bill  short, 
extremely  stout,  stronuly  eiiiguathous,  and  furnished  with  a  (frc(jueiitly  feathered) 
cere,  as  in  the  birds  of  i»rev  ;  wings  and  tail  variable.  The  [jarrots,  including  the 
macaws,  cockatoos,  lories,  etc.,  form  one  of  the  most  strongly  marked  groujts  of 
birds,  as  easily  recognizable  by  tlieir  peculiar  external  appearance  as  defined  by  the 
tecimical  i)oiiits  of  struetin-e.  They  wore  formei'ly  included  in  an  order  .S'cioi.wrcs 
on  account  of  the  paireil  toes,  but  this  is  a  comparatively  trivial  circumstance  ;  they 
have  no  special  alUnity  with  other  zygodaetyle  birds,  and  their  peculiarities  entitle 
them  to  rank  with  grouiis  called  orders  in  the  present  volume.  They  might  not 
iuaiitly  bi'  styled  fnnjicitnu'n  Jtdjiliircs ;  and  in  some  resi)ects  they  exhibit  a  vague 
analogy  to  the  (luadrumana  (monkeys)  among  mammals.  The  upper  mandible  is 
nmch  more  freely  movable  than  is  usual  in  birds,  being  articulated  instead  of 
suturally  joined  with  the  forehead;  and  the  liill  is  commonly  used  in  climbing. 
The  Itoiiy  orliits  of  the  eyes  are  frcipiently  completed  by  union  of  the  lachrymal 
bones  with  i)()storbital  processes.  The  symi)hysis  of  the  lower  jaw  is  short  and 
obtuse.  The  sternum  is  I'nlire  or  siini)ly  fenestrated  [josteriorly  ;  the  furculnm  is 
weak,  sometimes  defective,  or  wanting.  The  i)riiieii)al  metatarsal  bone  is  short  and 
Itroad,  and  its  lower  extremity  is  motlilied  to  suit  the  position  of  the  fourth  toe. 
The  lower  larynx  is  ix-euliarly  constructed,  with  three  pairs  of  muscles.  The 
plumage  shows  aftershafts  ;  the  oil  j;laii(l  is  often  wanting. 

"  Parrots  aliound  in  all  troi)ical  countries,  but,  except  in  Australia  and  New 
Zealand,  rarely  extend  into  the  temperate  zone.  The  Indian  and  vEtliio|)ian 
regions  are  poor  in  iiarrots,  while  the  Australian  is  the  richest,  containing  man}- 
jienera  and  even  whole  families  peculiar  to  it"  (Nkwton).  The  highest  authority, 
FiNscii,  recognizes  ."i."(4  sjiecics  as  well-determined,  distributing  them  in  21!  genera; 
142  are  American,  2;i  African,  and  18  Asiatic  ;  the  ^Moluccas  and  New  (iuinea  have 
8;!.  Australia  .Jll,aud  I'olynesia  2t).    Ornithologists  are  now  nearly  agreeil  to  divide 


i!Anni!i:s,  nir.Ds  of  ritKV. — riKX.   l.'is. 


lit!) 


tlii'in  into  "i  finnilics.  'I'lio  ('niions  llinlitlcss  u;r<iiiiiil-i>.'irr()1  of  Xcnv  ZcjiImiuI  {S/ri- 
f/iijiH  liithriijililiin)  I'oi'm^t  out!  of  tlii'sc,  X//'/';/o/;/(/(('.  "  Tlu'  most  lii^lily  oi'u'imi/i'il 
ffroup  is  till"  'J'rii-li(ifilossl(lir,  in  wliifli  tlio  wiiolo  slrnctiiro  is  !i(l;ii)t('(l  to  IIowit- 
fi'cdinj?  liiil)its"  (\\"ai,i,.\(  r. )  ;  it  Ih'Ioiiljs  to  tlic  AnstrMJiiui  rcuion.  'I'lic  rocjijiloos 
nro  nuiiiiiiir  oxiiniplcs  of  ii  tiiinl  laniily,  J'l!i'l<iliijihi(l<i\  of  Aiistriiiiji  si. id  tiu'  Ivist 
Indies.  Tiu>  '^\v,\t  l)nilv  of  the  order,  iiowever,  is  nidde  n])  of  tlie  otiier  two  less 
specialized  ;iml  more  generally  (listnl)nte(l  gioni)s,  the  r.-<iltitvi((w  proper,  Jind  tlie 

Family   ARID^, 

of  wliicli  tlie  iniiciMvs  (.l(V(),  :ind  the  foUowinij;  species,  are  chMracteristic  examples. 


138.  Gon.  CONURUS  Kuhl. 

C'lU'ol/iirl  I'drrafjltrt, 

(irecii  :  liead  yellow  ;  face 
I'cd  ;  1)111  wliite  :  feet  llesli 
color  ;  wiuLTs  in()i'(>  or  less 
varieptted  with  hliie  and 
ye  1 1  ()W.  Sexes  a  1  i  Ue. 
y'oini;/  simply  irreeii.  \'.\  : 
winji  7^^  ;  tail  (!.  Soiitliern 
Slates;  iii)tlio  Mississippi 
A'allcy  to  the  Missouri 
refrion  ;  tbrmorly  strayed 
to  IVnnsylvaniii  and  New 
York,  hut  of  late  has 
reeedod  even  from  the 
Carolimis;  still  abundant 
ill  Florida,  (irejiarioiis, 
fruirivoroiis  and  graiiivoroiis ;  not  rojrularly  mi>rratory.  AVils.,  iii.  .si),  pi. 
21),  f.  1  ;  jS'utt.,  i,  51")  ;  Aun.,  iv,  oOt!,  pi.  27(S  ;  l\u.,  07.      ca!!OLIN'knsis. 


l"Ii:.  |:!.'i.    (  ,'iri>liiKi  l'arr"i|iii'l. 


IS 

nd 


I'W 

an 

'y. 

•a; 
ive 
de 


\ 


Order  RAPTOEES.     Birds  of  Prey. 

mil  cpii/niillioiin,  rcrcil ;  and  feet  not  •^tifiodnrfiiic.  The  rapaeions  liirds  form  a 
perfectly  natural  asseiiihlajie,  to  whicli  this  expression  fiirnishi's  a  clue.  The 
parrots,  prohahly  the  only  other  I)ir(Is  with  strongly  hooked  and  tndij  cered  hill, 
are  yoUe-loed.  Tlie  /'ii/ilorcn  [iivsent  several  osteological  and  other  analoniical 
peculiarities.  There  are  two  carotids;  the  syrinx,  wlien  tlevelopc'd,  has  hut  one 
[lair  of  intrinsic  muscles.  Tiie  aliiuentary  canal  varies  with  the  families,  hut 
dill'ers  from  that  of  vegetarian  hirds,  in  ada|>tation  to  an  exchisively  animal  diet. 
In  tlie  higher  tyi)es,  the  whole  structure  betokens  strength,  activity  and  ferocity, 
carnivorous  propensities  and  pi'cdaceous  nature.  Alost  of  the  smaller,  or  weaker, 
species  fee(l  much  upon  insects ;  others  more  particularly  upon  reptiles,  and  lish  ; 
others  upon  carrion  ;  hut  the  majority  prey  upon  other  hirds,  and  small  iiiainnials, 
ca|)turc(l  in  o|)eii  warfare.  IJepresentalives  of  the  order  arc  found  in  every  p;irt  of 
the  world.  They  are  divisil)le  into  ./"'""  families.  One  of  these,  (ri/pDiianiiiidn', 
consists  of  the  single  reiiiMrkal)le  species  (t'l/juKji-rninin  siT/iciilKfinn,  tin?  secrel.'iry- 
hird   or   serpent-eater  of  Africa  ;    this  shows  a  curious  griillaldiial   analogy,  lieing 


2(10 


sTKioin.i:,  OWLS. 


inoiiiiti'il  ftn  lon;i  1'',^^,  lilvo  n  cnuic.  ami  1i:im  sovcral  otlipi'  more  iinportiint  sfniptunil 
inodilicMlioiis.  'I'lic  oilier  tliri'o  f;iiiiilii!s  occur  in  this  coiiiitiy  ;  Jiiid  the  Ibllowin^ 
jiccoiiiils  are  sulllcionily  explicit  to  illustrate  the  unlcr,  without  I'lirthcr  rouiiirk 
in  this  connection. 

Family  STRIGID.ffi.    Owls. 


Head  very  larijo,  ami  csi)cclally  I)ri)ail  fr 


lo  to  side,  but  shortenpil  length- 


wise, the  "face"  thus  lortned  further  deliued  by  a  more  or  less  complete  '"ruli',''  or 


•k 


(li 


'tith 


of 


ili 


do.     K 


hi 


texture,  on  eac 

lookint:;  more  or  less  directly  forward,  set  in  a  circlet  of  radiatinj^  bristly  feathers, 
anil  overarched  liy  a  siii)erciliary  shield.  External  ears  extremely  larj^e,  often  i)ro- 
vided  with  an  operculum  or  movable  Hap,  presenting  the  nearest  ai>|)r(jacli,  among 
birds,  to  the  ear-conch  of  mammals.  IJill  sha[)cd  iimch  as  in  other  ordinary  rapa- 
cious birds,  but  thickly  beset  at  i)ase  with  close-pressed  antrorse  bristly  feathers. 
Kostrils  large,  conunoidy  opening  at  the  edge  of  the  cere  rather  than  entirely  in  its 
sulistance.  Hallux  of  average  k'nglli,  not  obviously  elevated  in  any  case;  outer 
toe  more  or  less  perfectly  versatile  (but  never  i)ermanently  reversed),  and  shorter 
than  the  inner  toi'.  Claws  all  very  long,  much  curved  and  extremely  sharp,  that  of 
the  middle  to(^  pectinate  in  some  s|)ecies.  As  a  rule,  the  tarsi  are  more  or  less 
completely  feathered,  ami  the  whole  foot  is  often  thus  covered.  Among  numerous 
osteological  characters  may  be  mentioned  the  wide  seiiaration  of  the  inner  and 
outer  tablets  of  the  brain  case  by  interveijtion  of  light  spongy  diploe ;  the 
commonly  l-notched  sternum,  and  a  peculiar  structure  of  the  tarso-metatarsus. 
The  gullet  is  capacious  but  not  dilated  into  a  special  crop ;  the  gizzard  is  only 
moderately  uuiscniar ;  the  intestines  are  short  and  wide ;  the  cieca  are  extremely 
long  and  club-shaped.  The  syrinx  has  one  pair  of  intrinsic  nuisdes.  The  feathers 
have  no  aftershaft,  and  the  general  plumage  is  ver^'  soft  and  blended. 

The  Nocturnal  Birds  of  I'riy  will  be  immediately  recognized  by  their  peculiar 
jihysiognoniy,  independently  of  the  technical  characters  that  mark  them  as  a  natural, 
sharply  deliiied  family.  They  are  a  highly  monomori)hic  group,  without  extremes 
of  aberi'ant  form  ;  but  the  case  with  which  they  are  collectively  defined  is  a  measure 
of  the  diliiculty  of  their  rigid  subdivision,  and  the  subfamilies  are  not  yet  satis- 
factorily determined.  Too  much  stress  appears  to  have  been  laid  upon  the  trivial, 
although  evident,  circumstance  of  presence  or  absence  of  the  peculiar  ear-tufts  that 
many  species  possess:  more  reliable  characters  maj- probably  be  drawn  from  the 
structure  of  the  external  ear,  and  facial  disk,  the  modifications  of  which  appear 
to  bear  directly  upon  mode  of  life,  these  parts  lieing  as  a  rule  most  highly  developc'd 
in  the  more  noctui'nal  species;  while  some  points  of  internal  structiu'c  may  yet  be 
found  correspondent.  One  group,  of  which  the  biu-n  owl,  S/n'x  Jhttnmcn^  is  the 
type,  seems  very  distinct  in  the  angular  contour  and  high  development  of  the  facial 
disk,  pectination  of  the  middle  claw,  and  other  characters ;  and  prol)ably  the  rest 
of  the  family  fall  in  two  other  groups;  but  1  do  not  deem  it  expedient  to  present 
subfamilies  on  this  occasion. 

As  is  well  known,  owls  are  eminently  nocturnal  birds  ;  but  to  this  rule  there  arc 
luimerotis  striking  exceptions.  This  general  habit  is  correspondent  to  the  modili- 
catioii  of  the  eyes,  the  size  anil  structure  of  which  luialile  the  birds  lo  see  by  night, 
and  cause  them  to  suller  from  the  glare  of  the  sunliglit.  Most  speeitss  pass  the 
daytime  secreted  in  hollow  trees,  or  dense  foliage  and  other  dusk}*  retreats,  resuming 
their  wonti'd  activity  after  nightl'all.     Owing  to  the  peculiar  texture  of  the  plumage 


■  "^---^"'  -  '■'"■■•'liiii^iriiiiniii 


STKKilD.K,    ( 


)\vr,s. — (ii;\.   l.'5I>. 


201 


,) 


llioir  lliijlit  is  iK'rrcctly  iiiii--('lr--;.  like  iin'  niiuciiiL;  sl('[>s  of  :i  ciil  :  :n\A  im  ciitircly 
iMiicirnl  iiii;iloiiy  liMs  hi'cn  di'awii  iM'tucfii  llii'-;('  hii'ils  :iiiil  tlic  rdiiic  (■.•iiiiivura  that 
I'liiclly  prey  stcaltliily  in  tlic  dark.  Owls  Cecil  ciitiri'ly  iiiiou  animal  sulistanres.  and 
caiitni'c  liu'ii'  pi'cy  alive — -small  (|M:i(lrn|ieds  and  Mrds,  reptiles  and  inseets.  and  even 
lisli.  Like  most  otlier  Kaptoi'es,  lliey  I'Jeet  I'l'iini  the  month,  al'ler  a  meal,  the  l)iines, 
hair,  feathers  and  nlher  indiu'estihle  siilislanees.  nride  np  into  a  roinid  |)ellet.  'I'ney 
ari'  note(l  lor  their  loml  onteries,  so  stran^'e  ami  ol'ten  so  Inu'nlirions.  that  it  is  no 
nder  that  traditional  snperstition  i)laees  these  dismal  ni^ilil  liirds  in  the  <'ate4'oi'y 


Wo 


ol'  tliiie's  ill-omeni 


Tl 


le  nest  IS  conimonlv  a  ruile 


allair  of  sticks  Leathered  in  ll 


\ai'ions  places  ol'  dinrnal  resort  ;  the  cli'^s  are  several  (eonnnonly  ;i  (1).  white,  snli- 
s|iherical.  The  I'cmale.  as  a  I'nle,  is  lariri'r  than  the  male,  linl  the  sexes  are  alike 
in  color;  the  coloration  is  commonly  hlcndcMl  and  diU'iise,  dillicult  ol"  t'oncisc 
description. 

Owls  are  amonn' the  most  compli'tcly  cosmopolitan  ofliinls;  with  minor  nioilili- 
cations  according  to  circnmstances,  their  ji'eneral  lialiits  are  ninch  the  same  the 
worlil  o\er.  A  dilliiailly  <;t'  coi'reelly  estimating;'  the  innnher  ol'  species  arises  I'l-om 
the  I'act  that  many,  especially  of  the  more  iienerali/.iMl  types,  h;i\e  a  wide  !j;eoiirai)li- 
ical  (listrihntion,  and.  as  in  n(>arly  all  snch  cases,  they  split  into  more  or  less  easily 
recognized  races,  the  interiiretalion  of  which  is  at  present  a  matti'r  of  opinion 
rather  than  a  settled  issne.  Aliont  I'OO  species  pass  lairrent ;  this  nnmher  must  lie 
reilneed  liy  one-third:  out  of  alioni  .'lO  i;'eneric  names  now  in  vou'ue.  pi'ohalily  less 
than  om-half  represent  some  slrnctnral  pecniiarity.  Notulile  e\(jtie  i;'enera  arc;  the 
.Ia|)iinese  /'/(o'lilns  (/'.  Iki  liii>i).  an  ally  ol'  Slrlx  pi-o{)er  ;  the  Asiatic  h'llnjKi ;  and 
the  extensively  ilislriiiiited  Old  World  Allicnc,  in  its  broad  acceplalion. 


I'li;.   la.      I'.irit  nf  liMllI  Owl. 


Vvv 


139.    Gonus    STEIX    Linnoeus. 

r,iiiii  (hrj,  Tawii}-,  or  fiilvoiis-browii,  deliciitely  clouded  or  murblod  witli 
iisliy  and  wliito,  and  speckled  witli  hrowni.sh-hhick  ;  l)oh)\\',  a  varyiiiir  sliade 
from  nearly  pure  white  to  i'ldvoiis,  with  sparse  shari)  blackish  speckliuir  ;  face 
wliito  to  piir[)lisli-bro\vn,  darker  or  black  aI)OHt  the  eyes,  the  disk  bordered 
with  dark  brown  ;  wings  and  tail  barred  with  brown,  and  tinely  mottled  like 
the  back;  bill  whitish  ;  toes  yellowish.  Facial  disk  hiirhly  developed,  not 
circidar;  no  tufts;  ears  very  larire,  opercn late  ;  tarsi  lonir,  scant-feathered, 
below  bristly,  like  the  nearly  naked  toes;  middle  claw  usually  foiuid  serrate 
or  at  least  jagged  ;  plumage  very  downy.  9  17  long:  wing  l."'>:  tail  "».]  ; 
(J  rather    less.     U.  S.,  Atlantic  to  I'acilic,  southerly  :  rare  in  the  interior, 

KKY    TO    N.    A.    liniDS.       'id 


?" 


1 


! 


i   I 


'  I! 

It 


-'111 


■«l  IMCIIM.,    UW  r,>. (IK.V.     I  1(1.     111. 


iMicIv  .\.  I(.  New  Ijii^l.iiid.    W'li.s..  vi,  .'.T.  |i|.  ."(t.  C.  -2  :   Ni  ii..  i.  i;!!i  :  Ai  i>., 
i,  Il'7,  |iI.  .".1  :  ('as.-,  in  lip,.   17  :  ('( ci'.,   11,'>.        ii.ammka  viii.  amkiiicana. 


140.     Genus    EUBO    Cuvior. 

(u-ral   lli.niiil   < h>l .      1  )i>linL;ni.-l.t(l   liy  it.-   l;ir,;:('  size,  in  ((inncclion  willi 
llic  (•(in.'-|ii(n(.us  cii-inl'i- :  liir  (illn  r  .-]  i  <  i(  >  dl' .-imiliir  diincn^idns  are  tni't- 

l(s.-<.  'riic  iiliiin;ii20  viirics  inlcriiiinahly. 
iind  no  ninci.sc  dcsc  rii»ti(in  will  iiiccl  all 
il.>  pliii.-ts  ;  il  is  a  variciiiitidn  of  blacki.-li, 
willi  dark  and  li;:lit  l)r()\vn,  and  Inlvons. 
A  white  cdllar  i.s  llic  most  I'on.^tant  color- 
inaik.  \'ai'.  ((rrlirus  is  tlio  iiorflicrn  bird, 
very  li^lil  cdldrcd,  and  rro(jncntly  nearly 
wliilc,  like  (lie  .-nowy  (imI,  in  arctic  spcci- 
nicn.-^.  \'ai'.  jKicijicus  is  a  littoral  form, 
very  dark  colored,  with  little  fidvoiis, 
"  extendi  iiii'  Ironi  Ure«ron  northward, 
coastwise,  to  Labrador.''  {Uld'iirdi/.) 
Facial  disks  coni[)lefe ;  ear  iion-opercn- 
"■  v^  "S   late  ;     feet    entirely    feathered.       Lenirtli 


fe^-  alioiit  •!  feut,  rather  less  than  more;  Avinu 
I  l-l(i  inches;   tail  !)-!().     This  powerful 


l'r(..  l:!.").     <lri:il   lloniiil  tuvl. 


1 

liir<l,  oidy  yieldinj:-  to  the  <>reat  gray  owl 
ill  si/.e,  and  to  none  in  spiiit,  is  a  common 
inhabitant  of  North  America  at  larjic  ;  not 
migialory  ;  breeds  in  lali'  winter  ai;d  early  spring  niontlis,  building  a  Ir.rgo 
nest  of  sticks,  on  the  brandies  or  in  the  hollows  of  trees;  eggs  white, 
nearly  spherical,  :?{  by  1;.  AVii.s.,  vii,  "c',  pi.  .")(»,  f.  1;  Xitt.,  i,  124  ; 
All).,  i,  14."),  pi.  .'ill :  Cass,  in  Ibi.,  lit;  Oxm'.,  -lis.        .      .     vii!(iiMAM's. 

141.    Genus    SCOPS    Savigny. 

*  y'oc.s  Iirlsfl;/. 

iSm'cr/i  Oirl.  lied  On-/.  Mo/flcl  ()>'•!.  Like  a  miniature  Jln/)u  in  form  ; 
S  or  10  inches  huig  ;  wing  (1-7  :  tail  ',\-'.'>h.  Oin'  p/niinn/i':  —  (ii'iieral  aspect 
gray,  paler  or  whilish  l)elow',  above  s[)eekled  with  blackish,  below  patched 
with  the  same  ;  wings  and  tail  <liirk-barred  ;  usually  a  lightish  scapular  area. 
AnotJter:  —  (Jeneral  asjjcct  brownish-red,  with  shari)  black  streaks;  below, 
rufous-white,  variegated  ;  quills  and  tail  with  rufous  and  dark  bars.  These 
plumages  shade  insensibly  into  each  othei',  and  it  has  been  determined  that 
they  bear  no  definite  I'cdations  to  age,  sex,  or  season.  Parallel  varia- 
tions occur  in  some  other  species.  North  America  at  large;  one  of  the 
most  al)undant  si)ecies.  Wii.s.,  iii,  1(1,  pi.  Ill,  f.  1  ;  v,  K.'!,  pi.  42,  f.  1  ; 
Nltt.,  i,  120;   Ari>.,  i.  147,  jil.   lo  :  Cass,  in  ISd.,  'il  ;  Cooi'.,  420.     asio. 


ti 


SSBB 


sri.'iiiiD.K,   ()\\i,s. — (;i;\.    Ik'. 


-'(i;i 


(t 


I 


\';ir.  KKNNK  mi  II.  I,!iru'<' il.'irk  nni'tli-wi'-irni  tiii'iii;  mMicriil  culdr  si'|)iM-lii'(iu  ii, 
iikiIIIimI  mill  lilolclu'il  Willi  lilack  :  11;  \viii^'7[:  l:iil  1.  Ala^k:i  to  \\'M-;liiiinlc>ii  mi  1 
MmIid  ;  tlircc  siicciiiicns  UiiDWii.  l'',i.i.i'ir,  I'i'dc.  I'liila.  .\c;iil.  l.sCT,  O'.i  ;  1 1>..  |il.  L'7  ; 
15i...  Trans,  fliicauo  .\cail.  IM)'.!.  .".1 1  :  (our.,  li';',. 

N'iir.  .MA<  TAi.i.ii.  .Small,  pale,  suullii'i'ii  rin'iii;  s'kt  al  the  iiiiiiiiiiiiiii  aliivi'  ^Ini'Ii. 
Simthwcslcili  riiitcd  .Stales.      ('\>-.,  III.   I'Sii,  aiil  in  lin..  .'iJ. 


Fi  i.  li:.    SiT.vi'li  ()«•!. 

*■*  Tni's  pcrfcctlii  imli'i'il. 

Fldiiniiuhitod  Oirl.  A'lovc,  ^rayisli-hrowii.  dlisciircly  islrc^il^ctl  witli  I)liH'k, 
iiiiil  liiu'iy  sijoc'klcd  with  wliito ;  liciow,  iiTJiyisli-wiiitc  willi  soiiio  nifi»ii.s 
iiiotlliiiir,  oacli  t'catlicr  with  a  slial't  streak-,  and  several  ci'Dss-liiies,  of  hlack; 
fiiCG  and  laiir  varied  with  riifons  ;  ('di;es  of"  tiie  seapulars  tho  same,  fbriiiini:"  a 
nnliooable  ol)li(|iie  har;  wiiiir  t'ovei'ts  tijiped,  and  outtM'  webs  of  tho  ((iiili.s 
.s(|naroly  spotted,  with  white,  or  riifi)iis-\vhite,  and  tail  featheivs  ini perfectly 
barred  with  the  same.  {'i.\-l  ;  wini^  ^V'-.")-^  ;  tail  2A.  A  small  owl  with  the 
form  and  miieh  the  irencral  aspect  of  an  iiniirown  .S'.  (is/o,  but  the  feathcrinLT 
of  the  I'eet  stops  abruptly  at  the  toes.  Mexico:  North  to  Fort  Crook, 
California,  where  fonnd  breedinir  {Fcihii-i').  Scl.,  Troc.  Zool.  Soc.  liS.")8, 
ltd;  ScL.  and  Salv.,  //;/(/.  IHlIS,  ;")?,  and  Kxotic  Ornitholoiiv,  vii,  OS,  i)!t, 
))1.  50;  Cooi'.,  422 i'j,.\m.meola, 

142.  Goaus  OTUS  Cuvicr. 
Ln)iri-c(ircd  OirJ.  GeiuM'al  ])Iiima_i>"e  above,  a  varie<ralinn  of  dark  brown, 
fulvous  and  whitish,  in  a  small  pattern;  breast  more  fulvous,  belly  whiter, 
former  sharply  striped,  and  latter  striped  and  elaborately  barred,  with  black- 
ish ;  quills  and  tail  mottled  and  closely  barred  witii  fulvous  and  dark  brown  ; 
face   pale,  with    black    touches    and  eye  patches ;  bill    and    claws    blackisii. 


*4 


fWK! 


1 


L'dl 


•  1  liKiin.i;,  owi,-.—  (iii.N.    1  111,    111. 


1^' 


i. 


Tiifls  loiij.'  iiiid  (•(iii>|ii(iiiiiis,  of  ^-1:.'  ri:ilii(i>  ;  car  |iails  iiiiiiicn^c,  witliii 
.sciiii<iiciilai'  llap  ;  laciai  disk  (■()iii|il(tr  ;  tarsi  tiiid  Iocs  rcallirnd.  il-l.") 
1(111^';  wiiiu-  11-1:.':  tail  .'i-ll.  'riiiiiicralc  Nurtli  Aimiicn,  ((iiiiiikhi.  W'ii.s., 
vi,   7.'!,   pi.   .'»!,   1'.   ."i ;     .\i  Ti.,  i,  l;;ii;    At  I).,  i.  liH;.  pi.  ;»7  ;    Cass    in  1)1)., 

i>'.\  ;    (  UOI'.,    ll'll \  I  l.iiAlilH  Vlir.  WII.Mt.MA.M  s. 

14:i.    Genus    DRACIIYOTUS    Gould. 

Sliiiit-(iif< il  (Jul.  |''ulv(iiis  (ir  liiiliy-lii'owii,  paler  or  w  iiilcy-lii'nwn  hclow  : 
hrcasl  and  n|ipcr  parts  lnoadly  and  lliiikly  stnakcd  with  dark  luown,  liclly 
nsnr.dy  spaiscly  strcakrd  with  tlic  >ani('.  luil  not  liaiicd  no.-sw  isc  ;  (jnills 
and  tjiil  hull',  willi  few  dark  liand>,  and  nintliini;':  I'aciai  area,  ic^'s  and  cris- 
snni  pale,  iinniark(<l  ;  eye  patcli  l)lacki-li.  \\'itli  (lie  size  and  form  of  llic  last 
species,  hnt  readily  seen  (o  lie  dill'eicnl  ;  ear  Inl'ls  small  and  ineonspienons. 
few-feat lieicd.  'rcmpeiate  Xortli  America,  .■iliimdanl  :  not  apprcciaMy 
dillcrent  from  tlie  Miiropcan.  \\'ii,s.,  iv.  HI,  pi.  ;'..">,  I'.  ."> ;  Nitt.,  i,  IJii': 
Ai:i).,  i,  110,  pi.  ;i.s  ;    Cass,  in  1)1).,  .")  I  ;    Cooi'.,   li'T.    .      .      .     rAi.rsTiiis. 

144.    Qonus    SYRNIUM    Savigny. 
*#*  I.ai';j:e  owls,  willioiil   eai'-!iil'ts,  llie  racial   disks  cdiiiplctc  ami  (ifiiicat  exlciit, 
the  eyes    cdinparat i\  cly  small,  the  ear  paits    mudcrale.  opcrciilale.  tlie  t.'ir.-i   and 
Iocs  fully  fcalliered. 

(,'if(i/  (>'nii/  Oirl.  Alio\(',  cinercons-lirown,  mottled  in  waves  with  cine- 
I'cons-wldte  ;  Ixdow,  tliese  colors  rather  palci',  disposed  in  strciiku  on  the 
hrea>t,  \ul)(iis  elx'where  ;  (pnlls  and  tail  with  live  or  six  daikcr  and  lightci' 
liais ;  the  jrreat  di>k  sinularly  marked  in  r<\iridar  concentric  I'inii's.  j\n 
immense  owl,  one  of  the  latest  of  all,  innch  exceeding;-  any  other  of  this 
country;  .ahutit  2A  feel  loni;-,  the  wini:'  H,  the  t:ul  a  foot  or  more.  Ai'clic 
Am.,  iriciiularly  S.  into  the  northern  l'.  S.  in  winter.  TxiNAI'.,  Am.  Orn. 
pi.  2;i,  r.  ■>:  Sw.  and  Iv'icii..  I\  15. -A.  ii,  77,  pi.  ;5l  ;  Am.,  i,  i;'.l),  pi.  ;!."); 
>i'i:tt.,  i,  12S;  Cass,  in  \\\->.,  M\ ;  Cool'.,  'I.'5;).  i,Ari'oM(iM  var.  ciM'.itKr.M. 
liiirnil  (hrl.  ,\l)o\-e,  cinereous-hrown,  harred  with  while,  often  tinned 
with  (nlvons:   helow,  sindlar,  palci',  the  markinus  in  Ixirs  o\\  the  hreast,  in 

."/iiii/is  (dsewhcri  ;  (piills  and  tail  leathers  h.arred 
with  lirown  and  whiter  with  an  ashy  oi'  fulvous 
1ini;e.  licnirtii  ahont  IS;  Avinsr  l.l-ll;  fail  !l. 
Ka^tern  Xorth  America,  common.  ^VIl,s.,  iv,  (!1, 
|)1.  ;i."),  f.  2  ;  Xrrr.,  i,  I'M'i ;  Aid.,  i,  i;'.2,  \)\.  ;>(! ; 
Cass,  in  15i).,  ;")(!;  Coor.,  lol.  .  .  M:ni:i.osiM. 
W'csffni  Jldrnd  (Jirl.  Ivesendilinu'  the  liist, 
hilt     easily    distinguished:     <renoral     color    warm 

I'l'..  1:17.     ll;irn-'i  owl.  ,  ,.  i  -j         i  i  i         i  *    ^  i 

brown  ;  the  whit(;  hai's  aliove  broken  into  sjiots 
particnlarly  towards  and  on  the  head;  below,  the  markiii<rs  in  //cirs  crrr;/- 
irliirc;  wings  and  tail  closely  barred.  Fort  Tcjon,  Cala.  ;  one  specimen 
known.  Xanti:s.  IVoc.  Thila.  Acad.  IS,")!),  l');', ;  P.d.,  15.  N.  A.  ISOO,  p. 
V,  pi.  ()(!  (not  in  the  (Jovernment  edilion)  ;  Cool'.,   liSd.       .     occ'idkntam:. 


STIJKllK.i;,    (»\V|,S.  —  liKN.     1  l.'i.     I  111,     I  17 


L'(i:» 


5 


♦  i 


? 


Ii;.  |:;h.     -now  y  Ow'. 


M5.    OoiniH    NYCTEA    SlophoiiR. 

Siimri/     (hrl.         I'mc      wllilc,     willl     lllnrc     I'V     IrWcr      lil.lrU^h      lll.'ll  l^illL'-'*. 

Nearly  1'   ("I'ct    Imii;' ;   wiiiu'    17   iiidirs  ;   tail    jn.      IIcmI  >iiiiiii|1i  ;    linial  di-Us 

iii('()iii|il('l(' ;  eyes  and  cai'  paits  iiinilrr- 

atc  ;  t'l'cl  densely  cliithcil.     'I'liis  reniark- 

alile    jwl,  eoiispieiKiiiH   liolli   in   si/e  and 

e<d(ir,  inlialiits  tlie  lioi'eal  iciiiniis  of  Imlli 

('(inlinenls.  cdiniiii:  sdulliward  in  wind'i' ; 

it    ordinarily  enters  (he   I'niled   Slates, 

and  ill  exlreiue  eases  ran^ics  irre;:'nlaily 

tlir()ll>;ll   lunsl    (if  the   States.      II    is   not 

liy    any    means    cxelnsively    noetnrnal. 

Wii.s.,  iv,  .'i.".,   |il.   ;'.L',   r.    1  :    Ni  n..   i, 

11(1;  All).,  i,  11."..  pi.  -'s  :  Cvss.  in  i'.i.., 

(!."> ;  Cdoi'.,   117 M\  KA. 

146.    Qomis    SURNIA    Duinoril. 

Ilnii'h'  ()i'-l.  Ihnj  (hrl.  Dark  lirown 
aliove.  more  or  less  tliiekly  speekli'd 
witli  wliile  :  helow,  closely  liarre(I  will) 
Im'owii  and  wiiilisli,  the  throat  alone 
streaked;  (piills  and  tail  with  miineroiis  while  liars;  face  ashy,  inar^'ined 
with  lilaek.  Leiiujth  aliont  K!  inches;  win;.r  !• ;  tail  7,  izi'adiiated.  the  lateral 
I'eatheis  1  inches  shorter  than  the  central.  l'l\<'ept  in  the  li'imth  iA'  its  tail, 
which  produces  linear  measin'cincnls  nniisiial  for  a  liird  of  its  Imlk  in  this 
family,  its  ;j;-eneral  form  is  that  of  the  snowy  owl.  liike  that  sjieeies,  il  is  a 
liird  of  Arctic  reirions,  coming'  sonthwai'd  in  winter,  lint  ils  ranuc  is  more 
restricted,  rarely  extending'  to  the  Michlle  States.  Il  is  the  most  diurnal 
hii'd  of  tile  family,  r.anirini:'  aliroad  at  all  times,  and  apjiroaehes  a  hawk 
more  iiesirly  than  any  otlier.  W'li.s.,  vi,  HI,  ))1.  .'lO,  f.  (i  ;  Xirr.,  i,  ll'i; 
All).,  i,  1 12,  1)1.  'il  ;  Cass,  in  Ud.,  (1 1  ;  ('ooi-.,  1  IN.    iia  [,a  var.  hudsomca. 

117.    Gonus    NYCTALE    Brohm. 

*JK*  Small  ouls  witJi  the  Jiead  nntnl'tcil,  the  facia  1  disks  coiapjctc.  Die  cars  o| icn al- 
ia te,  1  lie  tarsus  ImiLrcr  tjiaii  llic  middle  toe.  the  tail  nearly  even.  I  lie  :id  i|iiill  liiliii'e^t. 
tlie  lifst  .")  (anariiinate  ;  color  ahovo  eliocolati'-liiowii.  spotted  with  while,  llip  tail 
with  transverse  wllilc  liars  ;  the  ic/"//  with  llic  facial  area  ami  lorcliead  \aric!_'atcd 
Willi  white,  llic  face  and  siijicrciliary  line  iirayi>li-wli'i'.',  the  lower  parts  white  wilh 
sjiols  (ir  streaks  of  the  color  of  the  hack  ;  the  ,'/""";/ with  llie  facial  ai'ca  and  fore- 
head dark  brown,  the  face  dusky,  the  cyelirows  pure  while,  the  lower  paiK  hrown. 
paler  on  llie  helly.  iiniiiaikeil.      (See  liiDiiWAV,  Am.  Nat.  \i,  2s>l.) 

'/'('ii;/iii(il Ill's  Oirl.  Liirire ;  wiiii,^  7j:  fail  U,,  thus  more  than  half  the 
winir.  l>ill  yellow,  the  eere  not  tumid,  the  nostrils  prescntinir  laterally,  and 
()!)ii(pioly  oval.      Arctic  America,  soiitii  to  the  liorders  of  the  I'liited   .Stales. 


2()(i 


sriiKiiD.K,  ()\vi,s.  —  (ii:.\.    14S. 


>y/7.''  h:ii'iiirih,n  All).,  Orii.  Wwj;:.  iv,  .").")!•,  \)\.  .".SO;  W.  Am.  i,  \->l,  pi.  :V2. 
X'/i/(i/r  viiliiinhiiii!  Cass,  i:!  lin.,  .")7.  AfconliiiLT  to  Mr.  Uidirway,  tho 
Aiiicricaii  liinl  is  w  <listiii,!,'iiisliiil)l('  variety.  Iiciiii:'  ilirUcr,  tiic  daric  aroa.s 
iarifcr,  Icirs  spcfklcd  instead  of  plain,  etc.  tknc.mai-MII  var.  iMCiiAitDsoMi. 
Aciididii  (}irl.  !S(nr-ir]i(t  On-J.  Small;  \vin,<;  .H  ;  tail  '2'i,  tliiis  not  more 
than  liair  llie  winir.  Uill  l>laek,  tlio  core  tumid,  tlic  circular  nostrils  pre- 
senting initerinrly.  I'nited  States  and  .soniewliat  northward  :  Mexico. 
Common.  A'//'/'//'-  iilhi/'ruiis  Cass,  in  IiD.,  .')7,  and  111.  1<S7  ;  Cdop.,  1.").") ; 
a;  /•//■//,n,'/;;  llov,  l>roc.  I'liila.  Acad.  1S5l'.  l'IO  ;  Cass.,  III.  <!;5,  pi.  11: 
S/ri.r  J'ri)iiliili<  Licirr.  :  these  are  the  i/oiikj.  Slrix  jxrs.'icri/i"  \Vir.s.,  iv, 
(Hi.  jil.  .")!.  f.  1  ;  Sir!.'-  iK-i  hen  Nrrr.,  i,  LIT:  I'lulu  ncdiUcn  Aid.,  i.  \'2''t, 
pi.  ;').");    .\'.  ((fiidirii  Cass,  in  \\i>.,  .'i.S  ;  Coor.,   l.'ili acadica. 


1' 


148.    Genus    GLAUCIDIUM    Wagler. 

***  Very  siiiiilj  ;  lieail  iiiitiirii'd  ;  facial  disk  nearly  olisoleto  ;  car  p.irt.s  moderate  ; 
tarsus  liiHy  I'e.iliiereil.  tee-;  lliiekjy  liristleil;  wiiii^s  sliort  and  nnidi  rounded,  -Itli 
(liiiil  Iduuc'-t.  tlic  ;i  oilier  imes  eniaru'inate  :  tail  rather  hjULT,  even  ;  claws  strong, 
NJiarp.  nuicli  lurxcd. 

/'//'///'.'/  Oii-I.  Aliovc.  uniform  hrown,  everywhere  dotted  with  snndl 
round  white  spots,  and  with  ;i  eollai'  of  mixed  white  and  lilackisli  around  tho 
lia  'k  ol'  tiie  neck  :  lirea>t  with  a  mottled  hrown  !iand  sc[)arating  tho  whito 
throat  from  th"  rc-t  of  the  white  under  parts,  which  all  havo  louiilhwiso 
r('ddi>h-l)rown  streaks:  Minus  and  tail  dusk\'  hrown  with  round  white  sj.ots 
on  ix'lh  wehs.  laiiic-l  on  the  imier;  under  winir  coverts  white  with  hlack 
mark>  disposed  in  an  oldi(pie  har.  $  7,  or  a  little  less;  extent  14A  ;  wing 
.")■';  tail  o;  9  largei' :  7;|..  extent  l.')A,ctc.  Iris  anil  soles  yellow;  toes 
ahovc,  hill  and  cere,  grecnisli-yellow.  The  shade  of  tho  upper  parts  ranges 
from  pure  deep  lii'oivu  to  pale  gi'ayish-hrown,  sometimes  with  a  slight  oliva- 
ceous slauh'.  Iiocky  .Mountains  to  the  I'acilic,  U.  S.,  couunou  ;  a  crepiis- 
cularaud  rather  diurnal  than  strictly  nocturnal  sijccics.  Sin'i:!ti  jKinnt'rhididcs 
All).,  i,  117,  1)1.  oO.  (t.  uifar.ciitnui  Cass.,  111.  ISil  ;  <i.  i/tiniiia  Cass,  in 
I'.i).,  ()2  ;   Cool'.,   tfl rAssKuiNU.M  var.  (■ALiroiiNUivi. 

Ju-nuii/iiicniis  (Jn-I.  With  the  si/.e,  shajjo,  and  somewhat  tho  coloration 
of  tho  foregoing,  hut  readily  distinguished  :  under  parts  and  nuchal  collar 
nnieh  the  same,  lint  the  former  usually  with  a  rusty  tinge;  upper  parts 
ranging  from  the  color  of  ;/ii()i/iii  to  ii  rusty-red  (the  variation  nearly  as  great 
as  in  the  two  plumages  of  ,St:(,j)s  asio),  lu.t  continuously  si)ockIod,  tho 
whitish  or  ochrcy  spots  mostly  oonjipcd  to  tho  wing  coverts  and  scai)ulars, 
those  of  the  crown  lengthene(l  into  sharp  streaks;  spots  on  the  (juills 
enlarged  iiit"  hai's  nearly  conllueut  from  one  weh  to  the  other,  rusty  or 
ii>hy  next  the  shafts,  white  or  tawny  on  the  edges  of  the  feathers.  es[)ecial!y 
the  inner:  tail  in  hoth  plumages  alike  closely  ami  continuously  harred  with 
brown  iind  rusty-red  (same  as  the  color  of  the  U[)per  parts  in  tho  red 
plumage,  conspicuously  dillerent  in  the  gray  plumage),  the  latti'r  sometimes 
fadinu'  cm  the  inner  wehs.     South  and  Central   America  and   Mexico  to  the 


*^ 


\. 


^*>**toi««^iMSto.* 


«)ikMMiMmii'^»*'-'.Mi»imr: 


sTi;i(iii).r.,  owi.s. — okn.   1 1'.l,   IT)!). 


207 


< 


t. 


I'.  S.  Ixmlcr;  Arizona  (Jlcud/'n).  CoiKs,  Am.  Nat.  vi,  370.  (Dcscrihcd 
iVoni  ('xtrfi-liiiiitiil  spoc'iiiK'ii.s,  No.  o.s,^^!),  .Miizallaii,  ami  4."), 05"),  Costa  Eii'a, 
traiisiuittc'tl  by  tlic  Siuitli.sonian  for  the  piii'i)().so.)       .      .      .     Fi:i!i;i  (iiNKi  .\i. 

140.    Gemis    MICEATIIENE    Couos. 

Wliil)teii's  Oirl,  AliovG  liiilit  brown,  thickly  dotted  witii  angnlar  paler 
Iirown  marks,  tlio  back  altjo  olisolctely  marbled  willi  darker;  a  eoneealed 
white  cervieal  eollar,  Ibrinin*^  a  I)ar  across  the  middle  of  the  fealliers,  which 
are  plnmbeons  at  base  and  brown  at  ti^) ;  (|iiills  with  ")-(!  spots  on  each  web, 
whiti?  on  the  inner  webs  of  all  and  outer  welis  of  several,  brown  on  the  rest ; 
coverts  with  two  rows  of  white  spots,  brown  spots  interveninii' ;  outer 
secondaries  with  a  few  white  spots,  and  scapulars  sliowinii  a  whit(^  stripe  ; 
lower  wiiiii'  coverts  tawny  white,  with  a  dark  brown  patch;  other  winii- 
fealhers  dark  brown  with  pale  ashy  dots  near  tlu!  ends  of  the  secondaries; 
tail  feathers  with  lisiht  s[)ots  forniiiiii'  live  broken  bars,  and  a  narrow  terminal 
bar;  feathers  over  ey(>s  wliite,  with  black-spotted  shaft;  mider  eyes  liiiiit 
Iirown  obsoletely  l)arred  \\ith  darker;  iiristles  about  the  bill  blai'k  on  their 
terminal  half:  chin  ant.  uoal  v.hitc,  becominir  liyht  brown  below,  tlu'  while 
formiiiir  a  broad  cresceni  ;  sides  of  neck  narrowly  barred  with  ashy  and 
brown,  and  breast  im[)erfeetly  barred  and  blotched  with  the  same,  towards 
the  abdomen  fcn-niinii'  larire  patches,  margined  with  gray  and  white  ;  tibia' 
narrowlv  barred  with  liiiht  and  dark  brown;    tarsal    bristles  whitish;    bill 


[)alo  greenish  ;   nis 


and 


soles  V! 


low, 


Length  (ij  ;  extent   li'>\  ;   wing    1.]  ; 


tail  '2\  ;  ga[)e  of  bill  ?,  :  liill  -f^  high,  -  wide  at  base.  Facial  disk  imperfect  : 
no  ear  tufts:  wings  very  long  l)ut  rounded;  od  and  4lh  quills  longest,  2d 
(■(pial  to  (ith,  1st  ii  the  od  ;  tail  nearly  even,  with  broad-tipped  feathers; 
/f'r.s7/.s'  near/;/  hare  of  fciiiJtus.  s[)arsely  bristly.  like  the  toes;  middle  toe  and 
claw  aliout  as  l-i  ig  as  the  tarsus:  claws  remarkably  small,  weak,  and  little 
curved.  Co'-  rado  Valley  and  southward  (Fort  Mojave,  Cooper;  Southern 
Av'r/.uir.i,  Jieiidira;  ]\Iazatlan  and  Socorro,  ^'/v///.n'o»).  A  diminutive  owl  of 
remarkal.!(!  characters,  oidy  lately  discovered.  Cooi'i'.u,  Proc.  Cala.  Acad, 
l.stll,  U.S,  and  15.  Cal.  -142;  CouES,  Proc.  Phila.  Acad.  isCd,  .Jl  ;  Lawk., 
Proc.   Post.   Soe.   1^71,  p. — ;    Elliot,  pi.  2!) wiirr.Mni. 

150.  Gonus  SPHEOTYTO  Glogor. 
Iliirroii-iii'j  Old.  ^Vbove,  grayish-lu'own,  with  white,  black-edged  s[)ots  ; 
below,  tawny-whitish,  variegated  with  reddish-biown,  chielly  disposed  in 
bars;  face  and  throat  whitish;  crissnm  and  legs  mostly  unmarked:  (juills 
with  numerous  paired  tawny-white  spots,  and  tail  feathers  barnd  with  the 
same;  bill  grayish-yellow;  claws  black.  !t-10  long;  wing.  (!^-7A  :  tail 
;)^-4.  N(»tul'ts;  facial  disk  imperfect ;  tarsi  very  long,  extensively  denuded, 
bi-istly  like  the  toes.  Pi'airies  and  other  open  poitions  of  the  l'nite(l  States 
west  of  the  Mississipj)!,  abmidant  ;  li\-es  in  holes  in  the  ground,  in  piairie- 
dog  towns,  and  the  settlements  of  other  burrowing  animals,  using  their 
deserted  holes  for  its  nesting  place,    'flu're  is  certainly  but  oil"  species  in  this 


f 


.'  i 


I 


■'(IS 


rAI.COMD.K,     DH  l.'NAL    IJIKDS    OK    I'KKV. 


(•oiiiidv  :  it  is  iiicrciv  ;i  varictv  of  tiic  S.  Aiiu'i'icnii  liird.  ]>i)\Ar.,  Am.  Orii. 
pl.T.I'.  J;  .\rir.,i.  1  1  ■■>  :  Ai  n.,  i,  1  ll',  pi.  ."SI  :  .U/iciir^  /I'/po^/icn  tuu]  A.  cmtic- 
iilnrlii  Ca.-s.  in  I'.d..  .")',>,  (Id;  ( 'oui'..  i;!?.  I  10.     cumculaima  var.  iivi'oc.ka. 


Family  FALCONID^.    Diurnal  Birds  of  Prey. 

('iiiiiiniriiiv;'  till'  ureal  luilk  ol'  Ihr  orilcr.  this  lariio  I'auiily  may  lie  licst  (li'l'mccl  hy 


r\iaii~iiiii    (I 


I'   iIm 


•cial     Iratiircs   niai'kiim'   tlii'  otiuT- 


'J'l 


is  iioihiiiu'  ol'  tlio 


Lirailatdrial  aiialii;iy  cxliiliitcil  liy  tilt'  siiiuiiilar  (ii/ji'iijcriiiiiihi' ;  till'  nosti'ils  arc  imt 


i-omiiK'li'iy   iicrvidiis.  nor  tl 


iml  till'  (ilivioiislv  I'lcvatcil.  as  in  ('iiilmrlhhr. 


aiH 


oilier  [leeiiliaritie^  ol"  the  Aiin'riean  \iiltiires  are  not   shown, 
(iwls,  we  iiii-s  their  [leeiijiar  physioenoiny,  the  eyes  lookinn'  1 


Coiniiarinu'  witii  tin; 
ateraliv  as  in  onliiiarv 


liirils.  tlie  ili^k  waiitiim  (exeejit  in  the  Ch-i-ns  Lri'oii[i,  where  it  is  inii)erleet ).  the  after- 
•-hali  |jre-ent  (e\ee|it  ill  /'•! iiilinii ) .  the  outer  toe  not  versatile  (exeept  ir.  /'iiiidiiin), 
ami  not  >horter  than  the  inner.    The  external  ears  are  nioilerate  and  non-opereiilato. 


T 


le  eve^,  as  a 


rule  (lint  not  always),  arc  sunken  lieiieath  a  proJeetiiiL!;  sniiereiliary 
heir.  ronrerriiiL;'  a  ileeideil  and  threatoninii  L;;aze.     The  hill  shows  the  raptorial  type 

ihvays  rnrnisiieil  with  a  cere  in  which  the  nostrils  are 
•ca^ional  cxeeptiuns  owiiiLi'  tu  nakedness  or  dense  soft 


ill    its    perfection,  a 


nd 


d.      'i'lie  lores,  will 


featl 


leriii;^'.  are  scantily  clothcil  with  radiatinir  liristk's,  which  however  do  not  form, 
as  in  the  ouN.  n  ilcn>c  a|ipressed  mass  hidinj^:  the  liase  of  the  hill.  'J'he  feet  are 
i-linnn',  with  widely  separable  and  liit;lily  contractile  toes,  and  large  shaip  curved 
claws  —  etlicieiit  iiistrninents  of  iirehcnsion,  ollenee  and  defi'nee.  Tlie  toes  ai'O 
generally  seahioiis  underneath,  with  wart-like  pads  at  (ho  joints,  to  prevent  slip|)ing, 
;ind  commonly  show  a  liasal  wcli.  The  podotheca  is  very  vaiiahle  ;  the  whole 
tarsiw  is  freiinently  feathered,  and  nsiially  partially  so;  the  horny  covering  takes 
the  form  of  sciilclla,  or  reticulations,  or  rngous  grannlations,  and  is  occasionally 
fused.  The  capacious  gullet  dilates  into  a  crop  ;  the  gizzard  is  moderately  nmscnlar  ; 
the  intestines  vary;  the  eieca  are  extremely  small.  The  syrinx  Infs  one  pair  of 
intrinsic  nniscles.     There  are  several  good  osteological  characters. 

liirds  of  this  family  alioimd  in  all  parts  of  the  world,  and  hold  the  relation  to 
the  rest  ol"  their  class  that  the  carnivorous  beasts  do  to  other  mammals.  There  are 
upwards  ol"  liiiil  good  species  or  very  strinigly  marked  geograiihica!  races,  justly 
referable  to  about  TiO  full  genera.  In  round  numbers.  1,000  siiecilic  and  200 
generic  names  have  lu'cn  inslituted  for  Falconid'i'.  No  unexee[)tionabU'  sub- 
di\ision  of  the  t'aniily  has  yet  been  proposed;  and  as  this  jioint  is  still  at  issue,  I 
deem  it  best  not  to  present  subfamilies.  Instead  of  an  attemjjt  in  this  direction, 
which  would  necessarily  be  premature,  I  w  ill  endeavor  to  give  the  student  a  general 
idea  of  the  coinposition  of  the  family. 

1.  The  Olil  Wurlil  riiltiii-('s  form  a  group  standing  somewhat  apart  from  the 
others  in  many  jioints  of  external  sti'uctnre  and  habits,  although  eorrespondeut  in 
more  essential  characters.  I'litil  Prof.  Huxley's  sikhh'ssI'iiI  exhibition  of  this  fact, 
they  were  usually  united  in  a  family,  ]'iilhiriil(i\  with  the  American  vultures,  from 
which,  however,  they  ililler  decidedly,  as  stated  beyond.  It  is  a  small  grou[)  of  six 
genera  and  about  twelve  species.  The  bearded  griliin,  (•'iijiiii'tus  hurhntux.  is  conspie- 
nons  for  its  ra[)torial  nature.  The  other  geiu'ra,  more  or  less  decidedly  *■  vnltnrine," 
are  Viiltin\  (H'niiiji.t.  (•'i/is.  Xmiihrmi  and  diipiiliiciiir ;  the  eharacleiistic  s[)eeies 
are — I',  niniiiii'liiin.    <>.  Km'ii'nlni'in.   (i.   I'ulrns.    .\.  jiriTii'ijilcrn.i  and   (i.  (imjitlcii.ii.s. 

•_'.     The  genus  l'iiliilr)riis  (beyond),  illustrates  a  small  groui)  of  hawks  partaking 


vKd>,ji,r^si«iif.»TWM*aate«ste<«w«K»fc!^^ 


FALCOXin.K,    mUUNAL    HIltDS    OV    IMIKY. 


20U 


somewhat  of  a  viiltiiriiio  natufo ;  they  feoil  much  upf)ii  carrion,  arc  rather  shijjgish 
in  hahit,  ami  hick  the  spirit  of  tlie  typical  iiawlv^i.  Di'tails  ol"  rorin  vary  in  tiio  three 
genera  Pnli/horns,  Ihi/ctci;  ami  Mili'ii<jii.  Tiieri!  are  less  tlian  twelve  species,  all 
conline<l  to  America. 

?>.  The  hurrk'rs  are  another  small  group,  in  which  a  rntl',  f()rinin'4'  an  imperl'ijct 
facial  disk,  as  in  the  owls,  is  more  or  less  developed.  It  consists  of  the  genus 
Citrus  and  its  subdivisions  (to  which  some  add  I'dh/bDrfiirlcs,  of  Africii),  C(>ini)risinfj; 
about  fifteeu  species  oC  various  |)arts  of  the  world.    (Jur  species  is  a  tyi)ical  example. 

4.  'r\H'jisli-Ii<iirI,\i,  of  the  single  genus  l't(ii(U'tn,  with  four  or  live  si)ecies  or  races 
of  various  parts  of  the  world,  are  reniarkiibly  distinguished  from  other  birds  of  tiio 
fainilv  by  the  lack  of  aftersliai'ts,  a  special  tract-formation,  a  peculiar  conformation 
of  the    feet,  and   other   characters   as    noticed   further    on. 

;").  The  genus  J'erais  is  distinguished  from  ordinary  Fakonidfc,  in  liaving  the 
whole  head  softly  and  densely  leathered.  P.  (ijiirorKx,  the  t)eo-eating  hawk  of 
Europe,  is  the  type.     It  api)roacIies  the  kites. 

C.  The  kifea  form  a  rather  extensive  group  of  hawks  averaging  undersized 
and  f)f  MO  great  strength,  though  very  active,  generally  of  lithe  and  gracelul  shape, 
with  long  pointed  wings  and  often  forked  tail.  Tiiey  sul)sist  on  small  game, 
especially  insects,  whicii  thcv  'i.ptiii'c^  with  great  address.  Tiie  eye  is  commonly 
nnsliicldcd.  Besides  the  g  icra  given  beyond,  there  are  several  others;  ^filrns, 
near  which  our  X((iifJ<'rii,i  stamls,  of  lMiro[)e  and  Asia;  the  Indian  and  ICast  Indian 
Jima,  the  African  Avivcihi,  and  the  remarkable  ^^lll^^l(|(^rh(lmllhns  of  Africa  and 
Malacca;  with  the  Amerii'au  Vjiitiindi.'t,  awX  Giiin/isinn/.i'.  Tliere  art;  some  _lhirty 
species  of  the  group  as  thus  constituted;  but  some  of  the  genera  are  (|iiesUouably 
enumerated    hert'.     ^filrnfi,    X'liirlc-iis,  Elumis!  and  Liiiila   are    true  kites. 

7.  The  hn'nunU  liirm  a  large  gi'oui),  not  easily  defined,  however,  unless  it  be  by 
exclusion  of  tlii'  peculiarities  of  the  olliers.  Tliey  are  .hawks  of  medium  and 
ratii(>r  large  size,  iieavy-l)odied,  of  strong  but  ri'ther  measured  lliiiiil,  inferior  in 
spirit  to  tlie  true  hawks  and  falcons,  and  as  a  rule  feed  upon  humlile  game,  wiiicli 
they  rather  snalcli  stealtliily  llian  captiu'e  in  o[)en  piracy.  The  I'xtensivc  genns 
7)"^'')  with  its  subilivisions,  and  its  eoni[)anion  Archihiil(>i,.  \y^^\\y  the  buzzards; 
they  include,  however,  a  \ariety  of  forms,  shading  into  other  groups.  With  them 
nnist  be  associated  therv/Zcs',-  for  the  popular  estimate  of  these  famous  great  birds 
as  something  remarkalily  dillerent  from  ordinary  hawks  is  not  eoulirmed  by  exam- 
ination of  their  structure,  which  is  essentially  the  same  as  ihal  of  the  buzzards,  into 
which  they  grade.  Although  usually  of  large  size,  and  i)ow<'rl'ul  physitiue,  they  are 
far  bel(jw  the  smallest  falcons  in  raptorial  character,  prey  like  the  buzzards,  and 
often  st()o[)  to  carrion.  The  genus  Aijuilii  may  stand  as  the  type  of  an  eagle;  its 
several  species  are  coiilined  to  the  Old  World,  with  one  e\ee|)tion.  ffdia'rtns  vc[)- 
resonts  a  decided  nindilieation  in  adaptation  to  maritime  and  piscivorous  habits. 
A  celebrated  bird  of  this  group  is  the  harp\  I'agle  of  South  America,  'J7ir<tsi<(i'tits 
harpi/iit,  with  inuuense  bill  and  feci,  nnil  one  of  l\w  most  powerful  birds  of  the 
whole  family.     There  are  several  other  genera  in  either  hemisphere. 

8.  The  hnniis  [irnjn'r  are  another  extensive  gioup,  of  ine(lium  sized  and  small 
species,  which,  although  less  powerfully  organized,  are  little,  if  any,  infeiior  in  siiirit 
and  relative  streuglh  to  the  liiie  falediis.  Their  lliglil  is  swift,  they  capture  their 
prey  in  active  chase  like  hounds,  and  always  kill  for  themselves.  The  wings  are 
rather  short,  as  a  rule,  with  the  \.\\^  formed  by  the  ;)d-,')lli  (juills,  the  2il  and  1st  being 
shortened  ;  the  tail  is  generally  lengthened.     Tlu'  eye  is  sliadetl  by  a  bony  bi<jw. 


KKV    TO    \.    A.    lUllDS 


ff- 


II: 


210 


KAIXOMDyi';,     DirHNAI,    ItlllDS    OK    I'liKV. OI'-N.     lol, 


'I'lif  jiciicra  ^l.vV"/-iiiul  ^Irci'j'i/i r  iwv  luircct  illii>ti;i)i(iii.s  f>r  tliis  group ;  the  several 
(itlicr  jiciicni  uMKilly  iiilciili'd  arc  not  vci_v  iliUcrciit.  'I'lid'e  jippoav  to  lie  a1)out 
scvuiilv-livo    sixcics,    of  llul^t    [laits    of  tlic    world. 

;•.  Lastly,  the  true  /(ili-an.-i  arc  jiroiiiiiiciilly  (li>tiiii:iii>lic(l  liy  tlio  prosoiico  of  a 
todtli  licliiml  a  iiotcli  of  llic  upper  niandililc.  in  llic  forc^jo'uiij; 'lird.-.  the  toniia  l)cin<f 
sinijjly  Idlicd  or  festooned,  or  merely  arched.  The  falcons  arc  birds  of  incdinui  and 
small  size  (one  of  them  is  not  larixcr  than  sonic  spairows).  hut  extremely  coini)aet 
and  iio\V(  I'fnl  organization,  and  hold  rnthlcss  disposition  ;  they  [iri'y  hy  sudden  and 
violent  ass.ault,  and  cxhiliit  the  raptoi'ial  nature  in  its  perfection.  The  \vings  are 
stronj:',  lonu;  and  jiointcd,  the  lij)  lormcil  hy  the  lM  and  .'id  (|nill.s  supiiorted  nearly 
to  the  end  liy  the  1st  and  1th  ;  the  tail  is  generally  short  and  still'.  The  ty|iical  and 
[irincipal  genus  is  /'(//co,  of  which  there  ari'.  liowcvci',  sevi'ral  sulidi\  isions  corres- 
ponding to  minor  moililicalions.  The  Australian  /crdriih'ii.  Uw  l-"ast  Indian  Ii-nix, 
anil  the  iJrazilian  II(irji(iijii.-<.  which  is  douMy-tootlKd,  arc  the  j)rincii)al  other  forms. 
'J'licre  arc  upwards  ol'  (ilty  species  of  true  falcons. 

A\'ilh  many  cxcejilions.  in  this  family  the  st'xcs  arc  alike  in  c(jlor,  lint  the  fcmah; 
is  almost  invarialily  lai'gcr  than  the  male.  The  changes  of  phiniage  with  age  arc 
great,  and  render  the  determination  of  the  species  perplexing  —  the  more  so  since 
purely  individual,  and  somewhat  climatic,  color-variations,  and  such  special  condi- 
tions as  mel.'inism,  are  vi'ry  frcquerit.  The  modes  of  nesting  are  \arious;  the 
eggs  as  a  rule  are  lilotclied,  and  jmt  so  nearly  siilii'rical  as  those  of  owls.  The 
food  is  exclusively  of  an  animal  natuie,  though  endlessly  varied  ;  the  refuse  of 
digestion  is  ejected  in  a  ball  by  the  mouth.  The  voice  is  loud  and  harsh.  As  a 
rule,  the  birds  of  prej'  are  not  strictly  migratory,  though  many  of  them  change 
their  abode  with  much  regularity.  Their  mode  of  life  necessarily  renders  them 
non-grogarious. 

In  the  following  sequence  of  our  genera,  the  student  will  observe  an  attempt  to 
indicate  aflinities  not  only  in  the  family  itself,  but  with  allied  families,  by  the 
cintral  position  of  the  typical  Fdlro,  the  series  beginning  with  the  most  owl- 
like form,  and  er.ding  with  the  vulturinc  buzzards.  I>ut  it  is  hoped  that  he  will 
detect  the  imperfection  of  the  arrangement,  and  that  his  studies  will  soon  convince 
him  of  the  impossibility  of  expressing  natural  relationships  in  any  linear  series. 
^\'itll  this  hint,  the  inviting  problem  is  left  open  to  stinudate  investigation. 

151.    Genus    CIRCUS    Lacopedo. 

MamJi  Harrir:)-.  Adult  ^  pale  hliiisli-asii,  nearly  iiiivarioil,  Avhitcning 
helow  and  on  upper  lail  coverts;  (piills  blackish  townrtl  tlio  end;   lG-18  ; 

Aving  14-1');  tail  8-1  > ;  9  larger,  above  dark 
brown  streaked  with  reddisli-hrown,  below  the 
reverse  of  this;  tail  banded  with  these  colors; 
the  innnatiirc  $  is  like  the  9  ,  thougli  redder, 
but  in  any  plumaixc  the  bird  is  known  by  its 
white  upper  tail  coverts,  and  generic  charac- 
ters :  (ace  with  rnlls  ;  wings,  tail  and  tarsi  very 
long,  liie  latter  seutellate  i)el'()rc  anti  behind, 
and  twice  as  long  as  the  middle  too  ;  nostrils  oval,  etc.  North  America,  abund- 
ant. Xests  on  the  ground.  WiLs.,  vi,  (17,  pi.  .'il,  f.  2  ;  Xfrr.,  i,  lO'.l  ;  Afi)., 
i,  lOf),  pi.  20;  Cass,  in  Bd,  38;  Cooi'.,  4811.     .      cvankus  var.  ih'dsomis. 


Kici.  l:!'.i.     >Iiii>li   U.iriic-r. 


' 


falcomu.t:,  dilun'al  hiiids  ok  pkkv. — (!i:\.    ir)2-15l>. 


211 


152.    Gonus    ROSTRHAMUS    Lesson. 

Everrildilc  Kile.  Adult  $  l)liK'kisli :  covorts  and  l)iiso  of  tail  feathers 
Avliitc ;  c'cm  and  fciet  yellow  ;  hill  and  claws  lilack  ;  iris  red;  1()-1S  ;  winj;^ 
13A-1.5i  ;  (ail  (1^-7^,  einiiriiinati! :  liill  ahont  1,  cxlremch/  N/c/c/e/' and  with 
a  lonj^  hook;  tarsi  sentellate  in  front,  llie  l)are  part  shorter  than  the  middle 
too;  claws  very  h)n,i^,  gently  enrved.  9  and  yonn<x  brown,  more  or  less 
variegated  with  fulvous  and  wliitish.  Floi'ida,  and  southward.  Cass,  in  lii)., 
38;  Mav.vaim),  Birds  of  Florida,  pis.  i,  v  (in  jjress  ;  liest  aeeonnt  of  the 
bird    extant) sociauilis. 

153.  Genus    ICTINIA    Vioillot. 

Jf/'ftsiss/'j)j)!  h'/fc.  riuni'ieous,  paler  on  the  heail  and  luider  parts,  blaek- 
eninii' on  winys  and  tail:  (piills  sulluscd  with  rieh  chestnut;  sexes  alike; 
youuii"  varied  with  rusty  and  whitish;  1  l-l.')  ;  wiuL,'  1 1-12,  pointed  ;  tail 
()-(!^,  nearly  s(|uar(>.  Dill  very  short  and  deep,  the  eoinniissure  with  promi- 
nent festoon:  nostrils  small,  circular ;  tarsus  short,  sentellate  anteriorly; 
outer  and  middle  toe  webbed  :  claws  short,  stout,  llattened  beneath.  S.  At- 
lantic and  (Julf  States,  X.  to  Illinois  { It'/'ih/n-iii/).  WiLs.,  iii,  NO,  pi.  '2'), 
f.  1  ;  XiTr.,  i,  !)2  ;  Aid.,  i,  7."),  \)\.  17  :  Cass,  in  15i).,  ;'.7.     mississiitiexsis. 

154.  Gonus    ELANUS    Savigny. 

White-talh-il  l{!lp.  JJlurk-s/ioiiIi/i'reif  h'/'/e.  Head,  tail  and  umh'r  i)art3 
white;  back  cinereous;  most  of  the  winir  coverts  black;  bill  black;  Icii's 
yellow  ;  younir  varie<j:ated  with  brown  above,  the  head  and  tail  ashy.  Rather 
laru'er  than  the  last ;  nostrils  nearly  circular  ;  tarsi  reticulate,  feathered  above 
in  front ;  outer  toe  scarcely  wel)l)ed  ;  claws  roimded  underneath;  tail  emar- 
<rinate,  but  outer  feather  slioiler  than  the  next.  South  Atlantic  and  Gulf 
States,  California,  ;ind  southward,  chielly  coastwise.  Xi;rr.,  i,  03  ;  Ai^D.,  i, 
70,  pi.  10;  Cass,  in  15n.,  37;  Coor.,  488 lkucluus. 

155.    Gonus    NAUCLERUS    Vigors. 

SiruJIoii'-taiJi.'d  Kite.  Head,  neck  and  under  parts,  white;  back,  wings 
and  tail,  lustrous  blaek.  Tail  a  foot  or  more  long,  deeply  forficatc ;  wing 
l.'j-l  8,  pointed  ;  feet  small,  greenish-blue ;  claws  pale;  tarsi  reticulate  and 
feathered  half  way  down  in  front;  toes  hardly  webbed;  nostrils  broadly 
oval.  A  beautiful  Itird,  common  in  the  South  Atlantic  and  Gidf  States,  in 
its  extensive  wanderings  sometimes  reaching  the  .Middle  districts,  and  in  the 
interior  penetrating  to  Wisconsin  (/Ao//),  .Missouri  {Cuncs)  and  even  ^lin- 
iiesota  (lat.  47^  ;  'J'n'jipc).  Wir.s.,  vi,  70,  pi.  ")1,  f.  ;') ;  X'itt.,  i,  !•.") ;  An>., 
i,  78,  pi.  18;  Cass,  in  1)1).,  'M flucatls. 


156.    Genus    ACCIPITER    Brisson. 

*,*  Tarsi.  <  I'catliereil  liut  litth'  way  down  in  front  (in  licii.   l-'i7  tlie  feathering 
reaches  half  way  to  the  toes)  ;  ioes  long,  slender,  iiiueh  webbed  al  base  and  i)aiUled 


r 


■rV 


} 


[ 


1 


212 


r.Ai.fOMD.i;,   1)11  li.NAi,  i!ii;i)s  or  mii.y.  —  (.i;n.    15(i,   ],')7. 


iiniU'iiiciilli ;  liciL'lit  of  liill  ;it  liiisc  jiic.'itcr  tluiii  chord  of  ciiliui'n  ;  'Itli  tiuill  loiificst, 
2(1  slidi'tcr  lliiiii  ''III.  1st  vci'v  -lioii.  'V\w  two  foUowinii;  spccioa  arc  oxiictly  silikc  in 
cdldi' ;  (iiic  is  !i  iiiiiii;ittiic  dl'  tlic  other.  The  oidiiiiii'v  iiluiiiMU'o  is  dink  brown  aliovo 
(diclJC'st  on  the  head,  the  oc(ii)ital  leathers  sliowinji  white  when  disturbed)  with  an 
ashy  or  iiliinilieons  shade  whioli  increases  with  ago,  till  the  general  cast  is  (juite 
lihiish-ash  ;  helow,  white  or  whitisli,  variously  streaked  with  dark  brown  and  rusty, 
linaily  changing  to  browiiish-re(l  (palest  behind  and  sliglitly  ashy  across  the  breast) 
with  the  wliite  tlii>n  only  showing  in  narrow  cross-bars ;  chin,  throat  and  crissum 
mostly  while  with  blackish  pencilling;  wings  and  tail  barred  with  ashy  and  brown 
or  blackish,  the  (juills  white-barred  basally,  the  tail  wliitish-tiiiped ;  bill  dark; 
claws  black  ;  cere  and  Ccet  yellow. 

Sliinit-sliiiiiicil  lluirh.     '' Pii/cdii   J/(iir/:."     l'\'cl  cxtreiiieiy  slender ;  baro 
poilion  of  tarsus  lonj^cr  tliaii  iui(l(lle  toe;    sciilella  irccjiu'iitly  I'Mseil ;    tail 

s(iiiai'c.  (J  10-12 ;  wing- 
()-7;  tail;j-(5.  9  12-14; 
wing-  7-8  ;  tail  H-7  . 
WInilc  foot  oi  or  less. 
A'ortli    America,    ahuml- 


:^:^^M\^   ant.     Fairo  vchxVu'iLS., 


~<M'\'''^  V,  IK;,  pi.  4/),  f.   1;  /'. 
'^^V'^     ];5,  pi.  4(>,  f.  1  ;  Sw.  and 


I'Ki.  11".     (.■im.|.it's    Hawk. 


pi.  4(),  t.  1  ;  !Sw.  and 
Kick.,  F.  15. -A.  ii,  74  ; 
Ni  IT.,  i.  iS7  ;  Aui).,  i, 
100.  pl.  2."):  CASs.iuDi)., 

18;    (."oof.,    4(J(! rLscis. 

(Jonjicr'.'i  Jhwk.  Cliich'cii  Ilfiirlc.  Feet  nioileratel}'  stout ;  bare  portion 
of  tarsus  shorter  than  middle  t(te;  scutella  remaining  distinct;  tail  a  little 
rounded.  $  KI-l.S  ;  wing  !)-IO  ;  tail  7-fS ;  9  18-20;  wing  10-11  ;  tail 
8-1).  Whole  foot  4  or  more.  X.  Am.,  especially  U.  S.  ;  common.  IJonai'., 
Am.  Orn.  i,  1,  pi.  1,  f.  1  ;  Aid.,  i,  !I8,  pi.  24;  Cass,  in  Bi).,  1(3;  Coor., 
4(14.  J-'(ilco  ciKijjtri  i\m\  F.  slanJeil  Is'vtt.,  i,  !)0,  111.  A,  nw.ctcanii.s  Cass. 
ill  13i).,  17:    Cool'.,  4ti5,  is  the  same  bird cooficitii. 

157.  Gonus  ASTUR  Lacopedo. 
Goxhmrl-.  Adult  dark  bluish-slato  blackening  on  the  head,  with  a  vvhilo 
superciliary  stripe;  tail  witjj  four  broad  dark  bars;  below,  closely  barred 
with  white  and  pale  slate,  and  sharply  streaked  with  blackish.  Young  dark 
brown  aiiove,  the  feathers  with  jjale  edges,  streaked  with  tawny-brown  on 
the  head  and  cervix  ;  below  ftdvous-white  with  oblong  brown  markings. 
9  2  feet  long;  wing  14  inches  ;  tail  11;  ^  smaller.  A  large,  powerful, 
and,  in  peifect  plmnage,  a  very  handsome  hawk,  inhabiting  northern  Korlh 
America;  the  northern  half  of  the  United  States  chielly  in  winter,  but  also 
breeding  in  mountainous  parts.  WiLs.,  vi,  80,  pi.  52,  f.  3;  Xutt.,  i,  85; 
AuD.,  i,  !)5,  pi.  23;  Cass,  in  IJo.,  15;  Coor.,  407.  A  variety  of  the 
European  Astur puhiiabavlus.* atuicai'ILLLS. 


FALCONID^;,    1)11  IJXAL    l!Il;l)S    OF    I'liKV. — (JKN.    l/)8. 


213 


158,    Genus    FALCO    Linncciis. 

*Tiirsiis  iiKii'c  or  less  rcMtlHTcil  jiIiom',  I'lscwhiTc  irr('j;iilMi'ly  ivticnhik' in  sniiiU 
pattern;  2(1(111111  luiii^i'st  ;   Jstiiloni'  dcfidi'diy  i'ni:u<;iii;itt'  cm  inner  wi'li. 

Jerfi.ih'oii,  or  (I'l/rJaJcou.  'J'lirMis  fiiiliiciid  fully  liiiil'-way  down  in  ii'oiit, 
Avitli  only  a  narrow  bare  .stiii)  Ix'liiiid,  and  loiijior  tli'u  middlo  toe  ;  1st  (luiil 
f^liortor  tliaii  'M\.  Upward  of  2  tix't  1oii<j:  ;  wiiiir  about  K!  iiielies  ;  tail  1<). 
WliHe,  witii  dark  uiarkiiijis  uiueli  a.s  in  tlie  snowy  owl ;  or,  asli-eolored  with 
minieroiis!  Ii<:liter  liars;  young  striped  longitudinally  heneatli.  An  aretio 
I'alcon,  of  eireuinpolar  distrihutioii,  in  this  eountry  reaeliing  the  norllierii 
states  in  winter.  It  is  .-[)lit  into  several  varieties  wiiieli,  iiowevor,  do  not 
seem  to  he  strictly  geograpliieal,  and  coneeriiing  wliieli  oinilliologists  arc 
singularly  agreed  to  disagree.  In  var.  (:<i/i(//c(nis,  tiie  while  predominates 
over  the  dark  markings,  and  the  hill  and  elaws  are  white;  N.  Greenland; 
leeland;  Aret.  Am.  and  Knr.  Aid.,  i,  iSl,  pi.  lii  ;  Kli.iut,  pi.  ;>U ;  Cass, 
in  l>i).,  1.'5.  Invar,  isldiidiiiis,  dnvk  markings  proilominate,  and  the  hill  and 
elaws  are  dark  ;  the  erown  is  lighter  than  the  I)aek,  and  the  dark  maxillary 
patches  arc  slight  ;  8,  (ireenland  ;  Iceland;  N.  Kur.  and  Am.  ;  S.  to  U.  S. 
ill  winter.  Cass,  in  lii).,  l;i ;  Elmot,  pi.  ;U.  Var.  r/i/r/alco  is  like  the 
last,  hut  M'ith  the  erown  darker  than  the  hack,  and  the  moustaches  heavy. 
Other  strains  are  sometimes  recognizeil  hy  name.  8i'e  Xkwtox,  I'roe. 
Phila.  Acad.  1S71,  !l,") ;  KiiKiWAV,  i/ji'd.  IfciTO,  140;  Baiud,  Trans.  Chicago 
Acatl.  i,  271 sackii  (Forst.  1772). 

Lanier  Falcon.  Tarsus  feathered  a  third  way  down  in  front,  iiroadly  hare 
hehiiul,  and  longer  than  middle  toe;  1st  ijuill  shorter  than  third.  Afoot 
and  a  half  long;  wing  i;5-I4  ;  tail  7-S,  Above,  plain  hrown,  the  feathers 
hordered  with  rusty,  the  nape,  forehead  and  superciliary  line  white  ;  helow, 
white,  with  brown  niaxillaiy  patches  and  other  streaks  on  tiie  breast  and 
belly,  tiie  Hanks  barred;  tail  barred  and  tii)ped  with  whitish;  adult  with 
yellow  iris  and  yellowisii  legs;  young  with  brown  iris  and  bluish  legs. 
Western  United  States  and  southward;  E.  to  Illinois  {b'ar;/('nf,  llul<iwai/). 
F.  poh/a'jnii^  Cass.,  111.  8.S,  pi.  K!;  Bo.,  12;  Coop.,  4i')S.     .     jikxicanis. 

I'crejjrine  Falcon..  Duck  Jlairk.  Tarsus  feathered  but  a  very  little  way 
above  in  front,  and  not  longer  than  the  middle  toe;  1st  quill  not  shorter 
than  od.  8i/.e  of  the  last,  or  rather 
less.  Above,  blaekish-ash,  with 
more  or  less  evident  paler  waves ; 
below,  and. the  forehead,  white  with 
more  or  less  iulvous  tinge,  ami 
transverse  bars  of  blackisi  ;  con- 
s  p  i  c  u  o  u  s  black  cheek-iiatehes. 
Young  with  the  colors  not  so  in- 
tense, tending  rather  to  brown  ;  the 
tawiiy  shade  below  stronger,  the  lower  [)arts  longitudinally  stripi'd.  North 
America;   generally  distributed,  not   aliundant.     F.  inveiirinu.^  Wii.s.,  ix, 


Flit.  111.     I'uirL'i'ini'  I'lilc'uii. 


211 


I'Ai.coMD.K,  i)ii;i:.NAr,  iiinns  of  pukv.  —  (!i;\.  158. 


120,  j)l.   7(i;    Sw.  and  Kini.,  F.  \',.-\.  ii,  2;];    Xitt.,  i,  53;    Aud.,  i,  HI, 
pi.  20.      /''.  ((ji'/hmi  !iii(l  /''.  ii/'t/n'rcjts  Cass,  in  l>i).,  7,  8.     .      .     communis. 

()i;>.  /■'.  i-iijiijiihiriti,  !i  liird  ol"  this  section  of  tlic  p;oiiiis,  adinittc'd  to  oui'  fiiiina 
iimlcr  the  niiiiu'  of  /■'.  ininnifinn  (Cass,  in  l)i>.,  10  ;  l^i.i.ior,  pi.  1)2),  docs  not  !ii)i)c:ir 
to  iiiivc  liccii  taken  witiiin  our  limits. 

**  Tarsus  scarcely  fcatlicrcd  aliovc,  witli  tlic  plates  in  i'roiit  enlarfj:cd,  appearing 
like  a  douliie  row  of  alternatinu'  x'liteli.a  (ami  (jl'leii  witli  a  lew  true  scutclla  at  base)  ; 
1st  anil  L'uil  (|nills   iiuaruinate  on  inner  well. 

P/'jcnn  /■'iilciin.  Pi'jeoii  llmr}-.  Adult  $  aliovo  asli3'-l)Uie,  .soniptimos 
almost  hlackisli,  soiiicliincs  imicli  paler:  below  jial(>  fulvous,  or  ocliraeooiis, 
wliitisli  ou  the  throat,  tlic  breast  iiiul  sides  witli  lariic  ol)l()iiir  dark  brown 
.spots  with  black  sliid't  lines;  tlie  tibi..'  reddish,  streaked  with  brown  ;  inner 
webs  of  pviniarics  with  about  8  transverse  white  or  whitish  spots  ;  tail  tipped 
with  wiiife,  and  Avith  the  outer  leather  whiteninii' ;  with  a  broad  .subterniinal 
black  /one  and  .'l-l:  blae]<  bands  alternatinLT  with  whitish;  cere  iri'eenish- 
ycllow,  leet  yellow.  9  with  the  up[)er  parts  asln-brown  ;  the  tail  with  1-5 
indistinct  whitish  bands  ;  about  1,") ;  winj:;  8;  tail  5  ;  $  smaller.  X.  Am., 
p'uerally  distributed,  common.  Ob.serve  that  ^[rripiley  fiiKciiK  is  also  called 
"jiiLreon  hawk."  Wii.s.,  ii,  107,  pi.  15,  i".  .'1;  .Sw.  and  Ricii.,  ii,  .'l') ;  Xutt., 
i,  ()0  ;  All).,  i,  88,  pi.  21  ;  Cass,  in  i)i).,  !» cor.iAiiiAiiii'S. 

lilclnirdxDii'K  Falcoit.  ,Similar ;  sexes  nearly  alike,  i)oth  lijihter  and  more 
eartliy-browii  thiin  the  9  of  the  last ;  head  nearly  white  anteriorly  ;  streaks 
on  the  checks  line  and  sparse,  those  on  the  breast  broad  and  shar|),  light 
brown,  with  black  shaft  lines;  tail  with  (5  ashy-white  bands;  9  above  with 
p.airs  of  ochraceous  spots  on  the  feathers,  and  secondaries  witli  three  oelira- 
ecous  bands:  wing  H  ;  tail  (! ;  tarsus  nearly  IJ  ;  $  smaller.  Interior  X". 
Am.,  especially  from  the  ]Mississii)pi  to  the  lioeky  ^louiitains.  Very  near 
the  last;  both  are  very  closely  related  to  /•'.  (CsaJini  of  Europe,  the  fewer 
bars  of  the  wings  and  tail  i)eing  a  principal  character.  KioawAV,  I'roo. 
Phila.  Acad.  1870,  M5.  /'.  (vmlnn  Rich,  and  Sw.,  Fn.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  37, 
pi.  25  ;  Xitt.,  ii,  558  ;  Coci:s,  Proc.  Phila.  Acad.  LSOO,  42.     imciiaud.soxii. 

Ji'ns/'/-rroi'-iti'<}  Fdlam.  >Sp"nvir  Ifairk.  Crown  iishy-l)Iue,  with  a  chest- 
nut patch,  sometimes  small  or  altogether  wanting,  sometimes  occupying 
nearly  sill  the  crown  ;  conspicuous  lilack  maxillary  and  auricular  patches, 
which  with  three  others  around  the  iiajjc  make  seven  black  [ilaccs  in  all,  but 
a  part  of  them  often  obscure  or  wanting ;  back  cinnamon  browi',  in  the  ^ 
with  a  few  black  spots  or  iion(>,  in  the  9  with  numerous  black  bars;  wing 
coverts  in  the  ^  ashy-l)lue,  with  or  without  black  s[)ots,  in  the  9  like  the 
back  ;  quills  in  both  sexes  Iilackish  with  numerous  p:ile  or  white  bars  on 
inner  wobs  ;  fail  chestnut,  in  the  ^  with  one  i)road  black  suliterininal  bar, 
■white  tip,  and  outer  feather  mostly  white  with  several  black  bars;  in  the  9 
the  whole  tail  with  numerous  iiniierfcct  black  bars  ;  below  white,  variously 
tinged  with  bull',  or  tawny,  in  the  J  with  a  t'ow  sni;dl  Iilack  spots  or  none, 
in  the  9  with  many  brown  streaks  ;  throat  and  vent  nearly  white  and  iniinac- 
nlale  in  Iiotli  sexes;  bill  dark  horn,  cere  and  feet  yellow  to  bright  orange; 


? 


FALCONin-K,    niUHNAL   nillDS   ol'    I'KF.V. — (IT.N.     1">1*. 


■_'i; 


I  I'..  II-'.     ^iMiniw    ll.iwK. 


l(t-ll:  wiiiir  7;  Inil  "),  nioiv  or  less.  Xoilli  Ainorica,  cvcnwlicn',  very 
iilimidniil.  'litis  clciiMiit  lilllc  lunvU  will  lie  iniiiK'diiilcly  iccoiiiii/.t'd  hy  its 
sniiiU  si/.c,  iiiid  c'litii'dy  i)ocidiiir  colonitioii,  idthoiiLiii  the  iiliiin;iL:'('  varies 
nlnidst  iiilciiniiialily.  Ildwivcr  tlii'  (.'aso  may  lie  uitli  tlio  A\'c.-1  Indian  and 
olluT  cxolic  lornis,  no  races  have  hern  discovered 
in  tliis  eonntry  siillicienlly  marked  to  rc((niro 
designation  by  name,  lint  we  may,  perhaps, 
with  :\Ir.  IJidgway  (Proc.  J'liila.  Acad.  1.^70, 
]•!!)),  recogni/.e  var.  /sd/jc/h'nus,  as  a  Middle 
.\merican  coast  form  oei'nrring  in  tiie  (Inlf  States, 
although  of  course  it  shades  directly  into  ihe 
ordinary  i)lnmage  (no  rnfons  on  crown  ;  se\('ral 
latei'al  tail  featheis  variegated,  the  black  zone  an 
inch  wide;  black  s[)ots  on  back  and  sides  very  sparse  ;  l)i'ea>t  ochraceoiis  ; 
9  with  the  black  bars  above  nnnsnally  ln'oiid,  upon  a  fei'rngiu<'oiis  groiuid). 
AViLs.,  ii,  117,  pi.  li;,  f.  1  :  iv,  .')7,  pi.  ;!l',  f.  _' ;   Xirr.,  i,  .VS  ;  Aro.,  i,  iKt, 

pi.  '22:  Ca>s.  in  151).,  i;};  Cooi-..  1(12 si'ai:vi:i:h:s. 

Fiii(nr<il  l''(ilc()ii.  Ashy-brown  or  pale  slate,  according  to  age  ;  forehead 
and  sui)erciliary  line  white,  dee|)ening  to  orange-brown  on  the  anriculars  ; 
two  ashy  stripes  on  sid(>  of  head  ;  wings  and  tail  with  numerous  white  liars; 
under  wing  coverts  bully  with  numerous  black  spots  ;  throat  and  breast  white 
or  tawny  ;  belly  with  a  broad  black  /.one;  til)i;e  and  crissuni  orange-l>rown. 
Length  15  or  more:  wing  lOA  :  tail  ~i^,  A  widely  disfri!)Uted  South  and 
Central  American  spi'cies,  reaching  just  over  our  Mexican  border;  it  belongs 
to  the  same  st'ction  of  the  genus  as  the  sparrow  hawl  .  but  is  not  at  all  like 
this  or  any  of  Ihe  foregoing  species.  Cass,  in  Ud.,  11,  pi.  1  ;  l)i;i;ssi:u.  Ibis, 
lati.'),  iJo^  ;  Coles,  I'roc.  I'hila.  Acad.  1<S(!(),  -12;   Cooi'.,  -1(>1.     fk.mokalis. 


150.    Genus    BUTEO    Cuvier. 
*  Fire  outer  primaries  einai'uinate  on  inner  weli;   lijll  liiiili  ;  no>lrils  oval,  liori- 
zontal.  witii  eecenti'ic  (uhcrcle;  feet  robust.     (SiiliLicniis  Criixircf.) 

Jlarris  Jiii;j;:(ir(l.  Dark  chocolate-brown,  nearly  uniform  ;  wing  coNerls 
iuid  tibiie  brownish-red:  upp<'r  tail  (>overts,  base  and  \\\)  of  tail,  white; 
young  duller  brown,  varied  with  fulvous;  9  nearly  2  1 ;  wing  l.'i ;  tail  10; 
(J  smaller.  A  South  and  Central  American  species,  reaching  our  Gulf 
border,  ^'ery  dill'erent  from  any  of  the  following  species;  api)roaching  the 
Poli/ltnr!  in  habits.     AuD.,  i,  2.'),  pi.  5;  Uo.,  4().   I'McixcTrs  var.  hakkisii. 

**  Fijur  outer  primaries  emarginate  un  inner  weli. 

Cooprr'K  Jiiix^ard.  Very  pale;  below,  pure  white,  the  til)iie  tawny,  the 
throat,  breast  and  Hanks  with  a  few  dark  streaks;  a  blackish  patch  on  uudt»r 
wing  coverts;  crown  and  hind  neck  with  the  feathers  largely  white  at  bas(>, 
with  dark  tips  and  streaks;  upi)er  tail  coverts  white,  rufous-tinged,  dark- 
barred  ;  tail  mostly  white,  with  ashy  clouding,  marked  with  rufous  and 
darker  in  li-niitliwise  pattern,  and  with  dark  snbterminal  /one;  liack  dark 
brown  with  an  ashy  shade;   SIA  ;  Aving  1.5;  tail  '.b      Santa  Clara  Co.,  Cala.  ; 


2ir, 


IV\l,('il\ll>.T,.    DUKN'AI,    IlllIIIS    Ol'    IMtKV.  —  liKN".     1')!). 


one  sprciiiicii  kiKiwii,  wliicli  li:is  iii)t  lii'cii  rcCcrrtMl  (o  ;iiiy  <I('Sfril)0(l  species, 
Imt  wliicli  (MiiiHil  lie  cDiisiilcreil  :is  esliiljlisliiii^-  one.  C-Ass.,  I'roc.  I'liila. 
Aciid.  l.sriCi,  2."),"),  and  in  I'.d.,  ■"•!  ;  (Jooi'.,  17:.' rooi-KiMi. 

Il'iiliiii's  /li'::;:(tr(/.  (ieneral  ('(ilur  l>l:ieliisli,  nearly  niiirni'in,  tiie  tail  nearly 
(■(nieolnr  with  tli(>  rest  of  tlie  plnnia^e,  or  nioltleil  lenirlliwise  witli  asliy, 
rnl'ons  and  white,  ami  haviuir  a  dark  siihlerniinal  har  ( in  the  yoiinir  hrown 
handed  with  hlacU)  ;  iiuier  wehs  of  (piills  extensively  white.  Of  nearly  iho 
si/.e  and  furni  nt'  the  fullowin;;  speeies  ;  lihial  leathers  reniarkal)ly  lonjj;  and 
Ihiwini:.  "  lioni-iana  ;"  Am.,  ( )rn.  l>iou'.  i,  I  1 1 ,  v,  .'ISO,  pi.  ,S(!,  and  I?.  Amer. 
i,  ."iS,  pi.  ^;  N'l  I'l'.,  i,  lit.").  An  oli-cnre  species,  varionsly  intcrpretccl  hy 
diU'crcnt  writers.  See  liAWi;.,  .\nn.  Lye.  X.  V.v,Ji'();  Cass.,  III.  101,, and 
in  r,i).,  I'l  ;  IJnvANT.  I'roe.  IJost.  Soe.  .N.  II.  viii,  1()1» ;  I'oiios,  Troc.  IMiila. 
Aead.  iNCd,  4.');  K'iixiwav,  ///A/.  ISTO,  142;  Cooi'.,  47;).  DiU'erenl  "hiaek 
haw  lis"  appear  to  have  received  this  name,  hnL  Mr.  l{id^•\vay  informs  me  that 
he  lielievcs  he  has  (he  trne  /i(ir/iiii/i,  i\\\i\  that  it  is  a  ir'>"d  species.      IIAULAMI. 

Iti(l-lii/h'il  r,ii::::(inK  Ih n  Umrl;.  ,\dnlt  dark  hrown  .above,  many  leathers 
witii  pale  or  tawny  margins,  and  npper  tail  coverts  showing;  much  whitish; 
Iielow  while  or  reddish-while,  with  various  spots  and  .streaks  of  dillerent 
shades  of  hrown,  u-ener.dly  forniintr  an  irre,i.ndar  /.one  on  the  ahdomen  ; 
tiiU  (ilitirc  Jiri'jlil rhi sliiiit  ml,  with  snlitcrmin.al  lilack  /one  and  narrow  whitish 
tip,  hclow  pe.arly  i;i'ay  ;  winu;  coverts  dark  ;  yomiir  with  the  tail  jriayish- 
lirown  barred  with  darker,  the  npper  parts  with  tawny  streakinjj;.  A  hw^a 
stontly-bnilt  hawk;  ?  L'o ;  win.ir  la-i  ;  tail  .SA  ;  $  20;  wini,^  14;  tail  7. 
Wir.s.,  vi,  7(i,  7.S,  pi.  ,")2,  f.  1,  2  (adult  and  yonnir)  ;  Nrrr.,  i,  102;  Aud., 
i,  ;12,  pi.  7  ;  C'ass.  in  r>i).,  2.").  'Phis  is  the  ordinary  bird,  .abnmhint  in 
Kastern  North  America,  where  it  is  snbjt>et  to  comi)aratively  liltlo  variation. 
Ill  the  West,  a  form  with  the  throat  dark  coloroil,  and  llu^  under  parts  exten- 
sively rufous,  is  Ji.  niniituiiKs  Cass.,  Proc.  Phila.  Acad.  liS.")(!,  ,"»;»,  imd  in 
r>i).,  21")  (but  not  of  XriTAi.L).  Cooi'.,  Id',) ;  It.  " smiinxiDiir  Cass.,  111. 
DS  (^iiof //le /nic  Kirctiiisnuit ;  see  bolow).  Another  western,  nudanotie  form, 
in  which  tlio  whole  i)luma^ii'e  is  dark  chocolate-brown,  with  tho  tail  red  and 
.som-'times  ii  larjjje  red  patch  on  tho  breast,  is  Ji.  vahinis  Cass.,  Proc.  Phila. 
Acad,  vii,  1(^."),"),  2.SI,  and  in  1>I).,  22;  liirnred  in  Pacific  li.  ]{.  K'ep.  x,  i)t. 
iii,  pi.  14;  ('()i:i:s,  Proe.  Phila.  Acail.  IcSCii;,  44.  An  unpublished  variety 
IVom  C.ape  .S(.   Ijucas  is  Ji.  hicusaiiKK    KiDdWAV,  Mss.       .      .       lioitKAMs. 

Hcd-Shniihh-vfd  J>ii::::in(l.  (Ieneral  plnmajro  of  the  adult  of  a  Yivh  fiilrons 
cast;  aI>ove,  reddisli-brown,  the  feathers  with  dark  bi'own  centres;  below  a 
liirhtcr  sli.ade  of  the  s.ame,  with  narrow  dark  streaks  and  white  bars;  (juills 
and  tail  blackish,  couspiiaionsly  banded  wilh  pure  white,  llic.  hciid  of  the 
ir/'ii'j  onni[i('-liriiir,i.  Y(.nm]S.  p!;iin  dark  brown  al)ove,  below  white  with  dark 
streaks;  (piills  and  tail  bancd  \vilh  whitish  ("winter  t'nWim,"'  /<\  /ti/eiiid/is 
\\'ii,s.,  iv,  7;i,  1)1.  .'!."),  f.  1  ;  Ai  1).,  Orn.  Iiio.ir-  i,  •i'il,  pi.  71  ;  /''.  hiifcoiif/'s 
Xirrr.,  i,  100).  Nearly  as  Iniii/  as  />',  fjonn //'.■<,  but  not  nearly  so  heavy; 
tarsi  more  naked  ;  9  22  ;  wiiii^-  14  ;  tail  !( ;  J  lit ;  winij  1."! ;  tail  8  (averairi;). 
Eastern  North  Ainerici,  very  aiinndant.    \Vii.s.,vi,  Nli,  pi.  .").'),  f.  W  ;  Nirrr., 


I'AM  OMD.K,    1)11  l!\AI.    IllltDS    (»!'    I'liKV. (ii:N.     l.'i'.l. 


217 


i,  lOd;  AiTi).,  i,  10,  pi.  1» ;  (!ass.  in  I'.i).,  2S.  In  iiiliilt  i)liiiii.'i;,'o,  (his  liand- 
soiiic  liawk  is  iimiiistMkiililc  ;  Ixil  tlic  sdidciit  iiimv  r('(|iiii'c  (o  IodIc  closely 
iif'lor  tlio  yoim^'.  Tlio  wostcni  lorm,  even  (linker  "red"  tliaii  Uw.  eastern,  is 
Jf.  clt'i/iDin  Cass.,  I'roe.  I'liilu.  Aead.  IS"*,'),  281,  and  in  I'lD.,  2.S,  liifiired  in 
r.  II  i;.  IJep.  \.  Cala.  Konle,  pi.  2:  Cool'.,   177 i,ini:ati;s. 

liiiiul-ldHcil  r>ii::::iir(l.  IMaek  or  lilaekisli,  upper  parls  witli  an  indelinile 
iininlier  of  piu'e  wliite  spots  ;  hases  of  i)riinaries  white  with  hlaeii  hars  ;  tail 
of  llio  adult  with  three  hroad  wliite  hars,  of  the  yoiiiiL!,'  willi  several  niirrower 
iniporroet  ones;  yoini,!,'  varied  with  rusty?  Sniidler  than  any  of  the  fore- 
^oinir,  more  siiufhtly  hniit,  and  otherwise;  ohvioii^ly  diHereni ;  ahont  l.S; 
winy  1');  tail  ;i.  California  (('(in/irr),  Arizona  ( Cnitr.-i),  and  sontliward. 
ScLATKK,  Trfins.  Zcuil.  Soe.  l.s.")S,  2ii;'>,  pi.  .V.I  (.Mexico);  CoiKS,  Proc. 
riiila.  Acad,  isoil,  li);  (.'ooi-.,  17;t /onockucus. 

***  T/iri'c  outer  (|iiills    eniiirLiiiiale  uii   iimrr  weli. 

iSircn'nsnii'.t  Jiii::::(ir(l.  l^xtreniely  v.ari.ahle  in  color,  hut  nsnidly  showing 
11  I)roud  dark  pectoral  hand  contrasted  with  liLtht  snrroiinilin<rs,  .and  niiincr- 
ons  (S-12)  narrow  dark  tail  hai's.  A  smaller  hird  than  the  foregoinfr 
(except  ."."//orr/vv/.s')  ;  $  ahout  20;  winLi'll!;  t.ail  S^i  ;  J;  less.  Xotsostontly 
hiiilt  ;  winii's  and  tail  relatively  lonu'cr.  Chielly  \\'estei'n  Xorlh  America; 
also,  Canada  and  Massachusetts.  It  <'oin(>s  nearest  Ji.  nihjiiris  of  Kuropc. 
Ji.  viiJijiirln  S\v.  and  liicii.,  V.  B.-A.  ii,  17,  pi.  27;  Xurr.,  ii,  f),")!) ;  Auo., 
i,  30,  pi.  (> ;  Fnh-ii  hnlcn  Ai;i).,  Orn.  Iiioir.  iv,  2(tS,  pi.  ,'572:  /*'.  uinnfdiiini 
Nurr.,  i,  2d  ed.  112;  />'.  .smihisn,,;  Cass,  in  I5i).,  lH  (not,  of  111.  it.S)  ; 
Coop.,  47(; ;  V,u.,  P.  \l  U.  ]{ep.  x,  pt.  iii,  pis.  12,  l."..  //.  hti/ri/h'  Hoy, 
Proc.  Phila.  Acad,  is.j;-,,  .t51  (AVisconsin)  ;  Cass.,  III.  i,  H'.i,  2.-.7,  pi.  41, 
and  in  P)i).,  21,  is  tlio  i/onii'/,  diU'erin";'  matcri.ally  in  color.  />'.  /'iist'ijiKi/iis 
Cass.,  III.  102,  lilS,  pi.  ;}1,  and  in  I'.i).,  2:\  (Canada  ;  Xehraska  ;  California)  ; 
Cooi'.,  17  1,  is  a  melanotic  pininaiie.        ...         ....     swainsonii. 

./iroml-ir/'ii'/cil  /ji(::;:ar(L  Ahove,  mnher-hrown,  the  leathers  with  ])aler, 
or  even  with  fulvous  or  ash3'-white,  odirinir,  (hose  of  the  hind  head  and  nape 
cottony-white  at  hase  ;  (jnills  hlackisli,  ir.ost  of  (he  inner  webs  white,  harred 
with  dusky  ;  (ail  with  about  three  broad  dark  /ones  al(eriia(ing  with  narrow 
whi(e  ones,  and  wliite-ti[)ped  ;  ronsji/ciioiin  diislci/  >ii(i,r/II(iri/  jiafc/ics;  under 
parts  whue,  or  lawny,  variously  streaked,  s|)otted  or  Imrrccl  with  rusty  or 
rufous,  (his  color  usually  predominadnir  in  .adult  birds,  when  (he  white 
chiefly  ajjpcars  as  oval  or  circular  spots  on  each  feather;  throat  gcncr.ally 
whiter  than  elsewhere,  naia'owly  dark-lined.  In  (he  young,  (he  upper  i)arts 
are  duller  brown,  varied  witii  white,  the  under  parts  tawny-whitish  with 
linear  and  oblong  dark  sjxjts,  (he  bail  grayisii-brow.i  with  numerous  dark 
bars.  9  18;  wing  11;  tail  7:  ^  less.  lOastern  North  .\inerica,  and 
(hroughout  Middle  America  (o  Panama  ;  cominou.  A  r.adicr  sm.aLl  but  stout 
si)ecies,  with  short  broad  wings,  very  dill'erent  from  any  of  (he  foregoing, 
and  easily  recogni/ed  ;  (hi;  maxillary  patches  are  a  strong  feature.  Wu.s., 
vi,  !)2,  pi.  ;>1,  f.  1  ;  Xurr.,  i,  10.")  :  Aiu.,  i,  I.),  pi.  10;  Cass,  in  P)i).,  2!». 
J'^dlco  la/if<.shitiis  Wihs.,  /.  (\  (later  copies) ricNNsvLVANiccs. 

KKV    TO    N.    A.    DIUDS.       -'8 


.■  I 


5^18 


I'Ai.cdNiD.i;,   r)iii!N.\r,  iiiiids  nr  i-iM.v. — (ir.\.    llJO. 


t)!'.-*.        I    CMIIIKll     llillllll     Itlltl'li  liXl//ilrril.1  (('X'''*,,    ri'oC.    I'llilll.    Al'ild.    1M'),'>,   'JS-J,   Mllll 

ill  ltl>. ,•">()  ;  Foil  I''illiii()l'(',  N.  M.)  :is  M  \  :ilii|  s|i('i'it's,  iiltliuiiuli  I  iilii  liiil  i)l'('|i,'ii'i'i| 
to  tissi^ii  it  IIS  II  syiioiiyiii  of  iiiiv  olio  of  tlii'  ron'i^'oiii;^.  'i'lic  ly|it'  iiinl  mily  rccdjr. 
ni/i'<l  spiM'iiiicii  is  !i|i|i!ir('iill_v  11  yi'iiiij;  liird.  very  iiciir  siniliisiinii,  if  not  tlic  smiiic, 
(( '(iiiiparc   /I.  J'liliijiiiii.siis  S(  I..,   I'loc.  Z(Hii.  Soc.  l.s.'iS,  p.  ;!,"i('i. ) 

100.    Genus    ARCIIILXTTEO    Brchin. 

*„*  Liiruc  liiiwiis  with  till'  liiisi  rcallii'icij  ill  IVuiit  to  llic  toc-i  ;  iipw .'irii  ol'  "J  feci, 
U>u\x  ;   wiuiX  I'i    l"^:  lail  n    Hi.      I'diii'  oiilcr  |iriiiiaiif>  fiiiaiLiiiiati'  mi   inner  wrlp. 

Hoiiijli-lt iiijiil  llit::::(inl.  I'u'low,  wIiKc,  viirioiisly  (lark-iiiiirkcd,  ami  (irtcii 
with  ii  iu'oiul  lil.'ick  nli(l(iiiiiiiiil  /.(iiic  ;  ImiI  liciicrally  no  rcriii^'iiicoiis.  Nuilli 
Amci'icii ;  iiliiiiKlaiif .  'I'lio  hliick  iia\vl<,  .1.  sdiicll-JulKnniix,  is  a  iiiciaiiolii' 
slate,  in  wliieli  Ilic  wliole  |)Iiiiiia_ire  is  nearly  unilorin  liiaeUisli.  'I'liis  docs 
not  apjiear  to  liave  lieeii  olisi  rvcd  in  tlie  I'Jiroiiean  hird,  ol'  wliieli  mirs  is  a 
vai'it'ty.  'I'lie  name  ad()})led,  it  must  Ik;  oliseived,  is  not  intended  to 
(liscriminati^  this  black  i)hiniii<j:e,  lint  to  dislinjiui-li  the  Aiiieriean  hird  tVom 
the  Kiiroiiean  /(njojuts,  ;is  a  jfcoirra pineal  race,  /•'u/fit  hn/ajms  W'li.s.,  iv,  ."iH, 
pi.  ;>.".,  f.  1  ;  V,  -JK),  jil.  'i.">,  f.  1,2;  /'.  ii/;/Pr  WiLS.,  vi.  .S:>  ;  JJittro  hi;/i,ijiis 
S\v.  and  IJicii.,  F.  I'.. -A.  ii.  rr2,  pi.  i>.s  ;  Xirr.,  1,  !I7,  US;  Aid.,  i,  Ki,  pi. 
II.  Cass,  in  lio.,  '.'>'2,  '.'<■'>;  Cooi'.,  is.'i.  ,  i.acoi'IS  var.  sancti-.ioiianms. 
J'\'rni<jiii(-'<ii's  JSicj.-jiiril,  JJeiow,  piiro  whito,  scarcidy  or  not  marked, 
c.xceptinir  that  tin;  leir.s  are  rieh  riil'oiis  Mith  black  bars,  in  marked  eoiitnist  ; 
above,  varied  with  dark  brown,  rnl'oiis,  and  white;  (piills  brown,  wilii  imieli 
white  :  tail  silvery-ash,  clouded  with  brown  or  rufous.  Youiiir  duller  above, 
more  marked  below,  tibiie  not  so  stronirlv  contrasted  in  color.  Our  hand- 
somest and  one  of  our  lari^est  hawks,  iiihaiiitiii^  Western  U.  S.,  especially 
Caiiforiiia,  Arizona  ami  Now  Mexico.  Cass.,  HI.  l.'iH,  pi.  HiCi,  and  in  lb)., 
;!1;  CoiKS,  Proc.  riiila.  Acad.  LSOO, -IC  ;  Cooi-.,  Isi'.        .     ri;i!iM(ii\i;i  s. 

1001)ls.    Genua    ASTURINA    Vieillot. 

(I'nii/  Jliurh.  Nostrils  horizontal,  without  tubercle,  upi)er  outline  straiiilit, 
lower  somicircular ;  4  outer  jirimarics  eiuaririuale  on  inner  web.  Adult 
above  cinereous,  darkenin<r  on  the  ruini) :  below  closely  liarred  with  cinere- 
ous and  wliite ;  tail  blackish,  with  about  three  white  bars,  its  niipcr  and 
muler  coverts  white;  (piills  ashy-lirown,  wilii  darker  bars  and  much  white 
edginjj;  on  inner  webs  ;  crown  with  a  lateral  wliitc  stripe  ;  cere  and  feet 
yellow;  9  ]S;  wing  10;  tail  7^  ;  ^  less,  ^'oimil'  above;  umber-lirow  11, 
below  white  with  loniritudiiial  brown  stripes;  tail  liirhl  brown  with  numerous 
dark  bands  ;  tibiie  barred.  A  handsome  siiecies,  reseiiii»lin<;  a  i^oshawk,  lint 
bcloniring  to  tlie  biitconiiic  group;  admitted  to  our  fauna  in  1858  {A.  nilhla 
Cass,  iu  \\u.,  ."55;  ('oo[).,  4<S(!)  upon  the  strength  of  its  occurrence  in 
Northern  Mexico,  but  only  lately  detected  in  the  I'nited  States.  Illinois, 
IfilJCiWAY,  Am.  Nat.  1.S72,  4;>().  S.  Arizona,  iireediiig  (/iciidirt',  in  ejiiK/.). 
^1.  ji/'i;//'i/(i  S(;iir..,  Mus.  I'.-IJ.  AMitrimr,  \  ;  Scr..  and  Sai.v.,  I'roc.  Zool. 
Soc.  I.SC.'J,  l;U).      (Xot  ill  the  Key.) I'LAijiata. 


T 


HM 


r.\r,(i>Mi).i;,  diiknai,  niitns  oi-  imikv. — (ir.N.  li!l,  1'!-',  H!.'t,  Itil.     21!' 


161.    Oonus    ONYCIIOTES    Ridgway. 

(Iriilni's  /lii;:::iir<f,  ".\'(»s(ril.s  iicMily  (  irciilai',  with  ii  <'()iis|)icii()iis  (not 
rciitnil)  liiltiM't'li' ;  tarsus  very  Ihiil;'  iiiul  slciidcr;  Iocs  iiiudcralc ;  claws 
vory  loiii^,  stroiiLi' ami  sliaip,  Iml  (Uily  sl'iLjIilly  ciirvcil  ;  til)ial  rdatluTs  sliorl, 
close,  not  rcacliiiii;  beyond  (Ik!  Joiiil  ;  \\]i\'^  v<'i'y  sliorl,  iniii'li  rounded, 
and  very  coneave  lienealli  ;  llli  ijnill  loni^cst,  1st  ^liorler  than  lUli;  tail 
nioilerate,  roinided  ;  outslretelied  feet  reaeliinijj  lieyond  tail."  N'o  wliito 
al)onl  licad  or  ncelc  :  j,M'nrral  eolordark  liistre-hrown,  darUesI  on  ci'own  ami 
hack,  hclnw  paler  ami  more  rnsly  ;  iiriniaritts  nnil'orni  IdacU  altove,  l)clo\v 
showhiir  wiiile  ha-<aily ;  tail  ci'o^scd  liy  7  -S  oh-iciM'e  nari'ow  dark  hars ; 
winir  lit;  tail  i't'l  :  tarsus  2',.  ( )m'  >|icciim'n  known,  snintosed  to  conn! 
from  C'alit'ornia.     KiixavAV,  I'roc.  I'hila.  Acad.  I.STO,  ll'.t.       .       (ii!i;i!i;i!ii. 

102.  GonuH    PANDION    Suvigny. 

Osprii/.  /■'/■•>//  Ifiiirk.  riuniai;c  lackinir  artershai!-;,  compact,  imhriciited, 
oily,  to  resist  water;  tiial  of  the  leijfs  siiort  an  'lose,  ik.'  t'oi'inini,'  llie 
llowin;;-  tnfts  seen  in  most  other  u'enera,  that  of  tiic  head  ien,i,dliened, 
acnminate  ;  i)rimary  coverts  still'  and  acmninate.  Feet  innnens(dy  iari,'(!  and 
stronjjj,  the  tarsns  entirely  nakeil,  i:rannlar-reti(adato,  the  toes  all  of  the  same 
lemrtli,  niiweitlied  at  liasc,  very  scai)rons  nnderneatli,  the  outer  versatile; 
claws  very  larire,  rounded  nnderneatli.  ilook  of  tin;  hill  loni:' ;  nostrils 
touchinj?  cdire  of  the  cere.  Aliove,  dark  brown  ;  most  of  tlu;  head  and  neck, 
and  the  under  parts,  white,  latter  sometimes  with  a  tawny  shade,  and  streaked 
with  Itrown.  2  feet  lon,;,^  win;,'  l-S-i'O  inches  ;  tail  S-IO.  Temperate  Xctrtli 
America,  abundant;  miiiiatory,  piscivorous.  \Vii,s.,  v,  l.'i,  pi.  .'17;  Xirr., 
i,  IS;  Ai:i).,  i,  ()l,  pi.  If);  Cas.s.  in  15i).,  It;  Cooi'.,  \')\.      .     iiai,iai;ti;s. 

103.  Genus    AQUILA    Auctorum. 

(I'lilili'ii  /un/li'.  Tarsus  com})letely  feather(;d.  Dark  brown  with  a  pur- 
plish gloss;  lanceolate  fc^atiicrs  of  head  and  neck,  i^olden-brown ;  ()uill.s 
blackish;  in  the  youii,_%  tail  wiiilo,  with  a  broad  teiauinal  black  zone. 
About  '.')  feet  lonir  ;  win;,'  u|)ward  of  2  feet;  tail  a  foot  or  more;.  Xortli 
America,  rather  northerly,  in  winter  south  ordinarily  to  about  .'i.')^.  ^^'lf.s., 
vii,  l;'),  pl.  ■).'),  f.  1;  Xirr.,  i,  Oi' ;  Ai:i).,  i,  .')(),  pi.  12.  A.  atiKuleiniin 
Cass,  in  Ijd.,  41 ;  Coop.,-!!!! ciiuvsaktus. 

104.  Gonus  HALIAETUS  Savigny. 
lidld  Emih..  Tarsus  naked.  Dark  l)rown  ;  head  and  tail  while  after  the 
third  year;  before  this,  theses  parts  like  the  rest  of  the  plumage.  About 
the  .size  of  the  last  species.  Innnature  birds  average  larger  than  the  adidts  ; 
th<!  famous  "IJird  of  AVashington"  (Ai;o.,  Orn.  Uiog.,  i,  .'iS,  pl.  11,  and  IJ. 
Amer.,  i,  pl.  l.'i,  IveiUucky)  is  a  case  in  point.  Xortli  America,  connnon  ; 
l)isciv()rous  ;  a  piratical  i)arasite  of  the  osprey  ;  otherwise  notorious  as  the 
emblem  of  the  l{ci)ublic.  Wir.s.,  iv,  81),  pl.  ijii ;  vii,  pl.  55  ;  Xurr.,  i,  !•> ; 
Aui).,  i,  57,  pl.  11;  Cass,  in  Bd.,  43;  Coop.,  451.    .     .     licicocki'uallts. 


i    \\ 


220 


CATHAliTIDvT':,    AMEUK'.W    MI.Tl  KKS. — (iK\.     IH'). 


Oils,  'I'lic  (irci'iilMinl  ScM  1",!il;|,..  ff.  iillu'r;il,i ;  aiid  tlio  Xortlieiii  So;i  EM<j;le,  Tf. 
pchiijIriiH  (Cass..  111.  .'il.  pi.  d,  ;iiiil  in  lin..  !•_',  1;!  ;  Ij.i.kh'.  i>1.  :>I,  oh)^  both  usiiiiUy 
attriliiitccl  to  our  r;iui;;i,  ii'iii;iiii  to  he  dctcftcil,  tlii'  foiiiiiT  in  X.  K..  tlio  liitter 
ill  X.  AV.,  ijorlioiis.     II.  iiiliKjiciiH  liiis  1  I  I'octrici'S,  and  \n  otherwisu  tli.stinct. 


I!;il.l  I■;:l^'!l■. 


165.  Gonus  POLYBORUS  Vicillot. 
('iirai'dnt  Jin::::ii.r<l.  \\\\\  V)\vj^,  liiiili,  comprcssod,  little  liookcd,  coniiiii.s- 
sun;  lu'iirly  .•straight  to  the  dollccUMl  end  ;  noslrils  liiioar,  ()l)li(iiic,  in  the  front 
nppcr  corner  of  the  eere,  wliiih  is  Inuuate  and  hristly  ;  .sides  of  head 
oxtciisively  deiuidiMl ;  oecii)ital  i'eatliers  lenulhened  ;  Hd  and  4th  qiiill  lonu'est, 
Lst  i^horter  than  7th:  outer  •!-.")  einaiiiiiiate  :  tarsus  ;ilmost  naked,  longer 
than  middle  toe.  Urow.iish-ltl.iek,  harred  on  the  neek,  lireast  and  most  of 
the  upper  p;>rts,  with  yellowish-white;  anrieiiiars  whitish;  tail  whitish, 
narrowly  hliijk-liarred  and  with  liroad  hlaek  terminal  zone;  primaries  like- 
wise harred  with  ^vhilish  ;  feet  yellow  ;  hill  ;:recnish-while.  Length  :^;j  ; 
wiuj:  1")-17;  tail  ahoiit  10.  .Southern  horder,  Florida  to  California;  a 
reniarkahle  form,  allied  in  some  res|)eets  (o  the  vultures."  Aui).,  i,  21,  pi. 
4;  Nltt.,  1,  r)2  ;  ("ass.  in  Bd.,  -15;  Coop.,  \\)-1.     TiiAiiUS  var.    \ui)i;i'.oNii. 


Family  CATHARTIDiE.    American  Vultures. 

Head,  and  part  of  the  neek,  more  or  less  eoinpletely  hare  of  leathers  ;  eyes  flush 
with  th(!  side  of  the  liead,  not  overshadowed  liy  a  siii)eieiliary  shield ;  ears  small 
and  siiiii)le.  J  Jill  lengt  honed,  coi'traeti'(l  toward  the  liase,  inodiTately  hooked  and 
comparative!}-  weak.  Nostrils  very  laifje.  completely  perforateil,  through  lack  of  a 
bony  seiitum.  Wings  very  lonj.''.  ample  and  strong;  tail  moderate.  Anterior  toes 
long  for  the  order,  welibed  at  liase;  hind  to(>  elevateil,  very  short  ;  claws  compara- 
tively lengthened,  obtuse,  little  eiu\eil  and  weak.  'Vo  thesi'  exteinal  characters, 
which  distinguish  our  vultures,  1  may  add,  that  there  .•ue  nninerous  osteological 
peculiarities.  A  lower  larynx  is  not  develoix'il.  The  cajjacious  gullet  dilates  into 
an  immense  crop.     The  cu'ca  are  extreniely  small.     The  feathers  lack  an  attershaft. 


rVitiiiWV-™****-*''*****"-^'- 


CATHAKTID.K,    AMKliKAN'    Vfl/mtKS. 


221 


Tlic  Aiiu'ricaii  vnlliircs  (liHiT  in  so  ni;niy  os^j;'nti;il  vcsp.'cts  from  tliusi'  of  tin; 
Old  AVoi'M,  lliMl  they  fdioiild  im(|iu'-.tiini:ilily  vank  as  a  scparalc  I'ainily,  wliatcvur 
may  lie  tlic  i)ni|)ricty  of  iiiiitiiiL;-  tlic  ollicis  willi  tlic  Ftdcitiiiild-.  \\\  a  certain  sciiso, 
they  rcprosfiil  tlii"  <;alliiia(i'oii.s  tyiio  of  striictiirc  :  uiir  siiccics  of  ('niJuirlvK.  i'oY 
instiuico,  hi'ar  a  curious  sinnrfuial  rc<ciiililai;ci'  to  a  tiirlicy.  'I'licy  lack  tlic  .  trcugtli 
and  spirit  of  tyjiical  Unjilons.  and  I'arcly  attack  animals  ca|ialilc  of  oll'crinij;  I'csist- 
ancc  ;  llicy  ari'  voracious  and  indiscriminate  <^ormandi>;ers  of  carrion  and  animal 
refuse  of  all  sorts  —  I'dieient  and  almost  indisponsiililo  scavengers  in  the  -vvarni 
countries  where  they  abound.  They  ai'c  uncleanly  in  their  mode  of  feediuLr;  the 
nature  nf  tlu'ir  food  renders  them  ill-scented,  and  when  di>turheil  tliey  eject  the 
f(etid  contents  of  the  cro|).  Althi>u;j,h  iKit  truly  urcLiarinus.  they  assemlile  in  multi- 
tudes wl'cri'  food  is  pU^nty.  and  some  species  lirei'd  in  eonnnunities.     When  liorLii'd, 


they  a|)pear  lu'avy  and  inijisposril  to  excrlinn.  n--iialiy  [la^siuLr  the  period  of  diires- 
tion  niutionless,  in  a  li-^tless  altitude,  witli  tlie  wiie^s  half-spread.     IJut  tliey  spend 

in  the  .air;   thi'ii' lli;iht  is  easy  and  liraceful 

le  tridund.  Ihcv 


most  of  the  time  on  win: 


:.  circiuii 


hiuii 


in  the  extreme,  and  ('a|)alile  of  heinir  indefinitrly  prutraeled.     (In  tl 
hahitually  walk  instead  of  iirnoressin^;  liy  leajis.      I 


ossessuiii  no  vcical   apparatus 


the  vulluri's  are  almost  unite.  emittiuL;'  only  a  weak  hissi;in'  sound.  The  phuaaLii'  in 
t'dlhoiii'!'  is  somlire  and  un\ai'ird;  it-;  iliaiiLics  are  slinlit  ;  tin'  sexes  are  alilic  in 
color;  the  9  is  not  lariicr  than  tiie  J.  'I'he  fanidus  condor  of  the  jVndes.  .Sov,/-. 
hiiii}iliiix  'iri/iiliii.t.  the  kini;  \  ulture,  .s.  jio/'ii.  and  the  loliowiiei  species  of  Ciilliiirh'!*, 


with  their  one  or  two  Siuilli  Ami 


lericau  aualouues.  c<imposc  the  faniilv, 


-.L'-jJI 


11 


9  0) 


(ATlIAltTID.r.,    AMFUtlCAX   VULTURKS.  —  GEX.    IHl). 


168.    Gonus    CATIIARTES    Illigcr. 

CiiU/'inti'in  Viilhiir.  IJrowiiish-liliu'k,  lustrous  alxivo,  \v,\\vx  1»l'1()\v; 
secondary  (juills  <j;rii3' ;  greater  coverts  ti|)[)t'(l  witli  whilo  ;  hill  wiiitish;  head 
ami  iieek  orange  and  red;  "iris  earinine."  ^lost  of  the  neeU,  as  well  as 
the  head,  naked,  with  scattered  bristle-like  feathers,  and  u  feathered  patch 
at  base  of  the  hill :  i)liiniage  coninieiieing  on  the  neck,  not  witii  a  downy 
rnir,  as  in  the  condor,  i)nt  with  lengthened  lanceolate  feathers  continned  on 
tiie  lireast  :  nostrils  comparatively  small ;  tail  nearly  even.  Vonng  covered 
with  whitish  down.  Largest  of  the  geiuis  ;  length  about  \  feet;  extent  !) ; 
wing  '2'\  ;  tail  H:  tiius  approaching  the  condor  in  size.  Kgg  white, 
granular,  elliptical,  I A  by  i'i  inches.  (Jeneral  habits  the  same  as  those  of 
the  following  species.  Hock}'  .Mountains  to  the  Pacilic,  U.  S.  Auo.,  i,  12, 
pi.  1;  Xltt.,  i,i)'J;  ii,  T).")?  ;  Cass,  in  l>i).,.'>:  Coop..  4!tl!.  CAMroii.NiANis. 

Titrki'i/  Jhcryiril,  JMackish-brown ;  (piills  ashy-gray  on  their  under 
sm-race  :  head  red  :  feet  llesli-colored  ;  i)ill  white.  Skin  of  the  head  corru- 
gated, sparsely  beset  with  iiristle-like  feathers;  plumage  connnencing  in  a 
circli!  on  the  neck  :  nostrils  very  laige  and  open  ;  tail  rounded.  Length 
about  2A  i'eet ;  extent  (! :  wing  i' ;  tail  L  V.  S.,  from  Atlantic  to  I'acilie, 
and  somewhat  northward  :  abundant  in  more  southern  portions  ;  resident  as 
far  north  as  New  Jersey.  Nests  on  the  ground,  or  near  it,  in  hollow  stumps 
and  logs,  generally  breeding  in  coninnmities  :  eggs  commonly  two,  creamy 
w'.iile,  blotched  and  speckled,  i'','  by  1;.  ^VII,s.,  ix,  i)l.  7."),  f.  1  ;  Xi  rr.,  i, 
■U) :  Ari).,  i,  L"),  pi.  2;     Cass,  in  lii).,  1;    Coor.,  ;")(».'! aika. 

Carrion  Craw.  Blackish;  quills  very  l)ale,  almost  whitish,  on  the  under 
surface;  liead  dusky;  bill  and  feet  grayish-yellow.  Skin  of  the  head  as  in 
the  last  si)ceies,  but  plumage  running  up  the  back  of  the  neck  to  a  jjoint  on 
the  hind  head  ;  nostrils  as  before  ;  tail  square.  Smaller  than  (iiira,  in  linear 
dimensions,  but  a  heavier  I)ird  :  length  about  '2  feet  :  wing  1;\  ;  tail  H.  The 
dill'erence  in  size  and  shape  betwei'U  this  species  and  (iiini  is  strikingly  dis- 
played when  the  birds  are  Hying  together,  as  constantly  occurs  In  the  South- 
ern States  ;  there  is  also  a  radical  diirerence  in  the  mode  of  llight,  this  si)ecies 
never  sailing  for  any  distance  without  llaiiping  the  wings.  }s<'stiiig  die  same  : 
eggs  similar,  but  larger,  or  at  any  rate  more  elongate;  :]\  by  2.  Chielly 
South  Atlantic  and  tJulf  States,  there  very  numerous,  far  outnumbering  the 
turkey  buzzard,  and  semi-domesticated  in  the  towns;  X.  regularly  to  North 
Carolina,  thence  stragirling  even  to  Massachusetts  (J/l/soii  ;  I'itnam,  I'roe. 
K<sex  Inst.  ls:)(;,  L'2;))  and  .Maine  (Uoaud.max,  Am.  Nat.  iii,  I'.I.S)  ;  Ohio 
{Auduhoi))  ;  not  authenticated  on  the  Pacilic  Coast.  Wii.s.,  ix,  pi.  7.7, 
f.  2:  Nltt.,  i,  ll!;  Aid.,  i,  17,  pi.  ;! ;  Cass,  in  lb).,  ').        .      .      ati:\tis. 

Oils.  ('.  biiiTiirlaiiiiH  Cass,  in  IJit.,  t) ;  l-j.i.ior,  pi.  ;}(!,  a  (iDulitfiil  spt'cies,  is 
said  to  iiilialiit  Lower  ('MlilVirnia.  Vvmw  various  accounts,  it  seems  prolialije  tiial 
liie  iiiiiu;  vulture  icalh  occurs  on  our  soutiieiii  liorder.  liut  tliis  reni.'iins  to  lie  doter- 
mined.  See  IJaimka.m,  Travels  in  I'loriila.  p.  l.")U;  Ca^^in  in  l>i>..  [i.  li ;  Ci.ir.s, 
I'roc.  I'hila.  Acad.  l.'SOC,  p.  Ill  ;  Ai.li;n,  Dull.  Mas.  t'omp.  Zool.  ii,  lfs7i,  p.  .'U^. 


coLUMniu.T:,  pigeons. 


22:5 


Order  C0LUMB5;.    Columbine  Birds. 

An  ossciiti;!l  cliMi'Mctor  of  hinls  of  tliis  onkT  is  s.'cii  in  the  strnctnro  of  tlic  liiii : 
liornyiind  convex  al  tlic  lip,  soiiicwliat  coMtractctl  in  the  continnity,  riu'nislu'd  at  the 
base  witli  a  soft  swoIUmi  iiicniliranc  in  wliioii  tlio  nostrils  oiion.  Tliere  arc  Ibnr  toes, 
tinx'c  nnti'iior,  gi-ncrally  cU't't,  lint  occasionally  with  a  sliirht  hasal  wcl),  ami  one 
behind,  with  few  exce|itions  perfectly  insistent  or  not  olivion-<ly  elevated.  The  feet 
•ire  never  lengthened  ;  the  tarsns  is  eonnnonly  shorter  than  the  toes,  cither  seiitellate 
or  extensively  feathere(l  anteriorly,  reticulate  on  the  sides  and  licliind,  the  envelojie 
rather  nieniliraeons  than  eorneons.  The  i)lnniai;e  is  destitute  of  aflershafts.  The 
syrinx  has  oiy  pair  of  intrinsic  nmsctes.  There  are  two  carotids.  The  steriunn  is 
donlily  notc'.ed,  or  not<hed  and  fenestrate  ;  there  are  other  osteological  eharactei's. 
The  renini.:n  is  exclusively  \ei;etarian.  Terrestrial  jirogrcssion  gra(lient.  never 
saltatory.  As  eonnnonly  accepted,  tiie  order  is  coniposi'd  of  thi'ct'  families.  Tiie 
strange  :'.ih]o,  Diihis  idcjiliia,  rvcoiiUy  extinct,  re[>resents  one,  Diihdir ;  another, 
DIdiiiiriiliiJii',  consists  of  tin-  only  less  singular  tooth-hilled  pigeori,  iJiihnii-iilns  stri'ji- 
rcxf ris,  ol' t\\c  Navigator  Islands;  the  third  is  Uk'  ('uhrniliiilif.  Sonic,  lii<(>  l.illjc- 
l)f)rg,  enlarge  the  order,  under  name  of  I'lillayfrir^  to  receive  the  ('rm-iihr  (see 
beyond),  .Miid  Mcr/djioiliilir.  liig-feet  or  mouud-birds  of  the  Ivwt  Indies;  mainly  on 
account,  it  would  a|ipear,  of  the  position  of  the  hallux  in  these  families;  but  the 
balance  of  evidence  favors  their  reference  to  the  gaHinac(>ons  birds.  Tlu>re  is  no 
question  that  the  columbine  arc  very  closely  relatcil  to  the  rasorial  birds,  but  it 
seems  best  to  draw  the  liiu^  betw(>cn  them  as  aliove  indicated;  ami  I  shall  accord- 
ingly close  the  great  lu^essorial  series  with  the 

Family  COLUMBIDiE.    Pigeons. 


10 

is- 
1- 

ies 


lie 
nil 
oe. 
lio 

!•"», 
'S. 

is 
hat 
ler- 

■l-.s. 


The  faniilv  niav  be  i'v: 


micd  snuply  oy  exclnsum 


I  lie  I)lihiii<:ii!iilii'  and  I)!iliilii\ 


Wit 


I  one  exci 


ption 


onr  species  u 


ill  be  immciliatelv  rccounizeil  by  their  like: 


to  the  familiar  inmat(<s  o 


f  th 


-col.     () 


lie  seenniiglv  trivial  eireiimstanee  is 


constant  as  to  become  a  good  clue  to  these  liiids  :  tl 


le 


(iital  feathers  do  not  fori 


aiitia'  by  extension  on  either  side  of  the  ciilmcn.  but  sweei)  across  the  base  of  the 
bill  with  a  strongly  convex  outline  iirojccted  on  the  eiilmen.  tlieiiee  rapidly  retreat- 
i"g  to  till'  commissural  jioint.     'i'lie  iiliimuleli 


thick 


poni. 


plumage  is  generally  coinpact.  with 
rhaeliis.  the  iiHertioii  of  which  will  seem  loose  to  one  who  skins 


ii  bird  of   this  famiJN 


Tl 


d 


rkablv 


-iiial 


till'   necl 


lloi 


lerat 


e  ;    the 


Tl 


le  wiiiLis    are    strong 


icnerallv 


body  liill,  espi'cially  in    the    pectoral    region. 

lengtlieiiecl  and  pi.iuted.  conferring  a  rapiil,  powerful,  whistling  (light  ;  the  i)eeiili;i 

ai'rial  e\olutioiis  that  the^e  biriU  are  wont  to  perform,  have  I'nrnishcd  a  synonym  fi 


the  familv,  (•'//rduli' 


The  tail   varies   in   shajie.   fi 


([nare  to  graduate,   lull 


never  Ibikcd  ;  as  a  rule  there  are  12  reclriec-*.  !Vei|iieiilly  increased  to  II.  rarely 
to  Id.  The  feet  show  coii-^idel'a'ile  niodilieatioli  when  tile  strictly  arlioiieole  are 
compared  with  the  more  terrestrial  s[)ecies  :  their  general  cliaiacter  has  just  been 
iiulicate<l.  The  gi/zard  is  large  and  muscular,  jiai  licularly  in  the  species  that  feed 
on  secils  and  other  hard  fruits;  the  gullet  dilates  to  form  a  capacious  cireumserilu'il 


eroj) 


T 


orirail    at    times    secretes    a 


iiliar    milkv   lluiil.  wi 


mixi'il  witl 


niacer.ated  fooil,  is  poured  by  I'egurgitation  dinclly  into  the  mouth  of  the  young; 
thus  the  tallied  ••  pigeon'-,  milk"  has  a  strong  spice  of  fa<'t.  and  in  tlii-.  lemarkaMe 
eircnni'^laucc  wc  sec  pioliably  the  nearest   approach,  among  liii.'s.  lo  the  eharaeter- 


~~^' 


\ 


II  '■ 


221 


rOLIMIilf),!;,     I'KilCOX.S. 


istiu  function  of  ni;Mmn;ili:i.  '-'riic  voice  of  the  tiii'tlo  is  liciii'd  in  the  land"  as  a 
plaintive  coointl,  so  cimfactcristic  a-*  to  liavc  aUiirilcil  anotiicr  name  foi'  the  fauiilv, 
(t'l'iiiil'ii-i's.  ri<foons  are  alli'icial,  ainl  nionoixanious  —  dunlily  nKjnouanions,  as  is  said 
when  lioth  sexes  incnhate  and  care  for  the  vonnt;' ;  this  is  a  strong'  ti'ait,  eonijiared 
with  the  priveocial  ;md  often  [lolvLianioMs  nalnre  of  I'asorial  liinls.  They  ai'e  anionjns 
birds  whose  passion  jfcnerally  results  in  a  tender  and  constant  dovotion,  edifyin;^  to 
conti  niiilate.  lint  is  often  marked  liy  hiiili  irasciliility  iuid  pugnacity — traits  at 
^arlance  with  tlic  aniialile  meekness  which  doves  arc  sujiposed  to  symbolize.  The 
nest,  as  !i  rule,  is  a  iiide,  frail,  llat  structure  of  twigs  ;  the  eggs  are  usually  two  in 
luimber,  sometimes  one,  white. 

"The  entire  nmnbcr  of  jiigcons  known  (o  exist  is  about  1)00  ;  of  these  the 
]\Ialay  Archipelago  already  counts  1  is,  while  only  2S  arc  found  in  India,  "_'•')  in  Aus- 
tralia, less  than  10  in  Africa,  and  not  more  than  NO  in  the  whole  of  America." 
They  focus  in  the  small  ili>lrict  of  which  XcwCiuinca  is  the  centre,  where  more 
than  a  fourth  of  the  siiccies  occur.  31r.  Wallace  acc<juiits  for  this  by  the  alisenco 
of  fruit-eating  forest  mannnals.  such  .Ms  monkeys  and  s(iuirrels  ;  and  lin<ls  in  the 
converse  the  I'casou  why  pigeons  ju'e  so  scarce  in  the  Amazon  valley,  and  there 
chielly  represenleil  by  species  feeding  much  m;  the  ground  and  bive(ling  in  the 
bushes  lower  than  monkeys  haliitually  descend.  '-In  the  ;\I;day  coinitries,  .mKo, 
there  aie  no  great  families  of  fruit-eating  /'iistcrrs.  .'ind  their  jilaee  seems  to  bo 
taken  liy  the  true  fruit-|iige(His,  which,  uncheckecl  by  i-ivalsor  enemies,  often  form  with 
the  P.fHliii-i  the  i>rominenl  and  characferi-tii-  featu!<^s  of  the  Vvifauna."    (Xr.wroN.) 

There  are  three  prominent  grou[is  ol'  pigeons.  The  Trcrniiin'i'  are  I'xclusively 
frugivorous  and  arlioi'icolc  spinaes,  with  short,  sol't,  broad-soled  and  extensively' 
feathered  feet,  It  rectrices,  and  soft  lustri'less  plumage,  of  which  green  is  the 
characteristic  color.  These  are  all  OM  ^\'orM  :  the  genera  are  Tivmn  and  Plllonn- 
juis,  with  their  sul)divisions  ;  ••.")!  s|iecics  are  conlincd  to  the  Austro-JFalayan, 
while  2S  inhaljit  the  Indo-Malayan.  suliregion  ;  in  India  I  i.  and  in  Africa  (i  species 
are  ionml ;  ■"iH  inhabit  the  I'acific  I>!ands.  and  m  occur  in  Australia  or  Xew  Zealand, 
wiiiU'  Xew  (Jninea  h:is  II  species."  (\Vai.i.  \rr.. )  The  (idnriiui'  are  more  or  less 
terrestrial  si)ecies,  of  both  hemisiihcres.  embracing  a  considerable  number  of  more 
varied  generic  forms.  In  the  Xew  (Hiinean  (I'mrd  ror'niaiii  there  are  HJ  rectrices, 
and  the  head  is  (•rested  ;  in  the  siu'^ular  ('■iln  nus  iiirdlnu-icii.  fetithcrs  (jf  the  njjper 
parts  are  acinninate,  elongate  and  even  pt'ndnlons  ;  each  of  these  is  sometimes 
made  the  tyiie  of  a  family.  'J'here  ari'  several  other  Old  World'  foi'uis,  such  as 
Trii'i'iii,  J'Ikijis,  I[iiiii'iijili(iji>i.  (if'ijif.Kps,  I,iijili()jili<ijf.'<,  Oi'j/plii'ii^i  an<l  ('/Ki/rnjilntjis ; 
our  genus  Sliini'i  mis  is  an  interesting  American  one.  The  ('(iliimliiiiii'  are  the 
least  specialized  and  most  generally  di.-liibntcil  group,  cominising  nnini'rous  s|)ecies 
of  which  the  domestii'  pigeon  (('hIiiiiiIki  liria)  is  a  ty|)e.  Of  these  ihe  Austr.alian 
JjiijiIkiIhiiiiih  <iiil<iriiiri(s.  if  really  belonging  here,  is  one  of  the  most  jiecnliar; 
('iirjiii/iliii'i'i  and  Turtur  are  leading  Old  Wcprld  genera.  The  X(jrlh  Anu'riean 
genera.  I'xcepting  the  lirst  two  following,  are  probably  (lonrhiH'  in  the  ciu'rent 
acceptation  of  that  term;  but  in  the  uncerlainty  atteuiling  its  precise  limitation  as 
compared  with  (''iliiinUiini'.  I  shall  not  attemi'l  to  distinguish  snlifamilics.  In  gen. 
Um-S  the  tarsi  are  short  and  slightly  fealhere  1  al")\'e.  a  characleristic  of  arboricole 
pigeons;  in  the  rest,  longer  and  entirely  nailed,  as  usual  in  the  terrestrial  species; 
and  in  many  of  these  there  is  .-i  nakeil  -.pace  above  the  eyes.  The  males  of  nearly 
.•dl  our  spe<'ies  show  a  beautiful  iiitlesecncc  on  the  neck  ;  Ihe  sexes  ari'  distinguish- 
able bv  color;   the  \oimiu  resembles  the  female. 


COI.lMlilD.K,     I'KIKONS. CKS.     ](!7,     l(j8. 


225 


167.    Gonus    COLUMBA    Linnoous. 

Band-l(i!I((l  I'ujcon.  Asliy-liliie,  liiigcd  willi  olive  on  tlic  Imck  ;  licad, 
neck  aiul  mitler  parts  puqjlisli,  wliitciiiiijj:  on  llu'  liclly  ;  hind  nt'ck  nu'tallic 
golden,  witli  a  conspicuous  white  collar;  t:iil  with  a  dark  liar,  'icyond  this 
brownish-while:  hill  and  I'ci't  yellow,  iornier  hlack-tipped  :  9  and  young 
lessor  not  purplish,  the  nuchal  hand  often  oliscure  orwantinir;  1-^;  wing 
8i  ;  tail  ()|,  nearly  even ;  tarsus  1,  feathered  above.  Koeky  Mountains  to 
the  Pacilic,  V.  S.  and  southwanl ;  coininon.  IJoxat.,  Am.  Oni.  1,  77,  pi.  8; 
NuTT.,  i,  (!21  ;  Ari).,  iv,  ."ili.  pi.  L'7!) ;  lb).,  ■")!)7  ;  Coop.,  .'iOC.    .    faspiata. 

J'ed-hilli'd  I'l'i/cnii.  Slaty-blue,  olive  on  the  back  and  sca])ulars  ;  head  and 
neck  all  round,  breast  and  winii-patch,  chocolate-red;  no  nuchal  iridescence; 
"bill,  I'cet  and  eyes,  purple  ;'"  II  ;  wing  8  ;  tail  .'I'l.  Mexico,  to  V.  S.  border; 
Cape  St.  Lucas.  Lawi:.,  Ann.  Lye.  X.  Y.  is:»l,ll(l;  lb).,  ;V,t,S,  pi.  (il  ; 
Cooi'.,    508 rr.AViuosTKis. 

Wliilc-iToiDted  Pl'jcoiK  Dark  slaty-Mue,  paler  below;  crown  [lure  white; 
hind  neck  i)urplisli-brown,  lower  down  metallic  golden,  each  leather  black- 
edged  ;  iris  white  ;  bill  and  feet  reddish,  Ibrnier  blue-ti[)ped  ;  I'^k  \  wing  7A  ; 
tail  r)i  ;  9  similar.  "West  Indies  and  Florida  Keys.  I'onai'.,  Am.  Orn.  ii,  11, 
pi.  1.");  XiTT.,  i,  (iJ") ;  All).,  iv,  31.'),  pi.  2.S() ;  Bd.,  .")',);).     lkuc'ogei'IIALA. 


168.    Gonus    ECTOPISTES    Swainson. 

Wild  I'if/enn.  Ailult  ^  dull  bine  with  olivaceous  tinge  on  back,  below 
dull  pur|)lish-red  whitening  on  vent  and  crissum  ;  sides  of  neck  golden  and 
ruby  ;  some  wing  coverts  lilack-spotled  :  (juills  I.ilackish,  with  slaty,  whitish 
and  rufous  edging:   middle  tail  feathers  liluish-black,  the  others   white  or 


— ^r;.:^^i^$-J><  -  •  •  -  , 

V\i,.  11"..     WiM  l'i^'ri>ri. 

ashy,  the  inner  webs  basally  lilack  with  a  chestnut  patch;  bill  black;  feet 
yellow:  9  and  young  duller  and  more  brownish  or  olivaceous  above,  below 
dull  grayish,  with  a  tawny  tinge  anteriorly,  or  c|uile  gray  :  very  young  have 
the  feathers  skirled  with  whitish  ;  l."i-17;  wing-  7-S  ;  tail  about  the  same, 
cuneate,  of  12  narrow  acuminate'  feathers.  "Wanders  continually  in  search 
KEv  10  N.  A.  initiis.    •-':• 


22G 


coMMiiin.T-.,  riOKOxs, — r,i:\.  IC,[),  170,  171,  172. 


Fii;.  llii.    C'aioliiiii  Dnvc. 


of  f<M)(l  thn)ii,i,'li(iitt  all  parts  of  Xortli  America;  woiulcifiilly  aliiiiidant  at 
liiiics  ill  particular  di-tricts"  {Aiidnhon)  ;  cliiclly,  however,  teinijcratc 
Kasterii  North  America;  eiiiiiieiitly  f,'rcgaiions.  Wir.s.,  v,  102,  pi.  11; 
XuTT.,  i,  (1211;  Aui).,  V,  25,  pi.  2.S.J  ;  IJi).,  COO migkatokils. 

169.    Genus    ZENJEDURA    Bonaparto. 
t'araHiKi   Ihnw.     J)ro\viiish-olivo,  ^dossed  with    hliic  on   tho   crown  and 

nape;  hclow  puri)li.--h-red,  heconiing  tawny-whitc  on  the  vent  and  crissuni ; 

neck  metaliie  jrolden  ;  a  velvety  hiack 
spot  on  till!  aiM'iciilars,  and  others  on 
the  wiiiiT  coverts  and  scajjulars  :  middle 
tail  feathers  like  the  hack,  tho  rest 
ashy-hlne  at  base,  then  crossed  by  a 
black  bar,  then  white  or  ashy-whito ; 
bill  very  sK'iider,  black  ;  feet  carmine  ; 
9  and  yomijf  diller  as  in  the  wild 
piiri'on  ;  11-1.'5;  win,!,'  ")-(!;  tail  (!-7, 
shaped  as  in  the  wild   i)iireon,  I)nt  of 

It  feathers;  circnmorbital  space  naked.     Temperate  North  America,  very 

abundant.     WiLs.,  v,  iH,  pi.  \\\\    Nrrr.,  i,  (!2(! ;    Aid.,  v,  .")(),  i)l.   2.S() ; 

r>i).,  004 c.\uoLixi:.\sis. 

170.    Gcmis    ZEN-fflDA    Bonaparte. 

Zciuiidd  Dove.  Olive-frray  with  a  reddish  tinu'e,  crown  and  imder  parts 
vinaccous-red,  sides  and  axillars  bluish:  a  velvety  black  auricular  spot,  .and 
others  on  the  wing  coverts  and  tertiaries  ;  secondaries  tip[)ed  witii  white; 
neck  with  metallic  lustre;  middle  tail  feathers  like  the  back,  others  bluish 
with  whiter  tips,  ii  black  band  intervening;  10;  wing  0;  tail  l,  rounded. 
West  Indies  and  Florida  Keys.  Ijonai*.,  Am.  Orn.  ii,  pi.  1.5,  f.  2;  Nltt., 
i,  02.5;  Aui).,  V,  1,  pi.  281  ;  Ui).,  (502 amamilis. 

171.    Genus    MELOPELEIA    Bonaparte. 

\Mille-ir!n(jvd  Dove.  A  broad  oblicpie  white  l)ar  on  the  wing,  formed  by 
ends  of  greater  coverts  and  alula.  Tail  feathers,  except  the  middle,  broiidiy 
tipped  with  white  ;  general  phnnage  resembling  that  of  the  Carolina  dove; 
11-12;  wing  (5-(U  ;  tail  ,5,  rounded.  Southwestern  U.  S.  and  southward. 
Vohiiiiha  trudeaul  Avu.,  \\'\,  'Sbi,  \A.  ■i^^i\.     B:;.,  (iOo.     .     .     LKUcorxKUA. 

172.    Genus    CHAM-ffiPELEIA    Swainson. 

(rroniid  Dove.  Grayish-olive,  glossed  with  blue  on  the  hind  head  and 
neck,  most  feathers  of  the  fore  parts  with  darker  edges,  those  of  the  breast 
with  dusky  centres;  forehead,  sides  of  head  and  neck,  lesser  wing  coveils 
and  under  parts  pnri)lish-red  of  variable  intensity,  paler  or  grayish  in  the  9  ; 
under  smTacc  of  wings  orange-brown  uv  chestnut,  this  color  sulfusing  the 
quills  to  a  great    extent,  upper   surface  spriidvled  with    lustrous    steel-blue 


m 


coLUMnin.'E,  I'lOF.ONS. — ciKX.  17.'5,  174,  ITf*. 


227 


spots;  middle  tiiil  foatlicrs  like  tlio  back,  others  l)liiisli-l)l;ic'k  ;  feet  yellow ; 
bill  yellow  will)  dark  tip;  diiniinitive  ;  (J-liA  ;  wing  SA,  with  inner  second- 
aries nearl}' as  long  as  the  primaries;  tail  2',',  rounded.  Soulhern  U.  S., 
Atlantic  to  Pacific,  but  cliiclly  coastwise;  X.  to  the  Carolinas,  anil  accident- 
ally to  Washington,  I).  C  ;  connnon.  Wil.s.,  iv,  1 '>,  i)l.  •[(! ;  Ni  tt.,  i,  ():)!') ; 
Ari).,  V,  1!),  pi.  283;  lii).,  (!()(!;  Coor.,  .'}1().  Var.  2)alh'we)in  IJi).,  Proc. 
Phila.  Acad.  18511,  305  ;  Cooi'.,  517  ;  Capo  St.  Lucas.        .     .     I'asseuina. 

173.    Genus    SCARDAFELLA    Bonaparte. 

Srcilif  Dove.  General  coloration  much  as  in  the  ground  dove,  but  all  the 
body-icathers  with  sharp  dark  border  producing  a  scaled  appearance;  tail 
long  and  cuneate,  with  (M?)  narrow  acuminate  feathers,  as  in  the  common 
dove,  broadly  tipped  with  white,  except  the  middle  pair;  wing  shaded  as  in 
the  ground  dove.  Small ;  8  ;  wing  and  tail  about  4.  Mexico  to  U.  S. 
border.     Bo.,  (105;  Klmot,  pi.  37  ;  Cooi'.,  511).      .     squamosa  var.  inca. 

174.    Gemis    GEOTRYGON    Gosso. 

lu'i/  Wi'-^f  Ddvc.  Above,  vinaceous-red  with  highly  iridescent  lustre  of 
various  tints;  below  pale  pm'plish  fading  to  creamy;  an  infraocular  stripe 
and  the  throat  white;  11;  wing  and  tail  almut  (I,  latter  roimded.  West 
Indies  and  Key  West.  CnJionliu  inonhnia,  Aun.,  v,  14,  pi.  282.  Nutt., 
i,  2d  ed.  751!;  Hi).,  (i07 maktixica. 

175.    Genus    STARNCENAS    Bonaparte. 

Ulue-headcd  G'roinid  Ddvc.  Crown  rich  blue  bounded  by  black  ;  a  white 
stripe  under  the  eye  meeting  its  fellow  on  the  chin ;  throat  black,  bordered 
with  white  ;  general  color  oIivaccous-clK)colatc  above,  purplish-red  below, 
lighter  centrall}' ;  11;  wing  5A  ;  tail  4A.  West  Indies  and  Florida  Keys. 
A  remarkable  form,  grading  towards  the  gallinaceous  birds  in  structure  and 
habits  ;  bill  short ;  wings  and  tail  very  short,  former  rounded  and  concave, 
latter  nearly  even;  legs  very  long  and  stf>ut ;  tarsus  bare,  reticulate;  hind 
toe  not  strictly  insistent.  Aun.,  v,  23,  pi.  281;  Nurr.,  i,  2d  ed.  701); 
Bd.,  G08 cvaxocephala. 


I 


I  • 


228 


calling;,    OALLINACEOrS   llIItDS. 


Subclass  IL    AVES  TERRESTRES,  or  CURSORES. 

TElUiESTJUAL      llllWS. 

Tliis  second  serii's  iiicliulcs  !il!  living  birds,  lictwcoii  tho  CnJiniilii'  and  the  Lam- 
C'llirostrcs,  oxoi'iitin^.  pvolialily,  the  ostrielies  and  tlicir  allies.  J^ikc  the  other  two 
divisions  called  "sulielasses"  in  the  jiresent  work,  it  is  insnseeiitihle  of  delinition 
l)y  cliaraeter.s  of  more  tlian  the  slit^liti'st  niori)hologieal  importance,  and  conse- 
quently has  nothing  of  liie  taxonomie  value  conniionly  attaching  to  groups  so 
named.  It  may  he  considered,  however,  to  represent  the  Ideological  generalization, 
that  a  certain  miniher  of  liirds,  diilering  greatly  in  sirncture,  are  collectively 
modified  in  a  way  that  lits  them  for  similar  modes  ol"  lile  —  that  several  dillerent 
types  of  structure  are  bent  to  subserve  a  particular  cud.  In  a  certain  sense,  there- 
fore the  Citrsdirn  may  be  said  to  hold  together  more  by  analogical  relationship 
than  by  special  morphological  aliinity  ;  and  among  them  there  is  certainl}' greater 
diversity  of  structure  than  that  existing  between  some  of  them  and  the  birds 
standing  upon  the  couliues  of  Jiiacssnrvs  and  XkIhIoick.  On  the  one  hand,  the 
gallinaceous  birds  shade  directly  into  the  columbine,  while  on  the  other,  the 
G'mUutori's  arc  perfectly  linked  with  the  Xatuton'.-^  by  means  of  tlio  llamiiigf)es. 
As  implied  in  their  name,  tho  birds  of  this  series  are  especially  terrestrial  in  habit, 
spending  most  of  tho  time  (jn  tho  ground,  not  on  trees  or  the  water  ;  although  most 
of  them  lly  vigorously,  and  some  swim  well.  A  character  of  general  applicability 
is  tho  combination  of  long  or  strong  legs  (as  compare<l  with  Jiise.i.siif<'t<),  with  the 
freedom  of  tho  knee  and  lower  thigh  from  the  body  (as  comiiared  with  X((lal<irt  s). 
The  hallux  as  a  rule  is  reduced  in  length  and  elevated  in  position,  and  is  often 
absent  altogether  —  a  modification  rarely  found  outside  this  group ;  the  front  toes 
are  generally  webbed  at  base,  often  cleft,  occasionally  lobed  or  even  fidl-webbed. 
Excluding  the  struthious  birds,  wdiich  cannot  well  be  lirought  into  this  connection, 
the  series  represents  two  commonh-  received  onlers. 

Order  GALLING,     Gallinaceous  Birds. 

E(i\uvalent  to  the  old  order  luoioirs,  exclusive  of  the  iiigoons — this  name  being 
derived  from  the  eharaeteristie  habit  of  scratching  the  ground  in  search  of  food  ; 
connecting  the  lower  terrestrial  pigeons  with  tin;  higher  mond)ors  of  the  groat 
plover-suiiio  group.  On  the  one  hand,  it  shades  into  the  Cohimhtf  so  perfectly  that 
Huxley  has  proposed  to  call  tho  two  together  the  "  (jallo-oolumbine  series;"  on 
the  other  hand,  some  of  its  genera  show  a  strong  plovoi-ward  lendoucy,  and  have 
even  been  placed  in  TAmimhv.     The  birds  of  this  family  are  more  or  less  perfectly 


EUHB 


GALLIN.K,    OALI.INACKOUS    lUUDS. 


22!) 


tcrrcstriiil ;  the  IcfX^i  in'c  <il'  iiicaii  liiiiitli,  mihI  stout  ;  the  toes  four  (with  laro  excep- 
tions), tliree  in  I'l t,  jjeiieially  connoetod  liy  Itasal  weliliiny;.  Ijut  sometimes  free. 

and  one  behind,  idiiiost  always  siiort  and  elevated,  oceasionally  ahsent.  The  tiliiiu 
are  rarely  naked  Ijelow  ;  the  larsi  ui'ti'U  I'eatliered,  as  tlie  toes  also  sometimes  are; 
lull  ordinarily  liotli  these  arc  naked,  scutellatc  and  retieulate,  and  often  develoiiinjj; 
l)roeesses  {.ymrs)  of  hin'ny  substance  with  a  b(jny  C(jre,  like  the  lajrns  of  cattle. 
The  bill  as  a  rnle  is  slujrt,  stout,  convex  and  obtuse;  never  cered,  nor  extensively 
membranous;  the  base  of  the  cnlmen  parts  [irominent  anti;e,  whicii  freiiuently  1111 
the  nasal  fossa' ;  when  naked  the  lujslrils  show  a  su|)eriMcumbent  scale.  The  head  is 
freiiuently  naked,  wholly  or  [lartly,  and  ol'len  develoiis  reniarkalile  llc>liy  pioeesses. 
'J'he  win;;s  are  short,  stout  and  concave,  confiiiin'^  i)ower  of  ia|iid,  whinini:.  but, 
iniiuotractt'd,  lli^ht.  The  tail  varies  extremely;  it  is  entirely  wanting  in  some 
{genera,  ciKM'iuously  (U'veloped  in  others;  the  rectrices  vaiy  in  nnuiber,  liut  are 
connnonly  more  than  twelve.  The  stei'uum,  with  cirtain  exceptions,  shows  a 
peculiar  eonfoiniatiou  ;  the  posteri(jr  notches  sei'u  in  most  birds,  are  inordinately 
enlariicd,  so  that  the  bone,  viewi'd  \ertically,  seems  in  most  of  its  extent  to  be 
simply  a  narrow  central  i)r()jection,  with  two  lorn;  backward  processes  on  each  side, 
the  outer  commonly  hammer-shaped  ;  this  form  is  modified  in  tiie  tinamous,  curas- 
sows,  mound-birds  and  sand-ni'ouse,  and  not  at  all  siiown  in  the  iioa/.iu.  The  palate 
is  scliizojj'nathous  ;  tlicrc;  are  other  distinctive  osteolonical  characters.  As  a  I'ule,  tiie 
(liiiestive  system  presents  an  ample  special  croi).  a  highly  nui>cular  iri/zard,  and 
large  C(eca  ;  "  the  inferior  lai'ynx  is  always  devoiil  of  intrinsic  nmscles"  ( //c.iVi  </). 
Excepting  the  /'/(  rurJiiUf  ( .'j,  there  ai'c  aftershafts,  and  a  circlet  around  the  oil-gland. 
(f'itllhid' iuv  pnecocial.  A  part  of  them  an;  iiolyganious  —  a  circaimstancc  shown  in  its 
perfection  liy  tlii'  sultan  of  the  dunghill  with  his  disciiilined  harem  ;  and  in  all  such 
the  sexes  are  conspicuously  dissimilar.  The  rest  are  monogamous,  and  the  sexes  of 
these  are  as  a  rnle  ni'aily  or  (juile  alike.  The  eggs  are  very  innnerous,  usually  laid 
on  the  ground,  in  a  rude  nest,  or  none.  The  order  is  cosiuopcjlitan  ;  but  most  of  its 
groups  Inive  a  speeud  geographical  distribution  ;  its  great  economic  importance  is 
perceived  in  all  forms  of  domestic  poultiy,  and  principal  game-liirds  of  various 
countries:  and  it  is  unsnrpasscil  in  beauty  —  some  of  these  birds  oiler  the  most 
gorgeous  coloring  of  the  class.  The  characters  of  the  order  have  been  ablv 
exposed  by  RIanchard,  Parker,  Huxley  and  <jtiier  distinguished  anatomists.  I 
will    briefly  recount  the   exotic   families. 

1.  The  tinamous,  Thi<imi(hi',  arc  so  remarkably  distinguished  by  certain  cranial 
characters  that  Huxley  was  induced  to  make  them  one  of  his  four  prinnny  divisions 
of  carinate  birds.  The  palate  is  "  coin[)letely  strnthions ;"  the  sternum  has  a 
singular  conformation.  An  obvious  external  feature,  in  nniny  cases,  is  the  entire 
lack  of  tail  feathers  (onlj'  elsewhere  wanting  among  grebes)  ;  in  others,  however, 
these  arc  developed.     Conlincd  to  Central  and  South  America,  and  represented  by 


about 


torty  si)ecies,  ol  six  or  ei: 
Tl 


;ht 


jenera. 


le  wonileriu 


1  hoazin  of  (!uiana,  Ophlhocdninn    crlxlntns,  is  the  sole  repre- 
'iniiihv.  one  of  the  UKjst  isolated  iiuil  pu/./.ling  forms 

d  b\-  matiu'cr 


sentative  of  a  family  Ojiinlln 

in  ornitlujlogy,  sometimes  placed  near  the  .^fllS'l|lllalJi^|||■,  but  ass 


judgment  to  the  fowls,  which  it  resembh's  in  most  respects.  The  sternum  ami 
shoulder-Liirdle  are  anonnilous  ;  the  keel  is  cut  aw.ay  in  front  ;  the  furcula  anchylose 
with  the  coraccjids  (very  rare)  and  with  the  mauulaium  of  the  sternum  (nniijiU')  ; 
the  digestive  system  is  scarcely  less  singular. 

3.     The    bush-(|uails    of  the    Old   World,    Turniridi',  dilfer  widely  from    t)ther 


2;50 


(iAM.IN.r:,    (!AI,I.I\AfK()r.S    UIIIDS. 


(I'dlli'iiir,  ro^sciiitiliiiu'  (lie  siiiiil-;j:roii<("  anil  liiiaiiiniis  in  soini'  n>spnct'^,  ami  rclaloil  io 
the  plovcr-i  in  otiiris.  A  siiiLiuiar  circnnislanct!  is  a  lack  of  tlii'  uxlcnsivc  vcitdiral 
iinciiyldscs  n--n:il  in  liirdsi,  all  the  vorlotini'  rcinaiuiiifj;  distinct  {/'nrhir).  'i'lic  croi) 
is  said  to  111'  wanliiiii  i"  some,  as  is  also  tlio  liind  toe.  'riiiTi!  arc  sonic  twenty 
cMiTcnl  species  ol'  the  principal  jxcnns,  Turin'.r,  to  which  (Iray  adds  the  AlVicaii 
Orl'iX'Ins  iiiilj}'rfiii'i\  and  Ihu  Australian  I'lili'iii'imux  lorijiniins ;  the  latter  is  placod, 
liy  some,  «illi  liie  (.'nilhr. 

■I.  The  sand-uronse,  I'li'i-nrli'ilir,  inosculate  with  the  piixcons.  ;is  the  Tnrniciihv 
do  with  the  plo\ers.  'I'he  di;4'estivc  system  is  fowl-liio' ;  the  sternum  in  I'/rrnrfi's 
departs  IVoni  the  rasoiial  type  to  appi'oach  tlie  cohiniliine,  liie  moililieation  lieini; 
even  more  maiked  than  in  the  next  family;  the  ptcrylosis  is  pijreon-likc.  lackinLT 
ariersharts  (///m'/d/),  or  havinu'  small  ones  { .\'il:scli).  The  winu's  arc  very  lonjx  and 
pointed,  the  Ici'l  short ,  with  reijneed  hallns,  and  varialile  li'iilhcriMLT.  Conlincil  to 
MiMope.  Asia  and  Africa:  the  princi|ial  ucnus,  I'lirnclfK,  has  alionl  a  do/cn  spi'cics  ; 
the  only  other,  Siirrliiiiil(':<,  has  two. 

!'>.  The  moiind-liirds,  Mi  i/ii/mdiihf,  as  the  name  implies,  h.avc  l.arLie  feel,  with 
little  ciir\('d  cl.aws,  and  Icnulhcned  insistent  halhix.  They  share  this  last  feature 
with  the  Ci-ih-iilii  ('leyond)  ;  and  the  osseous  stru(  line  of  these  two  families,  except 
as  re:.r.irds  pnciimalieily.  is  strikin^jly  similar.  I'lotii  >-how  a  mollification  of  the 
sternum,  the  inner  one  of  the  two  notches  heiiie;  less  instead  of  more  than  half  as 
deep  ;is  the  sternum  is  louir,  as  in  typical  ddllin'i'.  Coulineil  to  Australia  and  the 
Ivist  Indies;  Mi  ijajuxlin^  is  the  principal  gi'iuis,  of  a  dozen  or  more  species;  there 
arc  three  others,  I'acii  ol   a  species  or  two. 

0.  The  guinea-fowl.  Xmniiliilir,  of  which  a  species,  Xinni'ilii  vwlrmiris,  is  com- 
monly  seen  in  domestication,  are  an  Afiicau  and  Madajrasi'an  type.  \Vliilc  the 
fore<j;oinji;  families  are  strongly  specialized,  this  one,  like  the  turkey  family,  niori' 
closely  apjiroaches  the  true  fowl,  .and  lioth  may  lie  only  sulifamilies  of  I'limiinnnUr. 
The  lioues  of  the  pinion  have  a  certain  peculiarity  ;  the  frontal  jxencrally  ilevelojis 
.1  iirotulierancc  ;  there  are  wattles,  Imt  no  spurs;  the  tail  is  very  short  ;  the  head 
iiakeil.  Tlici'c  are  six  or  eiti'ht  species  of  Xiniiiilii.  in  some  of  which  the  trachea  is 
convolnlcd  in  an  appeiidau'c  to  the  lurcula  ;  ^Irri/lliiini  ciilliiriiiii,  Aijilasli's  milca- 
ijridrs  and  /'/msiiliis  tiiijir.  are  the  remaining'  ones. 

7.  Finally,  we  reach  the  I'lmsitiiiiilir,  or  pheasants,  a  maLj;uificcnt  family  of 
typical  (liiUiiiii',  of  which  the  dome-tic  fowl  is  a  char.aclcristie  cxampli'.  These 
birds  do  uot  show  any  uf  the  fnrcLroiuL;  special  characters;  the  feet,  nasal  fossa', 
and  usually  a  part,  if  not  the  whole,  of  the  head,  are  naked;  the  tarsi  cominoidy 
develop  spurs  ;  the  hallux  is  elevated;  the  tail,  with  or  without  its  coverts,  some- 
times has  an  cxtraonliuai'v  development  or  a  remarkable  shai)o.  There  are  lifty  or 
sixty  species,  distriliutcd  in  numei-ons  modern  jieuera,  aliout  twelve;  of  which  arc 
well  marked  ;  they  are  all  indiu'cnous  to  Asia  and  uci;j:hliorinn'  islands,  focussinji'  in 
India.  In  the  peacock,  I'lim  n-isliitiia,  the  tail  coverts  form  a  snperh  train,  capable 
ol"  erection  'n\\o  a  disk,  the  most  <j;orgeous  object  iu  ornitholoiiy  ;  in  an  allicil  jicuns, 
J'oli/iili'rlrun,  there  are  a  ])air  of  spurs  on  each  leij.  The  ari^us  pheasant,  .Ii-ijuhkhhh 
(lifHtnli'ii.i,  is  distinguished  by  the  enormous  development  of  the  secondary  ((uills,  as 
well  us  by  the  Icujith  of  the  tail  feathers  and  peculiarity  of  the  middle  i)air.  The 
combed,  watlled  and  spurred  barn-yard  fowl,  with  folded  tail  and  llowiuf];  middle 
feathers,  are  descendants  of  (litllua  luinl-irit,  type  of  a  small  <;cnus.  The  trae;o- 
paus,  Con'omls,  are  an  allied  form  with  few  species;  the  niaeartneys,  Eiiphifotnnx, 
with  !i  dozen  s[)ecie3,  are  another  near  form,  as  are  the  impeyans,  Liiplioplionix, 


CUACID.K,    Ol'ANS.       .MI-.r.KAdlMD.T,,    nKKinS.  —  (IKN.     17(i,     177.         2.'U 

with  !i  slcinlcr  jiiuri'llc  on  tlic  licMd,  lilic  ii  iiciicocU's.  Tlu'  niitiinili/i'il  Miiuli-'li 
pliciisiint,  /'.  rnlrhii'iis,  iiilroiliici'il  into  ISiitiiiii  prior  to  A.  I).  ll)."i(!,  i-<  tlic  tyiic  ol" 
I'laiskiiius,  hi  wliioli  llic  liiil  ('catlioi'.-i  iiic  very  loii,ii'  Mini  iiiirrow;  lit  oiu;  sjn'cii'S, 
J',  rtcnsii,  till'  (iiil  is  sm'uI  lo  Mttiiiii  ii  Iciiutli  ol'  hix  li'd.  Tlii'  j^oldcn  ;';::! 
Aiiilu'rHtiiiii  plionHiints,  Cln'iisi>l'iplii"<  /ii<ii's  Jiinl  n mln  rxHtf,  jiic  siiii;iil;irly  liciiuliriil, 
I'Vi'ii  for  thin  <4roiii).  'I'lic  other  ficiuTM  iirc  Cn/s.-in/ililnn  ;iiiil  I'lirntsiu.  New  s|)ccii'.-( 
iU'L'    still    coiniiii^    to    Unlit. 

Family  CRACID^.    Curassows.    Guans. 

'I'liis  type  is  pcculiiir  to  AmcricM,  wlirrc  it  iiiiiy  be  coiiNidrrcil  lo  rciiic-^ciit  llic  .IA'/k- 
jiii(liilii\  lliounh  iliircriii!^  so  iiiuch  in  lialiit  :ini|  uciu'i'.'il  .■ippciriMicc.  'I'lio  iillniitii's 
of  till!  two  iiri'  iinlicali'd  :ilio\i',  ninl  soiiu'  cssiMitinl  fliinaricis  iioti'd.  Ai'roidiiiir  to 
till'  liiti'st  authority  on  llii'  iMmily,  .'Mrssis.  Sihilrr  and  S;il\iii.  it  is  divisililc  into 
three  siihraiiiilies :  < 'iiirinir,  cnrns.-ows  and  linccd-i,  willi  Iniir  izenna  and 
twelve  sjieeies  ;    Orrniilnisiini-,  witliaNingle  species,  Oi'i  uphnsls  ih  rfii'iiin.-',  i\ui]  the 


with  seven  genera  and  tiiirty-nine    speeies,  one  of  whieli    reaches  oiir  Imriler. 

170.  Genus  ORTALIDA  Mcrrom. 
7'('.rini  (I'limi.  C/ii"i'(i/(ic<f.  Ileail  crestcil,  its  sides,  and  strips  on  tlio 
eliiii,  naked,  liiit  no  watlles  ;  tarsi  naked,  scntelhile  ;  liinil  toe  in>i>teMt,  ahont 
:\  tlio  midillo  too;  tail  graduated,  longer  tlian  tlie  wings,  id'  lii  featlieis. 
Length  nearly  2  feet;  wing  HA  incjies;  tail  11;  tarsus  2;i^ ;  niidille  toe  tlio 
same.  Dark  olivaeeoiis,  jialer  and  tinged  witli  lirownisli-yelhiw  hidow, 
plinnlieon.s  on  the  head;  tail  green,  tip|)ed  witli  wliite  except  on  the  middle 
pair  of  leathers;  hill  and  feet  [ilnmheoiis.  Mexico,  to  Texas.  <),  rt-liiln 
Lawk. ,  Ann.  Lye.  X.  Y.  lb.")l,  110  ;   ().  poUorciilnihi  Cass.,  111.  I'tw,  pi.   11  ; 

().    llHICCItlln    r>l).,    (ill VKTLLA. 


Family  MELEAGRIDJE,     Turkeys. 

Head  and  upiier  neck  naked,  eaniiienlate  ;  in  our  species  with  a  de\\hi|)  and 
erectile  process.  'I'arsi  naked,  sentellate  lielore  and  licliinil,  spurred  in  the  J. 
'fail  broad,  rounded,  of  I  l~l.s  leatiiers.  riiiniage  coinpaci,  lustrous  ;  in  our  si)eeie.s 
witii  a  tiil't  of  iiair-like  feathers  on  the  breast.  One  genus,  two  species.  Jf.  ncclld- 
liis  is  a  very  beautiful  s[)eeies  of  Central  America. 


I 


177.  Gonus  MELEAGRIS  Linncciis. 
Tiivkci/.  Upper  tail  eoverls  ehestntil,  will:  i)aler  or  whitish  lii)s;  tail 
feather.s  tii)peil  with  hrowni-sh-yellow  or  whitish;  .'J-t  feet  long,  etc.  Wild 
in  Texas,  Xew  .Mexieo,  Arizona  and  southward:  domesticated  elsewhere. 
There  i.s  reason  to  believe  that  the  Mexiean  bird  is  the  oriifiiial  of  the 
domestic  race  ;  it  was  upon  this  form,  im[)orted  into  Knroi)e,  that  Linnfens 
impo.sed  the  name  (jaUnpavi)  (Fn.  Snee.  Xo.  llhS;  Syst.  Nat.  i,  1  7(ii!,  2()S), 
which    has    generally    been    a[)i)lied    to    the    following    feral    variety.      M. 


r 


i 


•2:]j 


TKTIIAONID.K,    (IKOUsi;,    TAi;  I'ltlDUKS. — (IKN.    17H. 


iiif'.rictni'i   (iol  l.l>,    I'roc.    /ool.    Soc.    \K',I],    CI;     I'll).,  (IIS;     lCl,I,|f)T,  pi.  .'tH  ; 
('mil'.,   "cM (iAI.I.orWO. 

\ar.  AMiiiii  \\\  l)\i;i ., 'I'ljiv.  1  7!il ,  •JIH).  d'nllnpin'o  xi/lrr.ilris  Ia:  (.\tSTi:,  I'roo. 
riiil.i.  Aciiil.  IN.'.T.  1711 ;  .1/.  ;/"//'./"('•-.  A  111.,  V,  I-.',  Ills.  2.S7, 1'XM;  NriT.,  i,  (l;l{» ;  Hn., 
(Il.'i.  riipci'  tiiil  coverts  willioiil  lijilil  li|)-<,  iind  cinls  id'  lull  rcMllicr-*  sciirccly  [iMlcr. 
This  is  llic  (iriliiiiiiy  wiM  tiiiiii'v  ol"  Ivislcni  North  Aini'i'ii':i  ;  N.  to  (  aiifid;!,  wlicri; 
it  is  siiicl  still  to  occur;  !iii|i:ir(Mitly  cxliriiiilcil  in  New  l'ji;j,l;iiiil.  N'.NV.  to  Hid 
Missouri,  imd  S.W.  to 'i'cxiis  (Ah'IhIi'ih).  TIic  sliLtlit  (lill'crciiccs  Just  notcil  seem  1o 
lie  riiiiMrKiilily  const  ant.  mimI  Io  Kc  rarely,  ire\cr.  slimvii  liy  t  lie  oilier  I'oi'Mi,  altlioii  .;ii, 
MS  usual  ill  (loiiiestic  hirds,  this  last   \aries  iiileiiiiiiialily  in  color. 

Family   TETRAONID^.    Grouse,  etc. 

All  Hie  rcniMiiiiiiji  ^lalliiKiceoiis  liirds  iire  \eiy  closely  rcl.'itcil,  and  tliey  will  proli- 
tilily  coiistiliilc  a  siicjle  family,  alllioii^li  the  term  'I'lh-niniiilir  is  ii>iially  restiicl<'d 
to  llic  true  irroiisc  as  helow  dclineil  ( 'I'flrdiiin'iin'),  the  pai'tridjics  lieiiiy;  ('reeled  into 
iinotliei  raiiiily,  /'(  ril!ri'(hi\  willi  several  snld'ainilies.  I'liil  the  i^roiise  do  not  appear 
to  diller  more  I'rom  the  partridges  than  these  do  i'roin  cicli  other,  and  they  are  all 
variously  interrelated;  so  that  no  violence  will  lie  oU'ereil  in  uniliu;j;  them.  One 
>;roup  of  the  partridges  is  conliued  (o  America  ;  all  the  rest  to  the  Old  World.  The 
leadim;  I'orius  amoiiii'  the  latter  arc  /'i;v//,i',  the  true  partridLje;  < 'nfuruiXy  Ww  iiui: 
(jiiail  ;  Friiiicoliiiii.i,  the  I'raneolins:  with  ll'ithihn^  and  ('iuthIiIx.  In  all,  perlia|iH 
a  hundred  species  and  a  dozen  ^•encra.  \Vitliont  attcmptinij  to  I'rame  ii  laiiiily 
dia;iiiosis  to  cover  all  their  nioililicatioiis,  I  will  pri'cisely  deline  the  American  forms, 
as  |W(J  siilil'amilies. 

Siil,j\ni,!lii     'IKIU.  \().\l\.  /•;.     (,'roiisi'. 

Head  completely  feathcroil,  exceptinu;,  usually,  :i  naked  strip  of  skiu  over  the 
eye.  N'isal  fossie  tlensely  feathered.  Tarsi  iiioro  or  less  perfectly  feathere(l,  thu 
feathcrinu;  sometimes  extendiicj;  on  the  toes  to  the  claws  :  the  tcK's,  when  naked,  with 
frinjiodike  processes.  Tail  variable  in  shape,  hut  never  f(jlded,  of  lli-2()  feathers. 
Sides  of  the  neck  frequently  with  lenj^thened  or  otherwise  modilied  feathers,  or  :i 
hare  disteiisilile  skin,  or  lioth. 

The  true  jironse  are  coiilined  to  the  northern  heinisphere,  and  reach  their  lii;^hest 
development,  as  a  f^roiip,  in  North  America,  when!  singularly  varied  forms  occur. 
The  only  Old  World  species  are  —  tlu>  great  Tclnio  itrmjiiHnx,  or  capercailzie  of 
Kiirope,  and  its  allied  Asiatic  species;  '/'I'Into  ti'tn'x,  the  "black  game"  of  Kiiroiie, 
with  curiously  curled  tail  feathers;  'I'llrno  fiiklininth  of  Silu'ria,  the  represen- 
tative of  our  spruce;  partridge  ;  llniiaxd  hclnlind  of  Northern  ICiirope  and  Asia,  like 
our  rnll'ed  grouse;    and  two  or  three   si)ecies  of  (itarinigan   (Ldijiqnix). 

178.    Genus    TETRAO    Linnccus. 

•„*  No  peculiar  feathers  on  the  neck;  tarsus  feathered  to  the  toes;  tail  mod- 
orate,  little  rounded,  of  1  (i  I'O  broail  feathers.  AVoodlaiid  birds  of  northerly  or 
al|iine  dlstriliiition.  Our  species  diller  materially  from  the  iMiropean  capercailzie, 
7'.  iirii'iiiJIiis,  typi;  of  the  genus,  and  miglit  l)c  properly  se|)arate(|. 

*  Tail   normally  of  Id   (II    is)    leathers,      {('iiiiin'f.) 

Canaiht  (ironsp.  ,'^/iriicr  Piirtriihjc.  ^  l)el(»\v  mostly  lijack  with 
iiimierous  wliitc  sjujIs  ;  above,  veriniciilulod  v.  ith    blackisli    and    slate,  and 


kIMil 


TKTit ADNiD.v,,  (iiioi  sK,   r\i!i'i;ii)iii:s. — (ii',\.    IT'.t,    isti. 


2'.V.\ 


itlicrcil,  tlio 


I'li;.  117.    (  ;iiia<l,i  (ii'iMi  I', 


usiiiilly  s(»iii(>  tiiwiiy,  csix'i'i.illy  oii  the  \viii;j:-i ;  ijiiills  v:irii'L;-,it('(|  with  l;i\viiy  ; 

tail   willi  !i  Icriniiial   (ii;iii;j;('-lir()Wii   liuinl,   it-*    iipiicr  coviTts  jtlaiii  ;    I."i-I7; 

wiiij;  7;   tail   ") ;    9  rather  h's-*,  iiii  coii- 

tiniioiis    lilaciv    l)(>h)\v,    hut    varici^'alcil 

with  lilacUish,  white  and  tawny;  uixive, 

iiiiieli  a-i  ill  (he  ^t  ,  l)iit  iiKire  tawny.     \. 

Am.,  iiortiieily;    in    Ihit.   Am.,  \V.   to 

Alasjia;  in   l'.  S.,  W.   t<.  Uoeky  .Mts.  ; 

S.   into    tiie    noilhern     tier    ol'    stales; 

Maine,  and  easiiaily  tit    Massaejni-etts. 

Nirrr.,  i,   (!(i7  ;    Aid.,  v,  N.".,   |il.   21M  : 

]Ji).,  (122 (  anai)i;nsis. 

\';ii-.    I  liANKi.iMi.       'I'ail     less    roniideil, 

laekiiiu    Ilii'    tei'iiiiiial    ()r;iii;j;e-lii'c)Wii    liaiid, 

mill  its  upper  coverts  eoiispicu(iii--ly  wiiite-t  ipped.      h'oeliy  mid  CaM'iiile  .Mis.,  I'.  S. 

1J|>.,   (;•_>;;;     Cn.)!'.,    ■.L".l. 

**Tail   iii>niialiv  ol'  L'O   (IS   -J^?)   I'eatliei's.      {l),'iiilrii'j'ii>iis,) 

DksLi/   (,'riiiisc.      J   hiaelvisli,  more  or  less  varieiz'ated  witli  slate-i^rjiy,  oi" 

a  peeiiliar  slaty-hlaek  ;  throat   and  sides  marketl  with  white  ;    lireast  hiaek  ; 

Ixdly  slal(! ;    tail  cloiiiled  with  slate  and  hlaeU,  .and  with  a  hroad  terminal 

slate  liar;    lS-2();   wiiiirH-K);  taTl  7-S  ;   9  sinaiier,  not  partieiilai'Iy  dilleront 

in  (U)lor,  lint  not  so  iinirormly  darl<,  havinii'  oelirey  or  reildish-hrown  varie!j;a- 

tioii  in  pl.iees.     Koeky  ami  oilier  .Moiinlains,  T.  S.  to  tin;  I'aeille.     Xirr., 

i,  (!()(>;  Aui).,  V,  Nil,  pi.  l'H.'i  ;    Hi).,  (I2i> :  (.'iioi'.,  .''iiid.      .      .      .     ouscuitu.s. 

Var.  lariiAUDsoNM.     Tail  nearly  s([iiare,  eiilireiy  liiaek',  or  with  only  a  slii;liL 
sli'     tippiiij;.     ('I'lilra!  Uorlvy  .MoiiiiImIiis  and  iiorlhwaiil.     Coor.,  .Vs-_'. 

170.  Gonus  CENTROCERCUS  Swain.son, 
Sii;/r  C<K'l\  Ciii-k  >if  (lie  I'hi'uiK.  Tail  very  loiiir,  ('(|iiallim,' or  (vveoodin.i^ 
lie  wiiiiTs,  of  twenty  sliU'eneil,  ;^radiiated,  narrowly  aenminate  feathers; 
sides  of  lower  neck  with  a  patch  of  peculiar  shar[i  scaly  feathers,  the  shafts 
(if  which  lorminale  in  bristly  lilanuMits,  sonetimes  ;>-l  inches  long  in  tlio 
^  ;  tarsi  full  fealhercd.  W-ry  large;  two  feet  or  more  long,  wing  and  tail 
each  ahoiit  (not;  9  iiinch  smaller.  Aliove,  variegated  with  lilaek,  gray 
and  tawny  low,  a  large  hlack  ahdominal  patch  in  the  adult.     Conlined  to 

the    ster'  laiiis    and    sage-hrnsh    {Arfcniisiii)    tr.icts    of  Wesl(!rn  l^  S.  ; 


S.  to  alit 
III.  58;  N 


r.,  1, 


(.Mojave  river;   (JiKi/icr).    Sw.  and  Rich.,  F.  15. -A.  ii,  o.VS, 
()(i(i  ;  All).,  V,  lot!,  1)1.  2117;  ]>i).,  (121.       iuoi'HASianu.s. 


180.    Gonus    PEDICECETES    Baird. 

*„*  Neck  without  pe(Miliar  feathers  ;  tail  very  short,  of  sixleiMi  narrow,  soft,  true 
rcetriecs,  and  a  middle  pair,  ai)pareiitly  developed  coverts,  projectiiij^  an  inch 
lieyoiid  the  rest;  tarsi  fully  I'eatliereil.  liCii^th  ahoiit  IfS  ;  wiiij;  H-'J;  tail  .')  (I. 
JSi'low,  white,  with  mniieroiis  d.'irk  marks;  atiove,  varici^ated  with  lil.ackish  mihI 
wiiite,  or    tawny;    (|iiills  dusky,  with   white   or   tawny  spots    on    the   outer  web; 


central  tail  I'eatiier.s  like  tiie  hack,  olll 


ile  on  the  inner  wel).     Scxiss  alike, 


Ki;v  ni  N.  A.  mans,     mi 


1 


234 


TKTIiAOMD.r,,    (ili'USK,    rAliTlilUOKS. — (IKN.    IN  I, 


JK'arlhfi II  .'^/i(tij!-/>ii'/i(I  (iiovfc.  The  ni!irl<iii_<rs  lilnck,  wliilo  !iiul  diirk 
Id'owii,  uitli  little  nr  no  tawny  ;  spots  on  tlic  nndcr  })iiils  niiinorous,  IiliicUisli, 
V-sliniU'il ;  tliroiit  Aviiito,  speckled.  Aretie  Anieiiea  ;  not  S.  to  Iho  U.S. 
Tclroo  ]i]i(iHhnii'IJiis  I,i\\.,  Syst.  Nat.  i,  1(10:  Ei.i.iOT,  I'roe.  I'iiila.  Aead. 
1^102,403.     P.  hctniicdtm  SrcKLKV, //>/(/.  1«()1,  . ■)(!!.       .      imiasianem.us. 

A'ar.  coMMiiiAMs.  C<iiiim<ni  Shurji-lnHiil  Crdn.ii'.  'i'lie  mtirkinjis  lihick,  wliito, 
luiil  esiK  ( iiilly  t:i\viiy  ;  luluw,  tiu'  spotn  fewer,  brown,  I'-sliaped  ;  tJiroat  hull'. 
T.  ]J<(ii-ii(hilliiK  'Sin.,  i.  i'.r,'.)  ;  Ai  i>.,  v,  1 10.  pi.  !'!•«.  ]!i).,  C.-JO.  J',  mhiwhiiiinin 
Ki.i.niT.  /.  r. ;  Coor..  i'l,"!".'.  'I'liis  is  tiie  ordiiiaiy  l'.  S.  lijid,  alniiidant  fin  the  prairies 
IVoni  A\'i>e(iii'^in  and  Kansas  westward.  !t  is  .'leein-ately  diseriniinated  from  the 
dark  northern  form  liy  I>r.  Siiekley  and  ^Ir.  Klliot.  wlio,  however,  incorrei'lly 
snppose  thai  the  two  forms  sire  distinct  species;  they  are  </eojiiapiiieal  races 
dill'erinjj;   from    each   other   .Mceordinj;  to  well    known  laws  of  climatic    variation. 

181.  Goniis  CUPIEONIA  Ecichcndach. 
J'huuitcil  (iviiiisc.  J'rd/'n'c  Jlnu  Meek  willi  a  jiccnliar  tid't  of  loose, 
lenptlu'iicd,  acuniinato  fcatlieis,  licncatli  wldcii  is  a  patch  of  liaic,  hriirlitly 
c(>!orc(l  skin,  oapal)le  of  j:feat  distension;  tail  short,  rouinlcd,  of  ci;;ht<'cn 
stillisli,  not  acuminate,  feathers  :  larsi  liarcly  feathered  to  the  toes.  Lenizth 
ItJ-iy;  ■vvinj^  J^-'.l ;  tail  about  T).  Ahovc,  variciralcd  with  hlack,  brown, 
tawny  or  ochrey,  and  white,  the  latter  especially  on  the  \vin,i.'s ;  helow, 
pretty  rejjfnlarly  barred  with  dark  brown,  white  and  lawny;  throat  tawny, 
a  little  speckled,  or  not  ;  vent  and  crissinn  mostly  white  ;  ipiills  fnscoiis,  with 
white  spots  on  the  onler  webs;  tail  fnscons,  with  narrow  or  imperfect  white 
or  tawny  bars  and  tiiKs;  sexes  alike  in  c(dor,  bnt  9   smaller,  with  shorter 


rii;.  lis   r....i  ..r  vni-m  \W\\. 


neck-tiifts.  This  w(  II  known  bird  f;>rinerly  ranjreil  across  the  I'nited  Slates, 
in  (([XMi  ('(Minlry,  from  the  Atlantic  to  the  Kasterii  foothills  of  the  IJocky 
Mountains,  and  now  abounds  on  the  i)rairies.  from  Illinois  ami  \Viscnnsin, 
to  .Middle  Kansas  at  least,  if  not  found  on  the  dryer  plains  weslwanl.  It 
has  liceu  almost  extir[)aled  in  the  Middle  and  Eiisteru  States,  thoujrh 
it  still  occurs  sparinjrly  in  isolated  localities  in  Xew  York,  New  .Jersey, 
rcnnsylvania,  Lonj;  island,  Nantucket  and  .Martha's  ^■ineyard,  etc.  lis 
abundance,  and  the  oxc(dlenc(>  of  its  llesh:  reinh'r  it  an  object  of  comnn'rcial 
importance.  Thoiifrh  there  may  be  little  pi'obability  of  its  cxruKlion.  h-iris- 
lalion  Mirainst  its  wanl(Mi  or  ill-timed  deslruclion  would  be  a  nu'asnre  of 
obvious  propriety.  Wii.s.,  iii,  1()|,  pi.  27;  Nitt.,  i,  (!i'>i';  .\ri).,  v.  H.'i, 
pi.  !'!•(; ;  IJi).,  (;i>,s crnuo. 


TKTKAOXID.K,    (iKOl.'SK,    I'AinUIIMiKS. — V.ES.    162,    IS.".. 


•ii) 


1 


182.    Qonus    BONASA    Stephens. 

Riiflhl  Grouso.  I'lirlritl'je:  N'cw  ICiiitImikI  and  Midillc  Stiitos.  JVirnsinit; 
.Soutlieni  States.  Sides  of  tlio  neck  willi  u  tuft  of  iiuincroiis  (lij-.'iO), 
hroad.  soft.  "■Icssv-lilack  fcatlicrs;  head  with  a  full  soft  cresl  :  tail  ahout  as 


loiiir   as 


tl 


le    w 


ings,    amply    niiiiidcd,   of   (iiorinallv)   eiditcMM 


soft    liroad 


featluMs;  tarsi  naked  helow.  Len<;tli 
KI-l.S;  winur  7-iS.  Si'xes  nearly 
■alike;  varieirated  reddish-  or  uray- 
ish-hrown,  llie  hack  witli  minieiMiis, 
oblonjx,     pale,     blaek-edired     spots ; 


lielow,  wliilisli  iiarrc 


d 


Willi   111 


■own 


tail  with  a  liroad  siiliterniinal  Mack 
zone,  and  tipped  with  irray.  A 
woodland    liird,   like    the  s[iccics  nf 


'/;-// 


•(III,  a 


iimdaiith'  dislrihiitcd  over 


Kastern  North  America,  well  kixiwn 
under  the  above  names  in  diliereiit  seclidiis;  lint  it  i  i  neither  a  partridu:e  nor 
a  pheasant.     Th 
il 


drnmminj;"  sound  for  which  this  hinl   is  noted,  is  not 
!'    is    prudiiced    liy    rapidly   lieatinif    the   wiiiura 


vocal,  as    souk?    sup[)ose, 

tdgelher,  or  airaiiisl  soiik'  hard  dhicct,  a-<  a  fallen   h 


Wii, 


I!):  N 


I'i'ijfii'ii. 

Var. 

i\'uiiiii. 


IIT, 


I,  li.)« 


At  1) 


V.   1 


il.  I'll; 


i>i>. 


(;;'.!). 


,  vi,  IC,  pi. 
iMiJi:i.i>is. 


slMt\ 


iiay  till'   pi>'\ailinLr    sliaile.      Ivmky 


M. 


iiiiitaoi 


l)n|  ,, 
vMllM. 


k~,    l.illl 

Dailv 


■|": 


\\i,  is-j'.i.  1  Is 


:>i>. 


',IL'.' 


cliotiiiit-liiduii     till'    prcvailiii;^'    s, 


iiad> 


racilie    Cuusl 


Dili  (,i.\»,  iliiil.  t; 


l!i> 


(' 


183.    Qonus    LAGOPUS    Vieillot. 

*  ,*  No  peciiiiMr  leal  her-;  on  neck  ;  tarsi  and  to,'-;  deiisi'ly  feathia'cl;  tail  short, 
little  roinicleil,  iioiiually  of  II  liroad  feathers,  with  hiii!.;'  upper  coverts,  some  of 
which  re-ieiiilpje  rectriccs.  r>oi'eal  and  alpine  ifi'uii-ic,  shiipcil  nearly  as  in  ('miitfc, 
remarkalile  fur  the  .seasmiul  ehan;j:es  it\'  phiiiiaiie,  liet'iimiiiu'  in  winter  snow-white. 
There  are  only  live  or  six  species,  at  most,  and  prolialily  fewer;  we  certainly 
iiave  tin    thice   here  jiiveii. 

jr//7';*e  I'liiriiilijiiii.  Tail  Mack ;  no  Mack  stripe  mi  head ;  hill  very 
stout,  eiilmeii  '{,  or  more,  its  de|ith  at  liaso  as  miicii  as  the  distance  fnnii 
inisal  fossa  to  tip.  In  summer,  the  fore  parts  rich  eliestnuf  or  oraiiL'e-hrown, 
variegated  with  Maekish.  the  upper  parts  and  -Ides  liarred  with  Maekish, 
tawny  and  white:  most  dther  parts  white.  l.'i-17;  wing  S  ;  tail  ."i.  IJritish 
America,  into  northernmost  l'.  S.  Ni  rr..  i.lITI;  Ai;i).,  v,  HI,  [)1.  2!i:t ; 
15ii..  iVX.\.  I.,  siiliili  Sw.  and  Uicii.,  V\\.  rxir.-Am.  ii,  ."(."il.  .  .  alius. 
Jiorh  J'ffirnii'/ini.  Tail  Iilack  ;  J  with  a  Mack  transoeular  stripe;  hill 
blenderer,  eulmen  .ahoiil  '-;,  depth  at  liase  less  than  distance  from  nasal  fossa 
to  tip.  In  siininier,  the  general  plumage  irregularly  handed  with  hiack, 
reddish-yellow,   and    white.     Kather   smallet'   than    the    foregoing.     Arctic 


I 


II 


(I 


iJSG 


TKTllAOMD.r,,    OliOUSE,    I'AliTlMIKiKS. tlKN.     \H[. 


Anicric'!!.  S\v.  iiixl  IJirii.,  I'li.  15(ir.-Aiii.  ii,  .">.")  I,  pi.  CI;  Xtir.,  i,  (ilO ; 
All).,  V,  \-2-2,  pi.  :'.ul  ;  Hi).,  »;;;.").  //..  anierlvdinis  All).,  v,  1 1'.t.  pi.  ."JOG; 
l)iis('il  oil  L.  iiiiiIks  S\v.  aiul  Ivicii.,  Fii.  lior.-Aiii.  ii,  ;ir)0.  .  i;I'1'i:stkis. 
\\'/ii/i-/iilh'il  J'fariiiii/ini.  Tail  wiiitc  at  all  seasons;  in  winter,  no  lilack 
anywiicro  ;  in  sniimicr,  liarrcd  with  dark  Iirown  and  ofhrcy  ;  iiill  slender, 
and  otiier  iimportions  nearly  as  in  llie  last.  A  species  of  alpine  distribution 
ill  western  Xoitli  Ameriea,  tVoin  tlie  Arclie  re^doiis  to  New  .Mexieo  (lat.  'M°), 
Sw.  and  Hicii..  Fii.  lioi.-Ani.  ii.  ',)'^^'l,  pi.  (!.'!;  Xitt.,  i,  (111';  Aid.,  v, 
12j,  pi.  oU2;    r>i). ,(!;]() :    Co(»r.,")42 ijuci  uus. 

SiilifiiwH'i    f)I>(i\T<>ril<tl!iy.T:.     Ji,icri<;i„    J'tir/rliliji-s. 

Head  eonijiletely  Icallicrcil.  ami  usually  croted.  the  crest  riii|ucntly  assiiniiii;j  a 
I'cinarkMlilc  sliaiic.  NM>al  lu^sic  nut  liUcduitli  feathers,  ilic  noslrijs  covcicil  wllli 
a  nakcil  scale.     Tarsi  ami  toes  nnlicd.  the  latter  scarcely  of  nut  fiin^eil. 

( lar  partriilui's  may  he  distinunisheil.  ;iMi(aiLi  -Vimricaa  Ifilllnn.  hy  ijic  lun'^oing 
eliaiaeteis.  lai'.  hut  IVuui  tho--c  of  the  Old  Wuild;  ainl  il  is  highly  iliiiadhalile  that, 
as  a  iiidiip.  they  are  sepaialile  IVoai    all   the    furms  ul'  the  latter    hy  any  decided 

pecnliaiities.  I  lind  that  the 
-*iS", \^h,  priMci|ial  supposed  character, 
naaiily.  a  tuuthinu'  of  the  under 
iiiandiiile,  is  very  faintly  iii(|icated 
ill  suMie  lurins.  and  entirely  waiit- 
\\\>l  ill  others.  J'ciidinji  final  issue, 
however,  it  is  expedient  to  recon- 
1  ze  the  firoiip,  so  strictly  limited 
{•coiirapliically,  if  not  otherwise. 
Several  Iteaiitifiil  ami  imiiuitant 
jiciiera  occur  within  our  limits,  hut  these  partiidiics  are  most  mnneroiis  in  species 
ill  Central  and  South  Aiuerica.  0(/o„/.,/,/,.„/(n  is  the  leadiiiji  {;eims,  with  perhaps 
la  s|)ecies  ;  A'((y/M/e/,«„7-/.r  :iiid  I),  „ilr<ii'hi.i-  are  other  extradiiiiital  forms  ;  and  in  all, 
some  forty-odd  species  are  known.  In  laihits.  they  iiuree  more  or  less  eoinpletely 
with  tlip  well  known  holi-white.  Our  s|iecies  ;ire  apparently  iiionojiainous.  and  jio 
in  small  flocks,  called  "coveys."  usimlly  consist inj:  of  tlii'  iiiemhers  of  one  I'amilv  ; 
they  are  terrestrial,  hut  take  to  the  trees  on  occasion;  nest  on  llii-  {ironnd,  lavini^ 
numerous  while  or  speckled  eL',u;s  ;  .are  ehi.lly  granivorous,  but  also  feed  on  hiids, 
soft  fruits.  .'Hid  insects;  iiikI  are  iiuii-iiiigi'atoiy. 

184.  Qonus  ORTYX  Stephens. 
Vinjiiiiii  Pai/rt'i/iji,  or  (Jimll.  iSnh-irlnlr.  (Jiiail :  New  Kiii.daiid  and 
Middle  .*^(ates,  wliercver  the  riill'ed  i.Toiiso  i.s  called  "partrid<.'e."  /'ar/n'd'jr; 
Southern  States,  wherever  the  riiired  <.rroiiso  is  ealleil  "pheasant."  Coronal 
fealhcM  somewhat  Iciiirliieiied,  and  erectile,  lint  hardly  I'orininL'' a  true  crest. 
Forciicud,  sniu'rciliiiry  line  and  throat,  white,  horden  d  with  Mack;  crown, 
neck  all  round,  and  upper  part  of  breast,  brownish-red,  other  under  part,s 
tawny-whitish,  all  with  more  or  t\^\\vv  doubly  cresceiiti(!  black  bars:  sides 
broadly  streaked  with  brownish-red;  upper  parts  varieirated  with  ehestniit, 
black,  gray  and  tawny,  the  latter  edgini,'  the  inner  (piills.       9   known    by 


Fiii.  i:,u. 


icit':ir.il  MM  cir  r:iilri.|}.'p. 


TKTUAOXID.K,    (UIOISK,    rAiniMIXlKS.  —  (IKN.    IS."),    ISl!. 


2;i7 


liiivini::  llio  tliroat  liiilV  iii.stoinl  dl"  wliitc.  less  hluck  iihoiit  llic  lore  })!irls,  iiiitl 
•rciienil  colors  less  intense  ;  rather  >nialler  than  the  ^  .  !i-l(» ;  winjr  lA-'' ; 
tail  •J-h-'.).  Eastern  I'liiteil  Slates  to  hii:h  central  i)lains  ;  the  charaeteristic 
jranic  i)iril  of  this  conntrv.  Kir.ufs  white.  Wii.s.,  vi,  l'1,  jil.  17;  Ni  rr.,  i, 
(147;  All).,  V,  i')!!,  pi.  2sii ;    I'.d.,  (IKi vii;(;imanls. 

V:ir.  1  r.iiitiHAM's  C'oii;s,  ?(.  r.  IJatlier  siiKillcr.  the,/  mIkiiiI  the  size  (if  the? 
riiyiiiiiiiii'n,  liiil  hill  relatively  lariMi'.  ami  jet-lihiik  ;  eniors  (hirl<er,  all  the  liiaek 
niarkiiiy;i  iieavier.    I'"l()ri<la  (-l//i/()  ;  an  aii[iruaeli  to  tiie  (  iMian  Inrni  {().  fiilnniciiKis), 

^'ar.  ii;\AMs  Lawis.,  Ann.  Jac  N.  V..  vi,  In.").'!,  1  ;  I>i>.,  (ill.  Si/e  uf  Jlnridii- 
inis;  colors  pnler,  the  ]ire\;iilinn'  shade  rather  jziay  than  lirown  ;  iiiumt  [larts  much 
varie;iate(l  with  tawny.     Texas. 

Ons.  Anioii'i  the  thoiisiinil-^  ol'  liuli-white-;  yearly  ilotroyeil,  alliiiinlic  or  nielau- 
otie,  Mnd  other  alindrniMJIy  eojiireil  sii((iiiien<.  are  l'rei|U(iilly  luiind  ;  Imt  the 
]iereenlML;e  (if  these  eases  is  nuthiiin'  UMllsii;il.  ."..il  tile  siiortslii;iii  Millet  he  eiiiitiolied 
aiiainst  siiii|i(i>in!;  that,  siieh  Mids  liiive  !iny  status,  in  a  seientilie  point  oC  \ie\v, 
lieyonil  their  iliu-tratinn  <<['  etalMin  peil'eetiy  wi'li  known  \ariations.  Sueli  s[ieei- 
niens,  howL'\er,  are  interest inu'  and  \aliniliie,  and  slionld  always  he  [iresiTwd. 


185.    Gcnu.s    OREOKTYX    Baird. 

J'hiiiicil  J'ni/rii/'jr.  Muiiiildlii  (Jiiiiil  of.  the  Caiilorniaiis.  With  an 
■'irrowy  cn'sl  of  two  sleinler  keeled  feathers,  ;j-l  inches  Ion:.'  in  (he  ^ 
when  fully  ilevcloped,  shorter  in  the  9  .  An 
clcirant  species,  nuich  larirer  than  the  lioh- 
white,  inhahiliiii;  the  inonntainoiis  pails  of 
California  and  Oregon.  A  foot  lonir;  wini:- 
over  .")  inches;  tail  over  ."5 ;  whole  foot  alioiit 
;i ;  9  rather  less.  Hinder  half  of  liody  above, 
with  winirs  and  tail,  rich  dark  olive-lirown, 
the  inner  edi.fes  of  the  inner  (piills  lirownish- 
white  ;  hinder  half  hidow  pnrplish-chestmit, 
barred  with  white,  hlack  ami  tawny :  fore 
parts  above  and  below  slaty-bhu;  (al)ove 
more  or  less  glossed  with  olive,  below  linely 
marbled  with  black),  tin;  chin  .and  thioat 
purplish-chestnut,  edited  with  black  and 
bonnded  by  a  white  slriiie  nieetinii-  its  fidlow  nndcr  the  bill  ;  9  snlliciently 
similar.     Aid.,  v,  (iii,  pi.  I'lil  ;    Nirr.,  i,  iM  ed.  T'.H  ;    15i).,  i;i2;    Cooi'., 

•'•^•' I'lCTLS. 


111..  I.il.    I'liniii'il  I'Mlriilitt'- 


180.    Genus    LOPIIORTYX    Bonaparte. 

*,*  With  an  eleizant  eri'st.  reenrved  helniet-wisc,  of  .several  (fi-10)  keeled, 
cluhlied,  ;^lo-sy  Maek  imbricated  feathers,  more  than  an  iiieh  loni;  when  fully 
devehipcd  :  in  the  9.  smaller,  of  few.T  fe:itliers.  linlk  uf  the  boh-white.  but 
lonjier  :  111  llj  ;  win;^  1  or  more ;  tail  .i  or  more.  </  with  the  chin  and  throat 
jet-black,  sharply  bonleri'd  willi  while;  awhile  line  across  the  vertex  and  alonu; 
the  sides  of  the  crown,  bordered  behind  by  black;    9  wilhoiil  these  liead-niarkin;;s. 


2;;.s 


ti;ti;aomii.i:,  iiij()i>r.,   rAKTi:ii>(;i:s. — (ii:\.    I.s7. 


('(ilifiimi'ii.  Piii'h-i'hir.  Vitllii/  (hiiill  (if  the  Calituniiaiis.  ^  witli  ii 
sniull  wliitc  line  from  l)ill  to  cyt' ;  lorilu'iid  wliitisli  with  Mack  lines;  on-ipiit 
.sniiiUy-liruuii  ;  nuchal  ami  cervical  t'catlici's  witii  very  darlc  ediriiiir  and  sliall 
lines,  and  I'lic  uhiti>li  s|ieckliiiir  ;  ircncral  color  ot"  upper  i)arts  asliy  with 
.stronir  oli*e-ln'own  ^j^Ioss,  the  ed,i:in,i::  of  liie  inner  (piills  hrowiiish-oranLre  ; 
fore  hreast  slaly-l)lue ;  under  [)arts  tawny  deepening;  centrally  into  rich 
•jolden-hrown  or  oran,ij:e-chestnut,  all  the  feathers  sharply  edjied  with  jet- 
hlack  :  sides  like  the  i)ack,  with  sharp  white  stripes  ;  vent,  Hanks  and  eris- 
suni  tawny,  witii  dark  .>trip<'s,  IW-sides  lackinjj;  the  delinite  head-inarkinirs, 
the  9  wants  the  ridi  sienna  color  of  the  under  parts,  wiuch  are  whitish  or 
lawny,  with  Mack  sendcircles  as  in  the  ^  ;  the  Itreast  is  ()live-<rray.  Lower 
portions  of  Califoriua  and  Oreiron,  East  nearly  to  the  Colorado  Hiver; 
aliundanl.  lOiins  ol"  this  ami  the  next  species  speiklcd.  Ai  !>.,  v,  (!7, 
pl.i".iii;  Xirr.,  i.  lM  cd.  7Mt  :  1'.i>.,(;M:  Cooi-.,  .')  lit.  .  cai.iioiink  is. 
(•"iii/zd's  I'tiilridijr.  Aii::<iiiii  (Jitnil.  ^  without  white  loral  line;  fore- 
head Idack  with  whiti.-h  lines;  occiput  chest- 
nut :  nuchal  and  cervical  feathers  with  dark 
>iiafl  lines,  lint  few  dark  ediLriuLTs  or  none, 
and  no  white  speidvlini;;  treneral  c(d(U'  of 
upper  parts  "lear  ash,  the  <(li.dni,'  of  the 
inuei'  (pulls  white  ;  fore  hreast  like  the  hack  ; 
luider  parts  whili-h,  middle  of  Ixdly  with  a 
lar^re  jct-l)lack  patch ;  -ides  rich  pur|/lish- 
cliestnut  with  sharp  white  stripes;  vent, 
llanks  and  crissinn  white  with  dusky  streaks. 
Iiesides  lackiiij;  the  detinite  head-niarkiuirs, 
the  9  wants  the  Mack  ahdoniinal  area,  where 
the  feathers  are  whitish  with  dark  lenirtiiwis(! 
touchi's.  New  Mexico  and  Arizona,  both  in 
inountains  and  valle  s  very  ahundant ;  K. 
to  I'eeos  and  San  !.  ;ario,  'I'exas.  l)ey(Uid 
III..  I.-.J.  (.  iiiiImI- I'.iiiri.i.'c.  which  re|)la( .  d  !)y  the  .Ma-s(.|i;i  partrid^'c  ; 
\\.  to  Coloiado  1{.  and  >!ii:lilly  lieyoml  :  N.  to  ii.')  and  piohaMy  a  little 
fin-ther:  S.  into  .Mexico.  Cass.,  111.  I,"),  pi.  ',» ;  ('(.rr.s,  IVoc.  I'hila.  .\ead. 
KS(')(!,  .V.I.  and   IMs.  IsCd.   lii;   i5i)..  (',  |.". ;  Cooi'.,  ,"»,");> (>  wiiiDi.ii. 


187.    Genus    CALLIPEPLA    Wnglor. 

Sviilcil  P<iiir!il'/i\  Jlliir  (Jinnl.  \\'ith  a  short ,  full,  soft  crest.  Cirayish- 
hlue,  paler  Ixdow,  in  places  with  a  hrownisli  shade,  the  sides  with  white 
stripes,  nearly  the  whole  pliinia;.'e  marked  with  seniicircni.ir  hlack  ed^'inj.' "f 
lue  feathers,  pi'odiicinjr  a  sealed  .aitpearance  ;  inner  ed^res  of  inner  (pulls,  and 
end  of  crest,  whili>h;  crissinn  ru>ty  with  dark  streaks.  9  not  pirti(adarly 
diirerent.  H-IO;  winir  •"» :  tail  1.  Texjis,  .\ew  Mexico,  .Vri/.ona  and  south- 
ward.     Cass.,  111.   1l".I,  pi.   Ill  ;    I'd.,  C.  1(1  ;  Cooi-.,  .')."»(;.         .      .      st^UA.MATA. 


CiK 


KAI.r.ATOIir.S,    WADIMi    lilUhS.  —  (iKN.     1^8. 


j;;i» 


'   with  !i 
;   orripiit 
mil  sliiil't 
shy  with 
-(triuiiro ; 
into  rich 
wit! I  jcl- 
iiiitl  cris- 
ii;irkiii,i-'^i 
vhitish  or 
Lower 
o    Hiver; 
).,  V,  (i7, 

•OltMCt  S. 

iiu' ;  i'oro- 
[)ut  clu'st- 
witli  (hirk 

or  iioiic, 

color   ot" 

l!.r    of     the 

tlic  I>acU  ; 

lly  with  !i 

[niri/lish- 
■s;  vciit, 
y  >trciil\S. 
iiiurlsiiii:^, 
rcM.  whcri' 

■iiLrthwisc 
liotli  in 
lint;    K. 

<.  hcyoiul 

iirtriil;.'!' ; 

V  :i  litlh- 
ii.  .\c;ul. 

(;amiii:i.ii. 


(lIMVisll- 

ith  wliitc 
cdiriii^'  "t 
|uiils.  ami 
irticiihirly 
mil  soiitli- 

-(.il  AMATA. 


1?R.    Gonus    CYRTONYX    Gould. 

Jfdxsciiii  ]\iili!ihii\  (J  with  tlic  hciul  .'iiijriiiMrly  striped  wilii  hliicU  aiid 
white;  the  upper  parts  variej:ated  with  M.icU,  wliile  and  tawny,  and  willi 
l)airctl  IdacU  spots  on  tlie  wini,'s;  helow 

vcdvety    l)lacl<,    piirplisli-chestnut   aloni^                    ^'-         -  '<v>J54i^^ 
tlio    niiddh'     line,    and    with    ninnerons 
siiarp  circ.ilar  white  spots;  '.l-lo  lonir ; 
win;,' (! ;  tail  i\\  tarsus   1{.     9  sniallei', 
ami    entirely     dill'ei'ent     in    coh.r,     Imt 
easily  recoirni/ed  hy  the  peculiar  j^cneric 
characters;  tail  very  >-iiort,  sol't,  almost 
hidden    hy    its    coverts;     wini:  coverts 
and  innci'  (piills  liij:hly  de\(doped  ;    toes 
short;    claws  very  larsre ;    head  with  a 
short,  lull,  soft,  occipital  crest.     Texas.                1..,.  r.;,    m.-,.,m  i'.„i  i.i.,. 
New  Mexico,  Arizona  and  sontliward.     N.  at  lea.~t  to  .").">".     ('a>s..  ill.  I'l, 
pi.   I  :   I'.i).,tll7:  Cool-.,  'j.Vs massk.va. 

Oits.  'I'iie  Welcome  r!nli'iclj:;e.  /■,'((/)nv(7((</7//.c  rrislahiH  (Or/;/.''  innxi  ims  At  d.,  \\ 
71,  pi.  -".IJ)  ami  x'verMi  ollirr  species,  jitive  licen  ;i(liiiilled  to  nur  Inima  upon 
iinsalislMctorv  eviiienrc.  nr  irrniicdiis  ri'injits.  Snuie  ol'  tluiii.  luixvcNcr.  m:iy  yet  lio 
Coimd  over  oiu'  .AIixie;in  li'iiilcr. 

Order  GRALLATORES.     Wadliij,^  Birds. 

A  eliin'Mcter  (vf  iie;n-ly  une\cepf iumil  :ipp!ie;ilinily  is  iiMkediie~-i  ul'  the   \v\x  iilidve 

III,'  liei'l,  or  tiliin-l;il-i:il  Jciilil  (.v/////-i(;/<; ) .  'I'llcliMIc  >p;ui'  is  iiCMcr.llly  ol'  Colisiilel'- 
iilile  ieiiulli.  lint  in  sexeial  L;ciier;i  tlie  cuds  nl'  liii.  fcMllurs  ifiicli  l<>  tiie  joint,  while 
ill  otlu'ls  tile  liliiie  :nc  coiii|plctely  IimIIk  red.  'I'lie  li'L's  :ire  i|sii;i!ly  loiiu' ;  .'is  ;i  rule 
the  neck  i^  IcML'thi'md  /"///  /  m  ■■■.■<  n ;  :ind  the  leiiirlli  ol'  llic  Kill  is  ;il>o  in  smiie 
measure  eorrespi indent.  Ill  its  ciiiTellt  Mcci'litMlinii.  the  niijcr  docs  not  ;ippi':ii-  sus<'c|p- 
tilile  of  t'uither,  or  of  ;iiiy  very  exael,  ileliiiilioii.  IJi-ides  its  scver.il  lc;idiiiLr  and 
cli.iiactcrislie  •,n(vii|w.  it  conliiiiis  a  miiuhcr  of  siii^uhir  uiitlyiii^;'  I'litiiis.  mostly 
ri'presciitcil  each  liy;i  siiii^lc  lJciius.  the  location  of  \\hi<'h  has  not  liccii  satisfactorily 
detciiiiiucil.      Present    indications  are.  liowe\cr.  that    all   the  •jrallatoi  ial   hinls  «ill 


fall    ill  one  or  a:ii>tl 


llu 


icr  oi    III  I'll'   \x 


rroiijis.  to 


ili\  ciil;iiiially    ilc-.i;;ii:i|cd    as   siili- 
c   iiia\   lie  a|ipici\iiuatcly 


orders.     All  of   these  occur  in   this  coiiiitiN  ;    their   naliiii 
indicated,  .'is  follows  :  — - 

I.  I.IM  I(  ( )i,,K.  Sli'iri-hn-ili.  Coiniiioiilx  known  as  the  ;ii'.it  ••  plo\ci'-siiipe 
piroiip,"  from  the  circnmstaiiee  that  the  pln\ialliic  and  scolopaiiiie  hiicls  form  the 
l>iilk  of  the  di\isioii.  'I'iic  species  aM'rane  of  small  size,  with  rounded  or  deprcsseij 
(iicM'r  extremely  coiii|pressed)  hody,  and  live  in  o|>eii  plai-es  on  the  ;.;roinid,  iisiiallv 
liy  the  water's  edi;e.  With  rare  exeeptioii-;,  the  head  is  coniplclcly  fealhercd  ;  the 
jieiieral  plerylosis  is  of  i\  nearly  iniiform  pattern.  The  o^teoloiiical  charaelers  are 
sluirecl  to  some  extent  liy  certain  swiniiiiiim  hirds.  as  >_riills  .-lud  auks;  the  palate  Is 
sehizo^inathous  :   the  e:irotic|s  are  donlilc  ;   the  s\iiiiL;eal  muscles,  not  more  than  one 


le  eL;';is,  .•i\('ra:iiiiu;  loin. 


rule 


pair.     'I'lie  pliy-ioloi.de:il   natnit'  is  pnecocial  :  ll 

are  laid  on  the  .uroinid  in  a  rnile  no.t  or  hare  depression  ;   tin-  ,\onm;'  hatch  clothed 


210 


(il!.\IX.\T()I!KS,    WADINCi    lUUDS. 


iiiiil  ;iIj1c  1(1  run  !il)f)ii).  Tlio  fooil  is  insects,  worms,  and  other  small  or  soft  aiiiinals, 
I'illii'i'  |iicla'ii  M|)  from  llii;  sinraci',  or  prohoil  for  in  soft  sanil  or  innil.  or  forcecl  to 
rise  liy  staiii|)iiii^  willi  the  Ibct.  on  tiic  j^roinul  ;  from  tliis  latter  circmnstanci',  the 
liirds  liavc  liccn  naMUMJ  ('iilrainns  (sfanipers),  \\'illi  a  few  cxccplions,  tiic  \\\u\i  is 
loiij;.  tiiin,  Hal  ami  pointcil,  with  narnjw  stilf  iirimarii'-*.  rapidly  ;_'raihiat('(l  from  1st 
to  |(Jth  :  secondaries  in  turn  ra[)idiy  li'nLitiieninLr  from  williont  inward,  the  posterior 
liorderiif  tiie  wimr  tiins  ^iiowinir  two  salient  points  separated  jjy  a  deep  cmari^ina- 
tion.  The  tail,  never  lonir,  is  connnonly  ipiite  short,  and  lias  fioni  \'2  (the  usual 
nnmlier)  np  to  •_'n  or  even  :.'(;  fi'atjiers  (in  a  rcmarJialilc  uroni)  ot"  snipe).  The  le;j;s 
are  connnonly  lenu'lhened,  sometimes  eslrenu'ly  so,  rarely  ipiile  short,  and  are 
nsnally  slendei- ;  they  are  indill'erently  sentellate  or  retienlate,  or  holh.  The 
feathers  rarely  i-eaeh  tlie  snlfraLTo.  The  toes  are  short  (as  compareil  with  the  case 
of  herons  !uid  rails,  of  the  next  i;ron|)).  the  anterior  usually  semiiialmate,  fre- 
(jnently  cleft  to  the  base,  rarely  palmate  or  loliate  :  the  hinder  is  always  shoil  and 
elevated,  or  alisent.  'I'lie  hill  varies  nmeh  in  h'nuth  and  contc^nr,  lint  is  almost 
always  slender,  contracted  from  the  frontal  legion  of  the  sknil,  and  as  lonij;  as,  or 
nmi'h  lonirer  than,  the  head,  represontimi  the  ■•  pressirostral "  and  "  lon^iirostral  " 
ty|)es  of  (nvier.  I'urlherniore.  it  is  L;-enerally  in  larLi'e  I'art,  if  not  entirely,  covered 
with  sottish  skin,  often  nnanliranons  and  sensitive  to  tiie  very  ti|i.  and  only  rarely 
hard  thron;ihout.  Tlu  nostril  is  -generally  a  slit  in  the  meniliranons  (lart,  and 
prolialily  never  feathered. 

Most  of  the  families  of  this  di\ision  are  well  represenleil  in  this  country,  and 
will  he  found  fully  characteri/ed  iieyond.  The  cxlra-limital  ones  are: — ()liiliilii\ 
linstards,  an  important  j^roni)  of  Kiu'ope,  Asia  and  Africa,  cont.aininij;  some  20 
species  ;  it  has  a  certain  Lrallinaceous  hent,  and  stands,  like  the  Tiirnirliln',  near  the 
houndary  hue  of  the  two  orders.  'I'iie  remarkalile  jieniis  C/n'miin,  oi'  two  South 
Aru'rican  species,  forms  the  family  C'/iiniiido'  (or  sheath-hills,  so  called  hecause  the 
hill  is  invested  Ity  a  horny  sheath  formiuLra  false  cere),  with  some  gallinaceous  rela- 
tionshi[)s.  and  appears  to  hcdonj;  here,  near  the  oysler-catehors.  The  'riiinni-nriiUi', 
or  '■  lark-iiartridii'cs,"  as  they  are  called,  consistinLt  of  the  South  Amerii'an  f>ener;i 
Thin'x'iiriix  and  AUiiijis,  of  few  species,  .appear  to  lie  plover-like  liirds,  near  the 
glareoline  irroni)  of  the  latter.  'l"he  siuLiidar  African  llrnnuifi  iirili  nhi.  rei)resenting 
a  family  DronKnIiiln,  ol'  nncertaiu  position,  is  sometimes  placeil  near  the  avocets, 
sometimes  with    th.e   herons,  and    is    occa-^ionally  remmiMl  to  another    order. 

11.  Ill'.KODIOXl^S.  Jfrrciis  (del  tlwir  <illi<s.  The  species  average  of  large 
size,  some  of  them  stauiling  amongst  the  tallest  of  birds  (e\ee[iting  ostriches). 
The  body  is  usnally  compressed  ;  the  legs,  neck  and  bill  are  ci  'innouly  extremely 
long.  The  general  pterylosis  is  peculiar,  in  the  presence,  n-  :  riy  througiiont  the 
group,  of  the  remarkalile  powder  down  tracts,  and  in  some  other  respects.     A  part, 


if  not  the  whole  of  the  head, 


died. 


as  nmeh  of  the  neck  also  freiinently  is. 


The  toes  arc  long  and  slender;  the  hallux  is  long,  and  either  not  ol^viously  elevated, 
or  idse  perfectly  insistent.  A  foot  of  insessorial  character  results,  anil  the  siieeies 
freiinently  [lercli  on  trees,  where  the  nest  is  usually  placed.  The  physiological  nature 
is  altricial ;  the  young  liateli  naked,  nnalile  to  stand,  and  are  fed  in  the  nest.  The 
food  is  lisli.  reptiles,  moUnsks  and  other  animal   matters,  generally  procan-ed    by 


spear 


ith  a  quick  thrust  of  the  sharp  b 


as  the  birds  stand  in  wait,  or 


stalk  stealthily  along;   hence  they  are  sometimes  ealleil  (I'lunliifiiri's  (stalkers).    Thi' 
bill  represents  the  cnltrii'ostral  pattern  ;  it  is  as  a  rule  of  lengthened,  wedged  shape. 


d  and  juaite  at  the  end.  if  not  iiai'd  thiv 


inghout,  with  shar| 


ri)  cuttimr  ed'res.  and  it 


0UAM..VTOKKS,    WADlXd    ItllJDS. 


841 


mimals, 

HCl'll  to 

iii'f,  111'' 
IVkiu  l'*!, 

•riu-  U'lAS 

and   ;ii-e 

th.     The 

till-    »MSC 

luati',  IVc- 
shorl  iiii'l 
is  aliiio-it' 

Dirj;  !i-*-  '•'■ 
lo'iiostriil 

ly,  i-oVlTCil 

only  rari'ly 
;  pail,  iiiul 

)mitvy,  ;ii\tl 

—  (Hiilidd-, 
iio;  sonu'  -t* 
Itr,  \uK\r  the 
two  Soiitli 
l.i'CiUixe  the 
ccoiH  relii- 
lihwi'oriihi'i 
;„i  friMiersi 
,  near  tlie 
.jiivseutiu^ 
he  avocets, 
onler. 
,_v(.  of  liirs^c 
osti-ii'lies). 
y  I'xtiviiiely 
oiijvhuiit  the 
t-;.     Al>;ii't, 
iMiiioiitly  i><- 
sly  elevated, 
the   siieeies 
o./ical  niitnvc 
,e  nest.     The 
jiroeiii-ed    by 
III  ill  w:vit,  or 
alUers).    The 
wediieil  sliillie, 
,., lures,  and  it 


on!ary;es  ro<^iilariy  to  the  forehead,  wliere  tlie  slviill  contracts  iiradiially  in  sloi)iii;4 
down  to  meet  it.  The  palate  is  dcsnioniiathons.  The  wini;s  normally  show  !i 
striking;  ililference  from  those  of  Lhaiml'f,  l)ciii<^  loni;,  broad  and  aiiii)le,  miieU 
as    in   the    next   ;^roui). 

The  herons  (Ar(li'i<l(i\  lieyonil),  are  typical  of  this  ii;r<)iii).  The  only  extra-limilal 
family  is  that  of  the  Cii-niiHihi',  nv  storks;  these  are  birds  standin;^  very  near  the 
ibises  and  s|)()onbills  (beyond),  and  distiniinislu'd  from  the  herons,  anionic  other 
circumstances,  by  the  abscnci^  of  powder-down  tracts.  Kxceptini!;  the  jabirii  of 
tropical  America,  .Vyc'cy'/a  (tmcrirdiKi,  \\\v  storks  are  all  OM  World,  and  chielly 
inhabit  warm  conntrii's:  there  are  only  )S-l(t  species,  represeiitini^  nea'.  ly  as  many 
jrencr.'i  of  authors;  .•unnnu'  lliese,  ^[iii(sli)iiii'.'<  anil  llinldr  are  ri'inarkable  for  a  wide 
interval  between  the  cnllinn- edues  of  the  bill,  which  only  come  into  apposition  at 
base  and  tip.  The  sinij;iilar  African  Si'njius  iimliri-fld,  type  of  a  subfamily  at  least, 
is  often  placed  anionij;  the  herons,  Ijiil  its  |)terylosis  is  that  of  the  storks.  The 
cranes,  which  have  been  associated  with  llcmdiiuicA  on  account  of  their  stature  and 
other  suix'riicial  rescmblaiu'es,  nniinestioiiably  l)elon,!j'  to  the  next  ilivision,  where 
also  several  doiiiilfiil   forms  appear  to  fall. 

III.  ALKCTOIMDK.S.  Ci-um's,  I'nih  utid  Ihcir  alHos,  A  portion  of  these  birds, 
represent  in:;:  the  n'liin'  type,  have  a  general  resemblance  to  the  fore!j;oin'r,  but  are 
readily  distinjiiiished  by  the  technical  characters  j^iven  beyond  under  the  head  of 
Griii'dii',  and  in  essential  respects  accord  with  the  rest,  representing  the  rail  type. 
'J'he  latter  are  birds  of  medium  and  small  size,  with  comiiressed  l)ody,  and  the  head 
feathered.  The  neck  and  legs  are  not  particularly  lengthened,  but  as  a  rule  the 
toes  arc  remarkably  long,  enabling  the  birds  to  run  lightly  over  the  soft  oozy  ground 
and  lloating  vegetation  of  the  rceily  swam|)s  and  marshes  they  inhabit.  This 
length  of  the  toes  has  given  ji  name,  MdrnidnrliiU,  to  the  group  ;  their  shy  retiring 
habit  of  skulking  among  the  rushes  has  caused  them  to  be  sometimes  called 
Liilitiiriti  (skulkers).  Their  nature  is  iinccocial ;  the  eggs  are  numerous,  usually  laid 
on  the  ground,  in  a  rude  nest.  The  nourishment  is  essentially  the  same  as  that  of 
the  Jjiminild',  but  it  is  simplj'  picked  up  from  the  surface,  not  felt  for  in  the  mud, 
nor  stamped  out  of  the  ground.  The  hallux  is  usually  lengthened,  and  but  little 
elevated  ;  the  feet  are  eonsi)icuously  lubat(>  in  some  forms.  The  wings  are  usually 
short,  rounded  and  concave;  the  tail  is  very  short,  fcw-featlu'red,  often  held  coi'ked 
up,  and  wagged  in  unison  with  a  bobliing  motion  ol"  tlii!  head  that  occurs  with  each 
step  taken.     The  Ahxtoridi-s  are  schi/.ognathous. 

'i'his  conntrv  alibrds  typical  n-presentativcs  of  the  two  leading  forms,  that  of  the 
cranes,  ami  of  the  rails,  coots  ami  gallinules,  as  given  beyond  ;  there  are,  however, 
a  number  of  remarkable  outliers,  that  may  Ik;  biielly  mentioned,  as  follows;— 
'I'lie  kagii,  Itliiiinrliiiliis  jiihnliia  i)['  New  Caledonia,  and  the  i",irU',  Kuryiii/ijii  Iwlias 


of  (iiiiana,  are  each  the  t  vi 


il  single  rcpri'sentative  of  a  family  which  seems  near 


the  cranes  in  piineipal  osteological  charaiters  (llnxlo/),  allhough  pterylogra|)lii- 
cally  they  are  more  like  herons,  both  possessing  powder-down  tracts  (Jiatilrtf)  ; 
and  Euriijiii'id,  in  particular,  resembles  herons  in  other  resi)ects.  More  closely 
allied  to  the  cranes  are  the  truin[ieters,  I'suji/iiidd'.  of  one  genus  ami  few  species  of 
South  America,  with  the  cariamas,  C'driamitld.,  of  the  same  country,  re|)rescnted 
only  by  the  Cirianiii  (•/■/.s/h/u  and  the  Chnuija  hiirmeisfi'rii.  The  horned  screamers, 
I'liliiiiiciliiihr,  of  South  America,  consisting  of  three  species,  I\il(iiiii'd<>n  ciiriiKln, 
Vhdiiita  rhiirdrid  and  ('.  ilcrliiniid,  seem  to  be  nearer  the  rails,  and  also  closely 
approach  the  water  birds ;  one  of  them  is  by  some   considered  the  nearest   living 


hi:\    To   .N. 


lUUlis 


1.    ! 


I         J 


\n  ii 


., 


242 


riiAi;Ai)i!iii).v,,  ri.ovKii. 


iilly  <  '  tlic  iiU'sozoic  Arrlm  iij:l<i\ii.i'.  Sdiiic  <i:i;a!inlic  cxlincl  liiids  licloiio;  in  the 
iicijzlilMirliiiiMl  of  ilic  niils  :iii(l  cuots.  I  )('('iili'illy  iiiil-likc  iiiid  hcttiT  known  liirds 
iiic  the  Jmciiiims.  I'dniiln'.  iiotcil  I'nr  tlic  Icnptli  of  the  toes,  juid  cspociall}'  of  the 
fliiws  :  tlicy  li;i\c  ii  sliiirii  spin'  (ui  tlic  \\\\\\x..  'I'litic  wvv  less  tlian  12  sppcios,  usually 
rcCiMiccl  to  scvci'iil  <i'(ii('i';i,  ol'  \:iiions  pints  of  the  world.  MmiiHv,  tlio  snn-liirds, 
//(//oy/(///,///(( ,  iin  .'I  snudl  lint  icininliMtilt'  I'iuiiily  of  one  or  two  ucncrii  and  about 
Colli'  species  of  tropical  America.  AlVica,  and  sontlicrn  Asia.  Tlicy  liavc  liccn 
classcil,  (111  iicconni  of  tlieir  lohatc  feet  and  a  certain  i:i'iieral  resemblance,  with  the 
•.nclies  ;  Imt  the  feet  are  like  those  of  coots,  and  their  wiiole  strnclnre  shows  that  they 
beloiivr  "itli  tile  ralliforni  birds.     This  completes  an  cniinicration  of  the  AU'i'lnriili-x. 

,S„/ji>nlrr   fJMICOL^K.      Share  JUnls.      (Spo  p.  i\\\^.) 
Family   CHARADRIIDiE.    Plover. 

This  is  a  lar<.'e  and  im|)urtant  I'amily  of  ne.arly  a  hniidretl  species,  of  all  parts  of 
the  vdild.  Its  limits  are  not  settled,  there  beinji'  a  few  forms  sometimes  referred 
here,  sometimes  made  the  types  of  distinct  families.  I  exclude  from  it  the  genera 
Tliiiiiiruriin,  Allii'iis,  .'ind  (liimiia,  noted  on  a  |irecediii^  jiai:!'.  Tiie  <;lareoles 
((lJ<iri'iiliiiii>  if  not  (iliiriiiliilii  )  are  a  remarkable  Old  World  form,  like  lon!i'-lejrij;e(l 
swallows,  with  a  cnckfio's  bill  ;  the  tail  is  forked  ;  there  are  four  toes  ;  the  win^s  are 
extremely  lonji  and  pointed  ;  the  tarsi  are  seutellate;  the  midille  claw  denticulate. 
The  eonrsers.  ('urmriitm',  are  another  Old  World  type,  near  the  l)iistards,  of  one 
or  two  ;j;enera  and  less  than  ten  species.  In  both  of  these  the  t;ape  of  tlii'  month  is 
l(m<rer  than  in  the  true  plovers:  the  hind  toe,  as  usual  for  this  family,  is  absent  iu 
the  eonrsers.  The  thick-knees,  (Kilii'm niidir,  nie  ti'uly  ]ilover-like  birds,  with  one 
ex<'eption  belonjiiiiL!;  to  the  Old  World,  coni|)risin;;'  abont  eijiht  species  of  the  genera 
(L'lliciiciiiiis  and  Knacits.    All  the  rcinaininjr  iilnvialiiie  birds  ap[iear  to  fall  in  the 

SiihOnull;/  CIIAnADiniX^E.     Tnio  Plnrr,-. 

Toes  irencrally  three,  the  hinder  absent  (exceptiiifi,  anionu:  our  forms,  fjen.  IHO, 
lO."?)  ;  tarsus  reticulate,  longer  than  the  middle  toe;  toes  with  a  basal  web  ;  tibiie 
naked  lu'low.  liill  of  moderate  len^dli,  nuich  shorter  f)i' not  lonu'cr  than  the  head, 
shajied  somewhat  like  that  of  a  piiicon,  with  a  conv<'x  horny  tei'ininal  (lortion,  con- 
tracted behind  this;  the  nasal  fossii'  rather  short  and  wide,  lillcil  with  soft  skin  in 
which  the  nostrils  open  as  a  slit,  not  basal,  and  perforate,  (iape  very  short,  reachiufr 
little  beyond  base  of  cnlmen.  Win^s  lonii  and  pointed,  rcachiim',  when  folded,  to  or 
beyond  the  end  of  the  tail,  and  sometimes  spurred;  erissal  feathers  lonu;  and  fall; 
tail  sliort.  jrenerally  nearly  even  .'iiid  of  12  feathers;  body  plump  ;  neck  short  and 
tliick;  he.'id  lar^c,  iilobose,  slo|)iiiLj  rapidly  to  thi>  small  base  of  tin;  bill,  usually 
fully  feathered.     Size  moderate  or  small. 

Onr  species  (exceptiiiii'  J/(// /•/;((,  if  I'eally  bel(Uigin<j:  luM'c)  are  very  clf)sely  related, 
and  will  be  readily  reconnized  by  the  foregoinii  characters.  There  are  in  all  perhaps 
sixty  species.  The  most  siiiLTul.'ir  of  them  is  the  ^Iniirlii/iirliiis  ffmifdJix,  in  which 
the  bill  is  lieiit  sideways,  '/'/ilnnniis  ntJiunHd'  of  New  Ze.aland,  I'hoijoiiiin  niilrhdlii 
and  Oridp/ilhis  tnlniiirnKtris  f>f  Chili,  are  peculiar  forms.  Species  of  Clirt/nsid, 
LnhirinivlhiK.  and  J/njiln/iliriis  have  tleshy  wattles,  or  a  tubercle,  often  developed  into 
a  spine,  on  the  win<;,  or  both  ;  some  of  these,  and  others,  are  crested.     These  are 

[Note.    The  Bonus  Oriis.  Intiilvnrtcnilv  iiiinOii'ioil  'Wt  in  tlii'  K<>y.  will  lii>  Innnil  nr\l  iitlor  jffim-  'i'lH  ) 


BBSSSS 


ciiAUADUiiD.i:,  n.ovKU.  —  (ji:n.   is'i,   l<)(). 


2[;\ 


iill  lu'iir  ]'<iiiclhtfi  |ii(i|n'i',  and  ii  pari  of  lliciii  arc  I  Im'il.  Our  N|ii'cii'H  arc  foiiinl 
along  till'  soasliorc.  Iiy  tlic  water's  i'(lj;i'  in  (ttlicr  upcn  plai-t's,  ami  in  <lry  plains  and 
fields.  They  all  perlurni  extensive  niiiirations,  appeariu'j:  with  Lcreat  reirularity  in 
the  sprintr  and  fall,  and  most  of  them  breed  far  nortliward.  'i'liey  are  ail  more  or 
li'ss  grt'garion.s  cxecpt  when  iireedin^;'.  'I'hey  rini  ami  lly  with  );reut  rapi<lity  ;  the 
Voice  is  a  mellow  whi-itlc  ;  the  food  is  ehiclly  of  an  animal  nature.  The  ci^gs  arc 
commonly  fonr  in  niiml)er,  >peeiiled,  veiy  lar;:;c  at  one  end  and  pointeil  at  tiie  otiier, 
plaecci  with  tlie  small  ends  tojfethcr  in  a  slij^ht  nest  or  mere  dcpressinn  in  tlie  ui'ound. 
The  sexes  ai'c  generally  similar,  Itnl  the  clian^os  with  aj;e  and  scas.m  are  iireat. 
Oiis.  'I'he  lMn'o[iean  lapwinn',  I'didlns  (•/•/.s/if/Ks,  is  reported  Ity  Mr.  Dall  from 
Ala--ka.  where,  however,  siieeimcns  were  not  taken.  (.Vlaska  and  its  l{e-,onrce-.  p.,'i.si;. ) 


189.  Genus  SQUATAROLA  Cuvior. 
llliick-JielHed  I'loccr.  Bcclte-hediled  I'/oirr.  Wlil>ill!ii<j  l-'!<l,l  Plonr. 
Jiiill-liiiid.  Ox-ci/e.  A  .small  liiiul  toe,  Iiardly  1  Ioiilt  :  pliiiiiaLTc  s|)ecUie(l. 
Adult  ill  l)rci'<lin!j:  season  (randy  seen  in  tlic  V.  S.)  :  face  ami  entire  under 
l)arts  lilacU,  upper  parts  varie;^ateil 
witii  hlack,  and  wliitc  or  asliy ;  tail 
barred  with  hlack  and  wliite ;  (luilis 
dusky,  with  iar^L^c  white  p.itelies.  Adult 
at  other  tiiiics,  and  yoiiiiu' :  Ixdow  w  hitc, 
more  or  les.s  shaded  witii  ,irray,  tlic 
throat  and  breast  speckled  with  dusky; 
above  blackish,  speckled  witii  white  or 
yellowish ;  the  niinp  white  with  dark 
bars:  Ic-s  dull  bliiisli.  Old  birds 
fliaiiiriiiir  show  every  '.■■rade,  i'roiii  a  few 
isolated  black  feathers  on  tho  iiiidcr  parts,  to  iimiici-ous  larj^c  black  [latches. 
11-12;  w  inif  7  or  more  ;  tail  iJ ;  bill  1-1.^  ;  tarsus  2;  middle  too  and  claw  1  J. 
A  bird  coininoiily  diiriiscd  ovor  most  parts  of  tho  world.  Wii.s.,  vii,  11,  pi. 
57,  f.  1  ;  All).,  V,  Ili'.i,  pi.  WV) ;  Ntrn.,  ii,  2(5 ;  Cass,  in  I'.d.,  (')',i7.    iii:i,vi:ti('A. 

190.   Genus  CHARADRIUS  LinnoDus. 

GoJdm  J'/orcr.  Frosf-lnrd.  Unll- 
ln'tid,  Xo  hind  too  :  pliiiiiiigo  .speckled 
above,  and  in  the  breed inir  reason  black 
bchiw,  as  ill  the  last  sjiecies,  but  much 
of  the  specklinsr  briirht  yellow,  and  the 
rumi)  and  iii)per  tail  coverts  like  tho 
liack ;  forehead,  and  a  broad  line  over 
the  eye  to  the  nape,  while  ;  tail  feathers 
gniyish-browii,  with  imperfect  white  or 
ashy  bars  ;  axillars  i.'ray  or  ashy.  At 
ii.i.  i.vi.  coidiMi  I'lovrr;  « int.i-  piiiniii^'c.       other  tiiucs  the  under  parts  nearly  as 

in    the    last    species.      l(t-ll;  winiT  7  or  less ;  tail  under:!;  bill   1   or  less; 

tarsus   r-;  ;   middle  toe  and  claw   1^.     N.  Am.,  abundant  in  the  V .  S.   in 


n\ 


ciiAiiADiMiD.r,,   ri.ovKi!.  —  (UN.   r.n,  1I>2. 


^rrcnt  lliicks  in  llic  TmII,  ii  well-known  uiul  lii^'lily-nilcd  <,'!inio  Itinl.  It  is 
very  nciir  (lie  i'Jiiiiiiriin  sitccics,  hut  sccnis  distinct  ;  tlic  iixilliirs  iiro  frray, 
nut  wliitc.  It  Miiiiciirs  to  \>v  ji  vjiricty  <it'  llic  Asiatic;  nillicr  liir<,'cr  antl 
vsitli  shorter  toes,  ^\'lr.s.,  vii,  71,  pi.  'il»,  1'.  A  ;  Ninr.,  ii,  K! ;  Ai;i).,  v, 
203,   |>1.   ;il(; ;  Cass,  in   lii).,  (i'.Mi Fiil.vis  viir.  viitdiNlcu.s. 

101-2.     Genua    ^GIALITIS    Boio. 

•,*  l'liwii!i;ie  not   spcckh'il  ;   hclow,  while  ;    head  niiil  neck  wilii  liliick  hands  in 
the  hreediufi  season. 

*  'I'arsns    aliout    liaM'   !is    lon^   aj^ain    as    the    midille    toe.      (^/■.';//((//7/.>(.) 

h'ililier  PInrcr.     K'ninp  and  ujjper  tail  eoverls  tawny  or  or!in;j:e-l)rown, 
most  o(  the  tail  feathers  white  at  base  and  tip,  sntlnsed  with  oranjjo-hrown 

in  a  part  of  their  len^'th,  and  with 
l-.'i  hlaek  liars;  secondaries  mostly 
white,  an<l  i)riinaries  with  ii  wliito 
sp.iee  :  forehead  white  ;  a  hlaek  bar 
iieross  the  crown,  and  tiro  hi'oad 
lilack  hands  on  the  neck  and  hreast ; 
hill  lil.ick;  feet  pale  <»rayish-l)liu'. 
!)-l();  wiii^'  (!  or  more;  tail  iU, 
much  rounded;  tarsus  ahont  H. 
North  America,  very  ahundant, 
especially  on  Iho  Plains;  hreeds 
anywhere,  hut  rarely  in  \e\v  Kni;- 
l.iud  ;  niinu^  derived  from  its  pecu- 
liar notes,     Wii.s.,  vii,  7.'!,  pi.  ;")!!;    XiT'r.,ii,   'Ii  ;    Aid.,  v,  L'07,  pi.  .'Jl  7  ; 

Cass,  in  liD.,  Wi vocu'KiaJs. 

Wilxon^n  I'lnvcr.  Pale  asliy-hrown,  mer<;::injr  into  fulvous  on  the  nape  ;  a 
hlaek  bar  on  the  crown,  and  a  hroad  bl.ack  pectoral  licit,  irrayish-lirown  in 
the  9  and  yonnir;  no  briuiit  rinij  roniil  eye;  leirs  llcsh-colored  ;  liill  black, 
extremely  large  and  stout,  nearly  as  long  as  the  head;  7-N  ;  wing  U-.") ; 
tail  2,  nearly  scpiare.  Se.aeoast  of  .S.  Atlantic  and  (iulf  Stales,  common; 
N.  to  the  middle  districts,  and  probably  to  New  Hngland  ;  also  on  the  Tacilie 
side  to  California?     Wii.s.,  ix,   77,  pi.   73,  f.  .'»  ;    Nrrr.,  ii,.  21  ;   Aid.,  v, 

214,  pi.  319;  Cass,  in  Hd.,  (■.!);; wilsonics. 

>Si'/iu'pitliiiiifi'd  IVorcr.  liitnj  IVorcr.  Hhi'iuerh.  Dark  ashy-brown  with 
an  olivjiccons  slitide  ;  very  broad  coronal  and  pectoral  black  biii's,  in  the 
adult  of  both  sexes,  that  on  the  breast  grayish-brown  in  the  young,  I)ut  .still 
evident;  edges  of  eyelids  bright  orange;  bill  moderately  short  and  stout, 
orange  or  yellow,  black-tipjied  ;  legs  ycdlowish  ;  toes  eonspicuously  semi- 
palmate.  About  7  ;  tail  about  h  as  long  as  the  wings,  rounded.  North 
America,  abundant.  Hreeds  northward.  Wii.s.,  vii,  (i."),  pi.  .')!»,  f.  3  ;  Nutt., 
ii,  21;  AuD.,  v,  21.S,  pi.  .■520;  Cass,  in  liD.,  <!7l.  .  .  .  skmipalmatis. 
Pi/tin;/  J'lori'r.  Ittniincck.  Very  i)ale  .•ishy-brown ;  the  black  bands 
narrow,  often   imperfect ;   bill  colored  as  in  the   last,  but  very  short  and 


Mi;,  l.v: 


K'iMcrl'    I'lnMT. 


/ 


ciiAitADKlini;,  ri.ovKU.  —  (ikn.   ]\^2,  I'.iS. 


iir. 


stumpy;  odiros  of  pyclids  ruIonMl ;  no  evident  well  hctwccii  inner  ainl  miiliUc 
toes,  iiiid  only  11  slii.'lit  ont!  Iichvccn  niidillt'  and  ontcr:  size  of  tin'  lust,  or 
viit'icr  less.  Kiistcrn  and  Midilli'  NOrtli  Ann'rica  ;  al)nndanl  on  tlic  Allanlic 
coast,    hivcdinir   noitliward.     Wii.s.,  v,  ;!it,  pi.   ,'17,  I'.  ."!  ;     Nrir.,   ii,   IM; 

Ari).,  V,  '2-2.\,  pi.  ;!21  ;  Cass,  in  15i).,  (i'.i.') mki.odis. 

tSiKtiri/  /'/(trrr.  With  a  {.General  rcscnililancc  to  tlii"  last,  this  species  is 
rather  darker  (not  so  dark  as  in  ■■<> niijuihiififKn),  and  the  hind  head  is  linjrcd 
with  I'nlvoiiH,  as  in  iri/sonhis;  it  may  lie  at  oncc^  rccoLnii/cd  hy  its  entirely 
black  hill,  slend<'r,  ahonl  n  lonir;  h'L's  dark;  several  lateral  tail  feathers 
entirely  white;  (lA-?  lonfj; ;  winir  l-lj;  tail  2  or  less.  Calilurnia  coast, 
when!  I  found  it  atiinidaut  in  winter:  Ihis,  ISlKI,  21  \.  It  IicIoul's  to  a 
dillerent  snh-group  from  the  foreiroinir,  and  appears  to  he  identical  with  tin; 
connnon  Kentish  plover  of  lMiro|)e,  ^1.  aiii/imin ;  hut  1  have  had  no 
opportunity  of  a  direct  comparison.  Cass,  in  l»i>.,  (!I)(i.  .  .  canti ana. 
*• 'I'arsiis  alioiit,  twice  as  lun;j;  as  llie  niiilille  tne.  (/'uiliisun/s,) 
Mounldlit  IVorcr.  l>ill  hlack,  slender,  an  inch  loni:  ;  middlt!  toe  .-ind  claw 
the  same;  tarsus  l'^  ;  lihiu'  hare  over  A  ;  ahont  !• ;  winir  <! ;  tail.'!,  nearly 
Ki|uar<'.  Aliove  hrown,  all  the  feathers  skirteil  with  rusty,  which  als(»  shades 
tli(^  lireast  ;  other  miiler  parts,  forehead,  and  short  line  over  eyi",  white  ;  a 
coronal  (and  pectoral?)  hlack  haml  in  matui'e  phnnai:'e  ;  (juills  and  tail 
hiackish,  former  with  whiti!  shafts,  latter  tipped  with  whitish.  .Middle 
Kansas  to  the  I'acilic,  connnon  on  dry  [ilains  and  even  in  deserts;  inde- 
pendent of  water;   feeds  on  insects,  especially  f^rasshoppers.     I  found  it  in 


\{^\\' 


M 


exico  in 


ime 


md   ahundaiitiv  in  California    in    Xovcmher. 


'I'l 


le 


i"Jl)l'^,  hitherto  nndeserihed,  measure  I.  Ii>  to  l.."iO  in  the  jrrcater  .axis,  liy  1.10 
in  th(!  transvers(> ;  color  an  olive  drah  with  a  sliirht  hrown  shade,  thickly 
marked,  especially  toward  the  larircr  cud,  with  small  sharp  spccklini;  and 
fine  dottinir  of  hiackish,  dark  hrown  and  neutral  tint.  (Descrihed  tVom  two 
sj)ecimens  in  tlu'  Smithsonian  collection,  taken  hy  IIavdi'-N,  July,  IS.V.),  in 
Nebraska).    C/idrddrins  ninii/innis  Aid.,  v,  2\'->,  pi.  .'!I8  ;  .K'lidlilii^  nutiildnits 


Cass,   in  Hi).,  (Iil3;    I'ddu-wci/s 
IIG;  Elliot,  pi.  ;ii».     .     .     . 


i/diiiis  Col  T.s,  Troc.  I'hila.  Acad.  IStJl!, 
vsiATK  IS  var.  .montanus. 


' 


193.    Qonus   APHRIZA  Audubon. 

Surf  Ii! I'll.  Dark  ashy-hrown,  streaked  with  white  on  tlie  head  and  neck, 
and  in  summer  with  che.'tnnt  and  hiaek  on  the  I»ack  ;  up[)er  tail  coverts 
white  ;  umler  parts  ivhilo,  often  ashy-shaded,  and  v.ariously  marked  with 
blackish;  tail  hlack  and  white;  bases  and  shafts  of  primaries,  most  of  the 
secondari<'s,  and  tips  of  <;rcater  coverts,  white :  bill  black,  licsh-colored  .at 
base  below;  lejrs  dnsky-irreenish  ;  !»-10;  win;;  about  7;  tail  .'i  or  less; 
bill  1  ;  tarsus  1|,  reticulate;  hind  toe  jjresent ;  front  toes  cleft  to  the  !>aso. 
Varies  greatly  in  plnmaire  with  .ago  and  season.  A  remarkable  bird,  appar- 
ently a  plover,  connecting  this  family  witii  the  next,  and  also  related  to 
the  sandpipers.  Extensively  dispersed  on  the  coasts  :ind  islands  of  the  Pacific. 
Cass,  in  IJu.,  ()'J8  ;   Aphrha  lownsentlii  Aud.,  v,  22f>,  pi.  32:i.    .    viKOArA. 


,i    1 1 


' 


I    I 


V 


2lf!      II.1.M Ar(il'((|>M».l.,  OVSTKU-C.VTCIIKUS,  TUUNSTONKM. (iKN.    I'.M,    111.'). 

Family  H-ffiMATOPODlDiE.    Oystor-catchors.    Turnstouos. 

A  .".iii.ill  laiiiily  ol'  two  ,i,0'iiriM  aiiil  six  or  nielli  species,  witli  tlic  hill  Imnl, 
aiitl  cillicr  ai'iilc  Of  ti-(iii(Mti',  the  iiiisal  i'ossa>  hIioi'I,  Itroad  and  shallow;  tlio 
lci.'s  slmrt,  stout,  liii;Lrhtly-i  oloK'd,  'I'iic  t\Mi  rollowiiij;  ;::cii('ia  dill'er  minli. 
J/ii iii'ifi'jiiis  is  .'I-lncd,  with  iiiiicli  liasal  wrhhiiiir,  the  laisi  iclicnlatc ;  llit^ 
liill  loiiiTiT  than  the  laisiis,  sloiit.  straiyiit,  coiisliictcd  toward  Ihci  hast-, 
i'oiiipn'sscd  and  ti'iincalc  at  the  cml,  somewhat  liUc  a  woodpeekcr's ;  it  is  an 
ellicient  instrument  for  pry inu;  open  IhcHlieilsor  hivalve  niolhisUs.  ,S(ir/isilafi 
is  l-loed,  with  no  ohvious  hasal  welihinij;;  the  tarsi  senlellate  in  IVont,  tiic! 
hill  sharp-pointed,  nol  lonij^er  tlian  thetai'sus;  its  seienlilie  and  scrnaenlar 
names  aie  hdih  derived  iVom  its  enrions  haltil  of  tnrninif  oser  pehhies  aIon<f 
(he  Iteaeh  in  seareh  of  I'ood.     'I'here  is  hut  one  si)eeies,  eosinopoiitan. 


Oi/s/er-cd/i/irr. 
hark   ash\-l>rown 


I'll.,  I.'.T.     Hill  ol  Oy-liM  I'lilrhcr. 


104.  GonuB    IliESMATOPUS    Linnimis. 
Held    and  ueek   hlaeki^li  linireil  with   hrown  or  ashy; 
heliiw    iVuni   the    lireasi,  eyelid,   rninp,  tips  of  i.'reat('r 

wiiii;'  eovert.s,  nio>t  see- 
oudari«-s,  an<l  l)asal  part 
of  tail  I'eathei's,  while ; 
rest  of  l.iil,  and  (juills, 
lilaekish  ;  hill  and  edj^cs 
of  eyidids  red  or  oraiiL't' ; 
leLis  l|e>|i  color  :  1  7-1 H  ; 
win.ur  10;  tail  |.^  ;  hill  .'5. 
Atlantic  coast  ;  California 

(Conjirr).     Wii.s.,  viii.  l.">,  pi.  (i  i  :    Nirrr.,  ii.  1.");    Ai  d.,  v,  I'.'Wi,  pi.  ."ti'l  ; 

Cass,  in  i)i).,  (ilH' rAi.i.iATi  s. 

lihirh  Oi/slir-ciihlH'r.      .Nearly  nnilorm  hiackish  or  sooty  iirown  ;   i\w  head 

and    neck   freijuently  with   an  .a^liy  shade.     Si/e  of  the    foicpiing.      I'acitic! 

co.ast.  Ca.vs.  in  1>I).,  7(10.  //.  lnifuKiiHla  Ai  \>.,  v,  2I.>,  pi.  .'J^').  NKiKU. 
t)iis.     //.  Iitirlniiiiii!  Ai  !>.,  V,  -Jl.'),  pi.  ;i2(;;   Jl.  til,,-  C'a.-s.  in  15i».,  7(H)  (if  really 

distinct   IVoni  the  ia.>.t,  which  is  iluuhlftil),  l.s  a  South  Auierican  species  inipro|)erly 

utlrihulcd  to  our  lainia. 

105.  GonuH    STREPSILAS    Linnooua. 

'/'iiriistfDic,  Jinnit  /linl.  {'(iHi-o-IkicIc.  Adidt  in  sununer  pied  ahovo 
with  hiack,  whito,  hrown  and  chestnut-reil,  tin;  latter  color  wanlintr  in 
winter,  and  in  younj,'  hirds ;  hclow,  from  tins 
hreast  (which  is  more  or  less  complctcdy  hIack), 

throat,     most    of    the    secondaries,     hase.s    and      __^_^  i  ^^^J  (   j 

shafts  of  primaries,  and  liases  and  lips  of  tail 
feathers,  white  ;  hill  hIack  ;  foci  oranirc  ;  ^~\^ ; 
wing.')A-(I ;  t.iiliM;  ()ill  ;,  almost  recni'vcd,  with  ^^'^^..^ 

asccndini:- LToiiys  ;  lai'sus  1;   tiliiie  hare  hut  a  little        ii.i.  i.'>-<.    iiiii  <.r  ■rMin>ioiir. 
way.    Both  coasts,  ahundant  dnrinu:  the  mij^rations.   \Vii,s.,  vii,  .'$2,  pi.  Ul „  f. 
1  ;    XcTT.,  ii,  30;  Aud.,  v,  2;31,  1)1.  32.'};  Ca^ss.  in  15i)..  701.      iNTKuruKS.. 


r; 


I!t;<  I  i:\  iiioRTrtiD.r,,  amukts,  .stii.th.  —  ur.s.   H'l!,   I!i7.  -'17 

\'lir.   MII.ANiii  l.l'll  Ml  ■*,       llliiil.-lii  :iih  il    'rni'iisltiiii'.       Willinllt    llliy  i  if   I  lie  cllol  hill 
CnldlllliiiH  of  llic  lll>^l,  (llf  pMrts  tll.'lt    lire  picil  in  iiilrrjirr-i  liciiri  lilMrki'll  ;    llli'  wllili' 

|i:iit.s,  liiiwi'ViT,  as  lidiiri'.  A|i|iMi'ciitly  n  lu'i'iiiiiiiciit  iiu'l:iiii>iii.  I'iK'ilIf  C'oiiHt. 
t'.VMK.  ill  I'.n..  "Ml'. 

Family  llECUllVIIlOSTRIDiE.     AvocotH,     Stilts. 

/\lliitili'r  sIiimII  iMIililN  ,  ('Ii.'II'im'Ici  i/.i'(|  \i\  lln'    iaI  lililr    l(ii;;lli    nt'  llii'    slimli'i'    li'U's. 

mill  till'  «'\tr('iiii'  sl('iiili'nir>s  nl'  llir  l<>ii;;  iinilr  liill.  wliirli  is  cillici-  Hli'iiiirlil  or 
Clirvnl  U|i«;i|i|.  /,'i  I'll rri'rii.sl I'll  is  l-tcinl.  iiml  rilji-wi'liliccl  ;  llic  liill  is  licriiliMJIy 
rt'ClirVnl.  Il;il1rli(il,  lllKJ    t;i|icrs|(i   m    n il('-lii\r    |inilil  ;    llic    1iim1\    !-.  (Ii|i|r--('il  ;    llli' 

|p|iiiiiii>i('    iiiiili'iiit'iilli    is    lliickniiil    SIS    in  walci'    liinls,      'I'iir    siiccics    swim   well. 

/////(((()/n/;/(.>i  is  ."i-tncil.  scllli|i.'llnillli'.  Ilir  Mil    IMMI'lv    sll'ai;j;lll.  !llli|    not    llalli'licij  ;     ill 

relative  leiiu'tli  nC  !(•;_'  it  is  |ii'iilialily  imt   siii|iasseci  iiy  any  liinl  \\li.il«i»'\ei-.     Tliese 

two    jielieia.    eacjl    nl'    lliiee    ur    liiiir     s|ie(ie^    iil'    Valiiills    palts   of    llie    \\   illcl,  willi 

Hie    ('Idihirhfliii'hiin     jiffhirnlis    iil'    /\ii^t lalia. 


'S. 

ad 
lie; 

M. 

Illy 
rly 


)V0 

ill 


1". 

OS. 


107.    GomiH    IIIMANTOrUS    Diissoii. 
S/il/.      I.on'isliiinhs.     f,inr,i(  r.     (i!ii-s\-    hhick  : 
t'orclieai],   sides  ot'   iicad    and    iiceU,    riiiii|)    and 
under  pafis,    wliile :    tail    while    or    asjiy  ;     liil! 


I> 


ieixs    eaniiiiie.      ^'omii,'   willi    liae!<    and 


willies    lirown.       i;!-!"*;     wiiiii;    •'^ -'.' :     tail     ."l  : 
tarsus    t.      I'nited   Slates.      \\'ii,s..    vii,    Is,   pi. 


■.S,   f.  2 


.\i  I 


>.,   VI,  .il,   I 


1,  pi.  .'..•.I  :     Nil 


r.,  II,  •"* ; 


Cass,  in  Hn.,  7n|. 


MlilMCOI.I.IS. 


Pam.  PHALAROPODIDiE.    Phalaropos. 


This  is  likewise  a  small    familv;   tin'  liii 


ee   species 


eoiiipiisiii^  it  I'eseiiilile  saiiilpipeis,  Inil  are  iiiiiiie- 
•  liately  liistillLtuishecl  liy  the  Inhale  feet  ;  t  he  lues  ale  I'lirnished  with  plain  or  seallnpeil 
nieilllpiaiies,  like  1  hose  of  emits  ami  irielies,  lail  not  so  hroad.  'I"he  lioil\'  is  ilepiesseil, 
anil  the  under  pliiniat;e  thick  aiicl  ilnck-liketo  resist  w.ater.on  which  the  liircis  swim  w  ilh 
perfect  ease  and  <frnee.  'I'he  win|js  ami  tail  are  like  those  tjf  orilinai\  sanilpipers  ;  the 
tarsi  are  inneli  compressed;  there  is  liasal  weliliiiiL;' of  the  Iocs  liesidcs  the  maiiiinal 
nieiiihranc  ;  the  hill,  and  some  other  details  of  form,  clilfer  in  eai'h  of  the  three  species. 
These  liirds  inliahii  the  noitliein  portions  of  hoth  liemi-pheies,  i wo  of  tlieiii  al 
least   lireoilin^  only  in   horeal   rcjiioiis,  luit  they  all  waiiiler  far  soiilhwanl  in  winter. 


i      ! 


218 


I'lr  „.\uf)i'oi)ii).K,  niALAiioi'Ks.  —  (ji;n.   r.ts,   ijMi,  200, 


108.    GonuH    STEGANOPUS    Vioillot. 
\i'i/.^i,ii's    J'/iuliiriijir.       Mi'Miln'iiiii's    slruiirlil  .(Milled ;     Itill    very   sli'iidcr, 

Kiildilalc.      liCiiglli  !I-10 ;   win;;.");  laili;  l)ill,  tarsus,  ami  iiiitldic  tiic.-cacli. 

over   1,   l)lM('k.      Adult    asliy  ;    upper    lail    covcris  and    niidcr  parts  while; 

a  Mack  stripi;  I'loiu  tlie  eye  down  Uu\  siije  of  tlu-  neck  spicadiiiir  into  I'icli 

piirp'isli-cliestiiut,  wliidi  also  vari- 
e;:at<'s  tlie  L.ick,  and  shades  tho 
throat  :  ymniu'  lackinir  thesu  last 
cohus.  .\.  Am.  W'li.s.,  ix,  72, 
pi.  7."),  1.  ;>  ;  Ni  re.  ii,  2 1.') ; 
All...  V.  2!l!t,  pi.  ;ill  ;  Cass,  in 
I'll),,  70.') \vii,.s()Mi. 

100,  Genus  LOBIPES  Cuvior. 
\uif/i(iii  /'/iiiliirojit'.  ^Icnl- 
liraiies  scalloped;  liill  very  .-li'nder,  sul)iilale.  Leiiirth  aliout  7;  wiiiLT-lt; 
lail  2:  hill,  larsu>  ami  iiiiddh  toe,  e:icli,  under  1,  Mack.  Adult  d.irk 
opa(|Uc  a-^h  or  j:rayi>h-lilack,  the  Itack  variegated  witl?  tawny;  tipper  l.iil 
coverts  and  under  parts  mostly  white;  side  •>(  the  he.ad  :iiid  neck  i\illi  ii 
Itro.ad.  stripe  of  rich  chestnut,  ircuerally  iiK-etin";  o'l  (he  ji"_'ulum  ;  hriast 
otherwise  wiih  a.-hy-irray  ;  yoiiiiL'  lackini;'  the  cheinut.  Northern  N.  .\m., 
U.  .S,  diiriii;:  the  miLrratioii.  IJonai'.,  Am.  (>rn.  iv,  .s2,  pi.  2.'f,  f.  2;  .\i  rr., 
ii,  2..!t;    Ai  i),,  v,  21'."»,  pi.  ."i  10  ;   Cass,  in  I'.n.,  70(1.       .      .       iivi'Klilioiti:!  s. 


Khr.  I'.l.     Wil«"n'-  I'ii.il  irii|<i'    iH'.'id   :    \oi;;irrii 

I'linhlllipi'        |l:|ll     . 


:r' 


c 


200.    Gonus    PIIALAROPUS. 

li'id  /'Iiiilarnji".    Meiulmine.-.  scalloMcd  ;  hill  coiiipjinitively  stout,  llattciied, 

with    laiicet-siia[icd    tip.     Lcuirlh   7-S  ;  wiii'-T  T) ;  tail  2'};   hill    1,  yidlowish, 

liliiek-tipped ;   tarsus  '{,  .<rrcenish.     Adult   with   tin;    iiikK  r   parts    pnrplisli- 

<'hestiii:i,  ol' v;n'i;d)Ie  iiiten-ily,  wliile   in  the  youuir ;  .ahove  varicL'ated  with. 

hlacki.sii   an(i    lawny.       Northern    .\.    Am.,  l'.   ^'.  duriii!;   the    mii:rations. 

,  -^  ,  Wil.s.,  i\,   7'),  1.1.   7."..  f.  -J;   .\i  IT.,  ii,  2.'li'. ;  .\i  i>,,  v,  2111,  pi.  .".;!'.•;  Cass. 

/*'^^      iJ     /\    ill  IjI).,   707 1  I  i.iCAltns. 

^  ...  \*  Family  SCOLOPACID^.    SnJpo,  otc. 

'  ^  Siiii.e  :niil  llnir  .illivs  rum,  a  .vcll-iUiiiii'd  aii'l  iieireilly  nalur.'ii  a!«seiiil.lii;ie,  out* 

^  ol'  liii'    l\\u    l;u;_'csl    iiiniei.liiie    I'aiiiilie-,  iijfreeiii;.!;  willi    plover    in    most    esstnliul 

M'.-^pc  t-.  yet  Well  <li>tiii^iii>lieil  I'lnia  the  phnialiiie  liirds.  In  ;j:eiieral,  the  hill  Is 
uineli  eluie^iiteii,  IVeijii  •nil'-  stM-rai  liines  l<.n;:iT  tliaii  tlie  head,  •■nil  in  those  eases 
in  wliieli  it  is  .MS  siroi'?  ••s  in  plci\cr.  il  does  not  show  the  partieuliu',  soiaewhat 
pi!;eoli-like.  .shape  descrilicil  under  ('Ifirinln'iii"  l.ein;f  sKiider  Mild  sol't-skltllied 
t!ir(.iii:li<.Mt.  It  is  lieniTiilly  slrjiijiiil,  hut  l'rei|ia'ntly  eiir\(d  iqi  (.r  down.  'I'lie 
Uii.al  ;iruo\i's,  .always  l.iiiii  and  iiairnw  ehanii<''s,  i!ui;;e  iVoin  oiiediair  to  alniKst  liie 
whole  lcii;;lii  ol'  (lie  hill  ;  similar  yjrooves  iisnaPy  oi  ciiiiy  llie  side-  of  (he  iincjer 
niaiidil.le  ;  tlie  iaierr.iiiial  space  is  eon'e'^poniliii^jilv  lun^  and  narrow,  and  nearly 
naked,     'i'his  leii;j;lli.  sleiiderne-,,,.  grooving,  and  pcailiar  .s.  (i.-iiV/ci  ;i(  .m  ar*'  the  priim 


^^im 


BOMWM 


MiaMM 


*    V 


200. 


SCOMil'ACID.r.,    SNII'K,    r.Tc. 


21 U 


very  .slender, 
idtllc  t()e,-('iieli, 
V  purls  while  ; 
idiiiir  into  rieli 
wliieli  also  Viiri- 

111(1    sllildl-S    till! 

kiiiLT  llu'se  la.sl 
W'll.s.,  ix,  7i*, 
111.,  ii,  iM.'i  ; 
ill  ;    C.vs.v;.   ill 

.       WILSON!  I. 

IPES  Cuvior. 

irojie.  ^I(  Hi- 
ll 7  ;  wiiiL'  -1 }  ; 
AdidI  (lai'lv 
ly  ;  iijiper  tail 
il  iieeU  <\illi  a 
.niliiiii ;  lii'(  asl 
lierii  .\.  Am., 
.  f.  1';  Ni  IT., 
IIVrKIMlOUKl  s. 


lout,  ll.'lltelied, 

1 ,  ye!l<i\\  i,«li, 
ills  piir|)lisii- 
irieL'ale(l  will; 
1'  iiii^rraliiiiis. 
i.  ;'.;!!»;  Cv.x.s. 

H  MC.MMl  S. 


sseiiililaj;e,  one 
must  essciitiul 
el'.'il.  the  liill  IS 
ill  tliKse  eases 
liar,  soiaewliiit 
id  M.ri-skiniii'd 
)!•  down,     'I'lu' 

to  alllliist  llie 
1  III"  the  liiiilei' 
w,  and  iieiii'ly 
<  are  (lie  priuh 


(•liMracleii>liis  ul'  ilic  sfolujiaeine  liill.  'I'lie  '^ape,  nevi'r  ample,  is  •.'er)eially  very 
Hliort  and  narrow,  reaeliiir^  little,  it'  any,  luwond  the  liase  of  the  hill.  The  n')-.trils 
all'  short  iiarrnw  slits,  e\pi(«eil,  'I'hi'  head  is  euniplelely  I'ealhered  I"  the  hill 
(exeept  in  one  species),  at  the  hase  nf  which  the  ptilosis  stops  ahl'llpt  ly,  without 
foi'inini^  projeeiinu  antia-.  The  winurs  eonnaonly  show  the  thin  iMiiniecl  euntoiir 
di'serilied  iMider  /,///< ''.(,/<(■,  Imt  tliev  are  oeeasiumdly  short  and  rcinn'led.  'I'he  tail, 
nlways  short  .and  s.ili.  lias  as  a  rule  1  u'  reelriees;  in  one  lieiiiis,  howevei',  there  :iro 
IVoni  I'-'ti)  •.'•"..  The  ernra  .an-  rarely  leiithered  to  tlu'  snirra;.'o.  The  tarsi  are 
Kcaitellate  liel'.ire  ami  hehind,  and  retieiilale  on  the  sides,  exeept  ill  the  eiirlews, 
where  lliey  are  ■^eiilellate  only  in  front  :  tlie\  are  pruliaMy  iie\er  entirely  retieidate 
(the  noriiia!  state  in  plovta).  'i'lie  iiaihix  is  ahseiit  in  only  twuor  three  iiislania's; 
the  anti'iiiir  toes  eninnionlv  show  one  hasul  weli.  and  njlen  two.  Iiiit  in  many  speeii's 
they  are  entirely  elet't.  'I'he  seiijcipaeine  liirds  are  ol"  niediiini  and  small  size, 
ranking;  with  plover  in  this  respeet  ;  none  attain  the  .'neraLre  stature  of  lli  rudinnci. 

'I'he  LTeperal  et'onuniy  of  these  liirds  is  similar  to  that  of  jilover ;  a  eliiof 
peeiili.aiity  '  in;.:  piolialilv  their  iiiimIc  of  procairinu;  food,  liy  feeliii;;'  for  il,  in  tlio 
in.'ijorily  of  eases,  in  the  s.and  or  itiiid  with  their  dejie.nlely  sensitive,  prohedike  hill. 
The  e^Tifs  are  eoniinonly  four.  paili-i'oi.>red.  pointed  !it  oin-  end  and  luoad  at  the 
c'her.  placed  with  the  small  ends  ImjiIIici-  hi  a  sliulil  nest  or  mere  depression  on 
the  irroiind  :  tlu;  younj;  run  .•dmiit  at  liirtli.  The  sexes,  with  very  r.are  exc.-|itions, 
are  alike  In  c<,!or  or  nearly  so.  and  the  9  i>  usually  a  liltic  laruer  than  the  ^  ;  liiil 
the  sexual  distinctions  are  very  rarely  --troii;^  eiionj^h  to  he  perfi'ctly  relialile  (rennirk- 
nlili;  exception  in  jien.  "Jlsi).  Color  distinctions  with  a;_'e,  likewise,  arc  rarely 
marked;  Imt  on  the  eontrnry,  seasonal  pliima^ies  are.  in  many  eases,  as  tlii'oii;^lioiil 
lliu  sandpipi'i's.  very  stron;,;ly  indicated,  the  nuptial  dress  hein;;  entirely  dill'ercnt 
from  that  woin  the  rest  of  the  year,  i'xeeptiiiir  a  few  species  that  frei|uent  dry  open 
jilaees  liki-  many  plover,  these  liirds  are  found  hy  the  water's  ed^e  where  the  }j;romid 
is  soil  and  <io;;\  -in  inoist  thickets,  low  r;ink  meadows,  lio;is  and  marshes,  hy  tiio 
riverside,  and  on  the  -.e.ishore.  Some  are  solitary,  Jmt  the  majority  are  ^'re;jiirioiis 
when  not  lireedin^;,  and  many  ^lather  in  immense  llocks,  es|iecially  diirini;  tlio 
extensive  mi<:r;itions  that  lu'arly  .all  perform,  'i  he  voice  is  a  mellow  pipe,  a  sharp 
lile.at,  or  a  li.arsh  scream,  aeeordiiii;  to  the  speeie>.  I''ew  hiids  surpass  the  snipe  in 
Hapid  ipialityof  llesh,  and  Many  kinds  rank  lii;;li  in  the  estimation  of  the  spcu'tsniaa 
and  epicure.  The  family  :s  cosmopolitan.  Init  the  majority  iiihahit  tin'  northern 
lieniisphere,  liroeclin;^  in  lioreal  rejjioiis.  Tlierc  nr>-  ahoiit  nineiy  well- letermined 
hpceics  of  scolopacine  liirds.  reft-rahle  perhaps  !o  tine'-n  tenahle  ;ienera.  altliou;jli 
many  more  than  ties  are  often  employed.  \'aiions  attempts  to  di\  ide  the  ;_f|oup  into 
Niili-familie:i  have  nu  I  with  little  siiceess,  (iwin;^  to  the  close  iiiter;;radation  of  the 
Hever.al  types.  All  the  le.idiiiu  I'orins  of  the  family,  uith  most  of  the  lesser  i;enera, 
are  fcpreseiited  ill  this  eoiintry.  and  are  indicateil  liy  the  specific  ileseriptions  •^i\(>il 
lieyoml ;  while  its  eiiiire  composition  may  he  pointed  out  and  rendered  perfectly 
ilitelli/ilile  liy  a  In  ief  siiinmaiy  ; — 

'(.     In  'I'liiili'iirl,  (•^{•t\.  21)1    •_')  and  /mr  sitipf  CJo.;)   the  <'ar  appears  lielow  and 

not   liehiii'l   tl ye,  which  is   ,ilaced  far    hack  :tii  I   liiudi  Up;    and   if  the  hmin  he 

cxanilned.  il  will  lie  found  iirioibly  tilled  oxersothat  its  aiialomieal  hase  looks 
forward.    The  'ill  is  perfectly  si  rai','!il  and  niiieli  lonjier  than  the  lie:i  I,  .hep  ;iiooved 

|o  the   \i     y   >  l|i|,  which    is   either     kllolilieil.  or    wiilelied    jllst      iicllillil     ilie    li|i.   where 

there  is  a  furrow  in  the  llalleneil  eiilmeii.  The  memliranoiis  covering  is  almii'lanlly 
Niipplied    with    iier\es;    this  ori^aii  eoiistitulis  a   prolie  of  de'icale  sen^ihility.   an 

elllcielll    in-l  I  linielil   of   loileh.   nseil  to  Irel   for  l'o,,il   heloVV   the  surface  ol'   the  ^'roliinl. 
Kl.V     10    :       A.    Illlil».       ,1;' 


50 


M oi.oi'AciD.r.,  sMi'i;,   i;tc 


III  the  illifcl  st;il('.  llic  Mil'l  skill  sliriiiks  tiLrlit  liki'  |i;il('limi'lit  t(t  till'  liDlli'.  .'Uiil 
ln'CDiiics  sti|ililc(|  with  >(lil:ill  |>il'<.  Till'  ;:;l|K' id"  111!'  lilDiitll  is  cxIrcllU'ly  sliml  Mini 
iKiirow  ;  llii'  Iocs  Mi'c  clcll  ;  the  li'Hs,  neck  !iiiil  wiir^s  :irr  ('i)iii|):irM(iv('ly  sliuit,  tiiiil 
the  liu'ly  is  r;itliiT    lull.     Tiu'ro  arc  iii>  olivimn   sciisoiial  or  scsiiiil    (lill'i'iciu  .s  in 

piiiiiia^'i'.      N'ol    (•(•iii|ilt'ti'ly    ^rri'ifarioiis  ;     no    siicli    lliiclils    of    woo'li k    aii<l    tnic 

Mii|ic  (((•cur  as  arc  iisumUv  witnessed  Miiniiig  saiidiiiiier ;  ami  liMy-siii|ie ;  tlicy 
ililialiil  (lie  li()<r  and  lilake  raliier  tliaii  llie  ii|icii  walelsldc;  llicy  caiiiidl.  lie 
ti'caclieroiiMly  iiiiiHsacred  by  scores,  like  sonic  ol'  llicir  iclali\(s;  llicy  arc  knowini^ 
liirds.  if  llicir  liraiiis  arc  ii|iscl,  and  their  siiccc~s|ul  |iiirsiiit  calls  into  action  all  the 
lultcr  (ilialilics  of  the  title  sport-nian.  There  is  Imt  one  species  of  I'liilnlnhi  ;  two 
or  three  of  .v<'</'i//'M'.  and  ahoiit  tueiilyof  C'lUhin'jn.  'Ihe  eiirioiis  circiiiiistiiiico 
occurs,  aiiioiiir  the  latter,  that  the  tail  feathers  rall^■^•  fi(jiii  \'l  (o  iMl  in  dilfereiit 
species  ;  iinil  ill  those  «  it  h  the  lii;;licr  iiuiiilicrs.  sc\ cral  pairs  are  narrow  and  linear — 
a  cliaractcr  upon  which  llic  ueiiiis  .Sjiihirn  rests.  —  The  singular  ;j;eiins  Itliiiinhn n, 
with  two  spe  ics.  A',  fiijiriifiin  (Africa)  ami  A*,  .iiiiii'rnlliiri.i  (S.  Ainerica).  may  liclonj; 
here. —  Miiiriirlniiniilnin  (•_'ii|).  coiitainiiiL;  only  our  species,  a. id  one  other.  M.  .•</»/- 
Iiiiliiiiifii.t  of  tiie  ( >ld  World,  has  the  hill  c\actly  as  in  CiiUinnifi,  Imt  is  distinirnished 
l>y  more  pointed  wim.'s,  mihI  (lillcrenlly  propoitioned  le,i;s,  with  'la'-al  wclilpiiiif  of 
llic  toes.      It  sl.'inds  exactly  liclwccn  liic  true  snipe  and 

/'.  The  i/nihri'/n  C'l:!),  in  which  wc  liml  the  shiiic  \cr\  loicj,  wholly  jridoved, 
and  (•\lreincly  sensitive  hill,  wlii'li.  Iiowi  \cr.  is  not  dilated  at  the  end.  nor  furrowed 
(III  the  (ulnien,  and  is  licnl  .-•li'ilitlii  upward  :  the  jiapc.  :is  licfore,  is  cNcreiliii^rly  con- 
stricted. The  toes  show  a  tiasal  wcli.  These  ;irc  rather  laru'c  liirds,  with  the  colors 
and  ^rcner;il  aspect  of  curlews.  Imt  the  hill  is  not  deciiivcil  and  the  tarsi  arc  si  iilcl- 
lale  111  hind.  'I'hcy  l'rei|nciil  iiiMishcs,  l.ays  and  estuaries,  and  arc  aiiioiiir  the 
liiiscclhiiieoiis  ass(>rtiiicnt  of  hinls  tha'  are  i(illccti\ely  dc^iun.atcd  '•  liay-snipc." 
There  are  only  \\\v  or  si\  spiries,  nf  the  sii,'^!r  ucniis  l,iii(ii;:ii.  The  T,  nhia  ilniriii 
of  various  parts  of  the  Old  World,  with  the  liill  rccnrxeil  iilinost  as  in  an  avoci-t, 
stands  liclwccn  the  j^ndwils  and  tattlers. 

('.  The  .M(/i'/yi//i(  IN  (ucii.  •Jii,"(  ;.' I  J  )  arc  a  rather  c\tciisi\  c  j;roiip.  iiotalije  lor  llio 
variation  in  niiiior  details  nf  fnini.  that  it  shows  with  alniost  every  species-  m  cir- 
ciinist.'iiicc  tliMl  has  caused  the  crcclion  nf  a  nunilicr  of  uiiv\ai  ranted  n,.|i.  |-.|.  Here 
(he  liill  retains  iniicli  of  the  scn>ili\enc>s  u\'  .x  snipe's,  and  the  '_'ape  likcwi  i  is 
niiicli  con->triet,  d  ;  Inil  the  hill  is  much  shorter,  avera<:;ine  almiil  cijiial  to  the  he:id. 
One  tri\  ial  circiini-<|;ince  iiHurds  ii  j:ood  clue  to  this  irroiip  ;  III.'  tail  l'e;itliers  urc  plain 
Colored,  or  w  ilh  simple  cd;.:iii'_'s.  .n  hile  in  ulni'iM  all  the  species  uf  other  ^iioiips  tiiesc 
feathers  are  liaiied  crosswise.  In  this  ;.Mimp  the  scasnnal  chaiii^'cs  of  pliiina;;!' are 
very  ^reat  :  the  pripoitioiis  of  the  let;s,  and  weliliiiiL;  of  the  toes,  are  Viiiialiie 
with  the  species,  Imt  as  a  rule,  the  toes  arc  cleft  to  the  liase  (not  so  in  '-'il'i.  I'llil), 
and  four  in  niinil'cr  (c-.cept  l'I'J).  The  -audpip 'I's  I  ilonii  parliciilarly  to  the 
iioithcrii  In  nii>phcrc.  and  lined  in  liiiili  laiiiiides;  they  perforiii  exieiisive  nny;ra- 
lioiis,  aim  ill  winter  spread  over  iiiost  of  the  Wiuld.  Aiiloiii;  ihcin  an  the  most 
diininiitive  of  waders.  They  arc  prohahly  without  exception  •j.rc^iarioiis,  aiid  ot'tcii 
lleck  the  licach  ill  vast  niiillitiidcs ;  they  live  liy  prclcniii-e  in  o/k,/  wet  places, 
rather  than  in  fens  and  iiiarslies,  and  fceij  liy  proliiiiu,  like  snipe;  the  voice  i-. 
ii.ellow  and  piping;.  'I'hcy  are  pretty  well  disliii;;iii-licd  from  liotli  the  fori'^^oiiiy;, 
Ihoii.uli  iTcii.  'Jit;i  ciiiinecis  with  the  snipe  Ihroiiu'ii  -'>l  ;  lull  snadc  diri'lly  into  the 
followiii;j;  ^roiip  ;  for  instance,  ;ieii.  "-Ms  1'.'  iJn.  if  not  also  I'lT,  liaxc  heen  callcil 
I'liiiijii,  and  "sandpiper."  Nearly  all  Ihe  foi  ..s  of  sandpiper  are  dc crilicd  in 
detiiil   licyoiid.      There  are   in   all   almiil    -.'ii  -;,vcies.     Tne  only   j;encrit    loini-   iml, 


liUMIWIWIlMiWI 


SfOr.DI'ACID.r,,    SMl'K,    KIT. (IKS'.    2l)l, 


251 


roprcMciiliMi  ill  tliis  cDiiiilry  iiri'  llic  l.hnii-nbi  /iliifiirli'iiirhn,  the  in'riiliMrily  "i'  wliicli 
is  cxiirc-iscil  ill  itH  iiuiiic ;  ami  tlic  EiifiiKirlniiifhun  jn/iiiiiifiis,  ;i  woihIci  I'lil  .'iiid 
','xci'('(|iii;^|y  r;ifc  spccii'-i,  ill  wliicli  the  liilt  ir<  cniimiiiIc  I  aiiij  ll.ittciicil  at  tiu'  cml, 
soiiicwiiat  as  iji  tlu'  siiooiihiil.  Tlii'  >-iii;;iilar  /'/lil'mrii'lnin  jkkjikix  ^Jioiild  perhaps 
rallior  (•(unc  lien'  than  atiioiiLr 

(I.  The  hiH/i'is,  with  whirh  it-  is  raiij;i'(|,  li'-yitiil.  In  tiii-i,  thi'  laru'i'st  ami  most 
varioil  ^jroiip,  the  liiil  has  cDiiiiiMiMlivcly  liltic  ol"  the  si'iisiilviicss  nl"  tliat  of  ail  t)io 
rori'iToiiiif.  ami  the  \s:\\h-  is  1iiiil;i'|',  cxti'iiiliii;^  oliviiiiisly  Ipcyoiiil  the  liasc  of  th(! 
ciiliiicii,  ami  siiiiictiiiii's  to  neatly  lielow  the  eyes.  It,  varies  iiineli  in  lelivrtli  aii'l 
Hlia|)e,  lull  it  is  ».•<»(/// 1/ hmjier  tiian  tlie  hiMil.  anil  \ery  slcinler,  mit  nl'ti'ii  ^n'ouveil 
to  the  ti|),  ami  is  either  stiaiu'hl.  or  lieiit  sli;^htly  iipwanl.  The  lioily  and  its 
nieniliers  are  eoinnionly  inori'  elnn^ale  than  in  the  lore'j;oiiii;,  the  toes  have  a  Itasal 
weh  or  two.  .'I nil  Ihr  liimler  is  alw.iys  present.     The  tail  is  ii^iially  barred.     They  are 


iiois\-,  re-l!es,s  liirds  of  the  niar-^hes  ;iiii|  ~and-(lals  and   iinid- 


il"  estuaries,  anil 


apparently  do  not  probe  lor  food  to  any  extent  ;  they  ji'ain  their  name  i'roni  their 
liar>li  voier-.  The  yello\vsh:inU>  is  a  typieal  example  of  the  nioiip  ;  most  of  the 
species  cluster  close  about  this  I \  pe,  and  oiijiht  to  iio  in  the  single  LTeiiils  'I'uliiiiin. 
( len.  L'l  7,  •JU*.  "il-'O,  are  aiiodier  sliu''l  i;ronp.  The  only  exi  ra-liniital  form  is  the 
J'rosolidiiid  Iciiriiiili'i-ii,  of  t!ie  Samlwich  1-lands,  a  enrions  ypecics,  apparently  near 
;i'J().     There  are  about   bs  species  in  all,  nniv('i--ally  dl--l  ribnieil.      I'"inally, 

c.  The  oirlrir.'i  (<^ni,  22l')  are  disiiii^uished  by  the  downward  ciirvalnre,  exlreino 
slendernes-,,  :iiii|  n-.iially  ijiial  leic^lli  of  the  bill,  wilh  lln'  slii;lil  scntellatioii  of  thi! 
tarsns.  In  ^i/e  and  ueneral  appe.ir.ince  they  are  near  tlu'  LCodwits;  they  inhabit, 
all  parts  of  the  world.  They  all  belme^  to  the  i.r,.|,iis  XniiirniK.i,  which  has  a'lont  a 
ilo/ell  species  —  except  ini;'  the  I  hiil'iiiii/iu'lid  slrnllii  rsii  of  .V  si  a,  which  is  a  thl'ec-toeil 
cnilew,  not  showiii;,'  the  cwloialion  characteristic  of  the  rest. 


201.    Gonus    PIIILOIIELA    Gray. 
Aiufrii'iii    ]\'ii'i<lir,</:.      /i()i/siii/,'ir.     First   tliice    pririi;ifi«'s    attciiuati'  and 
Caicate  ;    \viii;j:'<  slioit  ;    wiieii  cjnscd,  the    ipiiils  liidden  liy  llie  covofts  and 


Icrliai'ics ;  lihi..'  leallnM-ed  (o  llie  joint:  larsi  sliorler  tliaii  middle  foo, 
sciileliate  lu'l'(H-<'  and  beliiiid  ;  (ites  sIciidiT,  free  to  (ii(<  base;  hill  iniicli  Ioiil^t 
lliaii  llie  head,  sloiil  ami  dee|>  at  base,  ^froovcd  1  ariy  its  w  iiolc  IciiLdli,  the  (ip 
Unoliin  d  ;  uape  \■^'l■y  .sliorl  and  iiarron  ;  ear  under  the  eye,  wliicli  is  set  in  liie 
ItacU  upper  corner  of  the  head  :  colors  above  vaiie;fale(l  and  liannoiiioiisjy 
lilemleil  black,  brown,  irray  .and  nisse)  ;   Ixdow  p.ale  \variii  brown  of  vatiablo 


253 


fi(<»i.(>r\(iii.v,,  sNiiT.,  r.Tc.  —  «iK\.  :.•(»•_',  2(t;5,  'JOJ. 


sliiulc;  j;  10-11;  9  ll-li':  cxlciit  If.-ls  ;  winir  \\-'>\  l>ill  -M-.". ;  (arsiis 
Ij;  midillt!  l(U' ami  flaw  U:  wciirlil  Ti-lt  o/.  lioi:-;,  sw!mi|i> .  wet  woodlimil 
mid  fields,  Kii-lcrii  I'.  S.  ami  Canada.  Wii.s.,  vi.  Id,  pi.  IS.  f.  2;  Nirr., 
ii,  1!H;  .All).,  vi.  i.'i.  pi.  ;!.".2  :  ('.\.-«>.  in  I'.n.,  7(",i minoi;. 

202     GonuR    SCOLCPAX    LinnnDUH. 

/■^iirnjifiiii  W'oiidiiic/,-,  l-'irst  primary  al<iM(' Jillrnnati' ;  wiiiLr?*  more  pr)intt'(l 
than  in  tiic  las);  onc-lliird  lair  t  ;  wciiriil  1l'-1.")<iz.  'I'liis  liinl  li;is  not 
liillicr((<  IxMMi  tnrinally  inlrodni  I'll  (o  onr  t'anna  in  any  sv>l('Mia(ic  Irratisc; 
liiil  llicro  arc  scvcial  aulln  ntii-  instances  of  its  captnre  in  thi.><  connlry,  and 
it  is  nn(iiiesti(inaldy  entitled  to  a  idaee  In  re,  as  a  straL'ulei'  lioni  I'lnrope. 
See  Fil'.wis,  .\inerie.in  Spctil-inan.  ed.  of  lxi',s,  p.  liili,  Innlmile  (New 
.lersey)  ;  h.vwi:.,  Ann.  Lye.  >.  V.  \SM,  -J'J-J  (Khode  island  :ind  .\e\v,lersey  )  ; 
lUiiM),  .\ni.  .loiirn.  Sei.  ,\li,  ISdCi,  I'.'i  ( .Newtninidl.ind  ).  .'^purtsinen  who  ^^et 
a  liini  of  this  .sort,  will  <lo  well  to  r(>poi't  llie  fact  at  once,  ( )!'  all  the  snipe- 
like  I'irds  of  this  eonntry.  called  "Scolopax,"  the  present  is  the  only  one  to 
which  the  name  is  strictly  appliealde Kr.sri(i>i,,\. 

20.1.    Oonus    OALLINAGO    Loach. 

Aimricini  Sinjir.  \V ils<iii's  S)i!jii\  \\\\\  niM<'l>  InnLitT  than  the  head, 
perfectly  .•"tr.aii.dil.  >-()rt  to  ihi'  end.  where  it  is  somewhat  widened  and  i:roo\cd 
on  lop  ;  fiape  nairow.  not  rcachinir  hevond  lpi>e  of  cidmcn  ;  cai' nnder  <'ve  ; 
tiiiia'  feathered  not  <|nile  to  the  Jnint  :  tarsus  ;i  Utile  >h(irlcr  than  middle  toe 
and  daw  ;  Iocs  peitectl\    free.     <'ro\\n    Mack,  wilh  a   pale    middle    stripe; 

\y.w\i   v,'.rie(l    with    Mack,   Iniirht    h.iy  ami  tawny, 

the   latter    formiiitr   two  len;,'thwise  stripes  on  llu' 

scapulars;    neck  anil   hreast   speckled   with   lirown 

and  dusky  ;   liniiij,'  of  wind's  li.arred  with  Idack   iiid 

while;     tail    iisii.aliy   of    1'!    fciilhers,   iiarred   with 

Idack.    \vhite     and     cliesiiiiil  ;     sides    waved     with 

dusky  ;   lielly  dull  while  :  ipiilis  lil.ackisli.  the  outer 

uhite-ed^eil.      Lcni^lh  H-".  I  ;     wiii-rs    t  A-.')  [  :     hill 

alioiit   -M  ;   whole   naked    portion  of   le;;  ami    foot 

alioiil    ;i.     'I'his  is  the    jreimine    snijie,  of  nil    the 

liirds    loosidy  s(i    called;    its  name  of    "Knirlish" 

snipe    is  a  niisiion'.er,  as  it   is  indi<|enoiis  to    lhi.s 

coimtry,  and  distinct  from  any  Knropenn  species,  thoiiirh  ilosely  resemldini,' 

one  of  them.      ( )pen    wet    places  of    .North   .Amcrii.i,   a!    lart'c  ;     mi^iratory. 

Wil,.s.,  vi,  IS;  pi.   17.  f.   2;    .\i;rr.,  ii,  1S.'»:    .\!  i..,  v.  .l.'i'.i,  pi.  ;;.'')(>;    Cass. 

in   Hi).,  7tMI.     ,Srn/iii)ii.i-   tlniiniiinndi!   and    N.  tlninitusil   Sw.,  V.  II. -A.,  ii, 

401  ;   >'.  Iniciiriis  In..  //</./.  .'iol wii..so.\ii. 

204.    GcnuH    MACHOHIIAMriIU8    Loach. 
]ii'if-fin''i-''tril    Siii/if.      (,'rtii/  ,Siii/>r.      /Irmrn-fntrk.      Ihiiritili(  r.      \    very 
snipe-like  liird,  with  the  hill  ex.actly  as  in  d'ulliiin'/ii,  Iml  readily  ili.>liii;ruis|ieil 


fill.  Iltl.     .\Mli'i'ii':ili   Slll|<i'. 


i 


■a 


8roi,()i'\ni).r.,  snii'i:,  nc.  —  f.v.s.  201,  iOft. 


2r.3 


jX('iii'ric:ill\- :  IcL'^  Iniiir ;  (il>i;i'  liin'c  \i|n\;iiils  (if  J  111'  an  iiirli  ;  liirsns  luiifrcr 
tliMii  iiii<l<ll('  (lie  tiiitl  (law  ;  (iiilt-i'  ami  iiiiilillf  li>i>s  t'diitii't'li'il  liy  an  iviilt-nt. 
nicniliianc  ;  tail  nl'  1:.'  t'callicis.  Tail  and  it-  cnvcils.  at  nil  scasoii-i.  nmspif- 
ncnisjy  liarii'tl  with  MatU  and  wliilf  (nr  lawnv  )  ;  iinin;.'  i>\'  win;:-;,  and  axillaix, 
tli«'  siiMK' ;  <|  nills  dii.»l<y,  >lial't  nl'  lir>t  iiriiiiarv,  and  lips  (if  M'iondaiics  cxi  rpt 
\\w  liinir  inner  dncs,  while;  liill  ami  iVfl  irircnisji-lila"  k.  In  siininnr, 
Itniwni-li-Mack  alMivr.  vaiii'iralcd  willi  liay  :  liclnw.  Iimw  ni-li-rcd,  varir^'aled 
willi   dii^Ky  ;  a   lawny   >npiriiliaiy   stripe,  and  a  dark   one  iVniii   liill  to  eye. 


I'l>^    l>a.      I!i'<l   III'. I   li'.l  ^hi|>i'.   M  illi  I'inl  !>!'  I>'ll    rniln  iiIm'Vi'. 

Ill  winter,  plain  Lfray  aliove,  ami  on  tlie  lirea-l,  willi  lew  or  no  trace-:  ol" 
Mack  iind  liay,  tiie  helly.  Mm-  over  eyi',  and  under  eyilid.  while.  I(i-Il  ; 
wiiiLr  .'"-"'A:  l.'iil  -A:  hill  ahoiit  l']  ;  tarsii-*  11;  iniildle  toe  and  eliw  If. 
A  \aiiety  of  ihi^  hird  i>  ahiio-l  a  loot  loii'j-,  llie  hill  np\\ard  ol'  .'!  im  lies 
{  .]/.  .viu/iijiiKi  IIS  I,\wi;.,  ,\iiii.  I,\e.  lN."i-J.  I,  pi.  I;  ( 'as>.  in  IIil,  71:.'). 
North  Aineriea,  ;it  l.ir,Lre  :  ahimdanl,  ini^'ialoiy  ;  it  L'enerally  Hies  in  laii^e 
eoinpael  (locks,  like  the  sandpipers  and  -hore-hinis  L'eneiall\-,  rather  than 
siiiufly  or  in  wi>p^  like  tin'  true  snipi" ;  and  pict'ei'^  the  '-hore>  ol'  hay-,  and 
eslnarics,  iiisteail  ol'  wet  meadow^.  W'li,^.,  \ii.  l.'i,  pi.  .'iX,  I'.  I  ;  Ni  i  i,,  ii, 
l.si  ;  At  It.,  vi,   lt>,  pi.   ;i."il  ;  Cass,  in   I'.k.,  7  1  l' tiuisi;!  s. 


205.    OonuH    MICnorALAMA    Dnird. 

S/'lf  S'liiifjii'jii  r.  liill  inilcli  as  in  the  last  ijcniis,  hut  sliorler.  less 
evidently  widened  at  the  end  and  iiol  so  distinctly  I'm  rowed  on  lop,  .-.onic- 
tiiiies  pei<eptildy  curved  ;  Ic.'s  very  hiWir  :  tihia-  iiarean  inch;  tar-iis  .as  loiii.' 
as  the  hill,  holh  lA  -|:|;  t'eet  seinipahnale,  the  tiont  toe^  hein!/' eoniiected  hv 
two  evident  weli>;  niiddh-  toe  I.  l.emjlh  S  V  ;  winL'o;  tail  L' |  :  pliiinaL'e 
re.seiiihliiiL'  that  of  the  last  speci  .s,  its  chaiiL'es  the  same.  Adnit  in  siininier : 
ahovc  Idaekish,  each  leatlier  edi.'eil  ami  tipped  with  white  am'  tawny  or  lia>', 
which  on  till'  scapulars  heeonies  scalloped;  iiiiricniars  clie>hni!  ;  .i  dii>ii\- 
line  iVoin  hill  to  eye,  ami  .-i  liL'ht  rcddi-h  superciliary  one  ;  upper  tail  eoNcrts 
while  w  ith  dii-ky  hais  ;  priinarics  <ln-ky  w  ith  lilacki^h  tips  ;  tail  feathers  t-J, 
ii.sliy-^ray,  their  cilire  and  a  centr.il  lirld  while;  niider  parts  nii\ed  reddish, 
hliU-k  tiiitl  whitish,  in  streaks  mi  Ihi'  iiiLMihini,  eUew  here  in  hars  ;  liill  ami 
feet  <.'reenisli-hlack.  ^  (iimil'',  and  adult  in  wiiilir:  ashy-'jiav  ahoxc,  with  or 
wilhoiit  traces  I pf  hl.iek  ami  ha\  ,  the  leathers  ii-iially  w  ilh  while  ed;:inLr ;  line 
over  the  I'M'  and  nndri  pails  while,  the  iiiL'nInin  and  sides  ■-niriised  with  the 
color  of  the   hack,  and    streaked    wilh   dn--ky  ;    Icl's   iisiially   pale.      N.   .\iii.. 


254 


Sf'OI,OI'A(l|).T.,    SMPK,    V:\(\  —  (IKN.    L'(Ki,    207-211, 


jjciicrally  (li-pcrscil,  hul  Mppaicntly  nut  very  ('(iiniiiuii  jinywlicrr  ;  ^Vosl  Iiidios 
in  winter ;  U.  S.  <lin-inir  the  iniirraliiin<  ;  lii'i'cds  in  iii.iili  lulitmlcs.  Aid., 
V,  271,  pi.  :'.:il;  N'lTT..  ii,  \:\s,  IKt,  III  ;  Sw..  K.  i',.-A.  ii,  ;i7!t.  .".so,  |,|, 
(!(! ;  Cass,  in  i>i).,  72il;  CoiKs,  I'loc.  I'liila.  Acad,  istll,  171.   iiiMA.srori  s. 

200.    Gonus    EREUNETES    Illigor. 

Sciiii/rihii'i/i'l  S'lii'liii/i'r.  I'rcj).  I'dll,  tai'siis  and  niiddli'  toe  willi  its 
flaw,  ii/)(iii/  (M|ual  (()  I'acli  otlicr,  an  incli  or  liss  lonir,  l>iit  liill  very  \ari.'dilc, 
and  apt    to  he  sliortcr  —  rl-^  "•   i '"'I    scmipalniatc,   willi    two    csi 


i|.  nt 


i( 


Icn^lli  ")A-(I.^  ;  winir  ••i--' f  ;  ••'•''  2,  d()nl)ly  cinaririnatc,  the  central  I'callicrs 
pi-oJcctJMtr.  Adnll  in  sinnniiT:  ahovc  varici^atcd  witii  hiai'k.  I);iy,  and  ashy 
or  white,  (•;icli  leather  wilii  ;i  Itlack  lield,  reddish  ed-.'e  and  whitish  tip; 
rnnip,  and  upper  tail  coverts  except  the  lateral  onis,  ldai!<i>h  ;  tail  rcjithcr.s 
ashy-ur.iy,  llie  central  darker;   primaries  dusky,  the  shal'l  nl'  the  lirst  while; 

a  dusky  line  iVoni  hill  to  eye,  ami  a  white  siiix-naliary  lino; 

li(  low,  pure  white,  usually  rid'escent  on  tiie  hreasl,and  with 

^J^^^         more  or  less  dusky  specklinir  on  the  lliroal,  Itrcast  and  sides, 

V    ^""^   in  younir  hirds  usually  wanlini,';   in   winter  the  upper  parts 

mostly  plain  ashy-i^ray  ;   hut  in  any  plum.ii^e  and  under  any 

variation,  Ihi-  species  is  known  hy  its  small  si/e  .and 
lie:,  |..-..  seniipalniate  feet,  'i'lie  extreme  v.ariatioii  in  the  leniith  <d" 
the  hill  is  from  )t  to  1|,  or  St!  per  cent,  ol"  the  aver.a^re  (;).  N.  Am., 
cxcrywherc  an  ahundant  and  well  known  little  Itii'd,  thioniriiiir  our  lieaehes 
din'iuLr  till'  miiirutions.  'I'rhyjii  scnujinliii'ilu  \\'m,s.,  vii,  l.'!!,  pi.  (iil,  I'.  I; 
XiTT.,  ii,  l.'}(! ;  Ail>.,  v,  277,  pi.  .'5.'!(I ;  /■.'rcinicfrs  /n  /ri/i<(ifiis  ('ass.  in 
111).,  721  :  h\  piisi/fiis  C'oiKS,  IVoc.  I'liila.  Ac;ld.  ISC.l,  177.  \:w.  ncn'tfi'iifa/ia 
Lawk., /7>/V/.  18(11,  107  ;   Elliot,  pi.  11 rusiLns. 

207-11.    Gonus    TRINGA    Linnaeus. 

*  liill,  tarsus,  Mini  midilie  toe  willi  claw,  of  alioiit  enual  leiijrtli.  ( .1' ''»//-'i//(((.s'.) 
I  rpper  tail  c(i\ci(s  (cNcepI  llie  latenvl  series)  lilaek  or  \cry  <lark'  ln'own  ; 
jiii;'uhiiii  will)  an  ;isliy  or  lirownisli  suHiislon,  and  iliisky  slicaks. 

Liii.if  Siiiiiljii/ii  r.  I'ccj).  Smallest  of  the  sandpipers:  .')A-(! ;  wiiiij:  •>l— '>il  ; 
tail  2  or  less;  hill,  tarsus,  and  middle  toe  with  claw,  ai)out  '\  \  hill  l)la<'k  ; 
]('<;s  dusky-irreenish  ;  upper  parts  in  summer  with  each  leather  lilaekisli 
centrally,  edireil  with  lirii.dit  hay,  and  tippeil  with  ashy  or  white;  in  winter, 
and  in  the  younu',  simply  ashy  ;  quills  hiackish,  the  shaft  of  the  liist  white  ; 
l.ail  feathers  trray  with  whitish  eilires,  tln^  eenlral  liknkish,  usually  with 
reddish  cdi^'cs ;  crown  not  eniispicuously  diU'ereiil  from  hind  neck;  chestmit 
odufin^'s  of  scapulars  usually  scalloped ;  hclow,  white,  m.irked  as  ahovo 
sl.aled.  North  America,  very  ahumlant  ;  this  species  .and  the  last  tire  usually 
eoiit'ouuded  under  the  common  name  of  "  saiKlpccps,"  and  look  much  alike  ; 
hut  !i  irlance  at  the  Iocs  is  sullii'ient  to  distinirui>h  llieiii.  'I'riinia  niiiiKlilld 
Vidm.i.ot;  ('oiks,  I'roi-.  I'hila.  Acad,  isill,  l:i|  ;  '/'.  jiiisif/.i  Wii>.,  v,  IM, 
])\.'M,  f.  I;  At  I).,  V,  2S(t,  pi.  ;j;<7;  7'.  t,iii,ii/<i  Sw..  V.  H.-.\.,  ii,  :<S.'> ; 
NiTT..  ii,  11'.';   7'.  irilmml  Nri  r.,  ii,  121  ;  Cass,  in  lli>.,  721.     mini  rii.i.A. 


iill.    tai'sii^ 


iiid    mil' !!('    ten',    oliv  ioii-^lv    iinl    ol'    chiimI    IchljII 


i  'r;ilsii-<    ^lidilcr    tlinii    liiidillc    liif  ;     tiMn'    rr;illiriiM|.      (  Ai'/ini/illii.) 
/*iir/il('  Sinii/jti/if  r.     I>ill  little  Idiiiicr  llian  luMil,  iiiiicli  l()iii,f('r  lliaii  tar 


SIIS, 


Hlrai^lit  or  iifai'ly  sn;    liliial    l'catli('i'>    Iniii;-,   rciU'liiiiir  lo  the  Joint.  tli(iiii;li 


(lie  h'lrs  !irc  rcailv  Imrc  a  liltl< 


AC  ;  tarsus  siiortii'  than  micldif  ti 


.S-'.t  ;  wiiij;  ."•  ;  tail  I'n,  loiindt-d  ;  liill  I|  ;  tarsus  ',' :  middle  toe  1  or  a  little 
nion*.  Adult  :  aliovc  asliy-lilacU  with  purpli-h  and  \  ioht  iclicctions.  iuii>t  of 
tilt"  A-athii's  with  pale  or  white  "di.'ini;' ;  seeiuiilarii^  mostly  while:  line  over 
eye.  <'yelidr.,  and  under  pailx  while,  the   lireast   ami    jiiL^nlnni   ;;    pale   ea>t    of 


the  color  ol"  the   hai'k,   and  .-ides  luirked   with   the  san 


n   u  inter,   ani 


iiiosl   immature  l»irds,  the  enlurs  are  similar  Iml   imieh  duller:   ver\   Nouuir 


^r)!) 


i>(<)i,<ii'Ariii.i,,  sMi'i:,   Kii'.  —  <ii;N.   '207-211. 


,\lllrli<-ah  Mlllllill. 


Iiinls  h.ivf  tiiwiiy  cdiriiiL'-'  .•ilmvi',  mihI  die  mulllril  willi  asliy  Mini  dusky 
lii'lnw.  Alliiitii'  fii:i-i,  imIIict  (•ciiiiiinm.  N'rii.,  ii,  ll.'»;  Aid.,  v,  2(i1, 
Ji.'iii:  (ass.  in   I'.d.,  717 maimtima. 

)  \  'l';il>us  iiiil   sliiillcl'  tli:iM  liliilillc  tiic  ;    tilii;i'  Ipmic  licloW. 

■>-  liill  sliLililly  ilc(iil\«i|,  iiiiicli  liiii^fiT  tliiiii  liiisiis,     (I 'if  111  ml.) 

Aiiiiririiii  /hiiiliii.  Iilii<-l:-hfll!<il  Siiii(//i!/ifr,  lli il-lmi-hvil  Saiii/jiiju'r. 
O.iJiiril.  Itill  loii^M  r  lliiiii  licMil  III'  t:ii>iis.  ((Hiipn'^- I'd  mI  tlic  1i;im',  nillicr 
«l('|ii('.s.s('(|  ;il  tin-  riid.  Mini  ii-ii;dly  ti|>|>rfci:il>ly  dt'fiirvcd  ;  .s-H  ;  wiiiLT  M-.')  ; 
tail  2-'2\  ;  liill  U-l'}  :  liltiii'  Itiiri'  .liiciiit  .\  ;  liirsns  I  nr  ratlicr  iiKiri- ;  iiiiddio 
toe  iitid  claw  1  or  ralluT  less.  Adidi  in  ^nnmicr  :  aliovc.  clirslnul,  t'ach 
Italiici'  will)  a  ccnlnd   lilack    lii'ld,  and   ini»l   of  llu  in    w liili>li-ti|>|)i'd,  niiii|) 

and   n|>|n'r  tail   lovcrts  liiarUisJi,  tail 
Iratlicrs  and  wiiiu;  ('(ivcit-*  a.^li^-^^ray, 
y  (.y     y-,/.^    (|nills  dusky  witli  pale  slial'ls,  sccdiid- 

/iC''--  aii(  s  ni'islly  wiiili',  and  inner  j)!'!- 
iii:iii('s  cd^jcd  witli  tile  .•~anii' ;  under 
parts  wliilc,  Ittdly  witli  a  liinad,  jt't- 
liL'irU  ari',1,  iirc'isl  and  Jii^idiiiii 
lliirjviy  streaked  witli  dusky;  Mil 
and  I'eet  lila<'U.  Adult  in  winter,  and  yoiinu  :  alxive,  plain  a^liy-irray,  witli 
<lark  sliat'l  lines,  willi  nr  wiliiont  red  or  Id.iek  traces;  lielow  wliite,  little  or 
iin  tr.iee  of  lilaek  on  lielly  :  JiiL'iilnni  willi  tew  dii-ky  streaks  and  an  asliy 
HuH'iision.  N.  .\m.  Wii.s..  vii,  l'.'i.  pi.  .'iii,  I".  'J;  .'ill,  pi.  .'>7,  f.  .! ;  Ni  rr..  ii, 
KHl;  Aii>..  V,  L'litt,  pi.  ."i.'iJ  ;  Cass,  in  I'.u.,  7111.     ai.i'Ina  var.   amkkmana. 

•1-   K   Hill  iiiiu'li  ilceiiiM'd,  sli;^lilly  li)ii;j;ei'  tliaii  taisu-i.      (  Aiiriil.u-lu  ihis.) 

('iirli'ir  Siiinljiiitir.  Itill  Ioniser  than  lie.ad  or  t;iisiis,  eoiiipres>ed  tlii'oiiiih- 
oiit,  deeiirved  ;  size  ol"  tlie  last;  lei^s  loii^icr ;  tiliia'  liare  'f  ;  larsiis  1  .\  ; 
middle  to(;  and  elaw  under  all  iiieli ;  liill  almiit  \\.  Adidl  in  Miniiner: 
iihovo,  jjreeni.>li-lilaek,  eaeli  feather  tipped  and  eil^ied  with  ycdjow  isli-red  ; 
Itelow,  deep  lirow  nish-reil  ;  upper  tail  coverts  white  with  dusky  liars  ;  tail 
ashy-gray,  with  greenish  ghiss;  wing  coverts  a-liy  \vitli  reddish  edgings  and 
dusky  shaft  lines;  (|iiills  dusky,  the  shafts  whitish  along  their  central  pitr- 
lioii  ;  liill  and  feet  greenish-lilack.  Adult  in  winti'r,  and  yoiing;  similar; 
alio\e,  dniler  lilacki>li  with  little.  rc(ldi>li ;  lielow,  white,  more  or  less  Imtly- 
tinged,  the  jngiiliim  diisky-strctikcd.  Atlantic  coast,  extremely  rare,  little 
more  (liaii  a  straggler;  Kiimpe;  Asia;  Africa.  .\i  i  r,,  ii,  KM;  .\ii).,  v, 
L'C.i),  pi.  .i.i;? ;    Cass,  in   Hu.,  71S si  itAi;i;i  ata. 

•I-  -K  -H  liill  peiCectly  straijilil.    ( 'I'lin'i  i.) 

Jted-liii'iislcil  S<i iidjtiiii r.  ^\s/i-inhiii il  SiniiljiijKi'.  ( uii ii-lnuk.  Iiohln- 
t<iiijii\  Kiiiil.  I>ill  e(|nalliiig  or  r.itiier  exceeding  the  he.ad,  str.aighl.  coinpar- 
atividy  stout  ;  Iocs  evidently  shorter  than  tarsus;  large,  lO-l  1  ;  wing  l!-l!.i  ; 
tail  •l^^,  nearly  s(|iiarc  ;  liill  alioni  lA  {\ery  v.arialilc);  tarsus  !|;  middle 
toe  and  cl.aw  I  ;  liliia'  li.are  A  or  more.  Adnll  in  summer:  almve,  liidwnish- 
hlack,  i'a<h   feather  tippid  with  ;i^liy-while,  and   tinged  with   rcddi>li  on  the 


sror.oi'.vriD.r,,  sniim:,  kit.  —  iii;\.  Jl-',  2l;>. 


:)7 


sc.'i[)uliir.s ;  Itclcnv,  uiiilorin  l)rii\vuis!i-n(il,  miii-li  a-*  i:i  tin'  ndiiii,  I'uliii'^  into 
wliilc!  1)11  (111!  tliiiiks  iiml  crissuiii ;  ii|)|i;'r  t:iil  cdvitIs  w'lili'  willi  dnsUy  li.ics  ; 
tiiil  I'li.itlicrs  iiiid  si'cdiid.iric.s  i^r,iyi-*li-;Hli  willi  wliili' cil^cs ;  (|iiill-i  l)l;icki-ili, 
j^ray  oii  the  iiiiuT  wchs  ami  witli  wliili!  sinl'is;  liill  ami  ri-ct,  Mickish. 
Voiiii,;^:  al»(iv(!  clear  asli,  willi  uiiiin'i'diis  lilacl<-aiul-\vliiti'  si'inicinrli'H ;  liidnvv 
wliiti',  iiioro  or  loss  liii'^'cil  with  ri'iidi-ili,  diisUy-s|)(«clvl('d  mi  lircasi,  w.ivy- 
Iclrrrd  nil  sides.  Allantic  coast,  aluiiidant.  Wii.s.,  vii,  .itJ.  115,  pi.  ,'i7,  f.  2, 
.') ;   NiiTT.,  ii,  l:i"»;  Ai  d.,  v,  2'ti,  pi.  .'L'S  ;  C!vss.  in   IJu.,  71."».     .   iwiiri's. 


212.    Ooniis    CALIDRIS    Cuvior. 

Siiiidirliii'i.  Uiidih/  /'/iirff.  .\o  liiiid  toe;  otlicrwise,  loi-iu  exactly  as 
ill  'J'riii'/ii  proper;  7A— S  ;  wiiii^  lA-,");  tail  l'|  ;  liill  alutiil  1;  tarsus  1  or 
rather  less;    iniildli;  toe  .and  claw   J.     Adnll  in  siiniiner:    head,  neck  .and 

upper  parts  varied  witii  lilaek,  ashy  and  hri^lit, 
icildish;  liclow  iVoiii  tiie  hreast  [iiire  while;  tail 
i  xcept  central  feathers  lii^iit  ash,  nearly  white; 
primaries  j^'ray  with  Mackish  ed;,'es  and  tips,  the, 
.di!il"tsol"  all  and  liases  of  most,  while  ;  si'condaries 
while  exeepl  a  space  at  tlx^  end,  and  i^reater  coverts 
liroadly  while-tipped;  hill  and  I'eet  hlack.  Adult 
in  winter,  andyoiini;  :  littli;  or  no  rcddisli ;  speckled 
with  Mack  and  white,  or  ash  .and  wliite,  lielow 
white,  sometimes  tawiiy-lini.'ed  on  the  jni^nlnm. 
iN.  Am.,  coastwise,  jil.iindant.  Wii.s.,  vii,  M,  12!l,  pi.  .'»'.•,  f.  I  ;  pi.  t',.',,  f.  ;', ; 
Nirr..  ii,   I  ;  An..,  v,  2.S7,  pi.  'MS;  Cass,  in  I'.d.,  7--';'..     .     .     aim;n\uia. 


itiili'i'lin;,'. 


\ 


" 


213.  GonuH  LIMOSA  Brisson. 
(,'rc'i/  Miiihhd  (Jiiihi'H.  Murlln.  Tail  liarred  lliroiiL.'lioiit  with  Mack  ami 
rnfons  ;  riinii)  and  iipjier  tail  coverts  like  the  l>ack  ;  no  pure  white  anywhere. 
(Jeneral  pInmaLre  rnfons  or  cinnamoii-ln'owii ;  ludow,  nearly  unmarked  and 
of  very  variable  shade,  nsnall}'  deepest  cm 
the  liniii;^  of  the  wiiij^s  ;  above,  varieiialed 
with  black  and  brown  ori^ray  ;  (piills  rnfons 
and  black  ;  bill  tiesh  colored,  lai'i^ely  tipped 
with  black  ;  feet  dark,  liarii'e  ;  1(!-L'2  ;  wini,' 
about  il ;  tail  about  .'>A  ;  bill  t-ri,  irroovcd 
lu'jirly  to  the  end,  usually  sllijlilli/  reciirveil ; 
tibia-  bare  1-U;  tarsus  -M-.'M,  Maitellate 
before  .and  behind;  toes  1 1 ,  stout.  Tem- 
perate North  America,  abiindar.t ;  conspic- 
iions  by  its  si/e  .Mnd  i.iloratioii  anionic;  tlu) 
waders  that  tlironj;  the  siiores  and  muddy 
or  saiiily  bars  of  bayn  ami  estuaries  dnriiiij; 
till'  minriition  ;  breeds  in  the  IT.  >.  .as  well  as  northwartl.  ^Vll,s.,  vii,  'M),  pi. 
Til!,  f.  1  :   Ni  ir.,  ii,  I7;i ;  Ai  i>.,  v,  .'lol ,  pi.  .'!  IS  ;  Cass,  in  iio.,  7  10.     ikdda. 

kKY     III    N.    A.    IIIKllS.       :l;I 


Klii.  llW.     OlVMl  M:mIpIi'.|  (;,.,l«il. 


2;.M 


,»*((H.nrA(ii).i:,  .-Niri;,   i.k'.  —  nv.s.  :.'ll-'J|t!. 


\\7ii/t-f(iil<il  (luilirll.  'I'nil,  its  iipprr  cdviits  iiiid  riiiii|t,  wliitt',  luiricd 
lliroiiLrliiiiit  will)  liIiicU  :  licml,  im(  k  iiiid  uikIit  |mils  ni.s|y-n'il  in  tin*  iMrcdiiij? 
8(>iiH()ii,  ill  wiiilcr  \vliili>li;  iiImivc,  ;rnu isli-lirown,  the  IcmIIkis  with  darker 
rt'iili-cs,  ;Mid  lplarUi>ii  sjiiift  lines  ;  .-ides  and  eri>siiiii  witli  saijiltate  lilack  marks. 
Alidiit  liie  >i/e  lit'  the  la>t.  A  widely  di-liiliiited  (  >ld  Wiiild  siu'eies,  and  ;i 
very  near  relative  df  A.  rufn  ol'  lliiidiie,  lately  diseoveretl  ill  Alaska  (  hall). 
111).,  Trans.  Chieairo  Acad,  i,  ;>l'0,  111.  ;iL' iian'VoiAi.is. 

//inlsniiimi  or  Jiliirh-tdih'il  (I'liihri/.  Uliiij-luili  <l  Miirliii.  Tail  lilaek, 
lar;:ely  white  at  the  hase.  its  coverts  ninstlv  white  ;  ninip  lihn'kish  ;  liniiij,' ol" 
wiiiL's  extensively  Maeki.^h ;  under  parts  in  the  lireedini^  season  intense 
riil'oiis,  varie^Mted  (ehielly  iiarreil)  witlidnsky;  hi-ad,  iieek  ami  nppt'r  parts 
hrownish-Maek,  varieualed  with  .li'ray,  reddish,  and  nsiially  with  some 
whitish  speekliiiL;';  ((iiills  hlaekisli,  more  or  less  white  at  the  liase.  Voiin.n 
and  apparently  winter  speeimeiis  nuieh  jialer,  taw  ny  wliiti.-h  helow,  iiiort! 
<.'ray  aliove.  ("oiisiderahly  smaller  than  either  of  the  toreiroini,' ;  ahoiit  l.'i; 
wiiiiT '*^  or  less  ;  ''ill  '.\\  or  less;  t.arsiis  'IK  or  less.  North  Ameriea.  rather 
northerly,  apparently  not  eoinmoii  in  the  I'liited  States;  a  near  relative  of 
I.,  ivi/nrt jiliiilii  of  I'liirope.  >irTr.,  ii,  17');  A i  D.,  v,  .'!.") "),  [il.  .'ilD;  ("ass. 
in  Ui>.,  711 m.DSoxicA. 

214-10.    Gonus    TOTANUS    Dcchstoin. 

♦Toes  Willi  l'  Milii'(|ii;il  wi'tis  ;  l('i,'s  lijiiisii  ordaik.  (SijuiiiIk  min.) 
Wilhl.  /Si  iiii'/)(iliiiii/i(l  Tiillhr.  I'lill  straight,  comparatively 
stout,  irrooved  little  if  any  more  than  half  its  leiifitii  :  toes 
with  two  eonspieiions  li.asal  wchs;  li'-l(i;  winjr  7-S  ;  tail 
.  2A-;> ;  hill  or  tarsus  l'--_'-J  ;  tihia-  hare  1  or  more  ;  inlddlo  loo 
and  claw  \\--2.  In  slimmer,  j:ray  aliove,  with  numerous 
hlaek  marks,  white  hclow,  tlio  jii<.Milnm  streaked,  the  lireast,  sides  and 
erissnm  Itarred  or  with  arrow-shaped  marks  of  dusky  (in  winter,  and  in 
3'()Uii<^  liirds  all  these  dark  marks  few  or  waiitiiii:-,  except  on  Jiiirnlnni)  ;  upper 
tail  coverts,  most  of  the  secondaries,  :iiid  liasal  half  of  primaries,  white; 
ends  of  primaries,  their  coverts,  liiiiiiLT  of  winirs,  and  axillars,  hiaek  ;  hill 
hliiish  or  dark.  Ti'mpenite  X.  Am.,  ahniid.ant  ;  resident  in  the  l'.  S.,  con- 
spicuous in  till!  marshes  of  the  Atlantic  coa>t.  ^^■||.s.,  vii,  •_'7,  pi.  ."ifi,  f.  ."•  ; 
Nrrr.,  ii,  Ml  ;  Aud.,  v,  .">-'!,  [)l.  .■!I7  ;  Cass,  in  \\u.,  7211.  sK.MirAi.MArA. 
••Toes  wilii  inner  wel)  vi'i'y  small;  leiis  yi'llow  or  jireeii.  [(,'liillis.) 
(I'red/ir  '/Vll-Zuli'.  (I'rcufir  ydtmr-.s/idii/i's.  S/oiic-siii/ir.  'I'nllUr.  liill 
slr.'iiirht  or  sliuditly  lieiit  upward,  very  slender,  irrooved  lial!"  !•  :  leiiirtli  or 
less,  lilaek  ;  leys  loni;' and  slender,  yellow.  In  summer,  a-^liy-lircwn  abovo 
varied  with  hiack  and  speekh'd  with  whitish,  Ixdow  white,  jn^Milnm  streaked, 
!ind  lireast,  sides  :ind  crissmii  speckled  or  harred,  with  Mackisli,  these  Latter 
marks  fewer  or  wanting.'  in  winter  and  in  the  yoiinj:' ;  njiper  tail  coverts  wliiti^ 
with  dark  liars;  tail  featlu-rs  marhled  or  liarred  w  itli  ashy  or  white  :  (|iiills 
hlaekisli.  Iiar,u;e;  leiiylh  over  \1\  winir  over  7;  tail  .'!  or  more  ;  liill  i' or 
oiH' ;   l;irsiis  ;d)oiit  l'.\  ;  middh-  toe  and  claw   1'.  :  tiliia-  hare  lA.      N.  .Vm., 


m 


^^ 


scoi.oi'AciD.K,   sxiim;,   inc.  —  (IKN.    I'll-'JUi. 


■J.V.t 


ahiindiiiit,  mi^niloiT  ;  liUf  llic  lust,  a  rollcss  iini>y  ilciii/cii  dl"  llic  maislics, 
liavs  and  fsliiaiics.  Wii.s.,  vi,  .'tT,  pi.  .'iS  ;  Ni  ir.,  ii,  1  IH  ;  .\i  d.,  v,  .'Utl, 
pi.  .'il'i;  Cass,  ill  I'.d.,  7.">1 Mr.i.AMti.Kict  s. 


I'm.  ITii.    ihiMtiT  •|Vllt:ili'. 

Ar.s'.sT/'  'rtll-liilc.  Yilliiir-sh:'  l:s,  A  iiiiiiial lire  (pf  tlic  last  ;  colors  prc- 
cisclv  the  same;  Icii's  coinparativcly  loiiucr ;  l)ill  u'l'oovcij  I'atiu'r  fiirtluT. 
Ii('ii;;tli  iiiulcr  1 1' ;  \viii;r  iiiidcr  7;  lail  iindiT  ;> :  liill  under  2  ;  tarsus  alioiil  -* ; 
middle  (oe  and  elaw,  and  liare  liliia,  ea<li,  Ij.  Kaslerii  (and  Western?) 
N.  Am.,  ahundant,  in  tiie  same  places  ;is  the  last.  Wii.s.,  vii,  T*.'),  pi.  <u  ; 
NiTi'.,  ii,  l.")2;  Ai  I).,  V,  .U.".,  pi.  .  ">  I  I  ;  Cass,  in  IiD.,  T.'.l'.   .     .     ri,AVii'i:s. 

(irciii-x/iiiii/.-s.  Si/e  and  I'onu  alinost  exact  l\-  as  in  tlie  last  species;  hill 
lonirer,  alioiit  L'l  ;  colors  nearly  the  same,  liut  bill  and  U'<x-i  tfrccuis/i ;  rump 
and  lower  liack,  as  \V(dl  as  the  tail  and  its  coverts,  white,  with  more  or  fewer 
darU  m:irl;s.  I'Morida.  7'.  i/lo/lis  Aid.,  v,  ."iiM,  pi.  .")I(I;  Ni  rr.,  ii,  <!S  ; 
(i'/ii///s  /[■iriil<nins  {'\<s.  in  Hi».,  T.'iO.  There  is  no  reason  to  suppose  that 
this  bird  is  any  Ihiii'j;  nnn-e  than  a  strairu'ier  to  this  country;  .Viidulion's 
sijccimcii  is  ahsohilely  idi'iilical  with  I'liiroixMii    ones.    .      .      .     ciii.ouoi'i  s. 

***'r<K's    with    iimci'   wch    iiidiiiu'iitai  y  ;     ii'L;'s    lilackisli.     ( A'/('/i(i'i)y</((7i(.v,) 

Siillldri/  'I'lilllcr.  liill  perfectly  straiirhl,  very  slender,  ixroove(l  little  lieyond 
its  middle;  N-1) ;  wiiii,' .">  ;  tail  'IS;  hill,  tarsus,  and  middle  toe,  eai'h  ahout 
1-1  I  ;  lihia'  han^  ri-  Hark  lustrous  (dive-hrown,  streaked  cm  the  head  and 
nock,  elsewhere  tiindy  speckled,  with  whitish  ;  Ixdow,  white,  Jiiguluni  and 
sides  of  neck  with  hrownish  suirusion,  and  dusky  streaks  ;  rump  and  upper 
tail     coverts     like    the     hack;     tail, 

axillars  and   liiiiiiir  <>f   wiii,i:~i  hcauti-  >^J^.^fv5r,rafc. 

fullv  harre.I  with  hiack  .ami  white;  ^mja  ^-  ■■L  •'>^&d'^!^-  ^^^ 
(piills  entirely  hiackish  ;  hill  and  feel 
hlackish ;  yoiini,'  duller  ahove,  ic^s 
speckled,  juiruhim  mcM'idy  sull'iised 
with  iirayish-hrown.  \.  America, 
ahuiidant,  mij^ratory  ;  a  shy,  ipiiet  inhahitant  of  wet  woods,  moist  meadows 
and  seeluiled    pools,   rather  than  of  Ihe  marshes ;    hreeds    in    mountainous 


I'M..  171.     >..lil:irv  ■I'.itlliT. 


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SCOLOPACIDvi:,    SNIPE,    ETC. — OEN.    217,    218,    219. 


217.  Genus  TP.ITTGOIDES  Bonaparte. 
Spotird  Sdiitljtiper.  V>\\\  sliort,  straight,  grooved  nearly  to  tip;  7-8; 
■\ving  about  \  ;  tail  about  2;  bill,  tarsus  and  middle  toe,  each,  about  1. 
Above,  olive  (quaker-color ;  exactly  as  iu  a  cuckoo)  ^vitll  a  coppery  lustre, 
iinely  varied  -with  l)lack  ;  line  over  eye,  and  entire  under  parts,  pure  white, 
with  numcroMS  sharp  circular  black  spots,  larger  and  more  crowded  in  the  9 
than  in  the  ^  ,  entirely  wanting  in  very  young  birds;  secondaries  broadly 

white-tipped  and  inner  primaries  with  a 
■\vhitc  spot;  most  of  the  tail  feathers  like 
tlu!  back,  with  subterminal  black  bar  and 
Avhitc  tij);  bill  pale  yellow,  tipped  Avith 
black  ;  feet  flesh-color.  N.  Am.,  extremely 
al)uiulant  everywhere  near  water,  and 
breeding  throughout  the  country ;  famil- 
iarly known  as  the  sandlark,  peetwect,  teetcr-tail,  tip-up,  etc.,  these  last 
names  being  given  in  allusion  to  its  habit  (shared  by  allied  species)  of 
jetting  the  tail  as  it  moves;  a  custom  as  marked  as  the  continual  bobbing  of 
the  head  of  the  solitary  tattler  and  others.  Nest  a  slight  ail'air  of  dried 
grasses,  on  the  ground,  often  in  a  field  or  orchard,  but  generally  near  water  ; 
eggs  4,  pointed,  creamy  or  clay  colored,  blotched  with  blackish  and  neutral 
tint.  AViLS.,  vii,  fiO,  pi.  59,  f.  1  ;  Nutt.,  ii,  102;  Auo.,  v,  ?,m,  pi.  342; 
Cass,  in  Bd.,  735 jiaculahius. 


Fki.  17-'.     Siiotluil  >aiHliiiiicr. 


'     ' 


218.     Genus    PHILOMACHUS    Moehring. 

^".f  {$)•  li^'ei'e  (9).  Bill  straight,  about  as  long  as  the  head, 
grooved  nearly  to  tip;  gape  reaching  behind  culmen ;  outer  and  middle  toe 
webbed  at  base,  inner  cleft;  tail  barred  ;  $  in  the  breeding  season  with  the 
face  bare  and  beset  with  papilkv,  and  the  neck  Avith  an  extravagant  ruif  of 
elongated  feathers;  plumage  endlessly  variable  in  color;  about  10;  Aving 
Oi-7  ;  tail  2i-3 ;  bill  l\;  tarsus  l;f;  middle  toe  and  claAvl^;  9  smaller, 
the  head  fully  feathered,  and  no  ruff.  A  Avidely  distributed  bird  of  the  Old 
World,  noted  for  its  pugnacity;  occasionall}'  killed  on  the  coast  of  Xcav 
England  and  the  ^liddle  States;  some  half  dozen  instances  are  recorded. 
Nutt.,  ii,  131;  Cass,  in  Bd.,  737;  Laaa-u.,  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  1852,  220 
(Long  Island)  ;  Bkeavsteu,  Am.  Xat.  vi,  306  (Massachusetts).  .    pugnax. 


219.  Genus  ACTITURUS  Bonaparte. 
Bartmmiua  Sandpiper.  Iplaiid  Plover.  Field  Plover.  Bill  straight, 
about  as  long  as  the  head,  grooved  i  its  length,  the  gape  very  deep, 
reaching  nearly  to  beloAv  the  eyes,  the  feathers  extending  on  the  upper 
mandible  beyond  those  on  the  loAver,  Avhich  do  not  till  the  interramal  space  ; 
tail  very  long,  more  than  half  the  Aving,  graduated ;  tarsi  much  longer  than 
the  middle  toe  and  claw ;  tibiiv  bare  nearly  the  length  of  the  latter ;  length 
11-13;  Aving   (i-7  ;   tail   3-4;    bill   1-1  j  ;    middle  toe  and  chiAV  the  same; 


1 


■thhtii 


scoLorACiDui:,  snu'k,  ktc.  —  gex.  220,  221. 


2G1 


tarsus  about  2.  AIjovc  l)lackisli,  Avith  a  slight  grocui.-li  rciloctiou,  varie- 
gated Avith  tawny  aiul  wlii(i.-<Ii ;  l)cl()\v,  pale  tawny  of  viiryiiig  shade, 
bleaching  on  throat  and  belly  ;  juguhun  with  streaks,  breast  and  sides  with 
arrowheads  and  1)ars,  of  blackish;  axilhirs  and  lining  of  wings  pure 
white,  black-I)arrcd  ;  quiils  blackish,  with  Avhite  bars  on  the  inner  wchs ; 
tail  varied  with  ta\t-ny,  lilack  and  white,  chiclly  in  bars;  bill  and  le.fo  pale, 
former  black-tipped.  N.  Am.,  abundant,  migratory;  a  highly  esteemed 
game  bird  found  usually  in  Hocks,  in  fields,  not necessarily  near  water; 
feeds  chiefly  on  insects.  WiLS.,  vii,  03,  pi.  5!),  f.  2;  Aid.,  v,  248,  pi. 
327;   Nltt.,  11,  108 ;   Cass,  in  Bu.,  737 uautramils. 


220.    Genus    TRYNGITES    Cabanis. 

Birfl'-Jircaslcd  tSduilpipcv.  Bill  extremely  small  and  slender,  appearing 
the  mon;  so  because  of  the  extension  of  the  feathers  on  its  base  —  on  the 
upper  mandible,  quite  to  the  nostrils,  nevertheless  not  reaching  nearly  so  far 
as  on  the  sides  of  the  lower,  and  the  interramal  space  completely  tilled  ; 
gape  reaching  beyond  l)ase  of  culmen  ;  basal  wcl)l)ing  of  toes  rudimentary, 
hardly  noticeaI)le ;  tail  rounded,  with  projecting  central  featiicrs ;  7-8; 
Aving  b-i^}\  ;  tail  2.[  ;  tarsus  1  j  ;  middle  toe  and  claw,  and  bill,  uiulcr  an  inch. 
Quills  largely  white  on  the  inner  wel),  and  with  beautiful  black  marbling  or 
mottling,  l)est  seen  from  below;  tail  unbarred,  gray,  the  central  feathers 
darker,  all  with  sublerminal  black  edging  and  white  tips;  crown  aiul  upper 
parts  blackish,  the  feathers  with  whitish  and  tawny  edging,  especially  on  the 
Avings ;  sides  of  the  head,  neck  all  round, 
and  under  parts,  pale  rufous,  or  fawn  color, 
speckled  on  the  neck  and  breast  Avitli  dusky  : 
bill  black;  feet  greenish-yellow.  X.  Am., 
generally  distributed  in  o[)en  oiiutry,  but 
apparently  not  abundant;  a  remarkable  bird 
l)oth  in  form  and  coloration,  in  the  latter 
respect  somewhat  resend)ling  the  foregoing,  Avith  Avhich  it  shares  many 
habits.   NuTT.,  ii,  113  ;  Aud.,  v,  2i)  I,  pi.  331  ;  Cass,  in  llu.,  73'J.    Ki  tksckns. 


IinlV-l>rca>t('(l  s.iinlpiin'i-. 


\ 


221.    Genus    HETEROSCELUS    Baird. 

Wamlen'n;/  Taltler,  Bill  straight,  stout,  compressed,  grooved  about  n  'Is 
length,  gape  reaching  beyond  base  of  culmen  ;  legs  rather  short,  rugous, 
reticulate,  scutellate  only  in  front  of  the  tarsus;  outer  toe  with  an  evident 
basal  Aveb,  inner  Avith  a  rudimentary  oiu- ;  lOA  ;  Aving  Gi  ;  tail  .")[  ;  bill  \h  ; 
tarsus  \\  ;  tail  unbarred  ;  plumage  variable,  generally  uniform  plumheons- 
gray  above,  bcloAV  white  shaded  on  breast  and  sides,  or  barred  on  the  latter, 
Avith  the  color  of  the  upper  })arts.  A  species  of  almost  universal  disdjhiition 
on  the  coasts  and  'slands  of  the  Pacilic,  described  under  at  least  twelve 
ditlerent  names,  Avithout  counting  its  various  generic  appellations.  //. 
brevipe.'i  Cass,  in  Bd.,  734 incams. 


262 


SCOLOl'ACID.T.,    SMPK,    ETC. — OEX.    222. 


Fir,.  171.     I.mig-liill.il  (  uilfw. 


222.    Genus    NUMENIUS    Linnocua. 
L<ii)ij-l>ille(l  (Jiirleir.     tSirh-h-hiH.     VnW  of  cxfnnno  lunirth  ami  ciirviiliiro, 
moasiu'iiig  IVoin  5  to  8  or  '.)  inches  ;    total  length  about  2  fcot ;  wing  a  foot 
or   loss;    tail    aI)out   4   inches;     tarsus    2A-2:i',    scutcUatc   only   in    front. 

I'hnnagc  very  similar  to  that  of  the  godwit ; 
prevailing  tone  rufous,  of  varying  intensity  in 
dilferent  i)irds  and  on  dillercnt  parts  of  the  same 
I)ird,  usually  more  Intense  under  the  wing  than 
elsewhere ;  below,  the  juguluin  streaked,  and 
tlie  ijreast  and  sides  with  arrow-heads  and  bars, 
of  ihisKy  ;  above,  variegated  witii  blacli,  cspoei- 
allv  on  tlie  crown,  back  and  winffs ;  tail  barred 
tliroughout  with  Idack  and  rufous ;  secondaries 
rufous  ;  piiniaries  l)lackish  and  rufous  ;  no  pure  white  anywhere  ;  liill  bhick, 
tiie  under  nrindilile  llesli  colored  for  some  distance;  legs  dark.  Teuipcrato 
X.  Am.,  aliundant  ;  breeds  in  tlie  U.  S.  "WiLS.,  viii,  23,  pi.  ()4  ;  Xurr., 
ii,  itt;  All).,  vi,  o.l,  pi.  .')r),j  ;  Cass,  in  \\\^.,  71.'].  .  .  .  loxciiuo.stuis. 
HndKonhin  dnvJew.  'Jack  (JnrJeir.  ]>ill  medium,  .'3  or  -1  inches  long; 
length  1(1-18;  wing  0  ;  tail  oA  ;  tarsus  2.j-2i.  Plumage  as  in  last  species 
in  pattern,  but  general  tone  much  paler;  quills  barred.  X'.  Am.,  abundant; 
breeds  in  liritish  America;  U.  S.  ehielly  during  the  migrations.  Sculojxix 
f)orc'(ih's  WiLS.,  vii,  112,  pi.  oO  ;  A''.  tnleniu-iJuoi  X'ltt.,  ii,  100.  Auu.,  vi, 
42,  pi.  .')")(!;  X'rJT.,  ii,  i)7  ;  Cass,  in  Bn.,  744.  ....  iiudsonicl'S. 
EscfilnidHX  Ciirleir.  Dowj/i-bird.  Bill  small,  under  i5  inches  long; 
length  12-1.5  inches  ;  Aving  under  !) ;  tail  3  ;  tarsus  2.  IMumago  in  tone  and 
pattern  almost  exactly  as  in  the  last  species,  but  averaging  more  rufous, 
especially  uuilcr  the  wings,  and  primaries  not  bar.ed.  X.  Am.,  abundant ; 
distribution  much  as  in  the  last  species.  Swaixs.,  Fn.  B.-Am.,  ii,  378,  pi. 
(!,5  ;  XiTT.,  ii,  101;  All).,  vi,  45,  pi.  357;   Cass,  in  Bd.,  744.     uouealis. 

,St(bor(Jer  IIJJJIODIOXES.     Herons  and  their  Allies. 
The  character  of  this  group  lias  been  indicated  on  p.  240. 

Family  TANTALID^.    Ibises.    Spoonbills. 

t'nih'r  fills  head  I  associate  the  ji,onci'a  TantnlKfs,  I'/Kfaha  and  Iln's,  with  its 
subdivision.'^ ;  all  of  these,  especially  the  Ih'st,  are  very  nearly  related  to  the  storks 
(Cicoiiiiilii)  ;  the  la.-;t  two  airpce  more  closcl^y  with  each  other,  in  the  rcinarkai)le 
smalliiess  of  the  foiiiiiie,  anil  other  characters.  In  all,  the  iiterylosis  is  more  or 
less  completely  stork-like.  The  iiead  is  more  or  less  perfectly  ban^  of  feathers  in 
the  ailult  stale,  downy  in  yoiniii'.  IJiids  of  meiliuni  ami  Aery  large  size,  long- 
legged,  long-necked  and  sinali-ljodied,  like  the  cranes,  storks  and  herons,  with 
ample,  more  or  less  rounded  wing-;,  o.  which  tlie  inner  quills  are  very  large;  tail 
very  short,  usually,  if  not  always,  of  12  broad  rectrices;  tihiic  bare  for  a  long 
distance  ;  tarsi  retiiailate,  or  seutellate  in  front  only  ;  toes  four,  the  anterior  webbed 


J 


tantalum:,  ir.iSES,  spooxiulls.  —  okx.  224,  22')-(). 


2G3 


iit  liiiso,  tlio  liimlor  IcngtliciiPil  nml  iii-;orleil  low  down,  m-^  in  stork-;  n\\<\  liorons  (not 
I'nuu's)  ;  niiildlc  cbuv  not  pcftinutc  iis  in  the  lieron-i.  Cliiclly  huMi-ilrinc  nml  pnlns- 
trinc  inliabitiints  of  tlic  warnu'i'  p;irls  of  tliu  glulju,  fuelling  on  lish,  i('i)tilt's  and 
otliiT  animals.  Tlio  sexes  are  alike ;  tlic 
yonng  ilillerent.  The  inaniCest  niodilicMtion 
of  the  hill  is  the  prineipal  external  character 
of  the  three  sublaniilles  into  which  the  group 
is  ilivigihle. 

Stihfuuuhj    TAXTALIX^i:.      Wimil  Ibises. 

lUU  long,  extremely  stont  at  base,  where 
it  is  as  broad  as  the  face,  gradnally  lapeving 
to  the  deenrvod  tip,  withont  nasal  groove  or 
membrane,  the  nostrils  direetl}'  perforating 
its  snl)stance.  One  genns  and  three  or  four  '. 
species  of  America,  Africa,  Soutliern  Asia,  z;^- 
and  part  of  the  East  Indies.  '^y 

224..  Genus  TANTALUS  Linnocus. 
Wood  This.  Adult  Willi  head  and  '■■'"•'"■'•  "-"i"''^- 
part  of  the  nook  naked,  cornigalo,  Mulsh;  logs  bhio  ;  bill  pale  groonish  ; 
plumage  entirely'  white,  oxcopling  tlie  quills,  tail,  primary  coverts  and  alula, 
which  arc  glos.sy  black;  J'oung  with  the  head  downy-fouthered,  the  pluniago 
dark  gray,  the  quills  and  tail  blackish  ;  about  4  foot  long ;  wing  18-20 
inches;  bill  8-1);  tarsus  7-8.  Wooded  swampy  places  in  the  Southern 
states,  X.  to  Ohio  and  the  Carolinas,  W.  to  tlie  Colorado,  aiiimdant ;  grega- 
rious;  nests  in  trees  and  bushes.  AViLS.,  viii,  .'511,  i)l.  (ill;  Xirr.,  ii,  82; 
AuD.,  vi,  (51,  pi.  o()l ;   liu.,  (!S2 loctlatou. 

Snhfmnihj   IJilDIX^E.     Ibises. 

Bill  long,  very  slender,  curved  thnjughont,  and  grof)veil  nearly  or  quite  to  the 
tip  (thus  closely  resembling  a  curlew's).  There  are  al)Out  twenty  species  of  iiiises, 
among  which  minor  details  of  form  vary  considerably,  nearly  every  one  of  them 
having  been  made  the  tyjieof  some  genus.  They  probably  iorm  two  genera,  1  bis,  with 
the  tarsi  scutcllate  in  front,  and  (u'lrintirus.  with  the  legs  entirely  reticulate.  Our 
si)ecies  vary  in  the  nakedness  of  the  head,  which  in  one  is  little  more  tiian  in  the 
liorons,  and  in  none  is  it  complete,  as  in  tlu'  preceding  and  following  genus. 

225-6.  Genus  IBIS  Moohring. 
Gl'isst/  JhiK,  riinnago  rich  dark  chestnut,  changing  to  glossy  dark  green 
with  pur[)lish  rellections  on  the  head,  wings  and  elsewhere;  l)ill  d;uk  ; 
young  similar,  much  duller,  or  grayish-brown,  especially  on  the  head  and 
neck,  Avhieh  arc  white-streaked.  Claws  slender,  nearly  straight  ;  head  bare 
only  about  the  eyes  and  between  the  forks  of  the  jaw.  Length  al)out  2  feet ; 
wing  10-11;  tail  4;  l)ill  4i  :  tarsus.".,!;  niiddio  too  and  claw  .3.  V.  S., 
generally  but  irregularly  dislriI)utod,  chieiiy  soidhorly  and  especially  coast- 
wise;  N.  casu;dly  to  Xow  Kngl.md.  Bonai'.,  Am.  Orn.  iv,  2.'!,  pi.  2."); 
NiTT.,ii,8.S:    All).,  vi,  .')(),  ."iriS  :    Ud.,  OS.").     .     iai.cinkli.us  var.  okdii. 


^ 


2G4 


T.VNTALID.K,    HUSKS,    SPOONIJIIXS. — OKV.    227. 


U'li/'/c  Jf/is.  IMiiniaiiro  pure;  wliito,  outer  priiuiirios  tipped  with  jrlossy  black  ; 
l)ill  iiiid  feet  reildisii ;  yDiiiig  didl  hrown  or  j,n'ay,  the  logs  I)Iiii.sli,  the  bill 
yellowish.  Ciuws  curved ;  lace  iuul  tliroat  l):ire  in  tiie  adidt.  Si/.e  of  tlio 
last  or  rather  larger ;  bill  7  ;  tarsus  -1.  South  Atlantic  and  Gulf  States, 
casually  \.  to  Long  Island  {Lawveacc).  AVils.,  viii,  43,  pi.  tlG  ;  Nutt., 
ii,  .SO;   All).,  vi,  r)t,  pi.  oGO  ;  Ud.,  G8-1 \lba. 

Scdrh't  Ih!<.  Pluniage  rich  scarlet,  outer  prinmries  tipped  with  glossy 
black;  bill  and  feet  reddish.  Young  ashy-gray,  darker  above,  paler  or 
whitish  below.  Size  and  proportions  nearly  as  in  the  last  species.  Tropical 
America;  accidental  in  the  U.  S.  (Louisiana;  seen  at  a  distance,  not  \)Yo- 
cuvcd,  ^l  III  I  nfjon  ;  Rio  Grande,  fragment  of  a  specimen  examined.  Cones.) 
WiLS.,  viii,  41,  pi.  (Jl! ;  Xutt.,  ii,  b4  ;  Aud.,  vi,  oo,  pi.  ',>')\) ;  IJu.,  ()83.  uubua. 

SiiJifii  in  //.'/    I 'LA  1\  1 1.  ETWE.      Spoonhilh. 

Uill  loii^-.  jiorfoctly  Hat.  roiiiarl\al>ly  widened,  r<nui(l('d  and  siioon-sliaped  at  the 
end.  JJirds  of  this  j^roni)  are  known  at  a  glance,  I)y  tlio  sin;4ularity  of  liie  liill ; 
tluy  closely  resemble  llie  foregoinj^'  in  structure  and  luibil.  One  genus,  with  five  or 
six  species  of  vari(jus  countries. 

227.    Genus    PLATALEA    Linnoeus. 

I'lOxeate  SpooihiU.  In  full  plumage  rosy-red,  whitening  on  nock  ;  lesser 
wing  coverts,  tail  coverts,  and  lower  throat  crimson  ;  tall  brownish-yellow ; 
legs  pale  carmine  ;  bare  headyoUowish-groon,  with  a  dark  stripe  ;  bill  mostly 
grayish-blue.  Young  with  the  head  mostly  feathered,  colors  nmch  less  vivid 
(no  crimson)  ;  tail  rosy  ;  in  an  early  stage  probably  grayish.  Length  about 
30 ;  wing  14-15  ;  tail  4-5  ;  tarsus  4 ;  bill  G-7.  South  Atlantic  and  Gulf 
states,  X.  casually  to  the  Carolinas  and  X:itclicz  {Audubon)  ;  common  ; 
gregarious;  breeds  on  trees  and  busiies  in  the  wooded  swamps.  Wir.s.,  vii, 
123,  pi.  02;  Xutt.,  ii,  71);  Aud.,  ii,  72,  pi.  3()2  ;  Bu.,  G8(5.     .     .     ajaja. 

Family  ARDEIDiE.    Herons. 

It  is  in  this  family  that  powder-down  tracts  (p.  4.  §  0)  roach  their  liigliest 
develi)[)ment ;  and  althuniih  tlii'se  pecailiar  feathers  occur  in  some  other  birtls, 
there  ap|)ears  to  be  then  only  a  single  jiair;  so  that  the  presence  of  two  or  more 
pairs  is  probably  diagnostic  of  this  family.  In  the  genus  Ardea  and  its  innnedi.itc 
allies  there  are  three  pairs,  the  normal  number;  one  on  the  lower  back  over  the 
hills,  one  on  the  lower  belly  under  the  hijis,  and  one  on  the  breast,  .along  the  track 
of  the  fnrcnla.  In  the  bitterns,  the  second  of  these  is  wanting.  In  the  boat-billed 
heron,  Cunrroma  cochlpnn'a.,  there  is  still  another  pair,  over  the  shoulder  blades. 
There  are  other  plerylographic  characters;  in  general,  the  tracts  (p.  C>,  §  ',))  arc 
extremely  narrow,  often  only  two  feathers  wide ;  there  are  lateral  neck  tracts;  the 
lower  nock  is  fro([nently  bare  behind.  ISIoi'o  obvious  ch.aractors  are,  the  conii)letc 
foathering  of  the  head  (as  comijared  with  storks,  etc.)  except  definite  nakedness  of 
the  lores  alone  —  the  bill  a|ipoaring  to  run  directly  into  tlu;  oyos ;  a  general 
looseness  of  the  i)lnmage  (as  compared  with  Liiiiimhr),  and  especially  the  frecpient 
development  of  remarkably  lengthened,  or  otherwise  modified,  feathers,  constituting 


r 


ARDEID.K,    IIKiiONS. 


265 


tlio  hi'itiitiriil  orosls  and  dorsal  plimips  that  ornament  inanv  spocios,  liut  wliicli,  as  a 
rule,  arc  worn  onlj'  diirinij;  tlic  lnccMlin;;'  season.  Tlicsc  fcatni'i's  will  snilico  to  dctcr- 
niiiii'  tlio  ArilriiJii',  taken  in  connection  witli  tiie  more  ffcneral  ones  indicated  under 
head  of  Ili'rodi'iiii's.  and  the  details  iiiven  lieyond. 

Tiie  lioat-liiiled  lieron  of  Central  America,  witli  a  siiiijnlar  shape  of  the  bill  that 
has  sn;j;Lrested  the  name,  and  tlie  fonr  i)airs  of  p(^wder-down  tracts,  constitutes  one 
snl)iamily,  ('(Hicrfimi,!"'.  Tlie  still  more  reinarkahle  liaJifiun jis  rex,  of  Al'riea,  with 
an  cMornious  head  and  liill,  tliielc  neck,  and  ono  pair  of  such  tracts,  is  probalily 
assinn;\lile  iieri'  as  a  second  snl)lamily,  Hild'niri'pinir  ;  but  it  ap|)roaches  the  storks, 
and  may  ibrni  a  se[)arate  intermediate  family.  Tlie  disputed  vtxtiOi  <A'  Jiln'iiorlirliifi, 
EKi'i/pi/i/d  and  Scn/in^i  have  l>een  already  nieiiti()ne(l  ;  those  liv(^  forms  aside,  the 
herons  all  fall  in  the  siucrle 


Siihfain:iii  AUDEIX^E.     Tmc  Ifcm,,.-^. 

]>ill  l()ni;er  than  head,  straight,  or  very  nearly  so,  more  or  less  compressed,  acute, 
cnltrate  (with  shar[)  cut liuu:  edii'es)  ;  npiier  mandible  with  a  lonj:;  e;roovc  ;  nostrils 
more  or  less  liueai'.  pervious.  IIcikI  narrow  and  clonuate,  slopinit  down  to  the  bill, 
its  sides  llatteneil.  Lores  naked,  rest  of  head  feathered,  the  frontal  feathers 
cxtendlni;'  in  a  ronndt'd  outline  on  the  base  of  the  cnlmen,  genei'ally  to  the  nostrils. 
Winii's  broad  ar.il  ample  ;  the  inner  quills  nsnally  as  lon_<j;  as  the  primaries,  when 
closed.  Tail  very  short,  of  twelve  (usually),  or  fewer  soft  broad  feathers.  Tibi;« 
naked  below,  sometimes  Cov  a  urcat  distance.  Tarsi  siaitollate  in  front,  and  some- 
times behind,  i^enerally  reticulate  there  and  on  the  sides.  Toes  loni^  and  slender; 
the  enter  usually  connected  with  the  middle  by  a  basal  web,  the  hinder  very  long 
(for  this  order),  inserted  on  the  level  of  the  rest.  Hind  claw  larger  and  more 
curved  than  the  middle  ono  (always?)  ;  the  middle  chwv  pprthxite. 

The  group  thus  defined  offers  little  variation  in  form  ;  all  the  nnmeroiis  genera 
now  in  vogue  iiave  been  sncccssiveh'  detached  from  Ardra,  the  tyi)ical  one,  with 
which  most  of  them  should  bo  reunited.  The  night  herons  (■235-0)  ditler 
somewhat  in  shortness  and  especially  stoutness  of  bill ;  while  the  bitterns  (237, 
and  the  South  American  genus  Tii/risomd)  are  still  better  marked.  There  are 
about  seventy-five  species,  very  gouorally  distributed  over  the  globe,  but  especially 
abounding  in  the  torrid  and  temperate  zones.  Those  that  penetrate  to  cold 
countries  in  summer,  are  regular  migrants ;  the  others  arc  generally  stationary. 
They  are  maritime,  lacustrine  and  paludicole  birds,  drawing  their  chief  sustenance 
from  animal  substances  taken  from  the  water,  or  from  soft  ground  in  its  vicinity  ; 
such  as  fish,  reptiles,  testaceans  and  insects,  cai)tured  by  a  quick  thrust  of  the 
spear-like  bill,  given  as  the  bird  stands  in  wait  or  wailes  stealthily  along.  In 
conformity  with  this,  the  gullet  is  capacious,  but  without  special  dilation,  the 
stomach  is  small  and  little  muscular,  the  intestines  arc  long  and  extremely 
slender,  with  a  large  globular  cloaca,  and  a  circum.  Herons  are  altricial,  and 
generally  nest  in  trees  or  bushes  (whore  their  insesK-^v''!!  feet  enable  them  to 
porch  with  ease)  in  swampy  or  other  places  near  the  water,  oiten  in  large 
comnninities,  building  a  large  flat  rud(>  structure  of  sticks.  The  eggs  vary  in 
number,  coincidontly,  it  would  seem,  with  the  size  of  the  species;  the  larger 
herons  generally  lay  two  or  three,  the  smaller  kinds  five  or  six  ;  the  eggs  are 
somewhat  elliptical  in  shape,  and  usually  of  an  unvariogatcd  bluish  or  greenish 
shade.  The  voice  is  a  rough  croak.  The  sexes  are  nearly  always  aliki;  in  color 
(remarkalile  i'xce|ition  in  gen.  2.'l.s)  ;  lait  the  s|)ecios  in  which,  as  in  the  bittern, 
Ki;v  ro  N.   v.  luiais.    ;J4 


'   1 


4|: 


2nr, 


AKDr.lD.K,    lir.lIONS. 


tlic  1)1iiiii:i;j:i'  is  nc'irly  niicliaiiLiC'iMc.  iirc  very  few.  Iiidi'i'd.  proliiiMy  no  liir(ls  sliow 
jj;n'!it('r  clianiics  oi'  iiliiiiKiu<'.  uitli  .'ilic  uinl  scmsou,  tliaii  iii'Mily  !ill  tlio  licroiiH. 
'i'licir  licMiitiCiil  iilmiii's  iiic  only  worn  duiinu'  the  bri'oilin^  kcmsoii  ;  tlio  yoim;| 
iiiv:iii;il)ly  luck  tlicni.  ;iii'l  llicrc  lire  ^-lill  nioii'  rmiiirktililo  clmnjft's  of  plinniifjc 
ill  iniiiiy  ciiscs.  Th'is,  tlic  yoiiii'j;  iiiiiy  lie  [iiiri'  wliitc  wliilc  tlio  iuliilts  tuv  durlc 
(•olorcd,  as  in  tlic  small  l>hic  licron  ;  and  soinctinics  c\cn,  as  in  tlio  remarkable 
case  ol'  oiif  riMldisii  c^irct.  imi^t  individuals  cliaiiiic  IVom  white  to  a  dark 
[iliiniMLic  after  two  years,  wiiile  otliers  aiip/ar  t(j  remain  wliile  their  whole  lives, 


Fi(i.  ITii.    (ivpat  r.liio  iroi'on. 

and  others  iijxain  arc  dark  from  the  nest.  IMaiiy  specii's  are  pure  white  at  all 
times,  and  to  these  the  name  of  "  egret "  more  particularly  belongs ;  l)Ut  I  shuiilil 
correct  a  prevalent  impression  that  an  egret  is  anything  partioularly  dilfcrent 
from  other  herons.  The  name,  a  corruption  of  the  French  word  "aigrette,"  simply 
refers  to  the  plumes  that  ornament  most  of  the  herons,  white  or  otherwise,  and 
has  no  classificatory  meaning;  its  api)lieatioii,  in  any  given  instance,  is  purely 
conventional.  The  colors  of  the  bill,  lores  and  feet  are  extremely  variable,  not 
only  with  age  or  season,  but  as  individual  peculiarities;  sometimes  the  two  legs  of 
the  same  specimen  arc  not  colored  e\:ictiy  alike.  The  ?  is  eomiiKjiily  smaller  than 
the  jf .     The  normal  individual  \arial>ilily  in  slatiire  and  relative  length  of  parts 


, 


Ai!i>i;ii).K,   iii;i;(»\s.  —  (ikn.  22S-;iJ. 


2G7 


is  vory  <;ri';it  ;  .-iikI  it  lisis  cm'ii  lircn  iiotcil  that  ;i  ■iicciincn  iiimv  have  one  Ic^  larj^ur 
tiian  llic  fjliiiT,  anil  t!u'  loos  ol  one  I'uot  loiiu,'*'!'  Uian  llioso  of  tli<(  otliiM'  —  a  cireiim- 
slaiK'f  pcriiaps  n'siiltiiig  IVoin  llic  cuiiiinuii  iialiil  of  tlicsc  liirds,  of  staiidiii;.^  for  a 
loiiji  tiiiu'  (jii  one  k';'. 


228-34.    Goims    ARDEA    Linnajus. 

*SiiocMcs   of  lan^c   size,    and    varicil    dark    colors.     (.!/•(/<■((.) 

(Ifciit  nine  I/critn.  Vnwk  witliotit  ix'ciiliar  pliiiiics  at  any  season,  Imt 
.scai)iilars  IcngUuMicd  ami  laiiccolatcs ;  an  o('cii)ilal  crest,  two  feathers  of  which 
arc  long  and  lilanicntoiis  ;  joni^'  loose  feathers  on  the  lower  neck.  Length 
iihont  4  feet ;  extent  (! ;  hill  i')\  incites;  tarsns  (ii  ;  middle  toe  and  claw  ij ; 
wing  18-20;  tail  7.  9  ninch  smaller  than  J.  Adnlt  of  l)oth  sexes  gniyi.sh- 
l»hio  above,  the  neck  pale  pnr[)lish-i)rown  with  a  white  throat-line,  the  head 
hlack  with  a  white  frontal  patch,  the  nnder  parts  mostly  I)lack,  streaked 
with  white ;  tibiiu,  edge  of  wing,  and  some  of  the  lower  neck  feathers, 
orango-brown  ;  bill  and  eyes  yellow,  cnlmcn  dnsky,  lores  and  legs  greenish. 
The  yonng  diller  eonsideral)ly,  I)nt  arc  never  white,  and  cannot  be  confonndcd 
with  any  of  the  snccceding.  Entire  temperate  Xorth  America,  abnndant ; 
migratory  in  northerly  portions.  \Vils.,  viii,  (18,  i)l.  ().');  Xurr.,  ii,  42; 
Aui).,  vi,  122,  pi.  3(!U  ;    J>i).,  ()()« heuodias. 

Floridit  Heron.  Similar;  larger;  bill  (iA  ;  tarsus  8  or  more  ;  tibiic  i)aro 
nearly  J  their  lenglh ;  middle  too  not  n  the  tarsns  ;  below,  white,  the  sides 
streaked  with  i)lack;  neck  ashy;  head,  with  the  crest,  white,  the  forehead 
streaked  with  black.  Southern  Florida  (  Wnrdenuinn).  lin.,  G(Ii).  It 
seems  improbaI)le  that  this  is  anything  more  than  a  special  state  of  the  last 
si)ecies,  but  as  it  is  useless  to  exchange  one  doubtful  opinion  for  another, 
I  retain  it,  pending  tinal  determination "wukdkmaxmi. 

**  Specit'S  (large  or  small)  \y1uIo  at  all  times.  {Aadahonia,  Ilerodids  and 
Garzetla.) 

GreulWInle  llevon.  Size  and  form  nearly  as  in  the  foregoing  ;  no  greatly 
elongated  occii)itaI  feathers  nor  lengthened  scapulars ;  l)ill  ()i  ;  tarsus  8^  ; 
tibia;  bare  0.  Color  enlindy  pure  white;  bill  and  eyes  yellow;  culnieu 
greenish  at  base  ;  lores  ))lmsh ;  legs  yellow,  greenish  in  front.  Southern 
Florida.     Auu.,  vi,  110,  pi.  ;5G8  ;  Xurr.,  ii,  30  ;  Bn.,  070.     occidkxtalis. 

Uveal  While  Egrel.  While  Hewn.  Xo  oln'iously  lengthened  feathers 
on  the  head  at  any  time;  in  the  breeding  season,  back  with  very  long 
plumes  of  decomposed  feathers  drooping  far  beyond  the  tail ;  neck  closely 
feathered;  plumage  entirely  white  at  all  seasons;  bill,  lores  and  eyes, 
yellow;  legs  and  feet  black.  Length  3G— 12  (not  including  the  dorsal 
train);  wing  lG-17;  bill  nearly  .5  ;  tarsus  nearly  G;  rather  larger  speci- 
mens constitute  var.  califovnica  Bi).,  GG7.  Distribution  the  same  as  that 
of  the  snowy  heron;    abundant.     WiLs.,  vii,  lOG,  pi.  Gl,  f.  4;   X'utt.,  ii, 

47;  Ali).,  vi,  132,  pi.  370;   Bd.,  GGG eoketta. 

Lillle  While  E'jrel,     /Snotci/  Ilevon.     Adult  with  a  long  occipital  crest  of 


268 


Ai;i)i;ii).r;,  iii;i;(tN,s. — (ii;n.   22iS-ai. 


ilccdiiiposcd  I'catlicr.s,  iiml  similar  (l()i>iil  pinnies,  Intttr  nnirved  ^vllcll  por- 
fVct ;  biniilar,  Itiit  not  rccinvcil  i)iiMii('s"  on  tlio  lower  iieek,  which  is  haro 
lu'hind  ;  loics,  eyes  and  toes  yellow;  liill  and  lejj;s  hlaek,  former  yellow  at 
base,  latter  yellow  at  the  lower  i)art  l)ehiiid.  I'lnmajic  always  entirely  white. 
Si/e  ol'  the  little  hine  heron.  S.  States;  C'ala.  ;  ^Middle  States,  in  sunnner; 
N.  oeeasionally  to  ^'ew  England;  ahnndant.  ^^'lI,s.,  vii,  12(1,  pi.  (12,  f.  4; 
NuTT.,  ii, -111;    Ald.,  vi,  1  (;.'{,  pi.  ;J7t;    15i).,  (idiK     .      .     .     caxdiimssi.ma. 

•*♦  Specius  under  .'i  i'ect  lonif,  of  varieil  djiilv  colors  wlieii  iuhill,  in  sonic  cases 
white  when  young.     {Ili/drtdHisxtt,  Flurtda  and  liiiltirhJiiti.) 

jAiiiifiidiKi  K[iri'(.  Adult  slaty-hlne  on  the  hack  and  Avin<rs,  mostly  white 
below  and  alonjj^  the  throat-lino ;  crest  and  most  of  the  neck  reddisli-pnrple, 
nii.xed  helow  with  slaty  ;  the  longer  narrow  feathers  of  the  crest  white  ; 
lower  hack  and  rnnip  white,  hut  concealed  hy  the  dull  piu'plish-hrown 
leathers  of  the  train,  which  whiten  towards  the  "iid  ;  liill  lilack  and  yellow  ; 
lores  yellow ;  legs  yellowisli-gr"cn,  dusky  in  front.  Yonng  variously 
dilferent,  lint  never  white.  Length  ahout  2t  (exclusive  of  the  long  train)  ; 
wing  10-11;  1)1114-");  tarsus  4 ;  middle  toe  and  claw  .T.  S.  Atlantic  and 
(iiilf  States,  chielly  maritime,  very  rarely  \.  to  the  .Middle  districts.  -.1, 
UuhtvlchuM  "WiLs.,  viii,  13,  pi.  04,  f.  1  ;  Nurr.,  ii,  .")1  ;  Aud.,  vi,  loG,  pi. 
37;);  Bi).,  (!(i;5 i.Kuc'ociASTUA  var.  lkucopuvmna. 

Ittdd'tsh  L'ljrcl.  Adult  giayisli-hlne,  rather  paler  helow,  head  and  neck 
lilac-hrowii,  ends  of  the  ti'aiii  yellowish;  hill  black  on  the  terminal  third, 
the  rest  llesh-colored,  like  the  lores  ;  iris  Avhite  ;  legs  blue,  the  scales  of  the 
tarsus  bhi'kish  ;  length  about  31);  wing  14-15  ;  bill  4  ;  tarsus  .")  A.  Young 
usually  entirely  white,  for  u  year  or  two  ;  some  individuals  iiermanently  so  ; 
bill  as  in  the  adult ;  legs  greenish,  with  yellowish  soles  ;  in  this  state  the  bird 
A.  2mde!  Eoxai'.,  Am.  Orn.  iv,  [)(),  pi.  20,  f.  1  ;  Nltt.,  ii,  41);  Gamijel, 
Proc.  rhila.  Acad.  1«4«,  127  ;  Bu.,  IJOI.  Florida  and  Gulf  States,  strictly  ; 
maritime,  abundant.  Ardni  rii/cscens  Aud.,  vi,  1311,  pi.  371  ;  /Jcinie;/ret(a 
rtifd  Bn.,  ()(52 kufa. 

Litde  J  Hue  Ihvon.  Head  of  the  adult  with  lengthened  decomposed 
feathers,  those  of  the  lower  neck,  and  scapulars,  elongate  and  lanceolate  ; 
no  dorsal  plumes ;  neck  bare  behind  below ;  length  about  24 ;  Avlng 
11-12;  bill  3;  tarsus  3i-4.  Adult  slaty-blue,  becoming  purplish  on  the 
head  and  neck  ;  bill  and  loral  space  blue,  shading  to  black  at  the  end  ; 
eyes  yellow;  legs  black.  Young  j>//re  v:hUc,  but  generally  showing  blue 
traces,  by  which  it  is  distinguished  from  the  snowy  heron,  as  well  as  by 
the  color  of  the  bill  and  feet,  though  at  iirst  the  legs  arc  grcenish-bluo 
with  yellowish  traces.  S.  Atlantic  and  Gulf  States,  abundant;  N.  casually 
to  New  England  in  summer.     "WiLS.,  vii,  117,  pi.  02,  f.  3;  Nutt.,  ii,  58; 

Aud.,  vi,  148,  pi.  372;   Bd.,  071 aEuuLEA. 

Green  Heron.  Adult  iu  the  breeding  season  with  the  crown,  long  soft 
occipital  crest,  and  lengthened  narrow  feathers  of  the  back  lustrous  dark 
green,  sometimes  Avith  a  bronzy  iridescence,  and  on  the  back  often  with  a 
glaucous  cast ;  wing  coverts  green,  with  conspicuous  tawny  edgings ;  neck 


AiiDEiiu;,  iiKuoNs. — (!i;n.  •2'!")-(),  ::'.")7, 


:.'<;!• 


purplisli-clicstiiiit,  (111!  tliroiit-liiic  variegated  witli  dusky  or  wliitisli ;  under 
parts  mostly  dark  hrownisli-asli,  l)elly  variegated  witli  while;  (jiiilis  and  tail 
greenish-dusky  with  a  jfjaneous  .^hade,  ed^-e  of  tiii'  winu'  white  ;  some  of  the 
quills  usually  white-lippi'd  ;  hill  j:re(  iiish-l)laek,  mueii  of  the  umU'r  mandil)lo 
yellow;  lores  and  iris  yoUow;  lei,fs  Lrrei'uish-yellow ;  lower  neck  witii 
leuiithened  f(>atiiers  in  ("rout,  a  liare  s[)a('e  hiliind.  Younu;  with  the  head  less 
crested,  the  hack  without  Ion;,'  plumes,  l)ut  fj;lossy  irreenish,  ueek  meridy 
reddish-lirown,  and  whole  under  parts  white,  varieeated  with  tawny  and 
dark  hrown.  Lcnj^th  I(i-1N;  Minir  ahout  7;  hill  '2.\  ;  tarsus  J;  middle  to(! 
and  claw  about  the  same;  tihia'  hare  1  or  less.  U.  S.,  and  a  little  lieyond, 
al)uudant  in  summer;  resident  in  the  South.  Wii.s.,  vii,  lt7,  i)l.  (il,  f. 
1;  Nltt.,  ii,  O;) ;    Aud.,  vi,  It),'),  pi.  ;j(J7  ;  IJo.,  (I7(!.      .     .     .     vikksckns. 

235-6.    Gonus    NYCTIARDEA    Swainson. 

JV/;//if  J/croii,  (Jim-hird.  Siindn-k.  Xo  peculiar  feathers  oxceptinir  '!—?> 
very  lonj^  lilameiitous  plumes  spriniiin^'  from  the  occiput,  irt'nerally  iinhricated 
in  one  bundle;  bill  very  stout;  tarsi  reticulate  Ixdow  in  front;  lenuth  about 
2  feet;  wing  12-14  inches;  bill,  tarsus  and  middle  toe  about  .").  Crown, 
scapulars  and  interscapulars,  very  dark  glossy  green ;  general  plumage 
bluish-gray,  more  or  less  tinged  with  lilac;  forehead,  throat-line  and  most 
imdur  parts,  whitish ;  occipital  plumes  white;  bill  black;  lores  greenish; 
eyes  red  ;  feet  yellow.  Young  very  diU'erent ;  lacking  the  |)lumes  ;  grayish- 
brown,  paler  below,  extensively  s[)eckled  with  white  ;  (juills  chocolate-brown, 
white-tipi)ed.  U.  S.,  and  somewhat  northward,  abundant ;  resident  in  the 
South,  migratory  elsewhere.  A.  n>/c/icorax  WiLS.,  vii,  101,  pi.  (!1,  f. 
2,  o;  Aui).,  vi,  82,  pi.  'AM;  A.  (/iscom  Nutt.,  ii,  [)i  ;  X.  yavdcni  IJi)., 
G78  ;  A.  iiiCL'ia  JIodd.,  Planches  Enluminees,  \);]\).     .     (inisr.A  var.  n.kvia. 

Yelluw-crowncd  J\'i'j/</  Heron.  Adult  with  the  head  crested,  sonu;  of  the 
feathers  extremely  long,  and  back  with  long  loose  feathers,  some  of  which 
reach  beyond  the  tail;  bill  short,  extremely  stout;  tarsi  mostly  reticulate, 
longer  than  middle  toe  ;  about  as  large  as  the  last ;  bill  2;/  ;  tiu'sus  ;!■/  ; 
middle  toe  o.  tJrayish-pluml)eous,  darker  on  the  back,  where  the  feathers 
have  black  centres  and  pale  edges,  and  rather  paler  below,  the  head  and 
upper  neck  behind  black,  with  a  cheek-patch,  the  crown,  and  most  of  the 
crest,  white,  more  or  less  tinged  with  tawny  ;  Ijill  black,  eyes  orange,  lores 
greenish,  feet  Mack  and  yellow.  Young  s[)cckled,  as  in  the  last,  but  show- 
ing the  diU'erent  proportions  of  the  bill  and  feet.  WiLs.,  viii,  2(!,  pi.  ti"), 
f.  1;  Nutt.,  ii,  52;  Aud.,  vi,  til),  pi.  3(J4r ;  Ud.,  071).    .     .     .     violackus. 


237.    Genua    BOTAURUS    Stephens. 

liUleva.  Indian  J  fen.  Stal-e-drivev.  Jio'j-hidL  Plumage  of  the  upper 
parts  singularly  freckled  with  brown  of  various  shades,  blackish,  tawny  and 
whitish  ;  neck  and  under  parts  ochrcy  or  tawny  white,  each  feather  marked 
with  il  brown  dark-edged  stripe,  the  throat-line  white,  with  brown  streaks, 
!i  velvety  black  patch  on  each  side  of  the  neck  above;  crown  dull  brown. 


y 


w 


^^ 


n 


!  I 


!jl 


l^ 


270 


Ai;i)i:ii).r,,   iidkons. — (;i;.\.    •2:\f<. 


will)  l.iiir  siiiiciviliiiry  stiipc;  tuil  lnowii  ;  (|iiills  irrcciii^li-lil.ick,  willi  ii 
jrliiii^iiiis  sli.idc,  lirowii-tipp.'il  ;  liill  IiImcU  .•111(1  ycllowi-li.  I('l:s  irrcciiisli,  soles 
yollow:  -';!-:.'s  1,,iil;';  wiii:^-  li)-i;!;  tail  1;},.  ol'  ,,iily  H*  rcatliors  ;  liili  aliiiiit 
I^  ;  tiii-iis  ahoiit  .'U.  'rciiipcrato  N.  Am,,  aliiimlant.  .Not  ^rciriiiioiis  ;  iicst.s 
on  tlio  ^Tniiiid  ;  t'<:<irt  -l-."),  (Irah-colorctj.  Wii.s.,  viii,  ;!,'»,  pi.  il,"),  ('.  ;)  ;  Ni  tt., 
ii.OO;  Ai  I).,  vi,  IM,  J)!,  .'ji;.');  I5i>.,(J71.  IvvDicorr,  Am.  Nat.  ili,  IC!).  .minok. 


vu,.  it:,    p.iiiriii. 

238.    Goniis    ARDETTA    Gray. 

/,i-(i.:f  liillcrn.  X(i  pi'ciiliar  fc'itlicrs,  hut  tiiosc  of  the  lower  neck  loiii^ 
and  loose,  as  in  tiie  hiltern  ;  si/e  veiT  small  :  11-11  inelies  lonir ;  wini^  l-.") ; 
tail  2  or  less ;  Ml!  2  or  less;  tarsus  uhoiit  I'li.  Sexe.s  (lis.-.imiliu'.  ^  with 
the  slightly  crested  crown,  hack  and  tail,  Jjlossy  ijreenisli-lilack ;  neck 
hehind,  most  of  the  \\\\\\i  coverts,  and  outer  cdnes  of  inner  (piills,  rich 
chestnut,  other  wiuix  coviTts  hrownish-yellow ;  front  and  sides  of  neck,  and 
mider  parts,  hrownish-yidlow,  varied  with  white  aloni,'  the  throat-line,  the 
sides  of  the  hreast  with  a  hlacki.sh-hrown  patch;  hill  and  lores  mostly  pale 
yellow,  the  culnien  hlaekish  ;  eyes  and  soles  yellow;  leijs  greenish-yellow; 
9  with  the  hla'ck  of  the  hack  cntireh',  that  of  the  crown  nu)stly  or  wholly, 
replaced  hy  rich  puri)lish-(Iiestnu.,  the  ediics  of  the  scapulars  forming  a 
hrownish-white  stripe  on  either  side.  U.  S.,  common.  AVils.,  viii,  .'57,  i)l. 
()5,  f.  1;    Xltt.,  ii,  (ili;  Auu.,  vi,  100,  pi.  3GG ;   liu.,  1)73.      .     .     kxim.s. 

Family  GRUIDJE3.    Cranes. 

As  iih'pady  intiinaloil,  cranes  are  rehitcd  to  rails  in  essential  points  of  strncttnv, 
tlioiijili  more  resenihling  herons  in  their  general  asi)ect.  Tho}-  are  all  large  birds, 
some  heiiig  of  innnense  statare ;  the  legs  and  neck  are  extrianely  long,  the  wings 
ample,  and  the  tail  short,  usually  of  twelve  i)road  leathers.  The  head  is  generally, 
in  part,  naked  and  papillose  or  wattled  in  the  adult,  with  a  growth  of  hair-like 
feathers,  or,  in  some  cases,  an  ui)right  tul't  of  curiously  bushy  i)lumes.  The  reneral 
phnuago  is  compact,  in  striking  contrast  to  that  of  herons;  luit  the  inner  remiges, 
in  most  cases,  are  enlarged  and  llowing.  In  some;  species,  the  sternum  is  enlarged 
and  hollowed  to  receive  a  fold  of  the  wiudpipe,  as  in  swans,  liill  ciiualling  or 
exceeding  the  head  in  length,  straight,  rather  slender  but  strong,  compressed,  coii- 
traeted  opposite  the  nostrils,  obtusely  pointed  ;  nasal  foss;u  short,  broad,  shalhjw  ; 
nostrils  near  the  middle  of  the  bill,  lurge,  broadly  open  and  comi)letely  pervious ; 


(iiiiiD.T,,  ciiANr.s.  —  (ir.N.  '2'2'.\.     .\i;.\Mii>.r.,  < hiiii.an.  —  «ii:n-.  I'.'i'.t.     271 

tihiic  niikcil  Cm'  II  >r\v,\i  distiuu'c  ;  liii'si  sciitcll.'ili'  in  iViint  ;  Iocs  siuirt,  wclilii'd  al 
liMsc  ;  IimIImx  very  sliolt,  lliu'lllv  ('1('\  mIciI.  ,\Imi||I  II  ^pcricx  of  Various  parts  of 
llic  wdild;  (inly  ■-' of  tlicni  Anu'riiMn.     Most  ul'  tiicni  lali  in  llic  ucnu-*   l-'ru.-*:  tin' 

elegant   •' ilrniDiscllii  "    cranes  ul'  tilO   Old  World,  Aiillii'njux'di  t    rinin   and    ii'ii'ntlimry 

ami  till'  Al'rican  llaluirint  jinrnniini,  iiro  tiu'  iirincijiul  I'xci'iitions. 


223.    Gonus    QRUS    Linnccus. 

\\7ii/('  fir  Wlinojiiiiij  (Jraiic.  Adult  wilii  the  Karc  jKirt  of  the  licad 
cxIcMilinu:  ill  ii  point  ou  (he  (icciput  aliovc,  ou  cacii  side  Ixdow  tlic  cyi's,  an'l 
very  liairy.  Hill  very  stout,  iroiiys  convex,  asccndinir,  lliaf  par)  of"  tlic 
under  luaudiltle  as  deep  as  the  U|)per  oiiposite  it.  Adult  pliiuiaire  i)uro  wliile, 
witli  Mack  primaries,  priinai'y  coverts  and  alula:  Mil  dusky  ,!:'rceni>ii ;  Icl's 
Mack;  liead  c;,riuinc,  tlie  Iiair-like  fij^itiiers  Maekisji.  '^'diniL:'  witii  the  liead 
I'eatliered ;  ,<j:<'iiei'al  piuniaire  jj;ray  ?  varied  with  lirowii.  LeuLilh  ali(nil- 
t)()iiielies;  winijiit;  tail  !•  ;  tarsus  li':  iniddh  toe  ,') ;  iiilM!.  'rcniperate 
N.  Am.,  Itul  appai'eutly  ot'  irrcirular  distrihutiou,  not  \V(dl  made  out;  said 
to  !)(•  comiuou  in  the  Soulli  Atlantic  and  (iidf  States.  Wii,s.,  viii,  I'O,  pi. 
(II,  i'.  ;') :  Ni  IT.,  ii,  ;>  I  :  Ari>.,  v,  1n,s,  pi.  ;;i;i  ;  lin.,  c,")!.    .    a.mkimcanus. 

J>r()ir)(  or  iS<iii(//iill  Cr((iie.  Adult  with  the  liare  part  of  the  head  Corkinj; 
behind  to  receive  a  pointed  extension  of  tlie  occipital  feathers,  not  reaehini^ 
on  the  .sides  heiow  the  eyes,  and  sparsely  hairy.  Hill  moderately  (<toiit,  with 
nearly  straijrht  and  scareid}- ascending  jfonys,  that  i)ai't  of  the  under  mandiltle 
not  so  de<'p  as  tlie  upper  at  the  same  [)lace.  Adult  iilmuaufe  plmnlicons-^n-ay, 
never  wh'ti'iiiiifji: ;  primaries,  their  coverts,  and  alula,  blackish.  Yoimu-  with 
liii'd  feathered,  and  pluma<rc  Viiricd  with  rusty  brown.  Rather  smaller  than 
the  iust.  Temperate  X.  Am.,  rare  or  irrei^nlar  in  the  east,  very  abundant 
ill  tlio  south  and  west.  Xutt.,  ii,  .'is  ;  Aid.,  v,  l,s,s  (in  part),  pi.  ill  I  ; 
J'l).,  (!,;o.     Also,  ff.  J'ritlercitlita  Cass,  in  Uu.,  (i-jO  (young),     canadiinsis. 


I 


Family   ARAMIDiE.    Courlan. 

Consistinii;  <if  a  siniile  ueniis,  witii  prolialily  only  one  species,  of  the  warmer 
poi'tlDiis  of  AiMeriea:  closely  allied  to  the  rails  in  all  es.-cential  jioints  of  stnielnre, 
and  perliaiis  only  Ibrniiiiit  :i  suhlaniily  of  i;,illi,}ii\  IJill  twice  as  Imii;  as  the  lieail, 
slender  but  slron^ir.  eoiiiiiressed,  grooved  tor  about  half  its  leiii;tli,  contracted 
fipposile  the  iiosti'ils,  the  terminal  portion  enlar,Li('d,  and  decurveil  ;  nostrils  hjnjj;, 
linear,  pervious;  head  completely  feathered  to  the  bill;  tibia'  half  bare  ;  tarsus 
seutcUate  anteriorly,  as  Ioiil;-  as  the  bill;  toes  cleft,  the  hinder  ele\ated;  wings 
short,  roiiTided,  with  falcate  1st  [irlMiary  ;  tail  short,  of  12  liroad  feathers. 

239.  Gonus  ARAMUS  Vicillot. 
Scohpaveniin  Courhui.  Cri/iwj-hlrd.  C'hoeolate-browii  with  a  slight  oliva- 
ceous or  other  gloss,  paler  on  the  face,  t'hin  and  throat,  most  of  the  plumago 
sharply  streaked  with  white  ;  2  t-"2S  long:  wing  \'l-\\  ;  tail  0-7  :  bill  and 
tarsus,  each,  about  .5.  Florida.  Uonai'.,  Am.  Orn.  iv.  111,  pi.  2(1;  Xitt., 
ii,  (!8  ;  Ai'd.,  v,  IHl,  \)\.  312;   l>i).,  (;.')7.    ,     scohcn-ACKi  s  var.  ciKiANTiU's. 


I 


I' 


272  itAixiD.i;,  HAILS,  ivrc. 


Family  RALLID^,    Rails,  etc. 

This  is  !i  l.'ii'irc  Mini  iinpoitMiit  rjiiiiily.  !iliiiii(l;mljy  roprcsciitpil  in  most  parts  of 
till'  woilil.  Tlicy  Mil'  liii'.ls  of  iiu'iliiim  ami  small  sizo,  irciicrally  with  eompri'ssod 
lioily  ami  lar;j;('  strong;  U'l^s  (the  iiiiisciilarity  of  llic  lliijilis  is  very  iioticoalilc), 
t'lialiliiii;  tlioin  to  run  rapidly  and  thread  with  oaso  the  mazes  of  the  reedy  marshes 
to  which  they  art;  almost  exehisively  eonfmeil  ;  while  liy  means  of  their  very  long 
toes  they  are  pre\ented  from  sinkinij;  in  the  mire  or  the  lloatinij;  veLi'etation.  The 
\vin<;s  are  m'wv  loni;  and  [lointed  as  amoni^  Limiviiln^  heinii  in  faet  of  the  shortest, 
most  roimded  and  eoneaxe  form  found  amoni!:  waders;  and  the  lliiiiit  is  rarely 
l)r(jtraeteil  to  any  frreat  distance.  'J'he  tsiil  is  always  \-ery  short,  <i'enerally  of  10  or 
12  soft  feathers.  Details  of  the  hill  and  feet  vary  with  the  jrenera  ;  hut  the  former 
is  never  sensitive  at  the  ti|),  and  the  latter  have  the  hallux  longer  and  lower  down 
than  it  is  in  the  shore-liirds.  The  nostrils  are  pervious,  of  variable  shape,  'i'hc 
head  is  c(nnpletely  feathered  ;  the  geneial  plumage  is  ordinarily  of  subdued  and 
blended  coloration,  lacking  much  of  the  variegation  coniiuonly  otiserved  iu  shore- 
liirds;  the  sexes  are  usually  alike,  and  the  changes  of  i)lumagc  not  great  with  ago 
or  season.  The  food,  never  i)robed  for  in  the  nnid,  but  gathere(l  from  the  surface 
of  the  ground  or  water,  consists  of  a  variety  of  aquatic  animal  and  vegetable 
sulistauci's.  The  nest  is  a  rn<le  structure,  [ilaced  on  the  ground,  or  in  a  tuft  of  reeds 
or  other  herbage  ;  the  eggs  are  numerous,  generally  variegated  in  color  ;  the  young 
are  hatched  clothed.  The  general  habit  is  gregarious,  and  migrator3' ;  many  species 
occur  in  vast  mnltiindi's,  though  their  skulking  ways,  and  the  nature  of  their 
resorts,  withdraw  them  from  casual  observation.     Some  species  swim  habitually. 

There  appear  to  be  upw^-rd  of  !.')()  species  of  the  family,  falling  in  several  well 
marked  groups.  The  ()c>j(friiinln<i>  are  an  (Jld  World  type  of  some  ;J.')  species, 
ranking  with  some  .authors  as  a  distinct  family.  Mr.  (Iray  makes  the  African 
/[iiiiiiiifonn's  liit'matopiifi  the  type  and  single  re|)rcscntativo  of  another  snlifaniily. 
Excluding  the  Ptirriibf  and  llcll<ini!lhi<hi'  (seep.  211),  both  of  which  are  sometimes 
l)rought  under  ItaUidn',  as  subfamilies,  the  three  remaining  groups  are  represented 
in  this   country. 

Suhfanvhi  UALLIXyE.     Ruih. 

This  is  the  largest,  and  central  or  typical,  group,  to  which  most  of  the  foregoing 
paragraph  is  especially  a})[ilicable.  The  species  are  strictly  paludicole ;  the 
comitressiou  of  the  liody  is  at  a  maxinunn ;  the  form  is  blunt  and  thick  behind, 
with  .1  very  short  tip-up  tail,  and  tapers  to  a  point  in  front ;  the  whole  figure  being 
thus  adapted  to  wedge  through  narrow  places.  The  wings  are  extremely  short  and 
rounded,  and  the  ordinary  llight  ai)p(>ars  feeble  and  vacillating,  though  the  migra- 
tions of  m.any  species  arc  very  extensive.  The  (lank-feathers  are  commonly 
enlarged  and  cons[)icuously  colored ;  the  thighs  are  very  nnrscular  ;  the  tibiiu  arc 
generally  if  not  always  naked  below;  the  toes  are  long,  completely  cleft,  witliont 
lobes  or  any  obvious  marginal  membranes.  The  bill  occurs  under  two  principal 
niodillcations :  in  lidlhis  proper  it  is  longer  than  the  head,  slender,  compressed, 
slightly  curved,  long-grooved,  with  linear  nostrils;  in  most  genera,  however,  it  is 
shorter  or  not  longer  than  the  head,  straight,  rather  stout,  with  short  broad  nasal 
fossiv,  and  linear-oblong  nostrils  —  altogether  somewhat  as  in  gallinaceous  birds. 
The  culmen  more  or  less  ob\iously  parts  aulial  extension  of  (he  frontal  feath(>rs, 
but    never    forms    a   frontal    shield,  as    in    (he    coots    and    gallinules.     Of  the  .'!5 


T 


RALLIDVE,    RAILS,    ETC. GEN.    240,    241. 


273 


American  spocios  {Sclnter  and  Sah'in)  only  7  occur  in  this  country,  one  of  which  is 
merely  a  straggler.    There  are  some  25  Old  World  species. 

240.    Genus    BALLUS    Linnseus. 

Clapper  Rail.  SaJt-waler  Marsh-hen.  Mud-hen.  Above,  variegated  with 
dark  olive-brown  and  pale  olive-ash,  the  latter  edging  the  feathers  ;  below, 
pale  dull  ochrey-brown,  whitening  on  the  throat,  frequently  ashy-shaded  o.i 
the  breast ;  flanks, 
axillars  and  lining 
of  wings,  fuseous- 
g  r  a  y,  Avith  sharp 
white  bars;  quills 
and  tail  plain  dark- 
brown  ;  eyelids  and 
short  superciliary 
line  whitish  ;  yoiuig 
birds  are  mostly 
soiled  whitish  be- 
low; when  just  "- 
from  the  egg,  en- 
tirely sooty  black. 
14-lfi  long;  wing  5-fi  ;  tail  2-2 i  ;  bill  2-2 i  ;  tarsus  lr;-2  ;  middle  toe  and 
claw  2-2;V ;  ?  smaller  than  the  $ .  Salt  marshes  of  Atlantic  States, 
extremely  abundant  soutiicrly  ;  N.  regularly  to  middle  districts,  sometimes 
to  Massachusetts;  Great  Salt  Lake  {Allen).  Eggs  G  to  10,  Ij  by  Ij^, 
whitish,  creamy  or  l)uir,  variously'  speckled  and  blotched  with  reddish- 
brown,  with  a  few  obscure  lavender  marks.  7?.  crepitans  WiLS.,  vii,  p.  112  ; 
NuTT.,  ii,  201 ;  Aud.,  v,  1G5,  pi.  310  ;  Cass,  in  Bi).,  747.      LOXGiuosTms. 

Iiinrf  Hail.  Fresh-icafer  Jfir-'h-hen.  With  a  general  resemblance  to  the 
last  species,  but  much  more  brightly  colored ;  above,  brownish-black, 
variegated  with  olive-brown,  becoming  rich  chestmit  on  the  wing  coverts  ; 
under  parts  rich  rufous  or  cinnamon-brown,  usually  paler  on  the  middle  of 
the  belly,  and  whitening  on  the  throat ;  flanks  and  axillars  blackish,  white- 
barred.  Rather  larger  than  the  last.  U.  S.,  chiefly  in  fresh-water  marshes. 
WiLS.,  vii,  pi.  02,  f.  2  ;  Aud.,  v,  100,  pi.  300  ;  Cass,  in  Bo.,  746.  eleoans. 

Virginia  Hail.  Coloration  exactly  as  in  elegans,  of  which  it  is  a  perfect 
miniature.  Length  8i-10i  ;  wing  about  4;  tail  about  IJ  ;  bill  IJ-IS  ; 
tarsus  H-IA;  middle  toe  and  claw  IJ-l!^.  Temperate  N.  Am.,  common, 
migratory;  many  winter  in  the  S.  states.  WiLS.,  vii,  109,  pi.  G2,  f.  1; 
NuTT.,  ii,  20,'> ;  Aud.,  v,  174,  pi.  311 ;  Cass,  in  Bd.,  748.    .     virginianus. 


Clapiior  llail. 


241.    Genus    PORZANA  Vieillot. 
Carolina  Hail.     Commnn  Rail.    Sora.    "Ortolan."    Above,  olive-brown, 
varied  with  black,  with  numerous  sharp  white  streaks  and  specks  ;  flanks, 
axillars  and  lining  of  wings,  barred  with  white  and  blackish ;  belly  whitish ; 

KKV   TO    N.    A.    lintDS.       35 


T 


I  i 


274 


KALLII)^:,    RAILS,    ETC.  —  tiEN.    242. 


l-'iii 


crissum  rufesceiit.     Adult  with  the  face  and  central  line  of  throat  black,  the 
rest  of  the  throat,  line  over  eye,  and  especially  the    breast,  more  or  less 

intensely  slate-ijray,  the  sides  of  the  1)reast  usually 
with  some  obsolete  whitish  barring  and  speckling; 
young  without  this  black,  the  throat  whitish,  the 
breast  brown.  Length  8-0  ;  wing  4-4A  ;  tail  about 
2;  bill  g-^  ;  tarsus  IJ;  middle  toe  and  claw  I'n. 
Temperate  X.  Am.,  exceedingly  abundant  during 
the  migration  in  the  reedy  swamps  of  the  Atlantic 
c;,r,.im.  li.ui.        sttitv.s.    AVii.s.,  vi,  27,  pi.  48,  f.  1  ;  Xurr.,  ii,  201) ; 

All).,  V,  14.'),  pi.  .30G;  Cass,  in  J5d.,  74'J cakolina. 

Yellow  liuil.  Above,  varied  with  blackish  and  ochrey-brown,  and  thickly 
marked  with  narrow  white  semicircles  and  transverse  bars ;  below,  pale 
ochrey-brown,  fading  on  the  belly,  deepest  on  the  breast,  where  many 
feathers  are  dark-tipped;  Hanks  dark  with  mnncrous  white  bars;  crlssum 
varied  with  black,  white  and  rufous.  Small,  about  (5  long  ;  Ming  oj  ;  tail  1 J  ; 
bill  .J;  tarsus  I  ;  middle  toe  and  claw  IJ.  Eastern  N.  Am.,  not  abimdant. 
UoNAP.,  Am.  Orn.  iv,  i;5(),  pi.  27,  f.  2;  Sw.  and  Rich.,  Fn.  B.-A.  ii,  402; 
NuTT. ,  ii,  215  ;  Aui).,  v,  1.52,  pi.  ;)07  ;  Cass,  in  Bd.,  750.  NovEnouACEXsis. 
Jihich  Ihxil.  Blackish;  head  and  under  parts  dark  slaty,  paler  or 
whitening  on  the  throat ;  above,  speckled  with  M'hite,  the  cervix  and  upper 
back  varied  with  dark  chestnut;  lower  belly,  crissnm,  ilanks  and  axillars, 
white-barred;  quills  Mith  white  spots.  Ver}- small ;  about  5^  ;  wing  2:^-3; 
tiiil  IJ  ;  tarsus  J.  S.  and  Cent.  Am.  and  West  Indies;  rarely  observed  in 
the  U.  S.  Washington,  D.  C,  (Cones  and  Pren(is,s) -,  Kansas,  {Allen), 
AuD.,  V,  157,  pi.  o08  ;  Cass,  in  Bi).,  74i) jamaickxsis. 

242.    Genus    CREX    Bechstcin. 

Corn  Crake.  Yellowish-brown,  varied  with  black;  below,  cinereous- 
whitish,  palest  on  the  throat  and  belly  ;  wings  extensively  rufous  both  ai)ovo 
ami  below;  flanks  and  crissnm  barred  with  the  same  ;  10-11;  wing  5.J-(5 ; 
tail  2;  bill  1  ;  tarsus  I'n.  Europe;  Greenland  ;  accidentally  on  the  Atlantic 
Coast,  U.  S.  Cass.,  Proc.  Phila.  Acad.  1855,  2()5  (Xew  Jersey),  and  in 
Bn.,  751;  Baiud,  Am.  Journ.  Sci.  18(5(1,  xli,  25 riuxEMSis. 

Suhfamil;/   GALTAXULIN^E.      GaUinides. 

Forehead  sliieldcd  by  a  Ijroad,  bare,  liorny  plate,  a  prolongation  and  oxi)ansiuii 
of  the  culinen.  Bill  otlicrwisc  nuicli  as  in  the  shorter-billed  rails,  like  J'orzdna; 
general  form  much  the  same,  thoujih  the  bo(l3'  is  not  so  compressed  ;  toes  slender, 
shnple  or  sliglilly  n\argine(b  The  two  following  genera  diller  considerably,  and 
each  becomes  the  type  of  a  sebl'amily  with  those  who  elevate  the  gallinulcs  to  tiie 
rank  of  a  family  ;  but  this  docs  not  seem  to  be  required.  In  GaUiiiuhi,  the  nostrils 
are  linear,  and  the  toes  have  an  evident  marginal  membrane.  Porjih'/ri')  (not  ''I'or- 
phyrula")  lias  broadly  oval  nostrils  and  no  obvious  digital  meml)raiies;  the  legs 
are  notably  longer,  with  shorter  toes;  the  bill  is  tliieker,  etc.  There  are  about 
thirty  species  of  gallinules,  of  various  parts  of  the  world. 


I 


^r 


UALLIDiE,    KAILS,    ETC. — OEX.    243,    244,    245. 


275 


243.  Genus  GALLINULA  Briason. 
Florida  GuJUnule.  Iloiul,  nock  and  nndcr  ])!irts,  jfriiyisli-hliiok,  darkest 
on  the  former,  paler  or  whitening  on  the  belly  ;  hack  hrownish-olive  ;  wings 
and  tail  dusky ;  crissuni,  edge  of  wing,  and  stripes  on  the  flanks,  white  ; 
bill,  frontal  plate,  and  ring  round  tit)iie,  red,  the  former  tipped  with  yellow  ; 
tarsi  and  toes  greenish.  12-15  long;  wing  (i^-Ti  ;  tail  'o-',\\  ;  gape  of  bill 
about  \h  ;  tarsus  about  2.  S.  Atlantic  and  (jlnlf  states,  N.  sometimes  to 
oMassachusetts.  Boxap.,  Am.  Orn.  iv,  128,  pi.  27,  f.  1;  Xin.,  ii,  223; 
Aui).,  V,  132,  pi.  304;  Cass,  in  Bo.,  752.     .     (ciir-ouoi-us  var?)  galeata. 

244.    Genua    PORPHYRIO    Temminck. 

Purple  Galliniile.  Head,  neek  and  under  parts  beautifid  purplish-blue, 
blackening  on  the  bell}',  the  crissum  white  ;  above,  olivaceous-green,  the 
cervix  and  wing  coverts  tinted  with  i)lue  ;  frontal  shield  l)lue ;  bill  red, 
tipped  with  j-ellow ;  legs  yellowish.  Young  witli  the  head,  neck  and  lower 
back  brownish,  the  under  parts  mostly  white,  mixed  with  ochrey.  10-12; 
wing  ()J-7  ;  tail  2i-3  ;  bill  from  gape  about  Ij;  tarsus  about  2};  middle 
toe  and  claw  about  3.  S.  Atlantic  and  Gulf  States,  X.  casually  to  Xew 
England  (Maine,  Boaiidmax,  Am.  Xat.  iii,  4'J(S).  AVils.,  ix,  (ill,  pi.  73; 
f.  2;  NuTT.,  ii,  221 ;  Aui).,  v,  128,  pi.  303  ;  Cass,  in  Bn.,  753.  mautixica. 

Suhfumibj   FULICIX^E.     Coots. 

Bill  and  frontal  plate  much  as  in  the  gallinules;  body 
depressed,  the  under  pluina<j;c  thick  and  duck-like,  to  resist 
water;  feet  liiglily  natatorial;  tarsus  shorter  tliau  middle 
toe  ;  toes,  including  the  hinder,  hibate,  }mug  furnished  with 
largo  semicircular  nionibranous  Haps.  The  coots  are  enii- 
neutiy  aquatic  birds,  swimming  with  ease,  \)y  means  of  their 
lobate  feet,  like  plialaropes  and  grel)es.  There  are  about 
ten  species,  of  both  hemispheres,  all  ref^'rable  to  the 

245.    Genua    FULICA    Linnseus. 

Coof.  Dark  slate,  paler  or  grayish  below,  black- 
ening on  the  head  and  neck,  tinged  with  olive  on  the 
back  ;  crissum,  whole  edge  of  wing  and  tips  of  second- 
aries, white  ;  bill  white  or  flesh  color,  marked  with  Ki.i.  isi 
reddish-black  near  the  end;  feet  dull  olivaceous; 
young  similar,  paler  and  duller.  AI)out  14;  wing  7-8;  tail  2;  bill  from 
the  gape  l\-li  ;  tarsus  about  2  ;  middle  too  and  claw  about  3.  Temperate 
N.  Am.,  abundant.  Wii.s.,  ix,  (31,  pi.  73,  f.  1;  Xutt.,  ii,  2211;  Auu.,  v, 
138,  305;  Cass,  in  Bd.,  751 amekicaxa. 


I'ront:il    plate  of  a 

H|)L'(riL'.S  of  Coot. 


nT 


?t 


III 


a 

mi 


276 


NATATOIJES,    SWIMMING    BIUDS. 


Subclass  III.    AVES  AQUATION,  or  NATATORES. 

AQUATIC  BIRDS.     SWIMMEIiS. 

This,  the  tliird  ami  last  series,  contaiiiii)g  all  remsiiuing  cariiiate  birds  of  the 
present  geologic  epoch,  is  a  group  that  may  readily  be  defined  upon  the  principles 
of  adaptive  modification  already  explained  under  head  of  Aves  Terrestres; 
although  as  in  tlie  cases  of  the  other  two  "  subclasses,"  it  docs  not  rest  upon 
characters  of  much  inorpliological  significance.  The  birds  composing  it  arc 
aquatic  in  a  strict  sense,  fitted  to  progress  upon  or  through  the  water,  and  to  derive 
the  greater  part  of  their  sustenance  from  the  .xamc  source ;  many  of  them  are 
absolutely  independent  of  land,  except  for  the  purpose  of  reproduction.  Manifest 
indications  to  be  fulfilled  in  adaptation  to  an  aquatic  mode  of  life,  are  such  u  con- 
figuration of  the  body  as  will  enable  the  bird  to  rest  upright  on  the  water,  boat- 
like ;  and  such  conformation  of  the  legs  as  will  render  them  a  pair  of  paddles 
rather  than  simple  pillars  of  support,  together  -with  water  proof  clothing  of  the 
body.  According!}',  all  swimming  birds  have  a  more  or  less  broad  and  depressed 
shape,  especially  flattened  underneath.  The  coat  of  feathers  is  compact  and 
impervious  to  water,  cither  by  its  dose  imbrication,  or  its  thickening  with  broad 
tracts  and  abundant  down-feathers,  or  its  plentiful  lubrication  w  ith  oil  from  the  well- 
developed  gland  on  the  rump ;  in  general,  these  three  circumstances  conspire  to  the 
single  result.  The  modifications  of  the  legs  are  especially  interesting.  In  general, 
these  limbs  are  transformed  into  oars  bj-  means  of  webs  stretching  from  tip  to  tip* 
of  the  front  toes,  and  sometimes  also  from  the  inner  toe  to  the  hallux.  This  com- 
plete palmation  is  so  nearly  universal  that  it  alone  would  characterize  the  Swim- 
mers, were  it  not  that  in  one  family  the  same  result  is  effected  by  means  of  broad 
lobes  instead  of  plain  webs,  and  for  the  fact  that  a  very  few  genera  of  waders  are 
more  or  less  completely  palmiped.  Since  these  broad  webs  would  interfere  in 
passing  each  other  were  the  legs  as  close  together  and  as  parallel  as  tlioy  are  in 
higher  birds,  another  feature  is  introduced.  The  limbs  are  widely  separated,  in 
swimming,  not  only  by  the  unusual  width  of  the  body,  but  by  an  outward  obli(iuity 
of  the  members  themselves ;  divergence  begins  at  the  hip-joint  in  the  direction  of 
the  axis  of  the  femur,  and  increases  thence  to  the  terminal  segments.  Greater 
power  being  required  to  push  the  body  through  the  water  than  is  needed  to  simply 
support  it,  first  on  one  leg  and  then  on  the  other,  as  in  ordinary  walking,  the  femur 
is  shortened  to  become  rather  a  fulcrum  for  advantageous  application  of  power, 


v_. 


" 


PIiaCNlCOrTERIDiE,    FLAMINGOES. 


277 


than  a  lever  for  increase  of  motion.  Tliis  sliortening  is  generally  so  marlicd  that 
the  knee  is  entire] j-  withdrawn  williin  the  general  slvin  of  the  body  —  a  special 
characteristic  of  swimming  birds  ;  and  in  the  best  swinnners,  the  wliole  limb  is  thus 
buried  almost  to  the  heel-joint.  Finally,  the  natatorial  limb  becomes  a  rudder  as 
Avell  as  an  oar,  serving  to  steer  the  bird's  course  tla-ough  the  water,  as  much  as  the 
tail  guides  fliglit  through  the  air.  Tliis  is  acconiplislied  by  the  backward  set  of  the 
legs  —  the}'-  project  so  far  posteriorly,  in  many  casus,  tliat  in  standing  on  land,  the 
birds  necessarily  assume  a  nearly  upright  position.  Tlie  wings,  tail  and  bill  dili'er 
according  to  families,  as  noticed  under  the  several  heads,  beyond,  Avliile  tlic  more 
important  points  of  the  osseous  and  digestive  systems  are  siniilarlj-  diversilled. 
The  Natatorial  plan  is  priniaril}' carried  out  iufmir  different  ways,  affording  as 
many  orders.  All  of  these,  and  all  their  families  excepting  one,  are  represented 
'within  our  limits.     The   missing   family  is  that  of  the  Siilianincklc.,  or  penguins. 

Order  LAMELLIROSTEES.    Anserine   Birds, 

Bill  htmi'Jhitc :  that  is,  both  maiidiblcs  furnished  along  their  tomial  edges  with 
series  of  laminar  or  toctli-like  projections,  alternating  and  lilting  \\ltliin  each  otiier. 
Covering  of  bill  membranous,  wholly  or  in  greatest  part.  Tongue  fleshy,  usually 
with  horny  tip,  and  serrate  or  pai)illate  edges  corresponding  to  the  dentieiilations 
of  the  bill.  Feet  palmate;  hallux  elevated,  free,  simple  or  hjbed  (larely  absent). 
"Wings  never  exceedingly  long,  rarely  very  short.  Tail  generally  sliort  and 
many-feathered.  CEsophagus  narrower  than  in  the  lower  flesh-eating  orders, 
usually  with  a  more  or  less  specially  f'oi'ined  crop;  gizzard  strongly  nniseular ; 
intestines  and  their  ca'ca  long  ;  cloaca  capacious.  Legs  near  centre  of  e(iuililirium  ; 
position  of  body  in  walking  horizontal  or  nearly  so.  lJei)roductiou  prieco'eial. 
Sexual  habit  freiiucntly  polygamous.  Diet  various,  commonly  rather  vegetarian 
than  aninuil.     There  are  two  rcmarkablv  diverse   families  of  lamellirostral    birds. 


Family  PHCENIC0PTERID.a3.    Flamingoes. 

]>ill  very  large  and  thick,  entirclj'  invested  with  membrane  (without  the  horny 
terminal  nail  of  the  AHUtifbr)  which  extends  around  the  eyes,  and  abruptly  bent 
downward  at  the  midtlle.  Legs  and  neck  exceedingly  long.  Tibise  largely  bare 
below  ;  tarsus  broadlj-  scntellate,  much  longer  than  tlie  toes.  Front  toes  completely 
webbed  ;    hallux  very  small,  or  wanting.     Wings  moder.itelj'  long,  ample. 

This  is  a  small  but  very  peculiar  group  of  about  six  species,  inhabiting  various 
warm  parts  of  the  world.  The  external  characters  are  so  nicelj'  balanced  between 
those  of  wading  and  swimming  birds,  that  tiie  flamingoes  have  been  ijlaced  inditl'er- 
ently  in  both  groups  ;  but  nearly  the  whole  organization  corresponds  essentially 
with  that  of  the  duck  tribe,  the  grallatorial  relationship,  in  form  and  habits,  though 
so  evident,  being  ratlier  of  analog}'  than  of  atrmity.  In  length  of  legs  and  neck 
these  birds  exhibit  even  an  exaggeration  of  the  characters  of  cranes,  storks  and 
herons.  The  bill  is  uni(juc  in  shape  ;  its  abv.'.pt  bend  brings  the  ui)per  surface 
iu   contact  with   the  ground  in  the  act  of  feeding.    The  nest  is  a  heap  of  earth 


278 


ANATID^.,    GEESE,    DUCKS,    ETC. — OEN.    24G. 


mill  other  material,  wliirli  tlio  birds  liostride  in  an  unji^aiiily  attitude  ;  hut  it  is  not 
liijjli  cnougli  to  permit  their  lunjj  legs  to  dangle,  as  represented  in  some  popular 
accounts  and  picturial  ctlurls.  Tiie  young  are  said,  on  good  authority,  to  take  to 
till!  water  as  soon  as  hatched. 

248.  Gonus  PHCENICOPTERUS  Linnaeus. 
Aiiicriran  Fhunimin.  Adult  i)liiina<zo  scarlet ;  most  of  the  quill  feathers 
lilack  ;  loiT-s  lake-red;  bill  oranjrp-3't'l!()\v,  black-tippod.  Length  about  4 
feet;  wing  Ki  iiiclies ;  tail  0;  i)ill  ,"> ;  tarsus  12;  middle  too  and  claw  .'5  J. 
Florida  and  (Julf  coast;  X.  casually  to  S.  Carolina  (Andnhnn).  WiLS., 
viii,  45,  ])\.  (j() ;  Xltt.,  ii,  70;  Acn.,  vi,  KJ'J,  pi.  37i5 ;  Bu.,  l)S7.     kuueu. 


Family  ANATIDiE.     Geese,  Ducks,  etc. 

Bill  Inmi'llafe,  stout,  more  or  less  elevated  and  compressed  at  base,  widened  or 
flatteuod  at  tij),  invested  with  soft,  tough,  leathery  membrane,  except  at  the  end, 
which  is  furuislied  witli  a  hard,  horny  ''nail,"  generally  somewhat  overhanging, 
sometimes  small  and  distinct,  sometimes  large  and  fused  ;  that  is,  ch.anging  insen- 
sibly into  the  general  covering.  (Tliis  soft  covering  is  regarded  by  some  as  a 
jirolonged  cere  ;  but  this  is  purely  tlieoretical.)  ISody  full,  heavy,  llattenod  beneath  ; 
neck  of  variable  length;  iiead  large;  eyes  small.  No  antiiu,  the  frontal  feathers 
encroaching  on  the  culnien  with  a  convex  or  pointed  out- 
line, and  rormiug  otiier  projections  on  the  sides  of  the  bill, 
and  in  the  interramal  space,  which  latter  is  broad  and  long, 
the  mandibular  crura  being  united  only  at  the  end  by  a  broad 
short  bridge;  no  culniinal  ridge  nor  keel  of  gonys.  Nostrils 
_  suijbasal,    median    or    suliterminal,    usually    broadly    oval. 

Fi(i.  it<i.  Willi  Duck.  Wings  of  moderate  length  (rarely  very  short),  stilf,  strong, 
pointed,  conferring  rapid,  vigorous,  whistling  llight ;  a  wihl  duck  at  full  speed  is 
saiil  to  make  ninety  miles  an  hour.  Tail  of  variable  sh.ape,  but  usually  short  and 
rounded,  never  forked,  sometimes  cuneate,  of  12-24  feathers,  usually  14-H5,  the 
under  coverts  very  long  and  full,  forming  a  conspicuous  crissal  tuft.  Feet  short ; 
knees  buried  in  the  general  integument ;  tibiiu  feathered  nearly  or  quite  to  the 
sufl'rago ;  tarsi  reticulate  or  scutellate,  or  both ;  toes  palmate,  the  hinder  always 
present  and  free,  siuqile  or  lobate.     Wing  occasionally  spurred. 

Like  the  gallinaceous,  the  anserine  type  is  a  familiar  one,  comprising  all  kinds 
of  "■  water-fowl,"  among  which  are  the  originals  of  all  our  domestic  breeds  of  swans, 
geese  and  ducks,  that  vie  with  poultry  in  point  of  economic  consequence,  ornament 
our  parks,  or  furnish  exquisite  material  for  wearing  apparel.  But  additional  infor- 
mation respecting  the  structu';o  of  this,  the  largest  and  most  important  family  of 
swiunning  iiirds,  may  be  desirable.  It  is  defniitely  characterized  by  many  impor- 
tant points  besides  those  external  features  just  stated.  In  palatal  structure,  the 
Anathhv  are  desmognathous  ;  "  the  lachrymal  region  of  the  skull  is  remarkably  long 
[the  lachrymal  bone  itself  is  large].  The  basisphenoidal  nostrum  has  oval  sessile 
basiptcrygoid  facets.  The  flat  and  lamellar  maxillo-palatines  unite  and  form  a 
bridge  across  the  palate.  The  angle  of  the  mandible  is  produceil  and  greatly 
recurved"  {ILixli'i/).  The  interorbital  septum  is  more  or  less  completely  ossified, 
and  the  orbits  arc  better  defined  than  in  man}-  birds,  by  well  developed  processes. 
The  premaxillary  is  large,  and  its  three  prongs  ai'e  so  extensively  fuscil  that  only  a 


fcliMMI 


anatid^t;,  ueese,  uucks,  etc. 


279 


slight  nasal  aperture  remains.  Soniotinics  the  top  of  the  skull  shows  crcscentic 
depressions  for  lodgment  of  the  siiiiraorhital  gland,  the  seoretinn  of  which  hdiricatcs 
the  nasal  passages;  but  this  i'eature  is  never  so  marlied  as  in  mo-t  of  tlie  pisciv- 
orous swimmers.  The  stermmi  is  both  long  and  liroad,  more  or  less  transverse 
posteriorly,  Mith  a  simi)I(!  notch  or  fenestra  on  each  si(le  ;  sometimes  its  keel  is 
curiously  hollowed  out  for  a  piu'pose  stated  beyond.  Tlu!  vertcbne  vary  a  good 
deal  in  number,  owing  to  tlie  varialiility  of  the  eervicals,  wliieh  run  uji  to  :.'.")  in  some 
swans.  The  pelvis  is  ample,  arched  and  extensively  ossified,  witli  small  foramina, 
showing  nothing  of  the  straight,  constricted,  largely  fenestrated  figure  prevalent 
among  lower  water-birds. 

The  tongue  is  large  and  fleshy  ;  its  main  bone  (ijhiftsd-Jn/ft!)  is  highly  developed  ; 
its  sides  sliow  a  fringe  of  proi-esscs  corresponding  to  tiie  iameiliu  of  tlie  bill.  Tlie 
gullet  is  not  so  ample  as  in  the  flesh-eating  swinniiers.  The  gizsuu'd  resembles  that 
of  a  fowl  in  its  shape  and  great  muscularity  ;  the  muscles  are  dce[)-colored,  and  well 
show  the  typical  ilispositicju  of  large  hemispherical  lateral  masses  conv<'rging  to 
central  tendons.  Tiie  C(eea  vary  with  the  genera  according  to  food  ;  tiiey  are  very 
long — 12  or  lo  inches  —  in  some  of  the  heiliivoious  species.  The  male  genital 
armature  merits  special  notice.  "In  some  Xo^'/o/v.s  which  copulate  on  the  water 
there  is  provision  for  more  elllcient  coitus  than  by  simiile  contact  of  everted  cloac;e  ; 
and  in  the  AiKtlidn'  a  long  penis  is  developed.  It  is  ess(>iitially  a  saccular  produc- 
tion of  a  highly  vascular  jiart  of  the  lining  niembrane  of  the  cloaca.  *  *  *  hi 
the  iiassive  state  it  is  coiled  up  like  a  screw  by  the  elastieitv  of  associated 
ligamentous  structure.  *  *  »  A  groove  eommeneiiig  widely  at  tlie  base  follows 
the  spiral  turns  of  the  sac  to  its  termination  ;  the  sperm  ducts  open  upon  paiiillie 
at  the  base  of  this  groove.  This  form  of  penis  has  a  muscle  by  which  it  can  be 
everted,  protruded  and  raised."  {Oiri'ii.)  Among  the  most  interesting  structures 
of  the  Amitiila;  are  the  curious  modifications  of  the  windiiipe,  iirevailing  almost 
throughout  the  family.  In  a  number  of  swans,  this  organ  enters  a  cavity  in  the 
keel  of  the  slernum,  doubles  on  itself  and  Www  emerges  to  jiass  to  the  lungs,  forming 
either  a  horizontal  or  a  vertical  coil.  In  some  geese  tiie  windpi[)e  coils  between  the 
pectoral  muscles  and  the  skin.  These  vagaries  of  the  windpiiie  are  not,  however, 
contined  to  the  present  family,  occurring  in  some  of  tlio  cranes,  certain  (lnllhvr, 
and  also,  it  is  said,  in  the  curious  snipe,  li/iynrhd'u  c<iiii'iit<is.  In  most  of  the  ducks, 
furthermore,  and  in  the  mergansers,  the  lower  lar3'nx  is  a  singularly  enlarged  and 
complicated  affair;  several  of  the  lower  rings  of  the  trachea  being  soldered  together 
and  greatly  magnified  to  produce  a  large  irregularly  shapcil  capsule.  Its  use  is 
not  known  ;  in  some  sense  it  is  a  sexual  character,  since  it  is  only  fully  developed 
in  the  male  ;  it  varies  greatly  in  size  and  slnqie  in  dill'erent  sjiccies.  Finally,  it 
should  be  added,  that  the  pterylosis  of  the  famil}'  is  perfectly  definite,  a  certain  type 
of  tract-formation   prevailing   throughout,    with   very  slight    minor   modifications. 

It  is  not  easy  to  overrate  the  eeonoinic  importance  of  this  large  family.  It  is 
true  that  the  mergansers,  some  of  the  sea  ducks,  and  certain  maritime  geese,  that 
feed  chiefly  upon  animal  substances,  are  scarcely  fit  for  food  ;  but  the  gre;it  majority 
afford  a  bounteous  supply  of  sapid  meat,  a  chief  de[)endence,  indeed,  with  the 
population  of  some  inliospital)le  regions.  Such  is  the  case,  for  example,  in  the 
boreal  parts  of  this  continent,  whither  vast  bands  of  water-fowl  resort  to  breed 
during  the  lleetiiig  arctic  summer.  Their  coining  marks  a  season  of  comparative 
plenty  in  places  where  hunger  often  pinches  the  belly,  and  their  warm  tlowiiy 
covering   is    patched    into   garments   almost   cohl-proof. 

The  iii'ueral  traits  of  the  anserine  birds  are  too  well  known  to  reiiuire  more  than 


V 


280 


ANATIDiT:,    SWANS. 


piissins  notice.  Tlipy  are  salacious  lo  ii  (lcj;rcc  rcniaikMblc  even  in  tlic  hot-blooded, 
pMssidiiiite  cJM.-is  of  iiiids ;  a  ciiciiiustMnci'  rcinU'riiig  tlie  (jrodiiction  of  liyln'ids 
frciliu'nt,  and  favuiin;^  the  study  iA'  tliis  subject.  If  we  recall  the  peculiar  actions 
of  geese  nippinj;  heritage,  and  of  ducks  "dahlilinu;"  in  the  water,  and  know  that 
s(>ine  species,  as  the  iiiergaiisers,  pursue  fish  and  oilier  live  prey  under  water,  wc 
hav(!  the  prin<'ip.'d  modes  of  feeilin;^.  Nidilication  is  usually  on  the  ground; 
.sometimes  in  a  hollow  tree;  the  nest  is  often  warndy  lined  with  live  feathers ; 
the  eggs  are  usually  of  some  plain  pale  color,  as  greenish  or  creamy;  the  clutch 
varies  in  numher,  commonly  ranging  from  half  a  dozen  to  a  dozen  and  a  h.alf. 
The  young  are  clothed  with  slillish  down,  and  swiin  at  onc(.'.  Among  the  ducks 
and  nu'rgansers.  marked  sexual  diversity  in  color  is  the  rule-;  the  reverse  is  the 
case  with  swans  and  geese.  A  noteworthy  coloration  of  maiij'  species,  especially 
of  ducks,  is  the  sjn'rnlnni ;  a  hrightly  colored,  generally  iridescent,  area  on  the 
secondary  ijuills.  Most  of  the  s|)ecies  jirc  migratoiy,  particularly  those  of  the 
northern  liemis[)here ;  the  llighl  is  iierformed  iu  hands,  that  seem  to  preserve 
discipline  as  well  as  companionship;  and  with  such  regularity,  that  no  birds  arc 
better    eiititle(l    to    the    claim    of   weather-prophets. 

There  are  upward  of  17.")  s|)ecies  of  this  family,  inhabiting  all  parts  of  the  world. 
They  dili'er  a  good  deal  in  minor  details,  and  reitresent  a  number  of  peculiar  genera 
aside  from  the  (ordinary  types,  though  none  are  so  aberrant  as  to  endanger  the 
integrity  of  the  group.  It  is  dillii-ult  to  establish  divisions  higher  than  generic, 
because  the  swans,  geese  and  ducks,  if  not  also  the  mergansers,  arc  closely  united 
by  intermediate  genera.  Ihit  the  five  groups  presented  as  subfamilies  in  the 
following  pages,  and  rc[)resentiiig  the  whole  of  the  family',  ni.ay  be  conveniently 
recognized,  and  are  readily  dislinguished,  so  far  as  our  species  are  concerned, 
by   the   characters   assigned. 


Suhfamili/  CYGXIX.TJ.    Swans. 

A  fitrq)  of  bare  sJdn  letuTcii  flic  ri/p  and  hill ;  tursi  reticulata.  In  the  swans,  the 
neck  is  of  extreme  length  and  flexibility  ;  the  movements  and  attitudes  on  the  water 
are  proverbially  elegant  and  graceful.  The  bill  e<[uals  or  exceeds  the  head  in  length  ; 
it  is  high  and  compressed  at  base  (where  sometimes  tubercnlate),  flatter  and 
widened  at  the  end ;  the  nostrils  are  median.  Some  of  the  inner  remiges  arc 
usually  enlarged,  and  when  elevated  in  a  peculiar  position  of  the  wing,  they  act  as 
sails  to  help  the  course  of  the  bird  over  the  water.  The  legs  arc  placed  rather  far 
back  for  this  family,  so  that  the  gait  is  awkward  and  constrr.iueil.  The  tail  is  short, 
of  20  or  more  feathers.  Although  the  voice  is  .soiKjrous  at  times,  an  habitual 
reticence  of  swans  contrasts  strongl}'  with  the  noisy  gabbling  of  geese  and  ducks; 
it  is  hardly  necessary  to  add,  that  their  fancied  nmsical  abilit}-,  cither  in  health  or 
at  the  approach  of  death,  is  not  confirmed  by  examination  of  their  vocal  apparatus; 
this  is  in  many  cases  convoluted  as  already  described,  but  there  are  no  syringeal 
muscles  nor  other  apjiaratns  for  modulating  the  voice.  There  are  eight  or  ten 
species,  of  various  countries,  among  them  the  celcbr.ated  black  swan  of  Australia, 
Cltenopsis  atratus,  the  bl.ack-necked  swan  of  South  America,  C'/gnus  niyricollin ; 
and  the  Cosroroba  anatoideH  of  the  same  country,  a  species  with  feathered  lores  ;  in 
none  of  these  does  the  trachea  enter  the  breast-bone.  Our  two  species  belong  to 
the  subgenus  Olur,  distinguisheil  from  Cijijivis  proi)er  by  absence  of  a  tubercle 
at  the  base  of  the  bill.     The  sexes  arc  alike  throughout  the  group. 


281 


247.    Qonus    CYQNUS    Linnoaus. 

*,*  Ailult  plmnugi!  outin-ly  wliito ;    yi>in.ri'r,  llni  Ii.mI  iiiil  iieclv  w.isli'l  witli 
rusty  brown;  ntill  younger,  gniy  or  Jishy.     Dili  .'ukI  iVci  hliick.     L(Migtli  !-.'•  foet. 

Trit)j>j)ff/i'r  ,SiV(in.  Tail  (iioriuiilly)  of  21  teulliors.  Xo  yellow  .spot  on 
hill,  which  is  riitlicr  loiigor  thiiu  the  head,  tlui  nostrils  fairly  in  its  hasal  half. 
Mississippi  Valley,  westward  and  northward;  Canada  (C.  piiKsmovei 
IIiNCKs).  Sw.  and  Ricu.,  Fn.  Uor.-Ain.  ii.  Kit;  Xurr.,  ii,  ;)7() ;  Aui)., 
vi,  2l'J,  pis.  382,  uS;} ;  l)i).,  7.")8 duccinatou. 


l-'ii;.  \-l.    Amariran  swan. 

Wliislliiiii  Sircnt.  Tail  (normally)  of  20  featlicrs.  A  yellow  spot  on  hill, 
which  is  not  lonirer  th;in  the  iiead  ;  nostrils  median.  X.  Am.  C.  bewiclcil 
Sw.,  Fn.  l)or.-Ani.,  -iOj  ;  Cfi-nis'SvTr.,  ii,  ;5(!(!;,C.  bcwkkll  NuTT.,  ii, 
372;    f '.  '///^r-/vVvn(».s' Auo.,  vi,  22(!,  pi.  3.S-I: ;   I>i).,  7.58.     .      .     ameuicanUS. 

Siibfamlhi  AXSERIN.E.     f.Ve.se. 

Lores  foiiiplcfch/  fi'Klhcriil  \  l<(rsl  i-iiliri'l;/  Mifnlnti'.  Xcck  hi  leii<|tli  between 
that  of  .swans  and  ol'  ducks  ;  cervical  vertebra'  about  10  ;  body  elevated  and  not  so 
much  llattened  as  in  the  ducks  ;  lous  relatively  longer  ;  tarsus  jjenerally  excee(hng, 
or  at  least  not  shorter  than,  tlie  middle  toe;  liill  generally- rather  short,  liigli  and 
compressed  at  l)ase,  and  taixainu'  to  tip,  which  is  less  wi(U'ned  and  flattened  than  is 
usual  amouL!;  ducks,  and  almost  wiioUy  occu[)ied  by  tlie  liroad  nail.  The  species 
as  a  rule  are  more  terrestrial,  and  walk  lieltcr,  than  ducks;  they  are  j;;cnerally 
herbivorous,  althonuli  several  maritime  species  (ifcn.  2  til,  ami  an  allioil  .South 
American  group)  are  animal-l'ee(lers.  and  their  llesli  is  rank.  l$otli  siixes  attend  to 
the  young.  A  notable  trait,  shared  l)y  the  swans,  is  their  mode  of  resenting 
intrusion  by  hissing  with  ontstrctclu'd  neck,  and  striking  with  the  wings.  With 
some  exceptions  the  plmnage  is  not  so  l)riglit  and  variegated  as  that  of  ihicks,  and 
the  speculum  is  wanting ;  there  is  only  an  annual  moult,  and  no  seasonal  change  of 
l)lumage  ;  the  sexes  are  generally  alike.  ^lost  of  the  geese  fall  in  or  very  near 
g(Ui.  2  l.S  and  2.")0,  and  are  modelled  in  the  likeness  of  the  domestic  breeds.  Tiio 
more  notable  exotic  forms  are:  —  the  Australian  ^litxi'i-inuis  mdanolvnca  and 
Ccreopsin  iiord'-Iiiilliinillir,  tlie  former  having  the  feet  little  more  than  semii)almate, 
the  latter  scarcely  aipiatic,  with  very  long  legs,  nnich  bare  above  the  sull'rago,  and  the 
bill  small,  very  membranous  ;  the  African  I'livtivptei'its  ijkiiiIjchhi'.s,  a  purplish-black 
KKv  TO  N.  A.  nntns.    3(i 


S82 


ANATIDA;,    (iKESK.  —  (iKN.    24H. 


bird  Nvilli  spurs  on  the  wiiij^s  ami  a  tiiljiTclc  at  the  base  of  tlm  hill;  tli'!  Asiatic. 
Cyiinjim's  rtjiinoklex,  rrL'(]iu'iitly  doiiK'sticutcd,  a  triu'  fjoosi;  with  a  swan-like  nspcct; 
llic  K^^yptian  };j()(>sc,  CliriKilnpi'.i'  iiiiiiii/iiini,  'I'lic  j^ci'sc  ai)p('ar  to  pass  diivctly  into 
the  (hicks  throniih  the  raliici'  larjrt'  shichlrakc  jj,r(Jilp,  the  species  of  which  resemble 
the  latter  in  many  exIeniMl  fcMtnrcs.  but  arc  more  esHcntially  like  geese.  Charac- 
teristic I'xaniplcs  of  this  ^roiip  are  the  iMn'opcm  'J'ldhinrt  riiljiKiixer  and  Cusarm 
riilila;  there  are  several  others  in  the  southern  hemisphere;  our  long-legged 
arborlcole  genus  DeiiilrovijijiKi  belongs  in  the  innncdiate  vicinity,  while  the  domes- 
ticated nmsk  duck,  ('niriiid  nnisr/difit,  is  not  I'ar  remove(l.  Through  such  foinis 
as  these  we  are  brougiit   directly  among  the    ducks   proper. 


248.    Ocnus    ANSEB    Linnocus. 

*,*  JiiU  and  feel  light  or  bright  colored  ;  plumage  vlillo,  or  much  variegated. 

Anierlcdu  WliUe-froiilcd  (tuose.  Bill  siuootii ;  tiic  Intniiuu  nuxleratol}' 
pxposctl ;  tail  normally  ot"  Ifi  feathers.  Umlor  |)arts  v.  iiito  or  gray,  exten- 
sively blotched  with  black  ;  back  dark  gray,  with  piihu"  or  hrowiiish  edgings 
of  tiie  feathers  ;  upper  tail  coverts  white  ;  head  aiul  neck  grayish-brown,  the 
forehead  eoiispiciiously  i)iirc  white  (in  the  adult ;  dark  in  some  states)  ;  bill 
pale  lake;  feet  orange,  with  pale  claws,  Al)()iit  27  long;  wing  1(1-18  ;  tail 
,5-() ;  tarsus  2^-.'{ ;  middle  toe  and  claw  aI)out  the  same.  North  America ; 
only  diil'ers  from  the  European  iu  an  avenigc  longer  bill  (l:|-2,  instead  of 
lA-1^).  Sw.  and  Rich.,  Fn.  B.-A.  ii,  4()() ;  Nutt.,  ii,  .IU! ;  Aud.,  vi,  20!), 
pi,  380  ;  Bi).,  7G1 ;  A.froiitaUs  Bo.,  7(!2  (young),    aliiifiioxs  var.  OAMnKi.ii. 

/  Jihie  Goose.  "With  nearly  the  size,  and  exactly  the  form,  of  the  next 
species,  but  the  plumage  ashy,  varied  with  dark  brown,  tlie  head,  upper 
neck,  tail  coverts  and  most  of  the;  luider  paits  white,  the  wing  coverts  silvery- 
ash.  Questionably  the  young  of  the  snow  goose.  WiLs.,  viii,  89,  pi.  (5!),  f. 
5;  Cass.,  Proc.  Bhila.  Acad.  iSoO,  12;  Ell.  pi.  4-1.     .     .     c.r,uuLKscF.Ns. 

iS'iioiv  Goose.  Bill  smooth  ;  the  lamiiuu  very  prominent,  owing  to  arching 
of  the  edges  of  tlie  bill.  Adult  pimnagc  pure  white,  but  in  most  specimens 
the  head  washed  with  rusty-red ;  primaries  broadly  black-tipped ;  bill 
lake-red  with  white  nail;  feet  the  same,  with  dark  claws.  "Young,  dull 
bluish  or  i)ale  lead  colored  on  the  lieail  and  iipi)er  parts  of  the  body"  (C^N.s/n). 
Length  about  30;  wing  17-l!l ;  tail  ;")*-()*;  bill  2i ;  tarsus  3i.  North 
America;  U.  S.  in  winter;  extremel}- abmidaut  in  the  West,  much  less  so 
in  the  East.  "Wils,,  viii,  70,  pi.  08,  f.  o  ;  8w,  and  Uicii.,  Fn.  B.-A.  ii, 
4G7  ;  Nltt.,  ii,  344  ;  Aun.,  vi,  212,  pi.  381  ;  Bu.,7G0.       .     hyi-kubohkus, 

Var.  Ai.UATLS.  Lexser  Snow  Goose.  Smaller ;  "  length  about  25  inches  ;  wing 
li)i  ;  tail  5J  ;  bill  2  ;  tarsus  ;5."  Western  N.  Am.  Cass.,  Proc.  Phila.  Acad. 
1850,  41  ;  1801,  73 ;  lii).,  700,  '.»2') ;  Elliot,  pi.  42. 

lioss'  Goose.  Bill  studded  at  the  base  with  numerous  elevated  papilhe. 
Color  white,  with  black-tipped  quills,  exactly  as  in  the  snow  goose,  l)iit  less 
than  24  long;  wing  14-1.5  ;  tail  .5  ;  bill  1.^  ;  tarsus  2i.  Arctic  regions  (U.  8. 
in  winter?).  "ILn-ned  Wavey"  oi  Ifeiinie,  Journ.  442  ;  A.  ross/'i  Bo.  ;  Cass., 
Proc.  Phila.  Acad.  ISGl,  73  ;   /•Jxauf/ieinops  rossi'i  Elliot,  pi.  44.      uossii. 


■fiatic, 

|)cct ; 

into 

'llll)lo 

ariK'- 

tidfia 

Dincs- 
fonns 


ANATIMK,    <l|-.i:sr.. — (!f,N.     •?  Ill,    2.')t». 


•2H:] 


240.    Qonus    PIIILACTE    Banniator. 

Pdhifed  Gno:<e.  Kinpcvaf  (luime.  Wavy  l>!iiisli-;.n'iiy,  witli  lavondiT  or 
lilac  tintiiii.',  mid  sharp  Mack  cres'-ciitic  iu;iiUs  ;  licad,  iiapo  and  tail  wliito, 
foniior  oiU'ii  washed  with  ainhor-yoUow ;  throat  hiaclv,  wliito-spockU-d ; 
(piills  varii'il  witli  Itlaclc  and  white;  '.'.'j-l'S  ;  wini,'  i."i-17  ;  tail  .')-(!;  hill  1  A  ; 
tarsus  ;5.  N.  \V.  coast;  ahuiidaut  at  mouth  of  Yukon.  ChlorplKKjit  cdnd'ilcn 
Ui).,  7(;«  ;  Kt.r..,  pi.  ■!.'»;  Dai.l.,  Trans.  Cliica!.'n  Acad,  i,  2!lt; ;  Phlhirfe 
cdiKii/i'ffi  liAW.,  I'i'oc.  I'hila.    Vrad.  i.STi),  l.'li cA.NAtiicA. 


ii«,^'iia,>gW^;  V,  1;.'  ^■ 


I'm;,  is 


i:iii|nT"r  t; 


250.    Genus    BRANTA    Scopoli. 

*^*  Bill  and  feet  hlaek  ;  head  and  neek  i)iack,  with  wliite  sp.ices. 

liavnacle  Goose.  lUackish  ;  tail  coverts,  sides  of  rinnp,  forehead,  sides 
of  head,  and  throat,  wiiiti; ;  interscapulars  and  win;;  coverts  hluish-j^ray  ; 
under  parts  plumheous-white  ;  2)S  ;  winjjf  17;  tarsus  2f  ;  hill  lA.  Europe; 
very  rare  or  merely  casual  in  X.  Am. 
Bd.,  Am.  Xat.  ii,  4!)  (Hudson's  liay)  ; 
Lawr,,  ibid.  V,  10  (North  Candina). 
NuTT.,  ii,  355  ;  Aun.,  vi,  200,  pi.  378  ; 
Bd.,  7G8 LKUCorsis. 

Brant  Goose.  Head,  neck,  body 
anteriorly,  quills  and  tail,  black ;  a 
small  patch  of  white  streaks  on  the 
middle  of  the  neck,  and  nsually  white 
touches  on  the  under  eyelid  and  chin  ; 
upper  tail  coverts  white  ;  back  brown- 
ish-jj^ra}'' ;  under  parts  the  same,  but  paler,  and  fading  into  white  on  the  lower 
belly  and  crissum ;  black  of  jugiduin  well  deliucd  .igainst  the  color  of  the 


I'li;.  \^U    (I.  Itiant  (ioose;  A,  v;ir.  iiii/rif<in^. 


i 


'2X\ 


ANATiK.r.,  (iF.r.sr.. — c.r.s.  I'.'il. 


I . 


li'irnii. 


I>i'fii>t  ;  2  ft'i't   Iniijr  ;   wiiiL'   i;i;  l:iil  ^i  :  liill    1^;  tiirsiiH  '2\.     IIikIsoh's  ISny  ; 

Arctic  and  Atlantic  (and  I'acitii  V)  Coast,  S.  in  winter  to  Carolina  or  I'nrtlicr ; 

ooninion.      Wii.s,,  viii,  1;>I,  pi.  72,  I'.  1  ;  S\v.  and   IJkii.,  I".  15. -A.  ii,  M'A)  ; 

NiTT.,  ii,  ."».')Ii ;  All).,  vi,  i'(i;i,  |)|.  ;;7!t ;  IJn.,  7(i7 iir.iiMci.A. 

\'ar.  NKiiiHANs.      Illnck  Hi-imt.     Similar;  lilack  nl'  Jii;^\iiiiiii  cxtriidinfi  over  most 

of  till'  under  |inrts.  jiiiKlmdiy  t'adinj;  licliind  ;  white  neck  iiatehes  usually  lar>;er  and 

meeting;  in  I'l'iiiil.      llotli  coasts;   veiy  a)iundaiit  on  the  I'aeilie;   not  eomnion  on  tliu 

Atlantic.      I.awii..   Ann.   I.vc    N.  Y.    islC,  171; 
('.\>-.,  III.  :>-l,  |il.  10;   III..,  7f.7. 

('iiiiiii/il  ( I'liiisr.  ('niiiiiiiiii  ]\  ill/,  (I'oiisf, 
Tail  noiinidly  IH-|'catlicrcd,  (Jrayisli-lnown, 
ImIiiw  paler  or  w  lHtisli-j.n'ay,  Idcacldiifr  on 
llie  eri^^nni,  idl  I  lie  feathers  with  Iij:litcr 
edi:('s  ;  h<';id  and  neeU  lilacli,  with  a  liroad 
while  pateh  on  the  tln'oal  luoniitiiiir  each  sid(\ 
(d'  the  head;  tail  MaeU,  with  white  upper 
eoveits.  Ahoiit  ;'>(!;  Willi;  IH-l'O;  tail  (1^-7^; 
liill  r,'-:.';  taisiis  usually  over  o.  X.Am., 
aliiindaiit  ;  V .  S.  chiclly  in  winter,  hut  also 
occasionally   in  siiinnier,  Itrecdinj.'  s[)arin<j;ly. 

Wii.s.,  viii,  r)2,  pi.  (17,   f.    t  ;  Sw.  and   IJicii..   Imi.   15. -.\.   ii.    KIH  ;    Xt  rr., 

ii,  34!) ;  Am.,  vi,  1  7.s,  pi.  ;)7(; :   I5i>.,  7()l ca.nadknsis, 

Var.  i.iUTopAiii'.iA.  liliick  of  neck  lionnded  liclow  liy  a  while  jui;nlar  collar; 
uniler  jiarls  latlier  darker  ilian  is  iisaiilin  the  Canada  j^oosc.  well  dclincd  airainst 
the  while  of  IIk'  JMiiiil  iim  and  erissiim.  .^i/c  of  the  last  ;  tail  t'eallicrs  IH.  Cass., 
III.  •21-2.  pi.  -l.'i ;  lin.,  7i;."..     Jl.  urriihnlnlls  I'.i>..  7(:(;  (in  text). 

Var.  ni  rriiiNsii.  'J'ail  usually  K'l-I'cathered.  Colors  cNjictly  as  in  the  Canada 
goose,  hut  size  less.  Aliont  2\  I'cct  loiiir ;  winu  l.")-17;  tail  ;'>- H ;  hill  I'j-I^l; 
tarsus  rather  under  '?>.  X.  Am.,  hut  eliiclly  northern  and  western.  .Sw.  and  l!i(  ii., 
F.  1>.-A.,  ii,    170;    Nirr.,  ii.  'M'<2  \  Aud.,  vi,   I'.ts,  pi.  ;j77  ;    ]ii,.,  ~W,. 

251.    Genus    DENDROCYGNA    Swainson. 

*»*  Dnck-likc  ailioricole  licese,  with  the  hill  loniicr  than  the  head,  tcrininatccl  hy 
a  prominent  nail,  the  Icj^s  very  lon^  with  tlii'  tihia^  exteiisiv<'ly  demided  lielow,  the 
hind  too  len<ftheiied,  inore  than  oiu'-third  .as  loiej;  as  the  tarsus.  In  aildition  to  the 
I'ollowiiif^  species,  a  third,  1).  nrborvn,  of  tlu*  West  Indies,  nniy  occur  in  the  South. 

Fuli'oxin  Two  Duck.  I'alc  ciniianioii  or  ycdlowi.sh-ljrown,  darker  on  the 
crown,  llie  nape  with  ii  Mack  line,  the  bend  of  the  winsj  cliocolate-lirowii ; 
rest  of  the  wiiifr,  nimi)  and  tail,  Mack,  its  ii[)pcr  and  under  coverts  white; 
scapulars  and  fore  back  dark  with  pide  cinnamon  cdLrings;  bill  and  feet 
blackish;  20;  wing  OJ ;  tail  ;5.i  ;  bill  ].]  ;  tarsns  2).  S.  and  Cent.  Am.  and 
Mexico;  Southwestern  U.  8.,  not  common.  Fort  Tejon,  Cal.  {Xdutitx), 
Bi).,  770;  Fort  AVhipple,  Ari/.,  Couks,  I'roc.  Fliila.  Acad.  ISfiC  !»«  ;  Gal- 
veston, Tex.  (DrcKser ;  breeding);  New  Orleans,  I.,a.  (Jfnore).    .     fulva. 

Ah'nmiicil  Tree  Duel, .  lilackish,  including  a  niu-lial  stripe;  crown,  most 
of  neck  and  fore  breast,  middle  of  back  and  scapulars,    reddish-chocolat'! ; 


I 


ANATID.r,,    DICKS. — (IKV,    2.12. 


•jh:. 


a  liir^'C!  wliili'  w  iiit'-li:il(  li  ;  hill  Mini  1('L'>  it'ddi^li.  Si/c  (irtlicliist.  Sniilli 
iiiui  t't'iilnil  Aiiiciiiii  and  Mexico,  lo  Tixiis  (Si/nt//).  Lawi;.,  Ami.  L\i', 
N.  Y.  l.s.'»l,  117;   15i).,  77(1 Ai  II MNAl.is. 

SnhjaniU'l    .  I  .V.  I  77.V. /,'.       J>'n;r  IhirlH. 

Turn!  »viilclhil(>  ill  Jhiiit ;  In'inl  Inc  nlmiilr.  Tills  cxpn-MMioii  Noiiiii'iiti'H  (lio  prcsi'iit 
Liroiip  t'idiii  nil  the  North  Aiiiciicjiii  ('xiiinpic-i  of  the  lori'ijoliii;  mii'I  sucrccilini^  siili- 
raiiiilics,  iiillioiiirli  not  a  pi'ifcct  irni<.'iio-.i><.  'I'lic  link  mid  I(';j:-*  arc  shorter  than 
they  .'ivi'riijft'  ill  ficcsc,  while  the  feet  aro  siiiiillci'  tli;iii  in  the  sea-diieks,  the  toes  niid 
their  welis  not  heiiiiJ  so  hiiihiy  developed.  None  of  the  .l/i((////(('  iire  extensively 
niaritinie,  like  most  ol"  the  /■'»//;/»//</'<',•  yet  they  are  not  hy  iiny  iiicmiis  eonlliied  to 
(VeHll  Wflters,  Mild  some  species  eoiisliintly  MSsoeiMtc  «itll  the  sen-dllcks.  'I'liey  feed 
extensively,  like  most  ui'cse,  upon  siic(  iiieiit  Mi|iiMtie  herliMtzc,  Init  mIs<i  upon  various 
Mliilii:il  siili-.tMllccs  ;  their  llesh  is,  Mlniost  without  cxci'ption,  excellent.  'I'liey  do 
not  dive  t'or  their  food.  The  nioiill  is  doiilile  ;  tlie  sexes  are  mIiiiusI  iiiNMiiahly 
niMikeilly  distinct  in  color;  the  yoiinu;  reseiiilile  the  9  ;  tl"'  will.!.;'  Ii.as  nsiiMlly  a 
lirilliMiit  six'iMiliini,  which,  like  the  other  winif-m.'irkinirs,  is  the  smiiic  in  liotli  sexes. 
I'nlike  j;eesi'.  Ihe^e  and  other  diK'ks  arc  not  doiilily  moiio^Miiioiis,  liiit  simply  so  if 
not  polyiianions  ;  the  iiimIc  pays  no  alleiilioii  to  the  yoiitCjC.  Ivxehidini^  the  shield- 
rake  ;ii(Mip.  already  nienlioncd  as  pertaining;'  rather  to  the  i^'eese  than  the  diicks, 
there  arc  aliolit  lifly  species,  ;j-cnci'ally  di^triliiiled  over  the  world.  They  arc  split 
into  a  lar;.;-!'  niiml)er  of  modern  j^cnera,  most  of  which  iinlicale  little  more  ih.'iii 
spccilic  characters;  the  majority  are  represented  in  this  country.  Of  thos(  here 
folhnvinsi,  only  two,  S/niinlii  and  .1''.''.  rcprcsiiit  any  decided  stnictiiral  peculiarity  ; 
the  rest  inijiht  all  lie  rcfcrrc(l  to  Amis,  type  of  the  j;r(aip.  The  Miiliirni-li^iiii'liuK 
viL'mhr(iin(ci'iiK,i)i'  Australia,  is  a  iiolalile  exotic  form. 


I 


252.    Gomis    ANAS    Linnrcua. 

Afdiliinf.  {J  with  tile  lioad  and  upper  neck  irlossy  iri'con,  siiccocdcd  hy  a 
wliito  riiii^ ;  hreast  piirplisli-elii'sliiiit ;  tail  fcatliei's  iiiostly  wliitisli ;  ^n-eater 
winjr  coverts  tipjjed  with  hiaek  and  whitt',  tiie  speeiiliiiii  violet,  hlaek- 
bordcrod  ;  hill  irreeiiisli-yellow  ;  feet  oran^iic-red  ;  9  w  itli  the  wiiij;  as  in  (ho 
<J  ;  head,  neck  and  under  pai'ls  pale  ochrev,  soeckleil  and  stfcaked  with 
dusky.  Jienjxth  ahoiit  21  ;  wiiiif  10-12.  N.  Am.,  ahiindaiil  ;  rare  or  casual 
ill  New  Knjjflaiid  and  further  eastward.  AVii.s.,  viii,  1 12,  jil.  70,  f.  7  ;  Xirr., 
li,  378  ;  Aui).,  vi,  2;j(!,  pi.  .^s.') ;  15i).,77l liosciiAS. 

Oils.  This  is  the  well-known  orij^inal  of  the  eoinmun  tame  duck.  An  anoma- 
lous (lack,  with  the  p'licral  asp(>ct  of  this  species,  tint  nearly  as  hii'U'c  as  a  j^'oosc, 
i.s  occasionally  taken  on  the  .Vtlantic  coast.  It  is  iini|iiestional)ly  part  mallard,  lint 
the  balance  of  its  pareiitai;'e  is  niiknown  —  siipposeil  to  lie  iniiseow.  (.1.  iiin.riiiKi 
(iossi:.  Birds  of  .I.amaica,  ;!li;)  ;  Fitlhj,,},!  rlnln  r,i;i.i,.  Ann.  Lye.  \.  V.  l.s.c'.  iM'.l.) 
A.  ijlDci/mis  or  A.  Iiri'ircri  of  Ai  n.,  \i,  I'.'n'.  pi.  ."kS?  (-1.  (iidliilKniii  lA'  Iicjnap.)  is 
.supposed  to  lie  a  liyhrid  hetwcen  the  mallard  and  i;ailwall.  The  inallar<I  is  known 
to  cross  with  varioii-!  other  species.  Upwards  of  lifty  kinds  of  liylirid  ducks  are 
recorded;    some  of  them  have  |iroved   /('/-///c,  contrary  to  an  assumed   rule. 

Diiski/  Duel-.     JSIiick  I)iicl\     Size  of  tin;  mallard,  and  rcseiidilin;,'  the   9 
of  that  species,  hut  darker  and  without  decided  white  anywhere  c.xceiit  under 


i-r 


286 


anatid;e,  ducks.  —  oen.  2')^,  2')!,  255. 


Ki(i.  isi;.    I'l  iiiMir  I'iiii.iii. 


the  wings.  Tail  16-18-foatlicrcd.  Eastern  N.  Am.,  al)undant,  ospocialiy 
in  Xew  En^Mand  and  eastward.  Wir.s.,  viii,  141,  pi.  72,  f.  5;  Nun., 
ii,  31)2  ;  AuD.,  vi,  244,  pi.  38(J ;   I5».,  775 oijscuka. 

253.    Gonus    DAFILA    Leach. 

Pintail,     Sprir/kn'l.      Tail    ciincatc,    wlion   fully   developed   the   central 

feathers    much    projceting  and  nearly  e(jiiallin,<;  the  wing  in  length;  much 

sliorter  and  not  so  narrow  in  the  9  and  young;  4  to  [)  inches  long;  Aving 

11  ;  total  length  about  24.    Uill  i)Iaek  and  blue,  feet  grayish-blue;  head  and 

upper  neck  dark  brown,  with 
green  and  purple  gloss,  sides 
of  neck  with  a  long  white 
stripe;  lower  neck  and 
under  parts  white,  dorsal 
line  of  neek  l)lack,  passing 
into  the  gra}'  of  the  l)ack, 
which,  like  the  sides,  is 
vermiculated  with  black; 
s p e e u  1  u ni  greenisii-purplc, 
antei'ioriy  bordered  by  bull' 
tips  of  tlie  greater  coverts, 
elsewhere  by  black  and  white  ;  tertials  and  scai)ulars  black  and  silvery  ; 
9  and  young  with  the  whole  head  and  neck  speckled  or  Hnely  streaked  with 
dark  brown  and  grayish  or  yellowish-brown  ;  below,  dusky-freckled  ;  altove, 
blackish,  all  the  feathers  pale-edged  ;  only  a  trace  of  the  speculum  between 
the  white  or  whitish  tips  of  tlic  greater  coverts  and  secondaries.  N.  Am., 
abundant.  Wils.,  viii,  72,  pi.  (58,  f.  3;  Xutt.,  ii,  380;  Aud.,  vi,  2(i(i, 
390;  IjD.,  770.    Anax  mudacuta  Sw.  and  llicii.,  F.  IJ.-A.  ii,  441.     acuta. 

254.    Gonus    CHAXJLELASMUS    Gray. 

(hidiraV.  $  with  most  of  the  plumage  barred  or  half-ringed  with  black 
and  white,  or  whitish;  middle  wing  coverts  dieKtind,  greater  coverts  hhick, 
specuJinn  vhUe;  9  known  by  these  wing-marks;  19-22;  wing  10-11; 
X.  Am.,  connnon.  Sw.  and  Kicir.,  F.  B.-A.,  ii,  440;  Wils.,  viii,  120, 
pi.  71,  f.  1  ;  X^UTT.,  ii,  383  ;  Auu.,  vi,  254,  pi.  388  ;  Bi>.,  782.    sruErKUUS. 

255.     Genus    MARECA    Stephens. 

*„*  Bill  shorter  than  head,  grayisli-bhic  like  the  feet;  tail  14-lG-feathcred 
pointed,  but  har(ll_v  or  not  half  as  long  as  the  wing ;  top  of  head  white  or  nearly 
so,  plain  or  speckled,  its  sides,  and  the  neck,  more  or  less  speckled  ;  fore  breast 
light  l)rownish-red  ;  belly  pure  white  ;  erissuni  ahruptlj'  black  ;  middle  aud  greater 
coverts  white,  latter  hlaek-tip[)cd  ;  speeuluni  green,  black-bordered ;  20-22;  wing 
11;  tail.");  tarsus  2  ;  hill  I'-l^;    9  known  by  the  wing-markings. 

European  Widyeon.  Head  and  neck  reddish-brown,  scarcely  varied  ;  top 
of  head  creamv,  or   brownish-white,  its  sides  with  mere  traces  of  "I'cen. 


f 


ANATIDTi;,    DUCKS. OKX.    2o()-7. 


287 


iiy 


i\. 


IS 


Europe;  casiiull}'  on  tlio  Atliintic  coast,  Grconlaiul  to  Florida;  California 
{Cooper).  (iiUAun,  Birds  Long  Island,  ."SUT  ;  lU).,  781:.  .  .  ri-,NKi,ni'E. 
AiJierican  Wldijeon.  BaJdjHitc.  Head  and  nock  grayish,  diisk^'-spockU'd  ; 
top  of  head  white  (in  full  plmnagc),  its  sides  with  a  broad  green  patch. 
N.  Am.,  ahnntlant.  Scarcely  distinct  from  tiio  last.  Sw.  and 
Eicii.,  F.  B.-A.  ii,  445;  AVils.,  viii,  8(!,  pi.  (Ji»,  f.  4;  Ni  rr., 
ii,  38!);  Auu.,  vi,  25t»,  pi.  381);  Bi).,  783     .     .     amkuicana. 

256-7.    Genus    QUERQUEDULA    Stephens. 

*  Siiljcrcsted  ;  Iicad  and  iippor  neck  clicstiuit,  witli  a  hroad  i;l()ssy 
green  band  on  each  side,  wliitish-bonlcreil,  uniting  and  blackening  on 
the  nape ;  nnder  parts  white,  the  fore  breast  witli  circnlar  black  s[)ots  ;  kk;.  i87.  aiikmi- 
iipi)er  parts  and  flanks  close!}-  waved  with  blaokisli  and  while  ;  crissiun  " '"'  "  *''"'"' 
black,  varied  with  white  or  creamy  ;  specuhnn  ricii  green,  bordcreil  in  front  with 
bully  tips  of  the  greater  coverts,  behind  witli  white  tips  of  the  secondaries;  no 
bine  on  the  wing;  bill  black;  feet  graj-.  9  dill'crs  especitdly  in  the  head  mark- 
ings, but  those  of  the  wings  arc  the  same.  Small;  ll-lii;  wing 
7};  tail  ;ij  ;  bill  Ij-;  tarsus  Ij.     {Xrtt!„n.) 

I'JnfjUxh  Teal.  Xo  white  crescent  in  front  of  tiic  wing;  long 
scapulars  black  externally,  creamy  internally.  Eurojie  ;  acci- 
dental on  the  Atlantic  Coast.  CouKS,  Proc.  Phil.  Acad.  18G1, 
238  (Labrador)  ;    Bi).,  778 cimxca. 

Green-yhii/ed  Teal.  A  conspictu)ns  wliitc  crescent  on  the 
side  of  the  bodv   iiist  in   front  of  the  bend  of  the  wing ;    scap- 

Fuj.  ISS.     (jiceii-  .  *'     '  .  * 

\viii;;v,i  Tiai.  uhifs  plain.  X .  Aui.,  abundant.  \Vils.,  viii,  101,  pi.  7(1, 
f.  4;  X'uxT.,  ii,  400;  At;b.,  vi,  281,  pi.  31t2  ;  Bu.,  777.    .     cauolinknsis. 

**  Wing-coverts  in  both  sexes  sky-blue,  the  greater  white-tipi)ed  ;  speculum  green, 
white-tipped;  axillars  and  most  under  wing  coverts  while  ;  scapulars  striped  with 
tawny  and  blue  (not  in  the  9  )  or  dark  green  ;  fore  back  barred  ;  rump  and  tail 
dark,  i)lain  ;    crissuni  dark  or  black;    bill  black;    feet  not  dark,     {(^iitri/iifdnla.) 

Blite-iiuDijed  Teal.  Head  and  neck  of  the  $  blackish-plumbeous,  darkest 
on  the  crown,  usually  with  purplish  iridescence  ;  a  wliite  crescent  in  front  of 
the  eye  ;  uiulcr  parts  tliickly  dark-spotted  ;  9  with  head  and  neck  altogether 
dilfereiit ;  under  parts  much  paler  and  obscurely  spotted  ;  but  known  by  tiie 
wing-markings  from  any  species  except  the  next  one.  1,')-1(1 ;  wing  7  ;  tail 
3  ;  tarsus  1^  ;  bill  li-l'n.  Eastern  X'.  Am.  to  tlie  Rocky  Moimtains,  abun- 
dant; also,  Alaska  (Dall).  Sw.  and  IJicir.,  F.  B.-A.  ii,  444;  Wir.s.,  viii, 
74,  pi.  (!8,  f.  4  ;   Nutt.,  ii,  3i)7  ;  Aui).,  vi,  287,  pi.  3!)3  ;  Bn.,  770.     niscous. 

Cinnamon  Teal.  $  witli  head,  neck,  and  wlu)lc  under  parts,  rich 
purplisli-clicstmit,  darkening  on  crown,  chin  ami  crissuin,  and  blackening  on 
middle  of  belly  ;  rather  larger  than  tlie  last ;  bill  longer,  I'n-l'^  9  witli  the 
chestnut  replaced  by  mottled  brown  and  tawny,  and  ditlicult  to  distinguish 
from  9  f//.sro/'.j  ,■  but  dark(>r,  usually  with  some  chestnut  traces;  head,  and 
especially  chin,  more  sjiotted  ;  bill  longer.  A  generally  distril)Ute(l  S.  Am. 
spccit?s,  now  abundant  in  the  U.  S.  west  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  ;  of  casu.il 
occurrence    in    the    Gulf  States    (Louisiana,    l*!littr ;    Florida,    Mni/iianl). 


288 


avatid.t:,  Durivs. — cir.N'.   2.">S,  2.")!». 


Cass.,  Pioc  I'liilji.  Acad.   1848,   l'.),-),  jiml  111.  82,  pi.   25;    Lawu.,  Ami. 
I>yc.  X.  Y.  18.J2,  220;  15i).,  780,  and  Staiisl)iiry's  llt'i).  ;)22.    cvanoi'TKKA, 


):v- 


258.     Gonus    SPATULA    Boie. 

Shoveller.  Broad-hill.  Iiill  {wico  as  wide  iit  tlic  cud  as  at  tho  base  ;  with 
very  numerous  aud  prominent  lamina.'.  Head  and  neck  of  $  frrcen  ;  lore 
breast  \vliit(! ;  hclly  purplisii-chestnut ;  win;,' coverts  hiue  ;  speculum  green, 
bordered  with  black  and  white  ;  some  scajjulars  blue,  others  green,  all  white- 
striped  ;  bill  blackish  ;  lect  red.  9 
'tf    ■     \,--'~[  known  by  bill  and  wings.     20;  wing 

~-iC^V     s-'^i^"-:  ^.^  abundant.    WiL.o.,  viii,  (55,  pi.  (57,  f. 

7;    Xrrr.,  ii,  ;57a ;   Aud.,  vi,  2'J3, 
pi.  3S)4  ;  15i).,  781.  .     .     clypeata. 


259.    Genus   AIX   Swainson. 

6'nm!))cr  J)i(<;k.  M'ooil  Duck. 
Crested  ;  licad  iridescent  green  and 
purple,  with  parallel  curved,  white 
sui)crciliary  and  postocular  .stri[)es, 
and  a  broad,  forked,  Avhite  throat 
patch;  18-20;  wing  SA-HA ;  tail 
•1^-5;  tarsus  1}-H;  bill  IJ;  9  with  the  head  mostly  gray.  X.  Am., 
aiiundant,  breeding  in  most  sections,  nesting  in  trees.  WiLs.,  viii,  !I7,  pi. 
70,  f.  3  ;    XuTT.,  ii,  i]\)i;  Auu.,  vi,  271,  pi.  31)1;  Bd.,   785.     .     spoxsa. 


I'll,.  IMI. 


-iiiiinici'  Duck. 


Sid)fiim!l;i  FCLIGULTX^IJ.     Sm  Duels. 

Tarn!  nrntcllnic  in  front ;  hind  tnc  InJxilc  Tlio  large  iiK'nihraiious  flap  depomling 
from  till'  hind  toe  distinguislies  tiiis  groiii)  from  the  preceding,  prol)al)ly  witliont 
exception.  "While  tlie  general  form  is  the  same  as  that  of  the  Anatiiife,  tho  feet  are 
notably  larger,  with  rt>lativc  shorter  tarsi,  longer  toes,  and  broader  webs,  and  placed 
somewhat  further  back,  in  conse(|nence  of  which  the  gait  is  still  more  awkward  and 
constrained  than  the  "  waddle "  of  oi'di'iary  ducks;  but  swimming  i)owers  are 
enhanced,  and  diving  is  lacilitated.  A  large  number  of  the  sjjecies  are  exclusively 
maritime,  but  this  is  no  more  the  ease  with  all  of  them,  than  is  the  reverse  with  tho 
river  ducks.  These  birds  leeil  mr)re  upon  mollusks  and  other  aninud  substances 
(not,  however,  ui)on  lish,  like  the  mergansers)  than  the  river  ducks  do,  and  their 
liesh,  as  a  rule,  is  coarser,  if  not  entirely  too  rank  to  be  oaten  ;  there  are,  however, 
single  exceptions  to  this,  as  in  the  case  of  the  canv.as-baek.  The  sexes  arc  unlike, 
as  among  the  AmttiiKv;  and  l)esides  the  diderence  in  color,  the  9  is  often  distin- 
guisiie(l  by  the  absence  or  slight  development  of  certain  tuberosities  of  the  bill  that 
the  ^  of  several  species,  as  of  scoters  and  eiders,  i)ossesses.  A  large  majority  of 
the  sjiecies  inhabit  the  Northern  Hemisphere:  there  are  some  fort  y  in  all,  exhil)iting 
a  good  deal  of  diversity  in  minor  details,  Imt  to  no  sucli  extent  as  tiie  number  of 
enrr.'ut  genera  W(juld  imply.  Among  notable  exotics,  we  have  the  soft-billed 
IlyineniiUeinns    )nahtcor/i>jiicliits  of  Now  Zealand,  and  the  short-winged  MicroplcrtiK 


BgBBS 


ANATU)i«,    DUCKS. GEX.    2()()-l. 


289 


•c 
1, 


* 


.w 


cinereus  of  South  Amorica,  both  rolatod  to  our  gou.  2(!i  ;  tliorc.  are  but  very  few 
others.  The  genus  Ei'iKuidliini  is  the  type  of  a  smali  remarkable  group,  as  noticed 
beyond,  sf)nietinies  consiiUn'ed  as  a  sulil'aniily.  lirjinnt  hihula  of  Australia, 
witii  a  fleshy  appendage  under  tiie  bill,  the  African  'r/ni/dssurnix  IcHrimotii,  the 
Nesonetta  aucldandka,  and  several  speeies  of  ErinDtntiirc,  eompose  the  subgroup. 

260-1.    Genua    FULIGULA    Stephens. 

*  (J  with  the  head,  neck,  and  body  anteriorly,  black,  the  former  glossy  ;  lower 
back,  I'ump,  tail  and  its  coverts,  blackish;  below,  while,  with  line  black  waving  on 
the  sides  and  lower  belly;  ?  with  the  head  and  anterior  parts  brown,  with  or 
without  i)nrc  white  around  the  bill,  and  other  black  parts  of  the  ^  rather  brown; 
(J    9    '^''11    black    and   blue,    or   dusky;    feet    livid.     {Fnh'j-.) 

Greater  Scanj)  Buck.  ]i!<j  Jihick-hmd.  Jiine-hill.  Baft  Dunk.  Flock- 
ing FoivJ.  Shiilfkr.  Xo  ring  round  neck  ;  .speculiiin  wiiite  ;  Itack  and  sides 
whitisli,  tiiici\' waved  in  /igzair  with  black;  gloss  of  iicad  green;  hill  dull 
blue  with  black  nail;  legs  pliuubeoijs ;  9  witii  the  face  pun;  white,  the 
black-iiud-wliitc  vcrniiculatiou  less  distinct.  About  20  long ;  wing  !l.  X. 
Am.  "WiLs,,  viii,  81,  pi.  Gi),  f.  3;  Xutt.,  ii,  4;57  (includes  next  species)  ; 
AuD.,  vii,  3")"),  pi.  4!I8  (not  of  vi,  310)  ;    P.d.,  71)1 maiiila. 

?LeNser  Scaup  Duck.  Little  Black-head  (with  oilier  names  of  the  fore- 
going). Extrcuiely  similar;  smaller,  about  1(1;  wing  IS;  gloss  of  head 
chieily  purjile  ;  Hanks  and  scapulars  less  closely  waved  with  black?  It  is 
very  ditKcidt  to  detino  this  bird  spccitically,  and  it  may  be  simply  a  small 
southern  form  ;  but  it  appears  to  preserve  its  characters,  although  constantly 
associated  Avith  the  last.  F.  marila  Aun.,  vi,  ;UG,  pi.  397;  F.  minor 
GiRAUi),  lairds  of  Long   Island,  323;  F.  ajli)iis  Uu.,  7i)l.     .     .     affinis. 

Binfj-necked  Duck.  An  orange-brown  ring  roiuid  the  neck  ;  speculum 
graj' ;  back  nearly  uniform  blackish  ;  bill  black,  pale  at  base  and  near  tip  ; 
9  with  head  and  neck  l)r()\vn,  and  no  collar,  but  loral  si)ace  and  chin  whitish, 
as  is  a  ring  round  eye ;  bill  plain  dusky.  In  size  between  the  foregoing. 
N.  Am.  WiLs.,  viii,  (10,  pi.  (IT,  f.  5;  Xutt.,  ii,  43!l ;  Aun.,  vi,  320,  pi. 
398 ;  Bd.  792.   .     .     collakis. 

**(J  with  the  head  and  neck 
chestnut,  pure  or  obscured,  in  the 
9  plain  brown ;  body  aiiteriorh', 
rump  and  tail  coverts,  Ijlack,  in  the 
9  dark  brown  ;  back,  scapulars  and 
sides  plumbeous-white,  liuelj-  waved 
with  black,  less  distinct  in  the  9  ;  . 

speculum  bluish-ash.    Length  about  tr  ' ■■--' 
20;     wing    It-UI ;     tarsus    Ij-l.i'.  -.^ 
{Aythya.) 

Bed-head.     Pochard.     IVill 
dull  blue  with  a  black    l)clt  at  '  "-  '""    •'^'"^ '-i'^"'>- 

the  end,  broad  and  depressed,  shorter  than  he.ad   (2  or  less),  the  nostrils 
within  its  basal  half;  color  of  head  rich  pme  chestnut,  with  bronzy  or  red 

KK.V   TO   N.    A.    IlUtDS.      ;!" 


-^-mmm 


290 


ANATIDiT:,    DICKS. GEN.    202. 


reflections  ;  of  l)ack,  mixed  silvery-gniy  ami  lilack  in  abont  equal  amount,  tho 
(lai'lv  waved  lines  unhroken.  N.  Am.,  abundant.  WiLS.,  viii,  110,  jil.  70,  f.  (J ; 
Nltt.,  ii,  431 ;  Am.,  vi,  311,  pi.  3'J(! ;  Hi).,  7il.3.  fkimna  var.  ameuicana. 
Caiwax-back.  Bill  blackish,  high  at  the  base  and  narrow  throughout,  not 
shorter  than  head  (2A,  or  more),  the  nostrils  at  its  middle;  head  much 
obscured  with  dusky  ;  black  waved  lines  ol"  tho  back  sparse  and  much  broken 
up  into  dots,  tho  whitish  thus  predominating.  X.  Am.,  especially  al)undant 
along  the  middle  Atlantic  Coast  in  winter,  where  from  feeding  on  the  wild 
celery  (  VaUUnerkt)  its  llesli  acHjuires  a  peculiar  flavor,  though  not  particularly 
excellent  under  other  circumstances.  AViLS.,  viii,  103,  pi.  70,  f.  f) ;  Nuxr., 
ii,  430;     Aud.,  vii,  2'J9,  pi.  31>,5  ;   JJi).  7!»4 vallisneuia. 

262.    Genus    BUCEPHALA    Baird. 

*»*  S  ^^''"'  tlie  head  piitly,  dark  coli)roil,  iritlcscont,  with  luriic  white  patches; 
lowiT  neck  all  arouml,  muler  pails,  iiicliuliiig  siiles.  most  of  the  scapulars,  wing 
coverts  aiul  seconilarics,  wlilte  ;  lining  of  wings  and  axillars  dark  ;  most  of  npi)('r 
parts  black  ;  no  waving  on  back  .'iiul  sides.  ?  with  tlie  head  less  pnliy,  bruwn  or 
dark  gray,  witli  traces  of  the  wJiite  patciies,  or  not;  somcwliat  less  white  on  tlie 
wings  ;  fore  breast  and  sides  with  gray,  tlie  featlieis  iialer-edgoil.  Bill  much  shorter 
than  head,  very  high  at  tlie  base,  taiiering,  willi  median  nostrils. 

Goldeit-i'i/e.  Garrof.  $  with  the  head  and  upper  neck  glossy  dark  green, 
and  a  white  oval  or  rounded  loral  spot,  not  touching  the  base  of  the  bill 
throughout ;  white  continuous  on  outer  surface  of  wing;  bill  black  with  palo 
or  yellow  end,  with  nostrils  in  anterior  half;  feet  orange  ;  webs  dusky  ;  eyes 
yellow;  head  uniformly  puH'y ;  9  with  head  snuily-brown,  and  no  white 
patch  in  front  of  the  eye.  Length  Ul-iy  ;  wing  8-9.  X.  Am.,  abundant. 
Our  bird  does  not  appear  to  dill'er  in  the  least  from  the  European.  Wils., 
viii,  02,  pi.  07,  f.  0;  Nutt.,  ii,  441  ;  Aui).,  vi,  302,  pi.  400  (describes  tho 
next  species  as  summer  plumage)  ;    Bu.,  7110 claxgui.a. 

JJarrow'x  Golden-ei/e.  liucl'i/  Mountain  Garrot.  Very  similar ;  gloss  of 
head  purplish  and  violet;  the  loral  spot  larger,  triangular  or  erescentic, 
applied  against  the  whole  side  of  the  bill  at  base  ;  white  on  surface  of  wing 
divided  by  a  dark  bar ;  rather  larger  than  the  last ;  19-22 ;  wing  9-10 ; 
occipital  feathers  lengthening  into  a  slight  crest;  bill  shorter;  9  probably 
not  distinguishable  with  certainty  from  that  of  tho  foregoing,  unless  by  the 
dark  bar  on  the  wing.  Arctic  America  to  tho  N.  States  in  winter,  not  common. 
Also  N.  Europe.  It  is  doubtfully  distinct  from  the  last,  with  which,  however, 
I  am  not  prepared  to  unite  it.  Sw.  and  Kicir.,  F.  B.-A.  450,  pi.  70  ;  Nutt., 
ii,  444  ;  Bi).,  790  ;  Elliot,  pi.  40,  and  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  1802.    .     islaxdica. 

linffle-lieaded  JJtick.  liutter-hall.  Spirit  Duck.  Dipper.  $  with  the 
head  particularly  pufly,  of  varied  rich  iridescence,  with  a  large  white  auric- 
ular patch  continent  with  its  fellow  on  the  nape  ;  small ;  14-10  ;  wing  0-7  ; 
bill  1,  with  nostrils  in  basal  half;  9  still  smaller,  an  insignilicant  looking 
duck,  with  head  scarcely  puily,  dark  gray,  with  traces  of  the  white  auricular 
patch.  N.  Am.,  al)undant.  Wils.,  viii,  51,  pi.  07,  f.  2,  3;  Nurr.,  ii,  445; 
AuD.,  vi,  309,  pi.  408  ;  1'.!).,  797 alukola. 


1^ 


AXATIIXE,    DUCKS. — GEN.    2()3,    2(54,    2()5 ,    200-8. 


21)1 


thu 
f.  0  ; 

VXA. 

not 
niich 
okcii 
idiiiit 
wild 
iii-ly 
;tt., 
;uiA. 


263.    Genus    HARELDA    Loach. 

Lanrf-frn'Jed  Duck.  Sonth-midlierJi/.  Old-uu/p.  Tail  of  14  narrow 
pointed  fciidici's,  in  tho  ^  in  snnnuei-  the  contnd  ones  very  slender  and  inueh 
elongated,  nearly  or  (iiiitc  equalling  the  Aving;  nail  of  bill  oceupying  the 
whole  tip ;  seasonal  changes  remarkable.  <J  in  summer  with  the  back  and 
the  long  narrowly  lanceolate  scapulars  varied  with  reddish-brown,  wanting 
in  winter,  when  this  color  is  exchanged  for  pearly-gra^'  or  white  ;  general 
color  blackish  or  ver\' dark  brown,  below  from  the  breast  abrupti}' white ; 
no  white  on  the  wing ;  sides  of  head  plumbeous-gray  ;  in  winter  the  head, 
neck  and  body  anteriorly,  white,  but  the  gray  cheek-patch  persistent,  and  a 
large  dark  patch  below  this  ;  bill  at  all  seasons  black,  broadly  orange-barred. 
9  without  lengthened  scapulars  or  tail  feathers,  the  bill  dusky  greenish,  and 
otherwise  diflercnt ;  but  recognized  by  presence  of  head-  and  neck-patches, 
and  absence  of  white  on  the  wing.  Length  15-20,  or  more,  according  to 
tail;  wing  8-!).  N.  Am.,  nortiicrl}',  coastwise;  U.  S.  onl^-  in  winter; 
connnon.  Also  Northern  Europe.  WiLs.,  viii,  93,  pi.  70,  f.  1,  2;  Xurr., 
ii,  45,') ;  Auu.,  vi,  ;}7t),  pi.  410;   Bi).,  800 glaciahs. 


284.  Genus  CAMPTOLJEMUS  Gray. 
Lahradui',  or  Pied  Duck.  Bill  enlarged  towards  end  by  membranous 
expansion,  tile  nostrils  in  its  basal  third  ;  cheek  feathers  rigid  ;  $  with  the 
hod}'  and  primaries  black;  rest  of  the  wing,  with  neck  and  head,  white,  with 
a  black  collar  and  lengthwise  coronal  stripe  ;  9  i)lumbeous  gray ;  about  2 
feet  long ;  wing  D.  X.  Atlantic  Coast,  to  middle  districts  in  winter ; 
formerly  common,  now  apparently  rare.  AViLS.,  viii,  01,  \)\.  CU,  f.  0  ; 
NiiTT.,  ii,  428  ;  Auu.,  vi,  o2[),  pi.  400  ;  Bn.,  803.     .     .     .     lahuadouius, 

265.  Genus  HISTEIONICUS  Lesson. 
Harlequin  Duck.  Bill  vcr}'  small  and  short,  rapidl}'  tapering  to  tip,  which 
is  wholly  occui)ied  by  the  nail,  and  with  a  membranous  lobe  at  its  base  ; 
tertiaries  curly  ;  plumage  singularly  patched  with  different  colors;  ^  deep 
leaden-bluish,  browner  below;  sides  of  head,  and  of  body  posteriorly, 
chestnut;  coronal  stripe  and  tail  black;  a  white  patch  at  base  of  bill, 
another  on  side  of  occijuit,  of  breast  and  of  tail,  two  transverse  ones  on 
side  of  neck,  forming  a  nearly  complete  ring,  and  several  on  the  wings ; 
a  white  jugular  collar;  speculum  violet  and  purple;  9  dark  brown,  paler 
below,  whitening  on  belly ;  a  white  patch  on  auriculars  and  before  eye. 
15-18;  wing  8;  Northwestern  Europe;  N.  Am.,  northerly,  and  entirely 
coastwise,  II.  S.  only  in  winter,  not  abundant.  WiLS.,  viii,  13[>,  pi.  72, 
f.  4;  NuTT.,  ii,  448;  Aui).,  vi,  374,  pi.  40!);  Bd.,  799.    .     .     torquatus. 


266-8.    Genus    SOMATERIA    Loach. 

*  Bill  witlioiit  frontal  process,  not  feathered  to  tlio  nostrils.     {P'lhjKlirta.) 
tSleller's  Eider.     Head  white,  \vitli  a  pearly  gray  tinge,  a  green  occii)ital 


^mt^pmmm'^ 


292 


ANATlDiE,    UUCKS. — OEN.    206-8. 


band,  and  11  liliuk  chin-patch  and  oye-iin;;;  colhir  round  neck,  and  nppcr 
parts,  lustrou-s  velvety  black,  the  lengthened  curly  scapulars  and  tertiaries 
silvery-white  on  the  inner  M-ebs,  the  lesser  and  middle  wing  coverts  white, 
the  greater  coverts  and  secondaries  white-tipped,  enclosing  the  violet 
speculum  ;  under  parts  rich  reddish-brown,  blackening  on  the  belly  and 
crissnni.  lading  through  buil"  to  white  on  the  breast  and  sides,  where  there 
are  black  si)ots.  9  reddish-brown,  blackening  below,  varied  with  darker  on 
the  head,  neck  and  fore  parts  :  tijts  of  greater  coverts  and  secondaries  alone 
white,  enclosing   tiie    speculum.     Length    about    18;    wing    8.     Northwest 

Coast.   NuTT. ,  ii ,  4o  1  ; 
..-■SSST  ■■'•-,-_  Aun.,vi,o(!8,  pl.407 ; 

..  ^r=.:-J^'  IjD.,   801.     STKLLEUII. 

•*lJillwitliuutAoiital 
liroccssos,  feathered  to 
the  nostrils.  {Lamjiro- 
nelta.) 

jSj)e(i((cIcd  J'J i d  e  r. 
(J  black  or  blackish, 
the  throat,  most  of 
neck,  fore  back,  wing 
coverts,  scapulars,  ter- 
tials  and  llank-patch, 
white  ;  nape  and  occi- 
put green  ;  a  whitisji 
space  round  eye, 
bounded  by  black  ;  9 
said  to  be  brown,  varied  with  darker,  the  chin  and  throat  whitish,  the  eye 
patch  obscurely  indicated  ;  after  the  summer  moult  the  ^  is  said  to  be  like 
the  9  .  Length  about  2  feet.  Northwest  Coast,  common  about  St.  Michaels. 
Dall,  Trans.  Chicago  Acad,  i,  21)1) ;  Elliot,  pi.  47  ;  Un.,  803.  fisciieuii. 
***  Bill  with  frontal  processes,  not  feathered  to  the  nostrils.  {Somatcria.) 
Eider  Duck.  Bill  with  long  club-shaped  processes  extending  in  a  line 
with  the  cidmen  upon  the  sides  of  the  forehead,  divided  by  a  broad  feathered 
interspace.  $  in  breeding  attire  white,  creamy-tinted  on  breast  and  washed 
with  green  on  head  ;  under  i)arts  from  the  breast,  loAver  back,  rump,  tail, 
quills,  and  large  forked  patch  on  the  crown,  black.  9  with  the  bill  less 
developed,  ";eneral  plumage  an  extrcmclv  variable  shade  of  reddish-brown  or 


?te;,- 


Kic 


r.ll.     S|a'rl;ifl<'(l   Kiilt'l-. 


ochrey-brown,  speckled,  mottled  and  i)arred  with  darker  ;  ^  in  certain  stages 
resembling  the  9.  Length  about  2  feet ;  wing  11-12  inches.  Arctic  and 
N.  Atlantic  Coasts,  abundant,  S.  in  winter  to  New  England  connnonly,  to 
the  Middle  States  rarely.  This  celebrated  bird,  semi-domesticated  in  some 
places,  yields  most  of  the  prized  eider-down  of  connnercc,  which  the  parent 
plucks  from  the  breast  to  cover  the  eggs;  eggs  commonly  3-4,  pale  dull 
greenish.  Wils.,  viii,  122,  pi.  71,  f.  2,  3;  Xl'tt.,  ii,  407;  Aud.,  vi,  34'J, 
pi.  405;  Bo.,  80lt.     The  American  bird  has  lately  been  separated  from  the 


AXATID.i:,    DUCKS. GKX.    2()'J. 


293 


European  iiiulcr  imiue  of  iS.  tb'esKeri,  by  Mr.  Sliiirpc,  but  I  doubt  tho 
exclusive  pertinence  of  llic  iissiufiuMl  cii;init'ti'is.  .  .  SKii.LissnrA  (var?). 
J'acijir,  Elder.  Precisely  like  tiie  lust,  excepting  a  V-sliaped  black  mark 
on  tho  chin  ;  may  re(iuire  to  be  treated  as  merely  a  variety.  Arctic  and 
North  Pacilie  coast,  com- 
mon.    Bi).,yiO;   Elliot, 

pi.   48.       .       .       .       V-NUiUA. 

Kinij  Eider,     Bill  with 
broad  srjuarish  nearly  ver- 
tical frontal  processes  bulj^- 
ing   angularly  out   of  line 
with  culmen.     $  in  lireed- 
ing  attire  i)lack,  including 
a    forked    chin-patch,  ''  i*^-* '  ll  j#| 
frontal     band,    and    small  ^f—^'  ^ 
space  round  eye  ;   the  neck 
and  fore  parts  of  the  body, 
part   of   interscapulars,    of  i 
Aving  coverts  and  of  lining 
of  wings,  and  a  Hank  patch, 
wiiite,  creamy  on  the  jng- 
ulum,  greenish  on  sides  of 
head  ;  crown  and  nai)e  fine 
bluish-ash.      9   resembling 
that  of  the  counnon  eider,            *'"'•'"■-•   '^i''"'- i'>"=i>-  i>p->- ";,'.,  j;  lower  %.,  9. 
but    bill  dillerent.     Size  of  tiie  last,  or    rather    less.     Both    coasts,  arctic 
and   northerly;    S.   in  winter   sometimes  to  New  York.     Xltt.,  ii,    114; 
AuD.,  vi,  347,  pi.  404;   Bi).,  SlU si-kctabilis. 


289.    Genus    CEDEMIA    Fleming. 

•»*  Embracing  the  black  si'a-diicks,  surf-ducks,  scoters  or  "coots"  as  lliey  are 
variously  called  :  niaritinio  niolhisk-cating  si)ceios,  scarcely  lit  I'or  food;  ^J  Mack, 
relieved  or  not  liy  delinite  wliitc  patches  on  head  or  wings,  or  both,  with  lirii;litly 
parti-coloreil  hill,  very  hroad  at  tlie  end,  singularly  gibbous  at  base,  but  of  ilill'crcnt 
form  in  each  of  the  following  species,  unnecessarily  causing  their  soi)aration  into 
the  three  genera,  mentioned  lielow  ;  9  sooty-l>rown,  etc.,  bill  sim[)ly  turgid  at  l)ase, 
uuieli  widened  at  end  ;  hut  niaj*  be  knijwn  by  having  the  nostrils  at  the  jniddio  of 
the  bill  or  beyond  it,  the  nail  broad,  fused,  c:'cui)ying  all  the  tij),  the  frontal  feathers 
reaching  further  on  culmen  than  on  sidi's  of  upper  mandible,  and  forming  no 
reeiitranee  at  its  bacli  upper  corner;  young  ^  resembling  the  9-  U"i"  tlu'ee 
species  iidial)it  both  coasts,  and  sometimes  the  larger  inland  waters,  hreetling 
northward;  they  occur  abiuidantl}-  in  winter  along  the  whole  length  of  the  U.  S. 

^bnericdu  lihick  Scoter.  Bill  scarcely  encroached  uj)ou  by  the  frontal 
feathers,  shorter  than  the  head,  black,  the  gibbosity  superior,  circumscribed, 
orange  {  i  )  ;  nostrils  at  its  middle  ;  tail  normally  lO-feathercd.  ((Kdemid.) 
Plumage    of   J"    entirely    black.      9    sooty-i)ro\vu,    paler    below,    becoming 


I 


«  I! 


2!)4 


an'atid.t;,  ducks. — c.v.s.  2(U». 


V\i;.  I'.il.     I'enuilr  lllai-k  S'-.it.T.  u  illi  oiillhn'  nT  Ijill  viu\wcl  IViJiii  brl.iw. 


grnyisli-wliitd  on  tlio  l)(>lly,  tlicro  cliisky-spoekled,  on  tlif  sides  aiul  fliinks 
cliisky-wavod  ;  throat  and  .siilos  of  lioad  mostly  contiinioiis  whitish  ;  l)ill  all 
hlack' ;  I'oct  livid  olivacoons,  Mith  ijiack  avcIis.  $  nearly  2  feet  loner; 
wing  ahont  10  inches:  9  ].S-i;»  inches;  wintr  8-!);  cape  2;  enlnicn  1;|, 
Did'ers  from  tiie  European  in  the  shape  and  colonition  of  the  protuberance 

on  the  hill.  WiLS., 
'viii,  135,  pi.  72,  f. 
-' ;  NuTT.,  ii,  422 
and  12;) ;  Ari).,  vi, 
;i4;i,  pi.  40;;;    15i)., 

SU7.      .       AMKUICAXA. 

Velvet  Seoter. 
1 1  li  ite-  le/'nijeil  ,S'll  rf- 
(liiclc.  Bill  hroadly 
encroached  upon  by 
the  frontal  feathers, 
on  the  culmen  nearly 
or  (|nite  to  the  nostrils,  and  on  its  sides  to  a  less  extent,  shorter  than  head, 
i)laek,  l)roadly  oranire-tipped  {$)\  nail  hroad  and  truncate;  giI)ltosity 
superior,  eircnmscrihed.  (Melinielfu.)  $  black,  with  a  large  white  wing- 
patch,  and  another  under  the  eye;  feet  orange-red,  with  dusky  webs.  8izo 
of  the  last,  or  rather  larger;  9  smaller,  sooty-brown,  jialo  grayish  below, 
with  much  whitish  about  head,  but  showing  white  speculum;  l)ill  all  black. 
Said  to  diller  from  the  European  by  greater  encroachment  of  feathers  on  bill, 
but  the  ascril)ed  feature  is  not  iingible.  Wils,,  viii,  137,  pi.  72,  f.  3; 
NuTT,  ii,  41'.l;  Aud.,  vi,  WM,  pi.  4Ul ;  ^^.  velcelhui  lin.,  80").  Also,  Fali- 
giila  b'uiinoilata  IIkuueut,  Field  Sports,  ii,  2d  cd.  3(!() ;  O.  hintacuJati  lii)., 

808  (unmatnre) fusoa  (var?) 

Surf  Duck.  Scd  Coot.  V>\\\  narrowly  encroached  upon  b}'  the  frontal 
feathers,  on  the;  cidmcn  nearly  or  i\\\\W  to  the  nostrils,  but  not  at  all  upon 
its  sides,  about  asi 
long  as  head,  with 
the  nail  narrowed 
anteriorly,     the 

swellinir    lateral   as 

■iupei-ior  \''^^~^ 


as 


well 

nostrils   beyon 


d  its 


middle ;  bill  of  $ 
orange-red,  whitish 
on  the  sides,  with  a 
large  circular  black 


S})i 


)t  on  each  side  at 


the  i)ase  ;  tail  nor- 
mally 14-feathered. 
{Pcllonella.)     $  black,  with  a  triangidar  white  patch  on  the  forehead  and 


iino 


thcr 


on 


the  nape;  no  white  on  wings;  feet  orange,  with  dusky  webs. 


M 


p^a 


BBSE 


mamvymtnumm 


ANATIDiE,    DUCKS. — OKX.    27(». 


29') 


Size  of  tlic  first;  ^'iipc  of  l)ill  iihoiit  2A  ;  9  siimllcr ;  Itill  black,  sIiorttM-, 
giipo  iihoiit  2\  ;  ffiitlit'i's  of  t'lihnc'ii  liimlly  or  not  roadiing  nostrils;  feet 
(liirk,  tinged  with  dnsky-rcdilisli ;  \vei)s  bhuk";  pluniage  sooty-bi'own,  below 
silvery-gray,  sides  of  head  with  much  whiti-iji,  chiclly  in  two  [)atches,  one 
loral,  the  other  uurieniar.  Wils.,  viii,  -lU,  pi.  t!7,  f.  1;  Ni:tt.,  ii,  41(i; 
Aui).,  vi,  337,  pi.  402  ;  Bi).,  80(! i'khspicili.ata. 

^'ar.  THOwiiKiDGici.  'Witli  the  bill  lon;j,cr,  exceeding  tlie  liead,  and  of  sliglitly 
(lillerent  sliape  ;  leathers  falling  short  of  nostrils;  liape  alioiit  2 ,' ;  white  fidnlMl 
patch  small,  its  posterior  border  anterior  to  a  line  lietwecn  the  eyes,  instead  of 
reaching  or  passing  beyond  this.     C'ala.     Bi>.,  XUO  ;  Ki.liot,  Introd.  15.  A.,  >«o.  CI. 


270.    Genus    ERISMATUEA    Bonaparte. 

*jif*Keni;ivkablj'  distingnislied  from  other  FnllijiiliiKi'  liy  the  stid'ened,  linear- 
lanceolatc  tail  feathers  (l(j-:i(»  in  mnnl)er)  exposed  to  the  base,  by  reason  of  extreme 
shortness  of  the  coverts;  bill  broatl,  llattened,  the  nail  large,  overhanging. 

lluddy  Duck.  The  ^  in  perfect  plumage  with  the  neck  all  round  and  the 
npper  parts  brownish-red,  the  lower  parts  silky  silvery-white  watered  with 
dusky,  the  chin  and  sides  of  the  head  dead-white,  the  crown  and  nape  black  ; 
but  not  often  seen  in  this  condition  in  the  U.  S.  As  generally  observed,  and 
the  9  at  all  times,  l)rown  !d)ove  linely  dotted  and  waved  with  dusky,  paler 
and  duller  below  with  darker  imdulations  and  sometimes  a  slight  tav.uy 
tinge,  as  also  occurs  on  the  sides  of  the  head ;  crown  and  nape  dark  brown  ; 
bill  dusky;  erissuin  always  white.  Length  11-17;  wing  o-(> ;  tarsus  1|. 
N.  Am.,  abundant.  Wii.s.,  viii,  128,  130,  pi.  71,  f.  ."),  0;  Nurr.,  ii,  42(); 
Aun.,  vi,  324,  pi.  3!)'J;  lb).,  811 uuniDA. 

St.  Jhuilixjo  Duck.  (J  head  anteriorly  and  chin  black  ;  hind-head,  neck 
and  breast  deep  ferrugineous ;  above  brownish-red,  blotched  with  black; 
below  lighter  ferrugineous;  speculum  white.  9  similar,  but  less  strongly 
marked.  13^;  wing  (5^  ;  tail  3.'J ;  bill  1;\,  smaller  and  less  cx[)anded  than 
in  the  in'eceding.  S.  Am.  and  W.  Indies,  accidental  in  U.  8.  The  only 
known  instances  arc  Lake  Champlain  (Caijot,  Proc.  1>.  S.  X.  II.,  vi,  ;)7."))  ; 
Wisconsin  (Kumlein  ;  iltld.  xiv,  1")4;  Am.  Xat.  v,  441).  D.  doiuhilca 
Bd,  *J25  ;  E.  orlijyoldes  Gosse,  Birds  of  Jamaica,  40o.     .     .     uomimca. 

SnhfamUy  MERGIXuE.    Mergansers, 

Eill  more  or  less  nearly  cylindrical,  the  nail  hooked  and  overhanging,  the 
lamelhe  highly  developed  into  prominent  retrorse  serrations.  Excepting  these 
characters  of  the  hill,  the  tishing-ihicks  arc  simply  Fiiliijiilina',  somewhat  modilied  in 
adaptation  to  a  more  exclusively  animal  regimen ;  the  principal  point  in  their 
economy  is  ahilit}-  to  pursue  fish  under  water,  like  cormorants,  loons  and  other 
birds  of  lower  orders.  The  nature  of  their  food  renders  their  llesh  rank  and 
unpalatable.  The  gizzard  is  rather  less  muscular  than  in  most  ducks ;  the  intes- 
tines and  their  cieca  are  shorter  ;  the  laryngeal  capsule  of  the  males  is  ver^'  laige, 
irrenular,  and  partly  membranous  ;  the  trachea  has  otiier  dilations.  Birds  of  this 
group  inhabit  fresh  as  well  as  salt  water,  and  are  aljundant  in  imlividuals  if  not  in 
species.  There  are  only  about  eight  species,  chiefly  of  the  Northern  Hemisphere  ; 
but  several  occur  in  South  America. 


I 


290 


AXATID.i:,    Mi;i:(l.\NSF.ItS. OEN'.    271-2. 


Oils.  Tlio  smew,  nr  wliiti'  null,  }r'nii'Jliis  nlhi'lhis,  of  iMiropp,  has  1^  'i>m  attrilmtod 
to  N.  Am.  upon  insiillicirnt  cviili'iicc,  tlioii^li  very  i)t).ssilily  nccurriii:.;.  Wii.s.,  viii, 
1:.'(1,  pi.  ;i,  r.   1;  Nltt.,  ii, '1(17;  An..,  vi,  IOm.  pi.  Ill;  lii..,  m17. 

271-2.    Gonua    MERaUS    Linntcus. 
•  liill  not  shorter  thiin  head,  mostly  rod.     {Mi'i-ijus.) 

M('i'f/(ni.-<('i\  Goosmidcr.  F/'s/i  JJurk.  No.sti'ils  nearly  median ;  frontal 
feathers  reacliiii<j:  beyond  those  on  sides  of  liill ;  $  \.-itli  the  liead  scarcely 
crested,  jriossy  ixreen  ;  haelc  and  winj^s  lilaciv  .uui  wiiite,  latter  crossed  by 
one  blaelv  bar ;  inider  jiarts  salmon-colored  ;  about  21 ;  winjj  11  ;  9  smaller; 
occipital  crest  better  develoiied,  but  still  llinisy  ;  he.ad  and  neck  reddish- 
brown  ;  black  parts  of  the  $  asiiy-irray  ;  less  white  on  the  wing  ;  nnder  parts 
less  tinted  with  salmon.  X.  Am.,  common.  WiLS.,  viii,  (!«,  pi.  (i8,  f.  1,2; 
NuTT.,  ii,  400 ;  Auo.,  vi,  ;i87,  pi.  411 ;  M.  amen'caniis  Bo.,  <si;i.  JiKnoANSEU. 

llcd-hreaKted  Mer- 

/(Disrr.     Flxh  J)itrJc. 

^  Nostrils      sub-basal ; 

.  '  frontal    feathers    not 

*^'*T  reachi nil  beyond  those 

1  on  sides  of  bill ;  along 

J  thin  pointed  crest  in 

-  iioth  sexes.     Smaller 

than  the   last ;    wing 

I!iMl-l)ro;is(pi|  Mcr^'anscr.  Willi  oullino  nf  bill  IVmn  iilinvi.'.  S_'l  •       o-piiord     color- 

ation,  and  sexual  diflerences,  the  .same,  but  the  $  with  the  jngnlum  rich 
reddish-brown,  black'-streaked,  the  sides  conspicuously  finely  waved  with 
black,  a  white,  black-bordered  mark  in  front  of  the  wing,  and  the  wing 
crossed  I)}'  two  Iilack  bars.  N.  Am.,  abundant.  AViLS.,  viii,  t)l,  pi.  0!*,  f. 
2;  NuTT.,  ii,  403  ;  Aun.,  vi,  .3!)5,  pi.  412;  I5D.,  814.  .  .  skukator. 
**  Bill  shorter  than  head,  mostly  or  ontirolj'  black.  {Loplunlijtes.) 
Hooded  MerrjaiiHor.  Nostrils  sub-basal;  frontal  feathers  reaching  beyond 
those  on  sides  of  bill ;  a  compact,  erect,  semicircular,  laterally  compressed 
crest  in  the  $  ,  smaller  and  less  rounded  in  the  9  ;  $  black,  including  two 
crescents  in  front  of  wing,  and  bar  across  speculum  ;  under  parts,  centre  of 
crest,  speculum,  and  stripes  on  tertials,  white  ;  sides  chestnut,  black-l)arred  ; 
18-10  ;  wing  8  ;  9  smaller  ;  head  and  neck  brown  ;  chin  whitish  ;  iiack  and 
sides  dark  lirown,  the  feathers  M'ith  paler  edges  ;  white  on  the  wing  less  ;  bill 
reddish  at  base  below.  N.  Am.,  connnon.  WiLS.,  viii,  79,  pi.  09,  f.  1  ; 
NuTT.,  ii,  405  ;  Aui).,  vi,  402,  pi.  413  ;    15d.,  810.     .     .     .     cucullatus. 

Order  STEGANOPODES.    Totipalmate  Birds. 

Foot  totipalmate,  with  tliroo  I'ull  webs  ;  liind  too  soini-latcral,  larger  and  lower 
down  than  in  other  water  birds,  connected  with  the  inner  toe  bi/  a  complete  web 
ronchinr/  from  tip  to  tip.  Nostrils  minute,  rudimentary  or  entirely  .abortive.  A 
gular  pouch.     Bill   not  mcnil)ranous  nor  lamellate,  i)ut  toinia  sometimes   serrate. 


Fid.  1:1.-.. 


/. 


i 


STKdANOI'ODKS,    TOril'ALM ATn    IIIISDS. 


■2!t7 


TliU  is  a  (loilnito  uiul  perfectly  iriUinil  jirou)),  wlilcli  will  lie  immoiliately  rceo^;- 
iiized  liy  the  fore;-;<iiiijf  cliMriieti'i's,  one  of  wliii'li,  tlu''ei>iu|)leli'  weMiiiiL;  (if  tlio 
Imlliix,  is  not  elsewhere  observed  ainonjJ!  hinls.  It  is  represented  hy  six  geiieni, 
nil  North  Anierican,  eaeh  the  lyi)0  of  a  family. 

The  nature  is  altrieial  thron!j;hotit  the  order.  The  ejiiLfs  are  very  few,  freijinMitly 
only  one,  nsually  if  not  always  plain-colored,  and  encrnsted  with  a  peculiar  white 
chalky  snhstancc  ;  they  are  depositeil  in  a  rnde  Imlky  nest  on  the  j^roinid,  on  rocky 
lcdij,'es,  or  on  low  trees  and  hushes  in  the  vicinity  of  water.  The  dieteli(!  rcLfinion 
is  exclusively  carnivorous,  the  fooil  liciiif^  chielly  fish, 
sometimes  pursued  under  water,  sometimes  plnn<fe(l 
after,  sometimes  scooped  up.  In  accordance  with  this, 
we  lind  the  alimentary  canal  to  consist  of  a  capacious 
(listensililc  (eso|)ha<;;us  not  dovelopiny;  a  special  crop, 
a  lari>e  provcntriculus  with  numerous  solvent  glands,  a 
small  and  very  moderately  muscular  "gizzard,  rather 
lon<5  and  slender  intestines,  witli  snndl  co'ca,  if  any, 
and  an  ami)le  j^lobnlar  cloaca.  The  touniie  is  extremely 
small,  a  mere  knoli-like  rudiment  (as  we  have  seen  in 
the  piscivorous  kinglishcrs).  The  characteristic  gular 
pouch  v.aries  ■rreatly  in  development.  The  condition  of  ''"'■  '■"'■  '''"'ii'''''"''"'  '•''">'• 
the  external  nostrils  is  a  curious  and  unex|)lained  feature  ;  they  a|)i)ear  to  he  open  at 
first,  and  in  acme  species,  like  the  tropic-bird,  they  remain  so ;  but  tliey  are  gener- 
ally completely  obliterated  in  the  adult  state.  There  are  probably  no  intrinsic 
syringeal  muscles  in  any  birds  of  this  order.  JJut  the  most  notable  fact,  in  connec- 
tion with  the  respiratory  system  is  the  extraordinary  pneumaticity  of  tiie  body, 
■which  reaches  its  height  in  the  pelicans  and  gannets;  it  is  described  liy  Xitzsch 
sul)stantially  as  foliinvs :  The  interior  air  receptacles  are  of  an  ordinary  character, 
but  the  anterior  oi'  these  cells  are  more  subdivided  than  usual;  from  them,  the  air 
gets  under  the  skin  through  the  axillary  cavities,  and  dilfuses  over  tiie  entire 
pectoral  and  ventral  regions,  in  two  large  parallel  iiiter-conmuinicating  cells  on 
each  side,  over  which  the  skin  does  not  lit  close  to  the  body,  but  hangs  loosely-.  It 
is  further  remarkable  that  the  skin  itself  does  not  form  a  wall  of  these  cavities,  a 
very  delicate  membraiu!  being  stretched  from  the  iuwardl}'  projecting  bases  of  the 
contour-feathers.  Thus  there  is  yet  another,  although  a  veiy  shallow,  interval 
between  this  membrane  and  the  skin,  this  also  containing  air,  admitted  from  the 
larger  spaces  by  ninnerous  minute  orilices  close;  to  the  roots  of  the  feathers.  This 
snbcntaneoua  areolar  tissue  is  that  ■which,  in  ordinary  birds  and  mammals,  holds  the 
deposit  of  fat,  no  trace  of  which  substance  is  found  in  these  birds. 

The  pterylosis  of  jSVc'/iocyxw/cs  adheres  throughout  to  one  marked  tj'pe,  there 
being  little  variation  except  in  the  density  of  the  plmnage,  which  ■would  seem  to 
accord  with  temperature,  the  tropical  forms  being  the  more  sparsely  feathered. 
Excepting  one  genus,  the  gular  sac  is  wholly  or  in  part  bare.  The  contour 
feathers  appear  to  always  lack  aftorshafts.  The  remiges  are  from  2(!  to  10  in 
number,  of  which  10  are  alw.iys  long,  strong,  pointed  primaries.  There  are 
nsually  22-24  tail  feathers  in  the  pelicans,  but  12,  14  or  Hi  in  tiie  other  genera. 
All  have  the  oil  gland  large,  witli  a  circlet  of  feathers  and  more  than  one  orifice; 
sometimes,  as  in  the  pelicans,  it  is  protuberant,  heart-siiaped,  and  as  lai'ge  as 
pigeons'  eggs,  with  two  sets  of  six  orilices  ;  in  the  gannets  it  is  flat  and  disc-like. 

The  palatal  structure  is  desmognathous ;  there  are  no  basipterygoids ;  the 
maxillo-palatines  are  large  and  spongy' ;  the  mandibular  angle  is  truncate ;  other 

KI'.Y   TO   X.    A.    mUDS.      M 


2<.)8 


NLI.in.i;,    (iA.NNKTH. — (iKN.    27.'J. 


crtiniiil  ('liMI'tU'ti'l'H  li|>]i('!il'  llliilcl'  l\M>  iis|ii'('|s,  (iii(>  ln'ciilinr  In  llii'   liclioillH.  Ilir  (illicr 
('(illlllluii  III   llir    ri'sl   III'  llic   ii|'<|i'l'.      (ill\l,I.V.)      'I'lii'    sli'i'lllllll    is   ^il(ll'l    iitnl    lil'oMil, 

with  Irunsvoi'Hc,  ciilii'i'  or  ('iiiai';;iiii(l(>,  posli-i'ioi'  Imiili'i';  tlic  ii|ir\  ul'  Ilic  riii'i'iiliiin 
('oiiiiiKiiily.  it"  not  iilwnvH,  iiih'IivIosin  wiih  ihc  slriiiMJ  kci'l.     'I'lic  ii|i|icr  iinii  Iioiich 

lll'4'    very    Inli;^  ;     llic    tilii.'l   dncM    nut    'li'\c|i)|>   llii'    loli;^   |il'ii\irii:il    llpnltliysiH   si'cll     ill 
Iliaiiy  /'i/iiiijiiiilis,     'I'lic  (Miotids   all'  ijoiililc. 

'I'lu-  species  of  liiis  orijt  r  an-  lew  —  a|i|p:iieiitly  not  over  lil'ly.  of  wliieli  tlie 
eoiiiionintf^    roiiresenl    lialf — very   ^reiieraliy    ili^liilmteil    over    llie    world, 

Family   SULID-ffiJ.    Gaunots, 

llii!  rather  lousier  than  the  head,  eleft  to  lieyoiid  tlie  eyes,  very  sloiil  at  tiie  liase. 
liipeiinif  and  a  litthi  deenrved  toward  llie  lip.  wliieli  howexcr  is  not  liooived,  the 
loinia  irre;iiilarly  nerrate,  or  rather  hieerate.  Nostrils  alioi'tivc.  <!iilar  sae  little 
ileveloped,  lull  naked.  AViiijj;s  rather  loii^r.  pointed.  Tail  loiiit,  still',  wedjie-sliapeij, 
ll'  I  l-lealhered.  Feet  more  nearly  lieiie;illi  eeiitr*'  of  ei|iiililiriiiin  than  in  some  other 
I'amilieH  of  this  order,  (ieiieral  <'oiilly;iir.'ition  somewhat  that  of  .'i  f^oose  ;  liody 
sloiit;  neck  rather  loiiir  ;  head  lai;.^e,  iiiiercsleij  ;  pliimai;e  compael. 

(iannets  are  lai'i^c  heavy  sea-liiids  of  various  parts  of  the  world.  There  are  only 
llvn  or  six  well  estalilislied  species,  of  which  the  two  followinj^,  with  the  S.  iihrnlnr 
of  llio  Indiiin  Ocean,  and  the  Australian  S.  fi/iiiciji.i,  are  (he  principal  ones,  'riiey 
arc  jiiscivoroiis,  and  feed  liy  pliiiijj;iii!j;  on  their  prey  from  on  liijili,  when  they  arcs 
complelely  siihiiier^cd  for  ii  I'ew  moiiiriits  ;  luit  they  do  not  appear  to  di\i'  from  the 
siirfaee  of  the  Avater.  like  cormorants.  The  ;i!iit  is  (Inn;  the  llij;lit  vigorous  and 
protracted,  performed  with  alteinale  s.'iilinu  and  ll.'ippinu'.  AII1ioiil;1i  so  heavy,  they 
swim  li{f|itly,  owiiifi  to  Ww  reniarkalilc  piu'iimalicity  of  the  hody,  alrea<ly  noticed. 
They  are  hij^dily  jjirciiaiions ;  the  common  fiaiinet  coiifircfi'ates  to  hrecd  in  almost 
incredihlc  nniiilpcrs  on  rocky  coasts  and  islands,  of  hiiili  latitudes,  while  the  l)ool)y 
similarly  asseinlilos  on  the  low  shores  o|'  warmer  seas.  'I'lie  nest  is  a  rude  hiilky 
striictiire  of  sticks  and  seaweed,  placeil  on  the  rock  or  in  low  thick  hushes  ;  the  cjifjj, 
generally  siniile.  is  plain  in  color  an<l  eiicriislcd  with  calcareous  matter,  liotli 
sexes    appear  to    inciiliale;    they    arc  alike   in    color,  tlu^   >'>ung   l)cin;r   ditl'erent. 

273.    Genus    SULA    Brisson. 

CiDiimnn  Gauiiet.  Solan  (Idosc.  Wiiitc,  with  black  prinmi'ios,  llio  liciid 
washed  with  aiiilu'r-ycllow  ;  hill  not  yellow;  lores,  sac  aii<l  (cot  hlackish. 
Yoiiiif^ :  (lark  lirowii  speckled  with  white,  helow  from  the  neck  jxrayish-uhitc, 
ciicli  leather  darker-edijfed  ;  (jiiilis  and  tail  Mackish.  Length  about  .'51  ;  extent 
()() ;  wiiij^  17-21;  tail  about  10;  bill  4.  Atlantio  Coast;  .swanuin;^  in  siiin- 
mer  at  coftain  noitherii  breeding  places,  .S.  to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  in  winter. 
NuTT.,  ii,  111.");   Aui).,  vii,  41,  pi.  42.';;   Lawk,  in  lii>.,  871.     .     hassana. 

Jioolii/  (idunef.  IJrown  ;  below  from  the  neck  wliit(! ;  l)ill  iind  fcot  yellow. 
Yoinijr :  grayish-brown,  merely  paler  below  ;  bill  dusky.  IJatlier  smaller 
than  the  last.  S.  Atlantic  and  Gulf  Stales,  very  abundant.  Nutt.,  ii,  .")()(); 
Auu.,  vii,  57,  pi.  42(!;    Lawi!.  in  lin.,  <S72 fibeu. 


i 


Family  PELECANID.ffi;.    Pelicans. 

IVill  several  tiiiivs  .as  lonjj;  as  the  head,  comparatively  slender  liiil,  slroiig,  straight, 
broad,  llattened,  ciuling  with  a  distinct  daw-like  huuk.    iMandihiilar  rami  joining 


1 


rKr.KCAMK.i;,  i'imjcans. 


SOU 


niily  lit  tlirii'  Mpcv  ;  flic  lun;4  IpI'omiI  iiili'ii;iiii;il  s|imci',  mihI  the  lliiip;it,  iM'('ii|iicil  liy  nil 
t'lioiiiiipiis  iiii'iiilir.'iiKiiiM  sue.  Nii^liils  iiliort'iM'.  \\'iii;,M  cstii'iiicly  Imiu',  in  llic 
iiplicr  Miiil  roic-iii'in  piirtiniis,  M-*  well  mm  tlu'  |iiiiiiiii,  with  very  miiiii'i'oiiH  rcrnijii's. 
'I'nil  vt'iy  sliKit,  i)\'  '.'O  <ii'  iiiori-   IciIIicin.      |''i'cI,  sIioiI,  Vciy  sloill.     Si/i-   l.'iltii'. 

Till'  n'liiMik.'ililc  iPiii'iiiiiMticily  ot  llic  hoily  (slitncil  howi'vcr  liy  llic  j^iiniicts)  Iiiih 
Ipccii  iilri'iuly  (Icscrilicd.  A  priiiciiial  uslcojiiiriciil  cliiiiiu'tt'r  is,  ilmi  "llic  iiil'ciicpr 
cilj^c  1)1"  till!  ossilicil  iiitcripilpit.il  srpliiiii  lisc-i  rii|pii|ly  loiwanl,  so  as  Ik  Icmvc  m  s|iiicc 
III  tlic  Ipii.sc  of  the  skull,  wliicli  is  lillcil  Ipy  II  liiaiiu'iiliir  crest  Inrnicd  lpy  tlic  union  of 
the  ji'iciitly  (lovi'loped  aseciiilili'4  processes  of  till'  pahiliiies"  {  lliixh  i/).  Tlic  tiin|4iu( 
is  II  lucre  ruiliiiieiil .  ISiil  the  most  oli\icpiis  pc<'uliarily  cpf  these  liinls  is  the  iiiinieiiso 
nkinny  liiiji  hunt?  U>  the  hill,  capalilc  of  lupliliii^'  scvi'ral  (luarts  when  clisii'nile.l ;  Its 
Htnicturn  is  us  tbilow.s  :  'I'lic  c()\('iinij  is  onlinary  skin,  Iml  \iry  ihin  ;  iIm-  liiiinj;  is 
Hkiii  niodillcij  soniewlial  like  inni'oUs  iiii'inlpraiie  ;  Jpct ween  these  '•  is  inlcrposcil  an 
(Minally  thin  layer,  coinposeil  of  two  sets  of  very  slciidcr  inusiailar  tihres,  separated 
from  each  other,  iiinl  riiiiniii^'  in  (pppipsiie  direeiioiis,  I'lie  outer  lilpi'es  run  in 
faseieles  from  tin'  lower  and  inner  ed^c  of  the  inandilile,  those  from  ils  hase  passiii;r, 
downward,  those  arisinn'  more  anteriorly  passing'  u;radnally  more  lorward,  and  reach 
till)  middle  line  ipf  (he  poinli.  The  iniicr  lilires  ha\i'  the  same  origin,  and  pa.-s  in  n 
coiitraiy  direction,  haikwaiils  and  downwards.  l'"roiii  the  hyoid  l>oiie  to  the 
jiiiu'tion  of  the  twD  crura  of  the  mainlilile,  there  extends  a  thin  hand  of  l<p|i'^ituiliiial 
iniisciilar  lihres,  in  the  centre  of  which  is  a  conl  of  elastic  tissue,  liy  iiii'ans  of 
this  a[)l)aralus,  the  sa<'  is  ('(Piitiacled.  so  as  to  occupy  hut  litth'  .s[)ace.  When  tlio 
hill  is  opened,  the  crura  of  the  lower  inandilplc  separate  from  each  (ptlicr  to  ti 
C'onsiilerahli!  extent  [in  their  continuity  —  not  at  the  synipliysis].  hy  tln'  action  of 
iniiscles  inserted  into  their  hase,  and  the  sac  is  expanded"  { Aniliilinii).  'I'liis  origan 
is  iiseil  lik(!  a  dip-net,  to  uatcli  lisli  with  ;  when  it  is  filled,  Ih.'  hinl  closes  and  throws 
up  the  hill,  contracts  the 
pouch,  letting;  the  water 
run  out  of  the  corners  of 
itH  mouth,  and  swallows 
till!  prey.  I'clicaiis  feed 
in  two  ways ;  most  of 
them,  like  oiir  white  one, 
scoop  up  li.sli  as  the_v 
swim  aloiij;  on  tin;  water ; 
but  the  lirown  species 
plunges  headlong  into 
the  wat(!r  from  (jii  wing, 
like  a  ganiiet,  and  makes 
a  gral),  oflen  reinainiiiL!;  suhmerged  for  a  few  seconds.  Neither  species  often  catches 
large  lisli ;  they  [irefer  small  fry  of  which  several  hundred  may  he  rciiuired  for  a  full 
meal.  The  prevalent  im[)ression  that  the  poncli  serves  to  convi-y  live  lisli,  swimming 
in  water,  to  the  little  pelicans  in  the  nest,  is  untrue ;  tlu;  young  are  fed  with  ])ur- 
tiall}'  macerated  lisli  disgorged  hy  the  i)areiits  from  the  crop.  As  Anduhon  remarks, 
it  is  douhtful  whether  a  pelican  eonid  tly  at  all  with  its  hiirden  s(j  out  of  trim. 

The  giilar  pijiieh  varies  in  size  with  the  dillerent  species,  roaeliing  its  greatest 
development  in  the  hrown  pidican,  where  it  extends  hali-wii}-  down  the  neck  in  front, 
is  a  loot  deep  when  distended,  and  will  hold  a  gallon.  Jiesides  this  singular 
adjunct,  the  hill  of  our  white  pelican  has  another  curious  structure,  not  found  in 
oilier  sjiecics.     The  eulmen  is  surmounted  near  the  middle  hy  a  high  thin  n[)riglit 


,111  ,«mm^^^ 


Kill  anil  Kiilai'  pnui'li  of  While  rclicaii, 


1  . 


:  \ 


t 

".i 


300 


rELECANin^;,  i-elicans.  —  oen.  274. 


coml-  or  {'iH'st,  tlio  use  of  wliicli  is  not  known.  It  i.s  mipposcd  to  1)p  .a  weapon  ol" 
uttiK'k  or  (lefenee  in  tlie  eoinhuts  tliat  occur  at  the  breeding  season  l)etween  rival 
males,  lieing  found  only  in  this  sex,  iiiul  thu'injr  the  hreedinji  season  alone.  It 
appears  to  be  shed  and  renewed  in  a  manner  analoj^ous  to  the  easting  of  deer's 
horns  —  a  remarkable  circumstanec  tirst  noticed,  I  believe,  by  Jlr.  Hidgwa^'.  Its 
structure  exi)lains  how  this  can  be:  "The  crest-like  excrescence  on  the  ridge  of 
the  upper  mandible  is  not  formed  of  bone,  nor  otiierwisc  connected  with  the  osseous 
surface,  wiiich  is  smooth  and  continuous  beneatii  it,  tlian  by  l)eiiig  i)laced  upon  it, 
like  an}'  other  part  of  the  skin  ;  and  when  softened  by  immersion  in  a  liquid  may 
be  bent  a  little  to  either  side.  It  is  composed  internally  of  erect  slender  plates  of 
a  fil)rous  texture,  externally  of  liorn\'  fibres,  wliich  are  erect  on  tlie  sides,  and 
longitudinal  on  the  broadcnctl  ridge;  these  libres  being  contimious  witii  the  cutis 
and  cuticle"    {AinJnlxiii). 

I'elicans  are  found  in  most  temperate  and  tropical  countries,  both  coastwise  and 
inland  ;  they  are  gregarious  birds  at  all  times,  and  gather  in  inunense  troops  to 
))reed.  A  large  rude  nest  is  pi'e[)ared  on  tlie  ground,  or  built  of  sticks  in  a  low  bush 
near  the  water ;  the  eggs  appear  to  be  one  to  three,  plain  dull  whitish,  with  a  thick 
roughened  shell.  The  gait  of  these  cumbersome  birds  is  awkward  and  constrained  ; 
but  their  llight  is  easy,  firm  and  protracted,  and  tliey  sivim  lightly  and  gracefully, 
buoyed  up  by  the  interior  air-sacs.  The  sexes  are  alike  ;  the  young  different ;  most 
species  are  white,  with  yellow  or  rosy  hue  at  times,  and  a  ci'cst  or  lengthened 
feathers,  at  the  breeding  season  ;  while  nearly  every  one  of  them  has  a  peculiar 
contour  of  the  fcatliering  at  tlie  base  of  the  bill,  by  which  it  may  be  kn<^wn.  Tlierc 
arc  onl}-  six  unquestionable  species,  altliongh  some  authors  admit  eight  or  nine. 
The  four  exotic  ones  are:  P.  oiirifrofidns  of  Europe,  Asia  and  Africa  (including 
the  P.  minor  and  Jaruiiiriin  of  authors),  with  the  frontal  feathers  extending  in  a 
point  on  the  culmen  ;  P.  crlsj^us  of  the  same  countries,  the  largest  of  the  genus, 
and  P.  7'iifi'scpit-s  (with  jiJiilijij)iHn.'i)  of  various  parts  of  the  Old  World,  in  both  of 
which  the  frontal  outline  is  concave  on  the  base  of  the  culinen  ;  and,  finally,  the 
Australian  /'.  consjikillutiiK,  in  which  a  strip  of  feathers  cuts  off  the  naked  circum- 
ocuhir  region  from  the  base  of  the  bill.  This  is  an  entirely  peculiar  feature;  and 
our  white  pelican  shows  another,  having  the  sides  of  the  under  mandible  feathered 
at  base  for  a  short  distance.  Excellent  accounts  of  the  genus  have  been  given  by 
Dr.  Sclater  and  Mr.  Elliot  (Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  IHCS,  20 1,  and  18Gi),  o71). 

274,    Genus    PELECANUS    Linnaeus. 

American  White  Pelican.  White;  occiput  and  breast  yellow  ;  priinr.ries, 
their  coverts,  bastard  ([uills,  and  many  secondaries,  black  ;  bill,  .sa<;,  lores 
and  feet  yellow.  About  ;3  feet  \ou<x;  expanse  7-!t ;  wing  2  ;  bill  1  or  more  ; 
tail  4,  normally  24-featliered.  X.Am.;  X.  to  ()1°;  very  aliundant  in  the 
west;  only  accidental  in  the  Middle  and  Eastern  States.  Kicii.  and  Sw., 
F.  B.-A.,  ii,  472;  Nutt.,  ii,  471  ;  Aun.,  vii,  20,  pi.  422;  L.vWu.   in  Bi)., 

808 TUACIIYlillYNCIIUS. 

Brown  Pelican.  Dark-colored,  variegated ;  neck  of  the  adult  mostly 
reddish-brown,  i.ead  mostly  white  ;  bill  d'lrk,  varied  with  red  ;  sac  blackish  ; 
feet  black;  rather  smaller  than  the  last;  tail  normally  22-feathered. 
S.  Atlantic  and  Gnlf  Coasts  and  California,  abundant,  strictly  maritime. 
Nutt.,  ii,  47(5;  Auu.,  vii,  32,  pis.  423,  424;  L.uvu.  in  Bd.,  870.    Fi'scus. 


onAruLii)^:,  cokmoi!ants. 


301 


"y 


i 


I 


Family  GRACULIDiE.    Cormorants. 

]?ill  about  as  loiijf  us  liead,  stout  or  sliMidi-r.  iiioro  or  less  nearly  torofc,  ahva^'s 
strongly  IiooIvlhI  at  the  oud  ;  toniia  gonurally  I'ouud  ii'ri'gularly  jaggi'd.  hut  not 
truly  serrate;  a  long,  narrow,  nasal  groove,  hut  nostrils  ohllterated  in  the  adult 
state;  gape  reaching  helow  the  eyes,  which  are  set  in  naked  skin,  (lular  pouch 
small,  lint  forming  an  evident  naked  space  under  the  hill  and  on  the  throat,  variously' 
encroached  upon  by  the  feathers.  AViiigs  short  for  the  order,  stilf  and  stri>ng.  the 
2d  primary  usually  longer  than  the  .'!d,  both  these  exceeding  the  1st.  Tail  rather 
long,  large,  more  or  less  fan-shai)ed,  of  12-14  vcr}-  still',  strong  fi'atiiers.  denuded  to 
the  base  !)}•  extreme  shortness  of  tlie  coverts  ;  tims  almost  *•  seansorial"  in  strnc- 
Inre,  recalling  that  of  a  woodpecker  or  creeper,  and  used  in  a  similar  way,  as  a 
snp[)ort  in  standing,  or  an  aid  in  scrambling  over  rocks  and  hushes.  'I'lie  body  is 
compact  and  heavy,  with  a  long  neck  ;  the  general  configuration,  and  es[iecially  the 
far  backward  set  of  tin'  legs,  is  much  like  that  of  pygopodons  l)irds.  While  otiier 
SU'ijanoiioth'n  can  stan<l  with  the  body  more  or  less  nearly  ap|)roacliing  a  horizontal 
position,  the  cormorants  are  forced  into  a  nearly'  upright  posture,  when  the  tail 
allbrds  with  the  feet  a  tripotl  of  su[)port.  They  alscj,  like  the  birds  Just  nientioned, 
dive  and  swim  under  water  in  pursuit  of  their  prey,  using  their  wings  I'or  submarine 
progression,  which  is  not  tin    c-ase  with  the  other  families,  excepting  I'lutiiUf. 

Among  osteological  characters,  aside  I'rom  the  general  ligure  of  tlie  skeleton,  a 
long  bony  style  in  the  nape,  in  the  position  of  the  liijniurnliun  nucJiii'  of  many 
animals,  and  ossided  with  the  occiput,  is  the  most  remarkable.  It  tjccurs  in  the 
anliinga  also,  but  is  there  much  smalh'r.  The  desniognathous  structure  is  seen  in  its 
highest  development;  the  palatines  being  not  only  soldered,  but  sending  down  a 
keel  along  their  lino  of  union;  the  interorbital  septum  is  very  defective,  with 
horizontal  inferior  border  (a  general  character  of  the  order  exce[)t  in  the  pelicans). 
The  ptcrylosis  agrees  essentially  with  the  ordinal  pterylograiihic  characters,  but 
the  plumage  is  peculiar  in  certain  details.  Excepting  a  few  speckled  species,  and 
some  otliei-'!  that  are  largely  white  below,  the  plumage  is  glossy  or  lustrous  black, 
often  highly  iridescent  with  green,  purple  and  violet  tints,  conniionly  uniform  on 
the  head,  neck  and  umler  parts,  but  on  the  back  and  wing  coverts,  where  the 
feathers  are  sliar[)-edged  and  distinct,  the  shade  is  more  apt  to  be  copjierv  or 
bronzy,  each  feather  with  well  delini'd  darker  border.  This  concerns,  liowevi^r, 
only  the  adult  plumage,  which  is  the  same  in  both  sexes  ;  the  young  are  plain 
brownish  or  blackish.  The  cormorants  have  other  sjiecial  featherings,  generally  of 
a  temi)orary  character,  assumed  at  the  breeding  season  and  lo>t  soon  after ;  these 
are  curious  long  filamentous  feathers  (considered  by  Nitzsch  (Uoplumaceous),  on  the 
head  and  neck,  and  oven,  in  some  cases,  on  the  upper  and  under  [larts  too.  These 
feathers  are  eonnnonl\-  white,  as  Is  also  a  large  silky  llank-patch  aciiuire(l  by  several 
species.  Manj'  cormorants  are  also  crested  with  ordinary  long  slender  feathers  ; 
the  crest  is  often  double,  anil  when  so,  the  two  crests  may  be  either  one  on  each 
side  I*'  the  head,  or  tlK\v  may  follow  each  other  on  the  middle  line  of  the  hind  head 
and  nape.  Our  s|)ecics  illustrate  all  these  various  featherings.  The  n.aked  parts 
about  the  head  vary  wiih  the  species  and  afford  good  characters,  especially  con- 
sidering the  shape  of  the  pouch,  as  noted  by  ]\Ir.  Lawrence  and  I'rol'.  Schlegel  :  the 
skin  is  usually  brightly  coloi'cil,  and  sometimes  caruncnlate.  The  c  I's,  as  a  ridi', 
arc  green  —  a  color  not  connnon  among  iiirds. 

Twenty-five  species  of  cormorants  may  be  considered  established.     Their  study 


302 


CiUACULID.i:,    COUMOIJANTS. — OEX.    275. 


is  (lidiciilt,  owing  to  the  groat  cliangos  in  pliunago,  tlie  high  normal  varialiilily  in 
size,  and  tiicir  close  inter-ri'lation,  which  is  sncli  that  tlie  single  genns  Gnicithts 
(Iocs  not  appear  oapahle  of  well  foumled  division.  Species  are  I'ound  all  over  tlie 
■world,  I'xcepting  tlie  uttermost  polar  regions,  and  are  usually  very  aliuiulant  in 
individuals  ;  the}'  are  all  very  nnieli  aliivc  in  their  hahits.  Many  are  maritime,  hut 
otiiers  range  over  I'resh  waters  as  well.  They  are  eminently  gregarious,  especially 
in  the  breeding  season,  when  they  congregate  by  thousands  —  the  boreal  kinds 
generally  on  rock-iiegirt  coasts  and  islands,  those  of  warm  countries  in  the  dense 
fringes  of  shrubbery.  They  often  migrate  in  large  serried  ranks.  The  nest  is  rude 
and  bulky  ;  llie  eggs  are  connnonl}'  two,  of  elli[)tical  form  and  jjale  greenish  color, 
overlaid  with  a  white,  ciialky  substance.  They  feed  principally  upon  lish,  and  their 
voi'acity  is  proverbial,  though  jirobably  no  greater  than  in  the  cases  of  allied  birds, 
rnder  some  circumstances  they  have  shown  an  intelligt'ut  docility;  witnesF  their 
semi-domestication  by  the  Chinese,  who  train  them  to  lish  tor  their  masters,  a  close 
collar  licing  s]ip[)ed  around  tiie  neck  to  prevent  them  from  swallowing  the  booty. 


r.is.     Diinlili'-MTsloil  Ciirniiiriiiit. 


275.    Gonus    CVRACULITS    Linnteus. 
*  Tail  of  11   fciitlH'is  (and  gnlar  sac  heart-shaped  behind) 


Common  C'Drmnranf.  SIkcj.  (Ilossy  <j;reeiiisli-l)lack,  tbatliors  of  hack 
ami  mIiij;  coverts  hi'oiizy-jrray,  hliuk-eclgcd  ;  quill.s  and  tail  gfayisli-hlack ; 
gular  sac  yellow,  whito-hordcrcd ;  feet  black ;  in  suinmor  ii  wliito  flank 
l)atcli,  niiinerotis  long  tluoady  white  plumes  on  head  and  neck,  and  a  small 
hlack  occipital  crest;  length  3tj ;  wing  lii-l-l;  tail  ()-7  ;  tarsus  over  2  ;  hill 
•1  along  the  gape.  Atlantic  Coast  of  Europe  and  North  America  ;  hroeds  in 
great  miinbers  in  Labrador  and  Xcwfoimdland :  S.  to  the  Middle  States  in 
winter.    Nitt.,  ii,  IT'J  ;  AuD.,  vi,  412,  i)I.  4iri :  Lawii.  in  Bu.,  87(i.    cauijo. 

**   Tail  of  12  fiiilhci'x. 
f  (lular  sac  convex,  or  ncai'ly  straight-edged,  behind. 

Wlilh-titftcd  Coriiiiiriint.  (J lossy  grconish-hlack,  the  back  and  wing 
covcrfs  witli  the  feathers  gray,  hiack-cdgcd  ;  hitentl  crests,  of  a  superciliary 
bundle  of  long  curly  lilamontons  feathers,  ir/iile.  Size  of  the  last.  Alaska. 
I  have  never  seen  this  bird,  and  do  not  know  of  any  specimen  in  this 
country:  description  compiled  from  the  original  account.  Uijandt,  Bull. 
Imp.  Acad.  St.  J\'tershni'g,  iii,  5.")  ;  IJunai'.,  Consp.  Av.  ii,  1(18  ;  SciiM;(iKi,, 
Mns.  Pays-lias,  iv,  22;  Lawh.  in  Bi).,  S77  ;  Elliot,  pi.  51.     clncinnatls. 


I 


ghaculid^t;,  cojoiohants. — cks.  -Jhu 


303 


TJnnhle-rresfcd  Cormorant,  (ilossy  fri'tHMiisli-bliu'k  ;  ioutliors  of  the  I)ack 
ami  wings  (.'oppcrv-gray,  hlack-slinrtcil,  hlack-cdgcd  ;  adult  willi  curly  l)luck 
lateral  crests,  and  in  the  breeding  season  other  tilainentous  wliite  ones,  over 
the  eyes  and  ah)ng  the  sides  of  the  neck  ;  wliite  llank-patch  not  observed  in 
the  specimens  examined,  but  probably  occurring  ;  gular  sac  and  lores  orange. 
Length  3()-;)3  inches;  wing  12  or  more;  tail  0  or  more;  bill  along  gapo 
3i  ;  tarsus  a  little  over  2.  Young  plain  dark  brown,  paler  or  grayish 
(even  white  on  the  breast)  below,  without  head-piumes.  >«'.  ^m.,  at  laige, 
tile  eonmionest  species.  Sw.  and  Kicii.,  F.  IJ.-A.  ii,  473;  .Ntrr.,  ii,  183; 
Aci).,  vi,  423,  pi.  41(3 ;  Lawk,  in  15i).,  <S77 niuieiius. 

"N'ar.  iT-oinnANfs.  Flori'iht  Cdnmiraht.  Similiir.  ^ll  allcr  (ulni  1 J  or  loss  ;  tail 
(ior|_li'ss;  tarsus  a  little  un<lcr  2),  tint  bill  as  lariic  if  not  l;ir;r>'i';  uaiic  nearly  I . 
Tlif  plinuage  is  exactly  tlie  same,  exeei)tint:'.  pidiiably,  that  wiiito  [ilunies  are  not 
developed.  There  art'  said  to  l)e  certain  (liUcrences  in  tlie  lile-cojors  of  tlie  iiills 
(blue  instead  of  yellow  on  under  niaudil)le  and  edges  of  upper — ■^linhilm/i).  hut 
none  show  in  my  specimens.  Tiiis  is  sim|ily  a  localized  southern  race  of  (tiUqilnif:, 
smaller  in  general  (liuieiisiuns,  with  relatively  lari;er  bill,  as  usual  in  such  cases;  tlie 
sac  seems  to  be  more  extensively  denuded.  Kesidcnt  on  tiie  Floriihin  and  (lulf 
Coast,  breeding  by  thousands  on  the  mangrove  bushes;  in  sunnner.  ranging  up  the 
Mississii)pi  valley  to  Ohio  (^b'(/'?//'//()  and  ahjug  the  coast  to  North  Carolina  {Cuius). 
Aid.,  vi,  430,  pi.  417;    l.Awu.  in  l>n..  .s7'.l. 

Mexican  Cormorant.  Resembling  the  last ;  lustre  more  intense,  rather 
violet-purplish  than  green ;  long  tilamentous  white  feathers  on  head  and 
neck  (but  no  detinite  black  lateral  crests?)  ;  sac  orange,  irJiite-eiJijeil. 
iSmall ;  length  about  24;  wing  about  10;  tail  (!,  thus  relatively  long;  tarsus 
under  2  ;  gapo  of  bil'  under  3.  The  sac  is  not  strongly  convex  in  outline 
behind,  the  feathers  passing  across  in  a  straight  or  even  convex  lino. 
Central  America  and  West  Indies;  Texas;  up  the  Mississippi  to  Illinois 
(Jihli/irai/).     Bkandt,  /.  c.  "jO  ;  Lawii.  in  Ui).,  8711.     .     .     .     mkxicanus. 

tt  <^iuhir  sac  heart-shaped  behind,  owing  to  a  narrow  pointed  forw.ird  extension 
of  the  feathers  on  the  middle  line. 

Brandl'ti  Cormorant.  Deep  lustrous  green,  changing  to  vi(det  or  steel-bluo 
on  the  neck,  the  back  proper  like  the  under  parts,  but  the  sca[)nlars  and  wing 
coverts  showing  narrow  dark  edgings  of  the  individual  feathers  (much  less 
conspicuous  than  in  any  of  the  foregoing  species  :  notiiing  of  the  sort  is  seen  in 
any  of  the  following  ones).  Sai-  dark  hJuo,  surrounded  Jnj  a  <jorijet  of  flnrn- 
colored  or  moase-brown  plamaije,  largely  naked,  the  feathers  extending  on  it 
little  If  any  In  advance  of  those  on  the  lower  nnindible.  White  lilainentous 
plumes,  2  inches  or  more  long,  straight  and  stiflish,  spring  in  a  series  down 
each  side  of  the  neck  ;  a  few  others  are  irregidarly  scattered  over  the  l)ack 
of  the  neck;  many  others,  still  longer,  grow  on  the  upi)er  part  of  the  back. 
No  black  crests,  nor  white  llaidv-patch,  observed.  Wing  nearly  12;  tail 
scarcely  or  not  G,  thus  relatively  very  short ;  bill  along  cnlmeii  2'{  ;  tarsus  2i. 
Does  not  particularly  resemble  any  other  species  here  described.  Yoiin;/: 
blacklsh-browii,  rustier  below,  the  belly  grayish  ;  scapulars  and  wing  coverts 


1  1 


3    1 


804 


OUACUUD.E,    COKMORANTS. C;E\.    275. 


M'ith  oclgcs  of  tlio  foiitliiTs  paler  than  tlie  centres  ;  goriiot  fawn-colored,  as  in 
tlie  adult  (J'/iulacmcordx  (ownsoiflii.'  AuD.,  vi,  438,  pi.  418).  Pacific 
Coast,  U.  S.,  eoninion.  Uhandt,  /.  c.  55;  Gambel,  Jonrn.  Phila.  Acad. 
184!),  227  ;  Lawi:.  in  r>i).,  880 rKXiciLLATUs. 

J^<ill((s\s  (.'onnnvanl.  Deep  lustrous  green,  above  and  i)clo\v,  with  blue 
gloss  on  the  neck,  and  rich  purplish  on  the  scapulars  and  wing  coverts,  the 
latter  not  edged;  slmfls  of  /ail  J'eat/iers  (said  to  he)  ic/iite;  if  this  holds,  it 
is  a  uni(pio  character  among  our  species.  Adult  with  coronal  and  occipital 
crests  (not  lateral  paired  crests)  ;  a  white  Hank-patch  in  the  breeding  season  ; 
face  and  neck  with  long  sparse  straw-yellow  i)lunies  ;  sac  orange.  Large  ; 
3() ;  wing  13;  tail  7?  'J?  tarsus  3;  bill  (along  gape?)  4,  very  stout,  ti  deep 
at  base.  X.  Pacilic  Coast.  I  have  not  seen  this  species,  which  seems  to  bo 
well  marked.  Pallas,  Zoog.  R.-A.  ii,  305;  (Jould,  Voy.  Sulphur,  49,  pi. 
32;  SciiLKCKL,  /.  c.  17;  ]>oxap.,  Consp.  Av.  ii,  1(!7  ;  Lawk,  in  Pi).,  877; 
Elliot,  i)1.  50 I'EUsriciLLATUs. 

livd-faccd  Connoran/.  Frontal  feathers  not  reaching  !)ase  of  the  culmcn, 
the  bill  being  entirely  surrounded  by  naked  red  skin  which  also  encircles  the 
eves,  somewhat  caruuculate,  forininij  a  kind  of  wattle  on  each  side  of  the 
chin;  base  of  under  mandible  blue;  feet  black,  blotched  with  yellow. 
Crown  with  a  median  black  crest,  and  nape  with  another,  in  the  same  line. 
In  the  specimen  examined,  a  large  white  ilank-patch,  but  no  white  plumes  on 
neck.  Plumage  richly  iridescent,  mostly  green,  but  violet  and  steel-blue 
on  the  neck,  pur[»lish,  violet  and  l)ronzy  on  the  back  and  wings,  the  feathers 
there  u'il/iouf  detinite  dark  edgings.  Length  33  ;  extent  48  ;  wing  12  ;  tarsus 
2ii  ;  gape  of  bill  3.  Kadiak,  Alaska;  described  from  the  single  recognized 
specimen,  Xo.  52,  512,  Mus.  Smiths.  List.,  the  same  noticed  liy  Baiuh,  Trans. 
Chicago  Acad,  i,  321,  pi.  33,  believed  to  represent  the  Pludarrocorax  hicris- 
tiitnn  of  Pallas,  Zoog.  It. -A.  ii,  183.  Probably  the  "red-faced  cormorant," 
]\'lev(nii(s  itrile,  of  Pennant,  Latham  and  Gmelin,  but  as  this  point  cannot 
be  decided,  I  accept  Baird's  ideiitilication iucuistatus. 

Vlolct-(ji'een  Cormorant.  Frontal  feathers  reaching  culineii ;  gular  sac 
inconspicuous,  very  extensively  feathered,  the  feathers  reaching  on  the  sides 
of  the  under  mandible  to  below  the  eyes,  and  running  in  a  point  on  the  sac 
far  in  advance  of  this.  Small;  length  24-28;  wing  10-11;  tail  dor  lens; 
tarsus  2  or  less;  bill  along  gape  3  or  less,  very  slender,  and  smooth  on  the 
sides,  its  depth  at  base  about  i.  Deep  lustrous  green,  including  the  back; 
tlie  scapulars,  wing  coverts  and  sides  of  the  l)ody  iridescent  with  purplish  or 
coppery,  the  neck  with  rich  violet  and  blue;  gular  sac  orange  ;  feet  black; 
Two  median  lengthwise  crests  as  in  the  last  two  species.  Among  the  speci- 
mens before  me,  one  has  no  white  Hank-patch,  but  a  few  white  scattered 
plumes  on  the  neck ;  another,  marked  ?  ,  has  none  of  these,  but  a  largo 
snowy  tuft  on  the  Hanks.  A  third,  labelled  "bnirdil.  $  ,  Faralloncs,  Apr.'Ol," 
has  both  the  tlank  tufts  and  the  neck  plumes  ;  it  is  very  small,  the  wing  being 
under  10,  the  tarsus  I'n,  the  gai)e  2i5,  and  the  bill  is  extremely  slender;  it 
possibly  represents  a  small  southern  race,  bearing  somewhat  the  relation  to 


msmmm 


m 


B^g^^ 


rLOTin.E,    DAISTKltS. (iE\.    27(>. 


3or) 


vioJdcrns  tlitit  Jl.jruJunnn  does  to  dilnphits.  Piicitic  Const,  N.  A. —  Pchcanufi 
7'iolacenK  ViM.,  i,  57")?  (iracitlu.s  viohiccKs  L.wvu.  in  Bu.,  <s81  ;  Sciilkcikl, 
I.  c.  17;  r'yvVe  fjicr!st(i(ii.'<  IjOXAP.,  Coiisp.  Av.  ii,  17.j  (ikh.'  Piill.)  ;  I'/idht- 
fi'ocorax  rcfijjlonli'iix  Aui).,  vi,  430,  pi.  41'J  ;  (>.  bairdii  Coor.,  I'rof.  Pliilii. 
Acad.  181)5,  5,  (! ;  Elliot,  pi.  4*J violackus. 

Family    PLOTID.ffi.    Darters. 

IJill  about  twice  as  long  as  the  lioad,  stiaiglit,  slondcr,  very  atnito,  naragnatlious, 
the  toiuia  with  line  scrratures.  (liilar  sac  moderate,  nalved.  Nostrils  minute,  entirely 
obliterated  in  the  adtilt.  Wings  modi'rate,  the  3d  (luill  longest.  Tail  rather  long, 
still',  broad  and  Ian-shaped,  of  12  feathers  widening  towards  the  end,  the  outer  web 
of  the  middle  pair  curiously  crimped  (in  our  si)0<'ies). 

There  is  an  occipital  style,  as  in  cormorants,  Imt  it  is  very  small.  The  digestive; 
system  shows  a  remarlval)le  feature  ;  instead  of  the  lower  part  of  the  (esf)phagus 
being  occu|)ie(l  by  the  proventricular  glands,  these  are  placed  in  a  small  distinct 
sac  on  the  side  of  the  gullet.  As  in  other  Slcijunnpndc.x,  the  gizzard  develops  a 
special  pyloric  cavity.  There  arc  no  i)roi)cr  C(cca,  but  there  is  a  small  rounded 
termination  of  the  rectum  {AmUibmi). 

The  darters  are  birds  of  singular  a|ipearance,  somewhat  like  a  cormorant  l)ut 
much  more  slightly  built,  and  with  exceedingly  long  slender  neck  and  small  con- 
stricted head  that  seems  to  taper  directly  into  the  bill.  As  in  the  cormorants,  there 
are  long  slender  feathers  on  the  neck  ;  the  sexes  are  connnonly  distinguishable,  but 
the  9  is  said  sometimes  to  resemble  the  ^  .  Other  changes  of  plumage  ajipear  to  be 
considerable,  but  not  well  made  out.  The  feet  arc  short,  and  placed  rather  far 
back,  but  the  birds  perch  with  ease.  Unlike  most  of  the  order,  they  are  not  mari- 
time, shunning  the  seaeoast,  dwelling  in  the  most  imi)enetralile  swamps  of  warm 
countries.  They  lly  swiftly,  and  dive  with  amazing  ease  and  celerity.  Thej'  are 
timid  and  vigilant  liirds  ;  wlun  alarmed  the}- droj)  from  their  perch  into  the  water 
below,  noiselessly  and  with  scarcely  a  ri[)ple  of  the  surface,  and  swim  beneath  the 
surface  to  a  safe  distance  liefore  roapiiearing.  AVhen  surprised  on  the  water,  they 
have  the  curious  hal)it  of  sinking  (piii^lly  backward,  like  grebes;  and  they  often 
swim  with  the  bodj-  submerged,  only  the  head  and  neck  in  sight,  looking  like  some 
strange  kind  of  water  serpent.  They  feed  on  lish,  which  they  do  not  dart  down 
npon,  but  dive  for  and  pursue  under  water  like  cormorants  and  loons.  The  eggs 
are  three  or  four,  pale  bluish,  with  white  chalky  incrustation.  There  are  only  three 
or  four  si)ecies :  the  African  /'.  Icvdilhaitii ;  the  /'.  nwlioi'iiidstci-  of  Snuthern  Asia, 
with  the  Australian  /'.  n'lcn-hnlhiiKUif,  if  distinct  from  the  last ;  with  the  following : 


270.  Genua  PLOTUS  Linnaeus. 
JJarltr.  An/uu;/ii.  tSiidh'-hinl.  Wakr-ttirke)/.  Glossy  grcciiish-black ; 
a  broiul  gray  wing-band  formed  l>y  most  of  the  coverts  ;  lower  neck  behind 
and  scai)ulars  speckled  with  grayisii-wiiite  ;  tcrtlarlcs  striped  with  silvery 
ash;  tail  i)alc-tipped  ;  lilamentons  feathers  of  neck  pnri)lish-ash ;  9  with 
parts  of  the  head,  nock  and  back  brown,  the  jugnlum  and  breast  fawn-color 
sharply  niarginod  with  rich  brow  ii.  Leiiglh  about  iill ;  extent  nearly  4  ;  wing 
14;  tail  11;  bill  3]  ;  tarsus  U.  S.  Atlantic  and  (inlf  States,  connnon  ;  in 
summer  to  North  Carolina  {Audiihon),  and  up  the  Mississipi)i  to  .S.  Illinois 


Ki;v  ru  N. 


I     I 


30()      TACIIYPETID^,  FltlOATKS.      riIAETIIOXTIl>-E,  TUOl'IC  UIUDS. — OEN.  277. 

(fiainiicoH)  ;  Fort  Thoni,  New  Mexico  (Ileiiri/).    Nutt.,  ii,  flO?  ;  Avo.,  vi, 
44;5,  pi.  420;  Lawk,  in  J5o.,  883;  P.  mdanoijaMcr  WiLS.,  ix,   71),  82,  pi. 

74,  f.   1,   2 ANIIIXGA. 

Family  TACHYPETIDiE.    Frigates. 

15111  longer  than  the  lieiul,  stout,  straight,  wider  than  liiyli  at  the  l)ase,  thence 
gradually  compressed  to  the  strongly  hooki'd  extremity.  ]S'o.strils  very  small,  linear, 
almost  entirely  closed,  in  a  long  narrow  groove,  (inlar  sac  small,  but  ciipable  of 
considerable  distension.  Wings  exceedingly  long  and  pointed,  of  about  31  reniiges, 
of  which  the  10  primaries  .ire  very  powerful,  with  stout  (juadrangular  shafts;  npfjer 
and  middle  portion  of  the  wings  greatly  lengthened.  Tail  very  long,  deei)ly  forked, 
of  12  strong  feathers.  Feet  exceedingly  small,  the  tarsus,  in  particular,  extraor- 
dinarily short  (§  7;'),  p.  '1')),  feathered;  middle  claw  pectinate.  IJullc  of  bod^' 
slight  compared  with  the  great  length  of  the  wings  and  tail.  Here  only  in  this 
order  is  found  the  on  uncinntitin,  a  peculiar  skull-lwne  occurring  in  nearly  all  the 
petrels,  the  turacous  (^Mnsapliayidn-,  p.   178)  and  many  cuckoos. 

The  frigates  are  maritime  and  pelagic  birds  of  most  warm  parts  of  the  glol)e. 
Their  general  contour  is  nuiipie  among  watcr-tiirds,  in  the  iunueuse  length  and 
sweep  of  the  wings,  length  of  the  forked  tail  and  extreme  smalluess  of  the  Icet. 
In  command  of  wing  they  are  unsurpassed,  and  but  few  birds  approach  them  in  this 
respect.  They  arc  more  nearlj'  independent  of  land  than  any  other  birds  excei)ting 
albatrosses  and  petrels,  being  often  seen  hundreds  of  miles  at  sea,  and  delight  to 
so.ar  at  an  astonishing  elevation.  They  cannot  dive,  and  scarcely  swim  or  walk  ; 
food  is  procured  by  dashing  down  on  wing  with  unerring  aim,  and  by  harassing 
gulls,  terns  and  other  less  .active  or  weaker  birds  until  tliey  are  forcetl  to  disgorge  or 
drop  their  prey.  Tlieir  habit  is  gregarious,  especially  during  the  breeding  season, 
when  thousands  congregate  to  nest  in  low  thick  buslies  liy  the  water's  edge.  The 
nest  is  a  shallow  flat  structure  of  sticks;  the  eggs,  two  or  three  in  number,  arc 
greenish-white  with  a  thick  smooth  shell.  "The  young  are  covered  with  yellowish- 
white  down,  and  look  at  first  as  if  they  had  no  feet.    They  are  fed  l>y  regurgitation, 

but  grow  tardily,  and  do  not  leave  the  nest  until 
they  arc  able  to  follow  their  parents  on  wing" 
{Aii(1i(hoii).  The  following  is  the  principal  if 
not  the  only  species. 


277.    Genua    TACHYPETES    Vieillot. 

Fviijdte.    JMan-df-war  Jiinl.    $  brownish- 
black,  glossed  witii  green  or  pur|)lisli,  duller 
on   tlic   belly,  wings   showing   brown   and 
gray  ;    9  with  white  on  neck   and   breast. 
Fiu.  nil).  KiiKiiio.  Length  about  3i  feet ;  extent  about  8  ;  wing 

2  ;  tail  1 J  ;  bill  5  or  (>  Inches  ;  tarsi  1  inch  or  less.    S.  Atlantic  and  Gulf  Coast. 
Nutt.,  ii,  41)1 ;  Aud.,  vii,  10,  pi.  421 ;  Lawr.  in  Bd.,  873.      •      aquilus. 

Family  PHAETHONTIDiE.    Tropic   Birds. 

Bill    about   as   long   as    the    head,  stout,  straight,  compressed,  tapering,  acute, 
paraguathous.     tJular   sac    rutlimentary,    almost   comi)lelcly    feathered.      Mostrils 


LONUU'F.XNES,    L()XO-WIN(iKl)    SWIMMKItS. — OKN.    278. 


307 


sninll.  linoar,  but  rcniaiiiing  p:itiiloii-(.     Tail  witli  tlie  two  iuuMIp  feathers  in  tlie 
adult  liliimontoiis  and  oxtraordliiarily  prolonj^cd,  the  rest  short  and  broad. 

Tlic  tropic  birds  resemble  a  large,  stout  tern  in  their  general  liguro ;  the  bill, 
espoeially,  being  almost  exactly  like  that  of  a  tern.  The  principal  external 
peculiarity  is  the  development  of  the  middle  tail-feathers;  the  feathering  of  the 
gular  sac  and  the  permanent  patulencc  of  the  nostrils  are  other  features.  They 
are  graceful  birds  on  t!ie  wing,  capal)le  of  protracted  llight,  venturing  far  from  lanil. 
They  are  gregarious  at  all  times,  and  nest  in  communities  along  coasts  and  on 
islands,  in  rocky  places  or  among  low  trees  and  bushes.  As  implied  in  their  name, 
they  arc  birds  of  the  torrid  zone,  thougii  in  their  extensive  wanderings  they  visit 
Southern  seas,  and  have  even  been  reporteil  fi'om  latituilc  lO"  N.  There  are  but  three 
Avell  determined  species:  J'.  Jlavirostrin  (below);  J',  utlwrens,  iim\  P.  rubrkamla. 

278.    Gonus    PHAETHON    Linnceus. 

Trnpic  Bird.  Wliitc,  satiny,  rosy-tinted;  lonj;  tail  feathers  reddened, 
IjlacU-shafted  :  sides  of  licad,  win^s  aiul  Hanks  varied  witii  l)lack  ;  bill  orange  ; 
tarsi  yellow  ;  toes  and  webs  l)lack  ;  yonng  with  more  black  on  ui)[)cr  i)arts. 
Wing  11;  hill  V[--l ;  tarsus  1;  tail  1-.'),  its  middle  feathers  up  to  Ifj-'iO. 
(Jnlf  Coast,  rare  or  casual.  P.  (Vllm-em  Xltt.,  ii,  503;  Aui).,  vii,  (!4,  pi. 
427;  i*.  y/(a7";o,s//'/.s  BiiANDT  ;  Lawk,  ill  Bd.,  885.     .     .     .     flavikostui.s. 

Order   LONGIPEMES.    Long-winged  Swimmers. 

Wings  long,  pointed,  reaciiing  when  closed  beyond  the  base,  in  nian3'  eases 
beyond  the  end,  of  the  tail,  which  is  usually  lengthened  anil  of  less  than  20  rec- 
trices  (oftenest  12).  Legs  more  or  less  perfectly  beneath  centre  of  equilibrium 
wlien  the  body  is  in  the  horizontal  position  ;  the  crura  more  nearly  free  from  the 
body  than  in  other  Xalutorea,  if  not  completely  external.  Anterior  toes  palmate; 
hallux  never  united  witii  the  inner  toe,  highl}-  elevated,  directly  posterior,  very  small, 
rudimentary  or  absent;  tiliiic  nake(l  below.  IJill  of  variable  form,  but  never  exten- 
sively membranous  nor  lamellate,  the  covering  horny  throughout,  sometimes  dis- 
continuous.    Nostrils  variable,  but  never  abortive.     No  gular  pouch.     Altricial. 

This  order,  which  maj'  be  recognized  among  web-footed  birds  by  the  foregoing 
external  characters,  is  less  substantially  put  together  than  either  of  the  two  preceding 
—  not  that  its  components  are  not  sulliciently  related  to  each  other,  but  because  the 
essential  points  of  structure  are  shared  to  a  considerable  extent  by  other  groups. 
Thus  the  osteological  resemblances  of  longipcnnine  birds  with  loons,  auks,  and 
l)lover,  are  quite  close,  as  noted  bj'  Iluxley  ;  while  the  digestive  sj'stem  agrees  in 
general  characters  with  that  of  other  lish-eating  birds.  In  some  of  the  lower 
members  of  the  order,  the  tibia  develops  an  apophysis,  as  in  the  loons ;  while 
even  in  external  characters,  one  genus  at  least,  Jlidodronia,  resembles  the  Alci<hv. 
It  is  not  certain,  that  the  order  must  not  be  l)roken  up,  or  rather  enlarged  and 
dltferentlj'  defined,  to  include  some  of  the  genera  now  ranged  under  Pjijnpodcfs. 

The  i)alate  has  the  schizognathous  structure  ;  "the  maxillo-palatines  are  usually 
lamellar  and  concavo-convex,  but  in  the  Pmcellarikhv  they  become  tumid  and 
spongy"  {Iluxletj)  ;  basipterygoid  processes  may  be  often  wanting,  but  they  are 
certainlj-  present  in  many  more  cases  than  Huxley  supi)oscd.  There  is  appar- 
ently one  pair  of  syringcal  muscles  tiiroughout  the  order.     The  a'sophagus  is  eai)a- 


308 


LAnilM:,    C;l  U.S,    TKItNS,    KTC.  —  OKN.    270-80. 


c'ioiis  and  distensible;  tliero  is  no  spucisil  enii);  llic  pidviMitrirnlus  is  ii  liidginji  o 
llie  trulict ;  tlic  j,'izz:ir(l  is  sniMJi  ;ind  little  iimscuhii' ;  llic  vu'L-ti  arc  viiriiihle ;  the 
cloaca  is  lai'iic.  C'citain  ficncra  oiler  peculiarities  ol"  this  general  type  of  alimentary 
canal.  According  to  Nitzscli,  the  pterylosis  of  the  gulls  "approaches  very  closely 
that  of  the  ScultijKiridn',  and  can  hardly  be  distinguished  tlicrefroni  with  certainty 
by  any  eiiaracter."  In  the  torus,  "  in  C()nse(|Uonce  of  the  slender  and  elegant  form 
of  the  boily,  the  tracts  are  very  narrow,  and  perfectly  scolopacino."  The  jai'gers 
diller  "in  having  the  outer  branch  of  the  inferior  tract  united  with  the  main  stem 
in  the  first  part  of  its  course,  and  all  the  tracts  still  broader  and  stronger  than  in" 
the  gulls  ;  w  hile  in  the  petrels, "  the  tract  formation  of  the  jai'gcrs  is  elevated  into 
the  type  of  a  group,  undergoing  scarcely  any  change  in  the  form  of  the  inferior 
tract,  but  showing  some  little  modilieation  of  the  dorsal  tract." 

As  here  constituted,  the  ordi'r  embraces  two  families,  to  be  known  by  the  char- 
;icter  ')f  the  nostrils;  both  are  well  represented  in  this  country. 


Family  LARIDJE.    Gulls,  Terns,  etc. 

2i'ostrils  nut  tiihiilar  (linear,  linear-oblong,  oval  or  drop-shaped),  sub-basal  or 
median,  lateral,  pervious.  The  hallux,  though  very  small  and  elevated,  with  its  tip 
hardly  touching  the  ground,  is,  except  in  one  instance,  belter  developed  than  in  the 
petrels.  The  habitat  is  lluviatilc,  l.ncustrine  and  maritime,  rather  than  iielagic. 
The  family  contains  four  leading  genera,  eaeii  of  whicii  may  be  assumed  as  the 
basis  of  a  sulifamilv  :  all  four  occur  in  North  Anieiica. 


t 


iSuhjantil;/  LESTltlDIXyE.    Ja'i'rjcrs,  or  Sliua  Gidls. 

Covering  of  bill  discontinuous,  the  upper  mandible  being  saddled  with  a  large 
horny  "cere,"  beneath  the  edges  of  wliich  the  nostrils  oi)cn  (unique,  among  water- 
birds)  ;  bill  epignathous.  Tail  nearly  square,  but  the  middle  pair  of  feathers 
■abruptly  long-exserted.  l'"eet  strong,  the  podotheca  gramdaror  otlu'i'wise  roughened 
behind,  scutellate  in  front;  webs  full.  Certain  i)terylograi)liie  characters  have  been 
already  noted.  A  leading  anatoniical  peculiarity  in  the  large  size  of  the  Cd'ca,  as 
compared  with  the  cases  of  the  other  sulifauiilies.  There  is  but  one  genus,  and  only 
four  species  are  well  determined.  They  belong  more  particularly  to  the  northern 
hemisphere,  although  some  also,  inhabit  southern  seas;  they  mostly  breed  in 
boreal  regions,  but  wander  extensivelj-  at  other  seasons.  Thej-  inhabit  sea  coasts, 
and  also  hirge  inhmd  waters  ;  the  nidilication  resembles  that  of  the  gulls;  eggs, 
2-3,  dark-colored,  varicgate<l.  The  sexes  are  alike;  the  young  dilferent,  excciiting 
one  species;  there  is  also  a  particular  melanotic  plumage,  ap[)arently  a  normal 
transient  condition.  At  lirst  the  central  tail  feathers  do  not  project,  and  they  grow 
tardily.  The  skiui  gulls  are  eminently  rapacious,  whence  their  name  of  "jai'ger" 
(hiniter)  :  they  habitually  attack  and  harass  terns  and  the  smaller  gulls,  until  these 
weaker  and  less  sjjirited  birds  are  forced  to  drop  or  disgorge  their  prey.  Their 
llight  is  vigorous ;  lashing  the  air  with  the  long  tail,  they  are  able  to  accomplish  the 
rai)id  and  varied  evolutions  recjuircd  for  the  successful  practice  of  j)iracy.  Thus 
in  their  leading  traits  they  arc  marine  IJaptores ;  whilst  the  cered  bill  furnishe»a 
curious  analogy  to  the  true  birds  of  prey. 

279-80.    Genus    STERCORARIUS    Brisso?,. 

*  Bill  shorter  than  middle  toe  without  claw  ;  tarsus  shorter  than  middle  ton  and 
claw;  central  rectrices  little  projecting,  broad  to  the  tip.      (Biti)Jiii(jn.i.) 


h 


msBm 


LARin^,    .lAKOKltS.  —  CIKN.    27!)-)SO. 


;')(i'.i 


M 


« » 


tSkiKt  Chill.  Length  iihout  2  (Vot ;  wing  17  inclics  ;  (ail  0;  (arsiis  2!^ , 
middlo  toe  and  rlaw  o  ;  l)ill  a1)()nt  2,  its  doptli  at  liasc  'J.  A1)()V(',  l)lackif.li- 
browii,  varied  with  ulie.stnnt  and  \vliiti.-<Ii ;  tiiroat  and  sidi.s  of  necU  yellowish- 
brown,  .streaked  with  white  ;  below,  i'useo-rnfons,  with  an  ashy  shade  ;  (juills 
blackisli,  with  white  shalt.s  and  a  eonspieuons  large  Avhite  area  at  base;  tail 
feathers  blaekish,  white  at  the  l)ase;  very  old  birds  are  inneh  darker  and 
more  uniform  brown,  almost  blaekisli  above,  rather  smoky  brown  below. 
Northern  X.  Am.,  rare  or  easnal ;  "California."  Jj-slrix  ailaraclcs  >'itt., 
ii,  ol2;  iS/erconiriits  calaractcs  J^awk.,  Ann.  Lye.  X.  Y.  liS'i.'!,  71,  and  in 
1)1).,  8;5b  ;  JjtqJiaf/ns  diut  CulKs,  I'roe.  I'liila.  Aead.  iNC;?,  12,j.     .     skia. 

**liill  and  tarsi  I'chitively  longer  tiniii  in  tl.e  ibrciioiiig  ;  central  rei-triees  luialiy 
l)rojeetinp;  far  beyond  tlu;  I'est.     Siiialler  and  less  rolnist.      {.Slcrfunii-inti.) 

I'uiiniriiie  Jd'iyer.  .Middle  tail  feathers  linally  i)rojeeting  abwnt  4  inches, 
hroud  to  the  tip.  Length  al)oiit  20  inelies  ;  wing  11;  bill  \h-\'\;  tarsus 
about  2.  Adult :  back,  wings,  tail,  erissum  and  lower  l)ell\-  blaekish-brown, 
deepening  on  the  top  of  the  head  and  slight  occipital  crest  to  browni.-h- 
blaek  ;  below,  from  I)iil  to  belly,  and  neek  all  round,  pure  white,  excepting 
iieuminate  feathers  of  sides  of  neck,  which  are  })ale  yellow;  quills  whitish 
basally,  their  shafts  largely  white  ;  tarsi  al)ove  blue,  below,  with  the  toes  and 
■vvel)s,  black.  Xot  quite  adtilt:  as  before,  but  breast  with  dark  spots,  siiU's 
of  the  body  with  dark  bars,  blackish  of  lower  lielly  interrupted  ;  feet  Idack. 
Yon)i;/er:  whole  under  parts,  with  u})per  wing  and  tail  coverts,  variously 
•marked  with  white  and  dark;  feet  blotched  with  yellow.  I'uini'j:  whole 
l)lnmago  transversely  barred  with  dark  I)rown  and  rufous;  feet  mostly 
yellow.  DhkIcu  nta/j'^  (coming  next  after  the  barred  plumage  just  given?)  ; 
fuliginous,  unicolor;  blaekish-brown  all  over,  (luite  black  on  the  head, 
rather  sooty  brown  on  the  belly;  sides  of  the  neck  slightly  gilded. 
Xorthern  N.  Am.,  ranging  S.  to  the  Midille  States  in  winter.  8w.  and 
Kicir.,  F.  U.-A.  ii,  42!);  Xirr.,  ii,  31")  ;  Aid.,  vii,  hsO,  pi.  451  ;  Lawu. 
iulkl.,  838;  Couks,  ^.  c.  12'J ruMAToiniiMs. 

PamNi'tic,  or  Ii/ch(irds(»i\'i  Jai'ijer.  Middle  tail  feathers  linally  i)rojeeting 
al)out  4  inches,  taperiiii/,  (icimu'iude;  smaller;  wing  12-10;  tarsus  l.','-i;;; 
bill  l^-li;  tail  5-(],  the  long  feathers  up  to  !)  inches.  Adult:  upi)er  parts, 
including  top  of  the  head  and  slight  occii)ital  crest,  and  crissuin,  blackish- 
l)rown,  deeper  on  wings  and  tail ;  chin,  throat,  sides  of  head,  neck  all  round 
and  under  parts  to  the  vent,  white,  the  sides  of  the  neek  i)ale  yellow  ;  (piills 
and  tail  feathers  with  whitish  shidls  ;  feet  blue  and  black.  IV'^'/r-/'.-  clouch  d 
l)el()w  with  dusky  in  variable  pattern  and  amount.  Yduihj  :  barred  ei'oss- 
wise  with  rufous  and  dusky;  feet  mostly  yellow.  There  is  a  fuliginous 
stage,  precisely  as  in  the  last  species.  Xorfhern  X.  Am.  ;  T'.  S.  in  winter. 
LcMris  vicltavdfionil  S\v.,  F.  B.-A.  ii,  433,  pi.  73  (in  dusky  })liunage)  ; 
NuTT.,  ii,  319  (dusky)  ;  Aun.,  vii,  11)0,  pi.  4r)2  ;  iSterconirlus  n'r/nirdsnnii 
CouKs,  /.  c.  135;  Lcstris  ccpplnin  X'lrrr.,  ii,  318  (adult);  iStciTonirins 
'parasiticus  h\\y\i.  \\\  V>D.,  i<'.][) ;  Coi  ks, /.  r.  132 rAUAsrncLS. 

Arctic,  LoiHj-taili'd,  or  JJitJ/uii's  Ja'iijcr.     ^Middle  tail   feathers  linally  pro- 


;ii() 


LAIUI)^,    GULLS. 


joctiiiir  ''*  or  ID  iiu'lios,  very  slender  and  alniost  lilainontnns  for  a  groat  part  of 
tlieir  leiiirtli ;  smaller  still  ;  winij  about  12;  tail  about  (! ;  tarsus  li-lH  ;  bill 
1-lJ  ;  pluiUMiri' as  in  the  last.  Same  habitat.  Lc'^frin  ])arcisi(ieun  iiw.  and 
Kicii.,  F.  15. -A.  ii,  4;J(>;  \i;tt.,  ii,  .'{17;  Aid.,  vii,  lii2,  pi.  4.').'5 ;  .S.  cop- 
jj/iiis  Lawk,  in  Ijd.,  SlO ;  iS.  hajjonii  CouKs,  I,  c.  IIW.     .     .     .     huito.mi. 

Siihfnuiihj  LARIN^E.     Oulh. 

C()veriii<i  of  liill  contiiiiioiis,  lioniy  tin'oiijj;lioiit :  liill  more  or  loss  stroiifjly  ojii- 
fjiiMtlioiis,  coiiiprosscd,  willi  more  or  less  protuberant  jfonys  ;  nostrils  liiK'ar-ol)ioiij^, 
nu'clian  or  suli-basal.  p('r\ious.  Tail  oven  or  nearly  so.  rarely  forkeil  or  cuncato, 
without  project in;j;  iiiiilille  featiiers.  Certain  of  the  smaller  slenderer-hilled  speeies 
alon(!  reseniliie  terns,  Iml  may  l)e  known  liy  the  not  forked  tail  (exeejit  Xciiki)  ;  in 
.ill  the  larger  speeies,  the  hook  of  the  hill  is  (bstinetive.  (!idls  average  niucii  larger 
than  terns,  with  stouter  build  ;  the  feet  are  larger  and  nioie  anibnlatorial,  the  wings 
are  shorter  and  not  so  thin  ;  the  birds  winnow  the  air  in  a  steady  course  unlike  the 
buoyant  dashing  llight  of  their  relatives.  The}-  arc  cosmopolitan  ;  speeies  oeciu"  in 
abundance  on  all  sea  coasts,  and  over  large  inland  waters  ;  in  general,  lai'ge  numbers 
are  seen  together,  not  only  at  the  breeding  places,  hut  during  the  migrations,  and 
in  winter,  when  their  association  de|)ends  u|)on  eomminiity  of  interest  in  the  matter 
of  food.  Tills  is  almost  entinly  of  an  animal  nature,  and  consists  principally  of 
Ilsh  ;  the  birds  seem  to  l)e  always  liungry,  always  feeding  or  trying  to  do  so.  Many 
kinds  procure  food  b}-  phmging  for  it,  like  terns  ;  others  pick  up  lloating  subst.ances  ; 
some  of  the  snudler  kinds  are  a(h'oit  parasites  of  tlie  pelicans,  snatching  food  from 
their  very  mouths.  They  all  swim  liglitly  —  a  circumstance  e.\i)lained  by  the  small- 
ness  of  tiie  liody  compared  with  its  ap|)arent  dimensions  with  tlu' feathers  on.  The 
voice  of  the  larger  species  is  hoarse,  that  of  the  snudler  shrill  ;  they  have  an 
ordinary  ncjte  (jf  several  abrupt  syllaliles  (huiug  the  iireeding  season,  JMid  a  harsii  cry 
of  anger  or  impatience  ;  the  young  emit  a  (|uerulous  whine.  The  nest  is  eonnnonly 
built  on  the  ground  ;   the  eggs,  2-.'!  in  nunil)er,  are  variegated  in  color. 

Several  circumstances  conspire;  to  render  the  study  of  those  birds  ditlicult. 
AVith  few  exceptions,  they  are  almost  identical  in  form  ;  while  in  size  they  show  an 
unbroken  sei;ies.  Individual  variability  in  size  is  high;  northorl}-  birds  are  usually 
appreciably  larger  than  those  of  the  same  speeies  hatched  further  south;  the  (J 
exceeds  the  9  !>  little  (usiudly)  ;  very  old  birds  are  likely  to  be  larger,  with  espec- 
ially stouter  liill,  than  young  or  middle  aged  ones.  There  is,  besides,  a  certain  ])las- 
ticity  of  organization,  or  ready  susceptiliility  to  modifying  inlhiences,  so  nuirked 
that  the  intlividuals  hatched  at  a  particular  s[)ot  maybe  appreciably  different  in  some 
slight  points  from  others  reared  lint  a  few  miles  aw.ay.  One  pattern  of  coloration  runs 
through  ncarl}-  all  the  species  :  the\'  are  irhite,  with  a  darker  mantle  (stra^iidnm;  §  38, 
p.  17),  and  in  most  cases  with  black  crossing  the  primaries  near  the  end,  the  tips  of  tlic 
quills  white.  The  shatle  of  the  mantle  is  very  variable  in  the  same  species,  .accord- 
ing to  climate,  action  of  the  sun,  friction  and  other  causes  ;  the  pattern  of  the 
black  on  the  quills  is  still  more  so,  since  it  is  contlnnaUy  changing  with  age,  .at  least 
until  a  linal  stage  is  reached.  Incredible  as  it  may  appear,  s[)ecies  and  even  genera 
have  been  based  upon  such  shadowy-  characters.  One  group  of  species  has  the 
head  enveloped  in  a  dark  hood  in  the  breeding  season,  the  under  parts  tinted  with 
peach-blossom  hue.  The  sexes  are  always  alike  ;  the  moult  appeal's  to  lie  twice  a 
year,  so  that  a  winter  plumage  more  or  less  dillerent  from  that  of  summer  results  ; 
while  the  J'oung  are  never  like  the  old.     The  change  is  slow,  generally  requiring 


' 


IjARWJE,    gulls. — GKN.    2«l-r). 


311 


2-3  years;  in  tlio  inti'iiiii,  birds  aro  foiin<l  in  cvcrv  stiiiic  'J'iu'V  arc  nlwnys  ihirkvu- 
tliiin  tiic  ulii,  often  (|uiti'  dusky  ;  nsii:dly  with  Mat  k  or  llcsii-colori'd  liiil ;  and  of  tliusi! 
with  l)lacU  on  tiu;  iiriniaricM  wlicn  adult,  tlio  yoiiiin-  nsiially  liav(!  these  (jnills  all 
bhick.  Tlioro  bciii^  no  peculiar  exlra-liniital  sjieeies,  those  of  oiu'  coinitry  <j,i\{'  a 
perfect  idea  of  the  wliole  e:roiii).  Some  sevi'nty-fi\e  speeies  are  currently  ri'porti'd  ; 
there  are  certainly  not  o\er  lifty,  and  I  doiibl  tiiat  tiiere  are  over  forty  nmiiies- 
tionable  species.  For  thc.-se,  thirty  !  i;enerie  names  liave  been  invented,  niiie-tcntiis 
of  which  are  simply  pre|)i/sterous. 

N.  li.     Ill  nsing  the  following  descriptiuns,  nndei'^tand  that  the  color  is  n-liHf, 
unless  otherwise  stated. 


281-5.    Gonus    LARUS    LinnoJua. 

A.     Species  of  larf^esl  to  niecliinn  sixe,  of  robust  form,  with  a  stout  liili,  more  or 
less  sti'on^ly  hooked,  and  iirotubcrant  at  the  symphysis;  tlir  niii'li'  nf  l/ic  under  jnirfu 
iwccr  I'dnii-liiilt'il,  nor  Uti'  lti:ad  enrc/iqii'd  in  a  (lur/i-cihirrd  houd, 
(I.     Hind  toe  well  developed,  bearing;  a  perfect  claw. 
*  Tail  of  Ihf  ((ditlf  entirely  white. 

t  Feet  not  l)lack  ;  and  with  full  welis. 
J  Primaries  without  any  hlini,-. 

(thiucoiis  Gtill.  Ice  Cridf.  JiinyoiiKis/ir.  Priiiiaries  ciilirely  wliite,  or 
palest  possible  pearly-hluc  ladiiiii'  iiiscnsil)ly  into  wliite  at  .some  distaiu'<!  IVoiii 
the  Olid,  tlieir  sliafts  straw-ycilow  ;  luaiitie  p:tiest  pcarly-bliie  ;  bill  yellow, 
with  vcriuilion  sjxit  on  lower  iiiaiulibK; ;  I'eet  llcsli  colored  or  pale  yellowish. 
In  winter,  head  and  hind  neck  lightly  loin'hed  with  dusky.  Yonii;/ :  iniiniro 
Avliitc,  with  or  without  traces  of  [jcarly  on  the  inaiitle  ;  lieiul,  neck  and  upper 
parts  mottled  with  [lale  brownish  (somctiiiics  (piite  dusky  on  the  back),  tiie 
luulor  parts  a  nearly  iiniform  but  very  faint  shade  of  the  same,  the  ipiilis  and 
tail  often  imperfectly  barred  with  the  sumo  ;  bill  flosh-colorod  or  ycdiowish, 
l)hick-tii)[)ed.  Very  largo;  length  alioiit  oO  ;  extent  (JO;  wing  LS,  or  more; 
bill  2:1  or  }iiore;  tarsi  3  or  more.  Arctic  America;  S.  coastwise  in  winter 
to  the  Middle  States.  IJicii.,  F.  15. -A.  ii,ll();  Xltt.,  ii,  3()(! ;  Ai;i).,vii, 
170,  pi.  4411;  Lawk,  in  I5i).,  842.—/,.  hntchhis!;  Kicir.,  F.  P.. -A.  ii,  41l»? 
CouEs,  Proo.  Phila.  Acad.  181)2,  21)4,  and  Proc.  Essex  Inst,  v,  301! ;  Elliot, 
pi.  53   (young) glaucus. 

WItlte-icin<jed  Gull.  Precisely  like  the  last,  Imt  smaller;  length  about 
24  (rather  loss  than  more);  wing  1()-17;  bill  1^-2;  tarsus  2--2\.  Same 
lial)itat.  Kicn.,  F.  P. -A.  ii,  418  ;  Nuxr.,  ii,  oOj  ;  Aui).,  vii,  Ij'J,  pi.  447  ; 
Lawk,  in  Pd.,  843.    .     .     • Li:i;oorTi:Kis. 

GhotcouH-wimjed  Gull.  Primaries  of  the  color  of  the  mantle  to  the  very 
tips,  which  .arc  oeeiipiod  by  dolinitc  small  white  spots;  the  1st  also  with  a 
largo  white  sub-apical  si)ot.  Mantle  average  "guli-lilue  ;"  bill  yellow  with 
red  spot;  feet  llesli-eolored ;  in  winter,  the  head  and  hind  nock  cloiidod  with 
dusky.  Younr) :  gray,  more  or  loss  variegated  with  whitish,  cliielly  in  bars 
on  tlio  back  and  wings  ;  bill  black,  or  i)alo  with  dark  ti[).  .Size  and  shape  of 
aryeu/atus;  the  adult  is  exactly  like  that  species,  excej)tiiig  lh;it  the  primaries 
have  the  color  of  the  mantle,  instead  of  blati< ;  the  young  iirc  iiiiich  paler 
lliiiii  young  herring-gulls.     1  have  seen   no  s[ieciniens  not   instantly  tlistin- 


:512 


i.AiMD.r.,  iii;i,i,s. — (ir,\.  281-5. 


•riiisliiililc  rimii  llic  Inii'jjdin;;.  I'.uilic  ComsI,  coiiiiikhi  ;  brciMlin^  iiorllicr.,,  ; 
I;.  S.  ill  winter.  A.  <i!iiii<'c>tvi'iis  niid  A.  ihiili-nplrriis  ( y()iiiiir<'r)  Lawi:.  in 
I'.i).,  ><k',  .^rt;    Col  i:s, /.  c.   ill.');   I'.onai-.,  ( '.)iis|).  Av.   ii,  21(1;   lAH'olilex 

i/hnii-itji/rnis    lilU ClI (II.AL'CKSCKNS. 

II  I'liiunrics  crosx'il  Willi  IjImcIv  (miIiiII),  or  nil  lil;i<'k  ( yoim;,'). 
(I'lf'iif   /t!(ir/i'-f/(ic/,ril   (lull.       Siiilillf-liiiil:.      C'oJ/i II •currier.      Cohh,      Feet 
il('sli-c<il(ir('(l ;    liill  yellow   willi  re(l  spot.      Miiiitle  hhirlclxh  nhilf-cnl<ir ;    \si 
l)iiiimry  willi  (lie  cml  \vhi(e  lor  •>-','>   inclies;  I'nd  priinury  willi  a  wliite  suli- 
iipieal  spot,  iiiid,  like  the  relii.iiiiiiii,'  ones  (li.'it  ,ire  crossed  willi   lil.'iek,  liiivilii^ 
(lie  tip  while  (when  not  ipiili'  iniitnre,  the  1st  widi  siiiiil!  white  tip  miuI  siiIi- 
apieal  spot,  the  2iul  with  white  tip  alone).    In  winter,  head  and  iieeU  strciiUed 
with  tliisky,      Yninni :   whitish,  variously  washed,  iiiottle(l  and  patched  with 
lirown  or  diisUy  ;  (piills  ami  t;iil  lilaeU,  w  illi  or  without  white  tips  ;   liilj  lilacU. 
N'ery  lai'i^c  ;  ei|iialliii,i,' or  even  cxeeedinif  A.  i/lniiriis.    N.  ,\||antic;  S.  a' 
tlio  IJ.  S,  coast   in  wiiilci  ;    Florida  {Amhilinii).    Xiir.,  ii,  .'!0S  ;  Ai:i). 
172,  pi.  l")!) ;  I>A\vi;.  in  I'.i).,  s  I  t maiiim  .  . 

Oiis.  y..  /'KNcirs',  !i  iMUopcuii  species  lieaiiii;,Mlic  same  relation  lo  iiKiriiiim  lliat, 
hiii'iiplmtx  does  lo  7/(/i(('(/,v,  lins  Ik'cii  attriliiiled  lo  this  eoiiiitiv,  upon  iiiMiilllcioiil 
evlilenei'.     lioNAC,  Synopsis  l".  S.  liirds,  No.  l",IS  ;   Niir.,  ii.  .'i(L'. 

Ihrrnvj  dull,  ('niiiiiinii  (lull.  Vwi  llesli  color;  hill  yidlow  with  i-ed 
Ki)o(  ;  iiiMiitle  pale  dull  Idiii'  (darker  than  in  i/lnnriis,  hut  iiothiiii^  like  tlio 
deep  slate  of  //Kirniiis  —  niiicli  Iho  saiiic  as  in  all  th(!  rest  of  Iho  specios)  ; 
|)riinaries  marked  as  in  niiiriiin.'i  (hut  the  i^reat  majority  of  Hpecimcns  will  ho 
found  lo  have  the  not  (piite  mature  oi-  final  condition)  ;  leiiu:th  22-27;  wiiii^ 
1.')-1S;  tarsus  2{-2',' ;  hill  ahoiil  2]  hmuf,  ahoiit  r,-'l  deep  at  the  hase,  and 
iihoiit  the  same  at  (he  protul)eraiicc.  In  winter:  head  and  iiiiid  ueidc 
streaked  with  dusky.  )'niiii'_i:  at  llrst  almost  eii(ir(d\'  fuscous  or  sooty- 
hrown,  the  feathers  of  llu!  haidc  and  wings  with  paler  cdircs  ;  hill  hlaidv ; 
(piills  and  tail  lilai  k,  white-tipped  or  not  ;  size  at  the  mininimn  ahove  uiveii. 
As  it  grows  old,  it  gradually  lightens;  the  head,  neck  and  under  parts  arc 
usually-  (jnile  whitish,  helorn  the  markings  of  tlu;  (jiiills  an^  ai)paren(,  and 
hefore  the  hliic  hegiiis  lo  sliow,  as  it  does  in  patches,  mixed  with  hrowii ; 
tli(!  l)lack  on  the  (ail  narrows  to  a  l)ar,  at  the  lime  the  primaries  are  assinning 
their  characters,  l)iit  this  har  disapi)ears  hefore  the  primaries  gain  their 
perfect  i)atlcrii.  At  one  time  llie  hill  is  flesh  colored  or  y<dlowish,  hlack- 
tipped.  The  Amerieaa  hird  proves  to  average  larger  than  the  European  in 
all  its  parts,  as  ohservcd  in  several  otlx'r  water-hirds:  wlienco  L.  mnithsoiii- 
(iiius  Coi'KS,  h  c.  29(t.  X.  Am.,  ahiiuiliiiit,  hoth  coastwise  and  in  the 
interior,  hreeding  northward,  geneially  distrihnted  at  other  seasons.  />. 
anjciitdlnnh's  Bonap.,  Syn.  \o.  22'.l ;  Kicii.,  F.  15. -A.  ii,  117.  Nutt., 
ii,  .">()  1 ;  Auu.,  vii,  1(!.'?,  pi.  4 hs  ;  Lawi:.  in  Hi).,  -Sit.       .     .     akcentatus. 

Var.  occiDi.NiAi.is.  Mantle  iiotalily  darker,  rather  slaly-liliic  than  grayisli-liliic  ; 
liill  stouter,  especially  towards  the  end,  the  depth  at  the  |)rotiil)eraiice  usually  rather 
greater  than  at  the  hase;  greatest  depth  J:  at  the  iiostrils  J.  I'.Mcilic  Coast, 
ahmidant.    Aid.,  vii,  KU  ;  Lawk,  in  lin.,  n  15  :  Cot  i;s, /.  c  L".)(i ;  ICia.ior,  pi.  ri:.'.   The 


I.AItlD.'K,   «IIIM,S.  —  (1K\.    2Hl.r». 


;n;i 


'ir 


onliiiiiry  (':ilii()riiiiiii  li'ml  i>i  (listiiinniHlicil  liy  llic  iiliovc  iiiirtii'iilurs  ;  1ml  couiircls 
(lircclly  willi  (//v/i/i/K/'/.w  liy  llu'  Nculli  I'Mcilic  striiiii  (/,.'/■//•' ii/m  lliiANur;  IIaiimi, 
'I'l'iuH.  {'lii(Mn;()  Aciid.  i,  It2l),  Mild  the  Siliciiaii  liiid   (A.  I'lii-liliniiuis  l'.\i,i.. ;    A. 

(il'(J(!nl(lliiK  VIII'.,  MlliniMxilir,  SrilUKNK). 

JUiuj-IhIIciI,  (,'uII.  Adult  pliiiinij^i!  precisely  \\\w  Unit  (if  the  lust  species, 
ami  its  eli:iiiji;es  .siilistuiitially  tin-  sjiiiie  ;  liill  '//vv/(/V/-yell()\v,  eiieireleil  willi 
11  liliirk  liinid  near  tll(^  end,  usually  ediuplele,  sniiieliliies  ilet'eclive,  tlie  lip 
and  most  (if  (lie  eiitliiij;  ed;j;es  of  llie  liill  yellow;  in  liii^'li  eondilinn,  tlie 
aiii:l((  of  tlie  nioiilli  and  a  small  spot  lieside  (lie  lilaek,  red  ;  /!'V  o^■(■(>'v•o/^•^, 
oliseiired  with  dusky  or  Idiiisli,  and  partly  yellow;  (lie  welis  iiriiilit  elirome. 
(Oliserve  the  coloration  of  the  feet  in  this  and  in  c<ilil'itrn!riis,  as  compared 
with  (ir//rii/<i/ns.)  Xotalily  smaller  than  tiiycii/fi/iis;  lenj,'tli  iisiially  1S-2(I 
inches  ;  extent  aliout  18  ;  wiiii:;  about  ITi ;  hill  iintirr  *J,  and  only  alioni  ^  di cp 
at  (he  [irotnherance ;  tarsus  altoiit  2,  oltvioiisly  loii,u;er  than  (he  midolo 
toe.  N.  Am.,  uhundant  and  generally  di.striliiited.  L.  itiliiirdn-nslK  Okm, 
(Jiithrie'.s  (ieog.  2(1  Am.  ed.  ii,  ;^1II ;  Laavk.  in  IJi).,  81(! ;  L.  cininx  Ni^rr.,  ii, 
L'iMI;  7v.  ::nunrli>invh  Ifrrii.,  V  15. -A.  ii,  121;  Nrrr.,  ii,  ,".00;  Aid.,  vii, 
1  ")2,  1)1.  1  Hi.     Cori-.s, /.  - .  ;J02 di'.i.awakcnhis. 

Var.  cAi.ii  <ii!Nirrs.  Aii|iareiitly  liiri^cr  lluiii  (jrdiiiMiy  (/'7i<"'(//'r/(.s/.s',  and  soiiu'tiiiies 
iK'Mi'ly  eiiiiiilliiif.;  ((/v/c/i^'N/.v,  uvera^fiiii;  perhaps  22  iiiclies  ;  liill  aliuiit  2,  tlu!  lilaeU 
baud  prolialily  never  perfect,  llie  red  spot  more  oliviuiis  ;  fvct  raluri'il  itx  in  llic  taut ; 
tarsus  2,',,  yet  not,  or  not  olivioiisly.  Ioniser  than  the  iiiiildle  toe  and  claw.  In  all  (ho 
adult  tiirds  observed,  llu!  white  spot  on  tin;  Isl  priiiiaiy  had  unhir^ed  to  occiiiiy  the 
whole  end  of  the  leather  fur  alioiit  2  inches,  while  tiie  siiluipical  spot,  on  the  2d  was 
lai'iie  —  a  state  I  have  not  observed  in  typical  ilt'ldinirciifiis.  Arctic  and  Western 
America,  aliiindaiit.  JiAwit.,  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  iH'il,  7'.*,  and  in  l!i>.,  «((;;  Cm  i:s, 
I.  c.  .'too  (excl.  syn.).     (Type  specimen  exaniined.) 

A)iici'!c(iii  3I('ii)  (lull.  Small;  Icnglii  1(!-18  iiiclurs;  extent  about  10; 
wing  l.')-ll;  bill  1;\,  slender,  its  dejith  hardly  or  not  over  .-^  ;  tarsus  about 
eipial  to  the  middle  toe  and  claw,  both  about  l.'J.  l>ill  bluish-green,  yellow- 
tiiiped,  without  any  red  or  black;  feet  dn.sky  blui.sh-greeii,  webs  y(dlow. 
jNIaiitle  considerably  darker  than  in  dclttiriireiisis,  Arctic,  and  Western  N. 
Am.,  in  the  interior  aiul  along  the  Pacilic  Coast  to  California;  I  am  not 
aware  that  it  occurs  on  the  Atlantic,  or  anywhere  in  the  United  States  east 
of  the  Itocky  Mountains  ;  Xiittall  and  JJonaparte  seem  to  refer  to  tli(!  pro- 
ceding  siiecies  in  giving  this  range.  It  will  be  seen  at  once  to  bo  dill'erent 
from  any  of  the  foregoing  :  and  it  appears  to  show  constantly  .some  slight 
discrepancies  from  the  European  L.  c(niit.'<.  L.  caniiN  (adult)  and  X. 
br(tr/ti/r/u/nr/iHs  (young  —  type  specinuiii  examined )  ]{k;ii.,  F.  JJ.-A.  ii, 
420,  422;  Xurr.,  ii,  2!)'J,  301;  CouKS,  L  c.  ;{02 ;  liissa  septentn'oiHt/is 
(adult)  and  L.  siickJeiji  (young — types  of  both  examined)  Lawk.,  Ann.  Lye. 
N.  Y.  vi,  2(1"),  2(54,  and  in  I5i).,  854,  848.  canus  var.  ituAOiiyiMivNciius. 
ft  Feet  lil.'ick,  stout,  rough,  with  short  tarsi  and  excised  wolis.   (/'mjupliila.) 

Ivovi/  (t'lill.  Adult  plumage  entirely  pure  white,  the  shafts  of  the 
primaries  yellow  ;  bill  yellow,  more  or  less  extensively  greenish  or  dusky 
toward  the  base;    foot  black.      Youikj :  more  or  less  spotted  and  patched 

Kiev    TO    N.    A.    IIIUDH.       40 


I  a 


mmmmmm 


I  I 


|)  ^ 


314 


LAIUO.K,    CULLS.  —  (JKN.    2tSl-'). 


Willi  hladvish,  and  hill  ofli'ii  hliU'k.  Length  lfi-20  iiielics ;  wing  11-13; 
bill  IJ-li  ;  tavi  about  tlio  .-saino,  and  rather  shorter  thiiii  the  niidillc  too  and 
claw,  (^nite  diU'crent  Ironi  any  ether  species.  Arctic  America  and  Europe, 
coastwise,  rarely  S.  to  U.  8.  in  winter.  Sw.  and  Kicii.,  V.  li.-A.  ii,  411); 
Xttt.,  ii,  301  ;  AuD.,  vii,  150,  i)l.  44.") ;  /'(n/oji/iilacbtinicd  and  J'.  br(tclii/(arsi 

Ijawu.  ill  1)D.,  <s")() ;  Couios,  /.  r.  308,  30'.> KiiuiiXEUS. 

**  Tail  of  tile  adult  almost  entirely  black,     {niasljuis.) 

}\7iitr-/if(ulcil  (lull.  Adult  with  the  head  white,  <rra(hially  merging  on 
the  neck  and  under  jiarts  into  pale  ash;  mantle  dark  iiiiimbeons ;  ujiper  tail 
coverts  whitish;  ends  of  secondaries  and  tertiaries  white;  primaries  and  tail 
feathers  black,  some  of  the  former  usually  with  white  specks  at  the  end,  the 
latter  white  at  extreme  tip  and  base;  bill  red,  black-tijiiied  ;  feet  dark. 
This  is  the  final  plumage;  but  the  lilanching  is  very  gradual  and  tardy,  a 
more  usual  condition  being  leaden-gray  all  over,  the  mantle  slate-gra}',  the 
•jiiills  and  tail  black.  Very  young  birds  are  fuliginous  brown,  paler  or 
grayish  below,  the  feathers  ;)f  the  upi)er  parts  with  lighter  brown  edges, 
the  bill  pale  with  dark  tip.  Length  l(!-:iO  inches;  wing  13-14.  I'acilic 
Coast,  U.  S.  and  southward,  abundant.  Jj.  Ixth'livrl  Vicoiis,  Zo(d.  Voy. 
IMossom,  iv,  358;  L.  fiiliii'mosna  (iouLi),  Zool.  Voy.  lieagle,  liirds,  141; 
Jj.  /iceniHiniii  Cass.,  Proc.  Pliila.  Acad,  vi,  1852,  157,  and  111.  28,  pi.  5  ;  IL 
/leeruHijiiu'  Lawk,  in  Bi).,848;  Couios, /.  c.  304 iiklchkimi. 

b.     Hind  toe  riiiliineiitary  or  iiiimite,  usually  without  perfect  claw.     (Iiissn.) 

KiUiirdlx'  Gull.  Hind  toe  only  aiipearing  as  a  minute  knol),  its  claw 
abortive.  -Mantle  rather  dark  grayish-blue  ;  1st  primary  with  the  whole  outer 
web,  and  tli(!  entire  end  for  alioiit  2  inches,  black;  next  one,  with  the  end 
black  alioiit  as  far,  but  outer  wt'lt  tdsewhere  light,  and  a  white  sjieck  at 
extreme  tip;  on  the  rest  of  the  primaries  that  have  Idack,  this  color  decreases 
in  extent  proportionally  to  the  shortening  of  the  (piills,  so  that  the  base  of 
the  black  on  all  is  in  the  same  line  wlicii  the  wings  an*  closed  (a  pattern 
peculiar  to  the  species  of  JitMu)  ;  and  thesT  all  have  white  apex.  iV\\\ 
yellow,  usually  clouded  with  olivaceous;  feet  dusk\-  olivaceous.  Katlier 
small ;  1(5-18  ;  wing  12  long;  bill  Li-IA  ;  tarsus  about  the  same  ;  middle  too 
and  claw  longer;  tail  usually  slightly  emarginate.  In  winter,  nape  and  hind 
neck  shaded  with  the  color  of  the  mantle'.  Vouiig :  bill  black  ;  a  black  bar 
on  the  tail,  another  !icro>s  the  neck  behinil  ;  wings  and  back  varicuisly 
patched  with  black;  dark  spots  before  and  behind  the  eyes  ;  (|iiills  mostly 
black.  Arctic  America  and  Kiirope,  chiefly  coastwise,  very  abimdant ;  in 
winter,  commonly  8.  to  the  Middle  8tates  ;  breeds  from  New  England 
norlliward.  8w.  and  Rich.,  F.  15. -A.  ii,  423;  Xurr.,  ii,  2!I8  ;  Aid., 
vii,  IK),  1)1.  444;    Lawk,  in  ISd.,  854;  CoiKs,  /.  r.  .">04.     .      ruiDACTVLfs. 

\m\  KoTZKisri.  It  is  a  curious  fact,  that  the  eoiiiiiiou  kittiwake  of  the  North 
I'aeilie  usually  has  tiu'  liiiid  toe  iictter  formed  —  soiiietinies  nearly  if  not  (luite  as 
loiiiX  as  in  ordinary  gulls,  with  a  nearly  or  iiiiite  perfect.  tIioii<ih  small,  claw.  Hiit 
I  eaiiiiot  predieate  a  specilie  cliarueter  on  this  score,  since  the  development  of  the 
to»'  is  hy  insensiiile  degrees.  See  Coii-.s,  Troe.  I'liila.  Acad.  lK(!'.),  207  (footnote). 
IJoN.u'..  Consp.  Av.  ii,  22(1;  ('ori>,  I'roc.  I'hila.  Acail.  1KG2.  .".d.j;   Ki.mot,  pi.  54. 


larid.t;,  (iULLs.  —  (ii:N.  2.sl-'). 


;515 


Short-hltled  KUlhrnhi'.  Itfil-lfjucil  ICiiHimki'.  \\\\\  v(>ry  short,  stout, 
wide  niul  doep  at  tlio  bus  ,  witli  very  convex  I'liliuoii  ;  its  color  clcur  i/clloir; 
feet  corul-r"'l,  dri/inij  i/elfow ;  tarsus  only  about  two-tliirils  as  lon<^  as  the 
middle  toe  and  claw;  liiiid  toe  very  small  (little  if  any  larircr  than  in  an 
Atlantic  kiUiwake,  smaller  than  in  the  best  marked  var.  ko/;:i'//in'),  its  rinll- 
nientar\'  claw  siiowiiiir  as  a  little  l)huk  six-ek.  I  do  not  know  the  yoMni^ 
l)ird,  in  which  tlu^  color  ot"  th"  l)i!l  and  feet  is  pi'obahly  materially  dill'erent. 
Adult  with  the  mantle  leaden-irray,  much  darker  than  in  the  eomnion  kitti- 
wake  ;  jjattern  of  the  primaries  essentiidly  the  same  as  in  that  species.  Wimj; 
i;};  bill  li-lj,  its  depth  at  base  A,  at  allele  little  less;  tarsus  Ij;  middle 
toe  and  claw  nearly  2.  Xorth  I'acilic  Coast,  al)undant.  This  is  un(pies- 
tionabl}'  a  dillerent  bird  from  the  lorc^Lrointif,  and  in  adult  plumage  it  would 
seem  impossible  to  mistake  it.  Here  belong  the  following  names:  — 
7»V.s-.s7(  hirrinniln'n  Uuandt;  Lawu.  in  Ud.,  S.").") ;  Dall  and  J>an.\.,  Trans. 
Chicago  Acad,  i,  'M'}  (In-eeding  by  thousamls  about  St.  CJeorge's,  Alaska)  : 
Lanis  hrdclii/rlii/nrlnifi  (Joild,  I'roc.  Zool.  Soc.  IS  i;!,  p.  ,  mid  Zooi.  \oy. 
Sulphur,  ")•),  ]»1.  ;U ;  li!sii(i  hraclii/rln/iiclKt  UoxAi'.,  Consp.  Av.  ii,  22(> ; 
CouKS,  Proe.  Phila.  Acad.  18(52,  oOO  ;  Jl.  hrcriroMrlx  and  Jt.  iih'en  Lawi;.  in 
Bi).,  S.j5  ;  I!,  nireti  Elliot,  pi.  5  t  (not  J^arns  nicenf^  1'all.).     nuKViitosTiiis. 

IJ.  Species  of  niodimii  to  smallest  size,  of  less  rotiust  form  and  slenderer  liill 
than  most  of  tiit;  foic'^oiiig  ;  in  tlie  breedini;'  season  the  vhilo of  tha  innlcr  purts 
ros>/-liiifcit,  Unit  I/k'  hiiiil  CHi'i'lujicil  in  <i  dnrli-ciiIoivJ  ho'nt,      (^('lii'n foi'i'ithnlnx.) 

lihick-Iicddeil,  or  Liiniilunij  (lull.  Tarsus  one-fourth  longer  than  midillc 
toe  and  claw.  Large;  1(I-1!I;  wingl2-l.">:  tarsus  2  ;  middle  toe  and  claw 
IJ  ;  bill  about  1;,',  the  tip  elongated  and  decurved,  so  that  the  i)oint  comes 
down  nearly  or  tpiite  to  the  h-vel  of  the 
smidl,  acute  jirominence  of  the  gonys. 
Mantle  grayish-i)lumbeous ;  hood  dark 
plumbeous ;  eyelids  white ;  blai'k  on 
l)rimarios  taking  in  nearly  all  the  1st 
(juill,  Init  rapidly  decreasing  to  the  Oth  ; 
the  white  tips  ver\-  small,  few,  or  want- 
ing; liill  an<l  feet  dusky  c;u'niine.  In  ki.,. -.'ini.  isiiidi  iii:i(kii..uiiMi  ijuii. 
winter:  not  rosy,  and  uidiooded  ;  head  white,  with  dusky  or  grayish  patches 
on  the  nape  and  aiiricniars.  Yomi'i:  (piite  brown,  paler,  grayish  or  whitish 
below  and  on  the  upper  tail  coverts;  feathers  of  the  back  dark  with  paler 
edges;  (piills  and  tail  black,  or  latter  white  or  partly  grayish-blue,  with  a 
black  bar;  bill  and  feet  dusky  or  Ijrownish.  United  States,  chielly  coast- 
wise, breeding  northward  to  IJay  of  Fimdy  {Jioaiultnan),  but  more  abund- 
antly southward;  extremely  numerous  along  the  South  Atlantic  coast. 
New  Mexico  and  Ari/.ima  {('ones);  I'acilic  Coast  {XmilUK).  Lavux 
riilihiiinhat  WiLS,,  ix,  81.>,  pi.  71,  f.  1  :  J,,  atririlla  Xi  rr.,  ii,  21*1  :  Airi)., 
vii,  l.">(),  pi.  4l;{ ;  Lawk,  in  liu.,  S,")() atimcilla. 

Fran/cliii's  7i'r/,sy  (,'iil/.  Tarsus  al)ont  ('(jual  to  the  middle  toe  and  claw. 
Medium;    U-Ki ;  wing  al)ont    11:    bill    l.l-li  ;    tarsus    \%  ;    bill    and    feet 


1    < 


•61G 


luUimJE,   GULLS.  —  GLN.    286. 


carmine,  former  usually  with  a  hlark  mark  near  the  ciid ;  mantle  blnish- 
pliimI)eoiis,  the  ends  of  the  secoudarios  white  nearly  an  inch  ;  hood  blackish- 
plunibeoiis,  with  white  eyelids.  Final  pattern  of  primaries: — shaft  of  1st 
entirely  white,  of  next  5  Avhitc  exccpc  in  the  portion  of  the  quill  occupied 
by  Idack  ;  1st  with  its  outer  web  and  a  bar  on  the  inner  web,  black,  leaving 
the  tip  wholly  white  an  inch  or  more,  rest  of  the  feather  pearly  white  ; 
next  5  crossed  I)y  a  black  bar  on  both  webs,  2-3  inches  wide  on  the  2nd 
quill,  narrowing  to  a  mere  spot  on  the  0th  ;  tips  of  all  these  broadly  white. 
Younger  birds  have  much  more  black  on  the  wing,  in  a  dill'ercnt  pattern, 
and  the  tail  washed  with  bluish  (67/.  citciiUatits  LicuT.  ;  Lawk,  in  Bi).,  851, 
pi.  *J5 ;  CouEs,  Proc.  Phila.  Acad.  1802,  BUD).  Central  America  and 
Mexico  in  winter,  migrating  in  the  interior,  west  of  the  ^lississippi,  to 
the  Arctic  regions  ;  abundant ;  has  not  been  observed  in  the  Atlantic  States. 
Larus  J'ran/ilini  liicii.,  F.  B.-A.,  ii,  424,  pi.   71;  Nutt.,  ii,  2*J3  ;  AuD., 

vii,  145;   (J li.  franklin i  Lawu.  in  Bd.,  851 fkaxklinii. 

Jionaparfe'n  Gull.  Tarsus  about  equal  to  middle  toe  and  claw.  Small ; 
12-14;  wing  K^-lOi  ;  tarsus  IJ;  bill  IJ-IJ,  very  slender,  like  a  tern's. 
Adidt  in  summer:  bill  black;  mantle  pearly  blue,  nnich  paler  than  in  tho 
foregoing ;  hood  slaty-plumbeous,  with  white  touches  on  the  eyelids ;  many 
wing  coverts  white ;  feet  chrome  yellow,  tinged  with  coral  red ;  webs  ver- 
milion. Primaries  finally  : — the  first  5-(')  with  the  shafts  white  except  at  tip  ; 
1st  white,  with  outer  web  and  extreme  tip  black  ;  2d  white,  more  broadly 
crossed  with  black  ;  3d  to  Gth-8th  with  the  black  successively'  decreasing.  In 
winter,  no  hood,  but  a  dark  auricular  spot.  Youmj :  mottled  and  patched 
above  with  brown  or  gra}',  and  usually  a  dusky  baron  the  wing;  the  tail 
with  a  black  bar,  the  primaries  with  more  black,  the  bill  dusky,  nmch  of  the 
lower  mandible  llesh-colorcd  or  yellowish,  as  arc  the  feet.  N.  Am.  ;  breeds 
in  the  Arctic  regions;  very  abundant  in  the  U.  S.  during  the  migration. 
iS/ei'na  j)hil(((lelj)hia  Out),  Guthrie's  Geog.  2d  Am.  ed.  ii,  319;  (J/i.  pJilla- 
(l"lj)/tia  Lawk,  in  Bo.,  852;  X.  bonaparici  Eicii.,  F.  B.-A.,  ii,  425,  pi,  72  ; 
NuTT.,  ii,  294;  Aud.,  vii,  131,  pi.  442;  Couks,  /.  c.  310.     i'iiiladklimiia. 

Oiis.  The  sexes  of  tliis  gull  are  alike,  as  in  all  other  cases.  Aii(lul)on  is  wrong 
in  (igurinii  the  9  with  si  brown  hood.  But  it  is  a  question  whet licr  tiic  "  hrown- 
licatk'd  gull,"  Lams  cajiistratus  of  Box.,  Syn.  p.  SoK,  No.  2'J3  —  Nltt.,  ii,  21)0, 
should  be  considered  as  this  species,  or  as  the  true  European  bird,  L.  riih'biDidns, 
erroneously  attributed  to  tliis  country.  The  Knr<)i)ean  beast  (!ull,  //.  viiimfiiK,  lists 
been  inlioilaccd  to  our  fauna  upon  erroneous  inlurniation,  the  single  authority 
(SAnixi;)  for  its  ocenrreuco  having  doubtless  mistaken  the  last  species  for  it. 
Kicu.,  ]"'.  B.-A.  ii,  42G  ;   Nltt.,  ii.  289  ;  Lawk,  in  Bd.  8uo.     Sec  Coles,  /.  c.  ;511. 

286.    Genus    RHODOSTETHIA    MaegiUivray. 

']Ved'je-taile(l,  or  lioai^''  lios)/  Chill.  Adult  :  white,  rosy-tinted  ;  a  black 
collar,  but  lu)  hood;  mantle  p(>arly-blue  ;  imniaries  marked  with  black;  bill 
black;  feet  vermilion  ;  length  14;  wing  10^  ;  "bill  along  the  ridge  '^"  very 
slender;   tarsus  little  over    1;    tail   5J,  cunnitc,  -ho  graduation  being  one 


LARID.i:,    TKHNS. — OKX.    287-8, 


817 


inch.  Arctic  America,  apparently  very  rare  ;  I  liavo  never  seen  a  specimen, 
and  do  not  Ivnow  of  any  in  tills  country.  Krcii.,  F.  B.-A.  11,  427  ;  Nutt., 
ii,  2t).j  ;  Auu.,  vii,  1.'30;  Lawi;.  in  Bd.,  SiiG  ;  Colks,  J.  c.  311.     .     liosEA. 

287-8.    Gonus    XEMA    Leach. 

Forlc-tailed  Gull.  Adult:  white,  including  Inner  primaries,  most  of 
secondaries,  and  greater  coverts  ;  head  enveloped  In  a  slate-colored  hood, 
succeeded  by  a  velvety-black  collar;  mantle  slaty-l)lue,  extending  quite  to 
the  tips  of  tlie  tertlarles  ;  whole  edge  of  the  wing,  and  llrst  .')  i)rimaru's, 
black,  thcii-  extreme  tips,  and  tiie  outer  half  of  their  inner  webs  to  near  tho 
end,  white  ;  bill  l)lack,  tipped  with  yellow  ;  feet  1)lack  ;  length  1,')-14  ;  wing 
10-11;  bill  1;  tarsus  1\;  tall  ^),  forked  i\\\  Inch  or  more.  The  changes  of 
plumage  arc  correspondent  with  those  of  L.  phihuh'lphiu ;  In  the  3'ouug  tho 
tail  is  often  sim])ly  cmarginate.  Arctic  America,  both  coastwise  and  in  tho 
interior,  common,  but  still  rare  In  collections;  in  winter,  S.  occasional!}-  to 
New  York  (Audulxni)  and  Utah  (Allen).  Kinr.,  F.  B.-A.  11,  428  ;  Nutt.,  ii, 
21)0  ;  Aui).,  vii,  127,  pi.  441  ;  Lawk,  in  Bi).,  8.")7  ;  Couks,  I.  c.  311.     sahixki. 

Smdlow-tuiled  Gull.  Head  and  nearly  all  the  neck  grayish-brown;  a 
white  spot  on  each  side  of  the  forehead  ;  mantle  gi'aylsh-wlilte  :  lesser  wing 
coverts  white,  greater  slate,  white-bordered;  1)111  black  at  the  hase,  white  at 
the  end,  much  bent ;  eyes  and  feet  red  ;  eyelids  orange  ;  claws  black ;  tail 
white,  very  much  forked.  Length  al)out  2  feet. 
"California."  This  bird  appears  to  be  exceedingly 
rare ;  no  one  In  this  country  has  seen  it.  The  de- 
scripticm  is  compiled  from  the  original  account. 
LavuK  furcafus  Xr.iioux,  Kev.  Zool.  1840,  2i)0 ; 
PuEVosT  and  Des  ^Iuks,  Voy.  Venus,  pi.  10; 
Crcaf/rus  fnrca/us  BoxAr.  ;  Lawk,  in  Bd.,  8")7  ; 
CouEs,  /.  c.  312 fukcatlm. 

Suhfamih/  STEliXIX^E.     Terns. 

Covering  of  bill  continuous  (no  core),  hard  and  liorn}' 
througliout ;     hill    pard/jnathiiiis,   relatively   longer   and 

1,  -I  -.1  II  .ji  •  VHi.  -Ol.     Ui)>c;itc  Tern. 

slenderer  than  ui  the  gulls,  very  acute,  the  (.•omiiussure 

straight  or  nearly  so  to  the  ver}'  end  ;  nostrils  generally  linear.  Tail  never  squaie, 
almost  invariably  forked  (often  dei'ply  forlicate),  in  one  groui)  doublt'-roandcd. 
"Wings  extremely  long,  thin  and  pointed.  Foot  small,  weak,  scarcely  anibnhitorial. 
The  terns  are  not  distinguislu'd  from  the  gulls  by  any  strong  structm-al  pecu- 
liarities, but  they  invariably  show  a  special  contour,  in  the  i)rodnetion  of  which  the 
longer,  slenderer  and  acutely  paraguathous  1)111  is  a  eons[)icuous  element.  Only  one 
species  has  the  bill  in  any  noticeabh;  degree  like  that  of  a  gull.  A  few  of  the  terns 
are  as  large  as  middle-sized  gulls,  but  the  normal  stature  is  nnich  less;  and  they 
are  invariably  of  a  slenderer  build,  more  trim  in  shape,  with  smoother,  closer-litting 
plumage.  The  great  length  and  sh!U|ini'ss  (jf  tho  wing  relative  to  the  bulk  of  the 
lu.dv  eonfi-r  a  dasli  and  buoyancy  of  lliglit  wanting  in  tlie  gulls;  in  Hying  over 
the  water  in  search  of  food,  they  ladd  the  1)111  pointing  straight  downward, 
which  makes  them  look  curiously  like  colossal  mo»(initoes ;  and  they  secure  their 


318 


larid.t;,  teuns. 


pre}'  by  (InrtiTiu;  impctuoush'  upon  it,  when  they  nrc  usually  submerged  for  a 
iiKtincnt.  'I'lu'  hu'ut'r  kinds  feed  i)riiicip:illy  upon  little  fish,  procured  in  this  way  ; 
but  most  of  the  smaller  ones  are  inseetivorous,  and  llutter  about  over  marshy  spots 
like  swallows  or  nightliawks.  The  general  ai)pearanee  and  mode  of  flight  have 
suggested  tile  name  of  "sea-swallow,"  the  ccjuivalent  of  whieh  is  a])plied  in  nearly 
all  civilized  languages.  A  forking  of  the  tail  is  an  almost  universal  character. 
In  the  Caspian  and  niarsli  terns,  the  black  tern  and  its  allies,  and  some  others,  the 
forking  is  moderate,  and  not  accompanied  by  attemiation  of  the  lateral  feathers  ;  but 
ordinariiv,  tiieseare  remarkalily  li'ngtliened  and  almost  fdamentous,  as  in  the  barn 
swallow.  It  should  bo  oliserved  that  in  all  such  cases  the  narrowing  elongation  is 
gradual,  and  conseijuiMitly  less  evident  in  the  young;  and  that  it  is  very  variable  in 
its  dexcjdpnienl.  The  nod<lies  offer  the  peculiarity  of  a  tail  lightly  forked  centrallj', 
but  rounded  laterally.  The  feet  are  small  and  relatively  weak  throughout  the 
group  ;  the  Icrns  walk  but  little,  and  scarcely  swim  at  all.  Ordinarily  the  webbing 
is  rather  mii'i'ow.  and  excised,  particularly  that  between  the  middle  and  inner  toe  ; 
in  II;iilriirhi-li'<hiii.  this  occiu's  to  such  extent  that  the  toes  seem  simply  semipalmato. 
The  wi'bs  ari'  fullest  in  Aiinns.  where  also  the  hallux  is  unusually  long;  in  some 
species,  this  toe  is  slightly  connected  with  the  tarsus  by  a  web.  The  inner  toe  is 
siiorlcr  than  the  outer,  and  much  less  than  the  middle,  which,  especially  in  Jfi/dro- 
clicliilon.  is  nmch  lengthened,  an<l  has  the  inner  edge  of  its  claw  dilated,  or  even 
slightly  serrati!.  The  coloration  is  very  constant,  almost  throughout  tfie  sul)l;imily. 
Most  of  the  species  are  white  (often  rosy-tinted  below),  with  a  pearly-blue  mantle, 
a  black  cap  on  the  head,  and  dark-colored  primaries,  along  the  inner  web  of  which 
ii.siitill;/  runs  a  white  stripe.  These  ilark-colored  ipiills,  when  new,  arc  beautifully' 
frosted  or  silvered  over;  but  this  hoariness  being  very  superficial,  soon  wears  oil', 
leaving  the  feathers  simply  blackish.  The  black  caj)  is  often  interi'upted  by  a  white 
frontal  crescent;  it  is  sometimes  prolonged  into  a  slight  occipital  crest;  in  a  few 
species,  it  is  replaced  by  a  black  bar  on  each  side  of  the  head.  One  species,  Iiirn 
?/(V.s7(«v(/("s,  has  a  curious  bundle  of  curly  white  plumes  on  each  side  t)f  the  head. 
Another,  ('i/iji-i  a///((,  is  ])urc  white  all  over;  I'rrwrhtonia  ciitcrca  is  wholly  aslij' : 
the  noddies  are  all  fuliginous;  the  upper  parts  of  ILiliiildiKi  are  dark;  the  species 
of  II>/(li-<fh('l!(liia  are  largely  black.  These  are  the  principal  if  not  the  only  excep- 
tions to  the  normal  colorati(jn  just  given.  The  sexes  are  never  distinguishable, 
eitlu'i'  by  si/c  or  color;  but  nearly  all  the  species,  in  the  progress  toward  maturity, 
undi'rgo  changes  of  i)lumage,  like  gulls  ;  while  the  seasonal  dilfercnccs  are  usually 
considerable.  As  a  rule,  the  black  cai>  is  imperfect  in  young  and  winter  specimens, 
and  tin'  former  show  gray  or  brown  itatching  instead  of  the  pure  final  color  of  the 
mantle.  In  all  those  species  in  which  the  bill  is  re(l,  orange  or  yellow,  it  is  more  or 
less  dusky  in  the  j-ouug.  The  changes  are  probably  greatest  in  the  black  terns. 
The  general  economy  is  nmch  the  sanu'  throughout  the  group.  Tiie  eggs  are  laid 
ill  a  slight  depression  on  the  ground  —  generally  the  shingle  of  beaches,  or  in  a 
tussock  of  grass  in  a  marsh,  or  in  a  rude  nest  of  sticks  in  low  thick  bushes;  they 
are  l-.'i  in  number,  variegated  in  color.  Most  of  the  species  are  maritime,  and  such 
is  partieidarly  the  case  with  the  noddies;  but  nearly  all  are  also  found  inland. 
They  are  noisy  birds,  of  shrill  penetrating  voice;  and  no  less  gregarious  than 
pnlls,  often  assembling  in  multitudes  to  breed,  and  gener.'iily  moving  in  company. 
iS|U'cies  occur  near  water  in  almost  every  part  of  the  world,  and  most  of  them 
are  wiilely  distributed  ;  of  those  occurring  in  North  America,  the  nuijority  are 
found  in  eorresponiling  latitudes  in  the  OM  World.  About  seventy  specii's  an; 
currently  reported;    these  nmst  b(>  reduced  nearly  one-half;    the  true  nnmlier  is 


LAKIU^:,    TEIJNS.  —  (iKN.    289-92. 


319 


apparently  just  about  that  of  the  <^ulls.    Sonic  twenty  "genera"  have  been  iniposi'tl 
upon  the  terns  —  three-quarters  of  these  are  of  no  account  whatevei-. 

N.  B.  Understand  )(7((7e,  thn  pileuiii  bhick,  llic  quills  nilrercd-dnskj  n-ilh  himj 
white  strqit',  unless  the  deserlptions  state  otherwise. 

289-92.    Genus    STERNA    Linnaeus. 

*Bill  remarkably  short,  stout  i  nd  obtuse,  hardly  or  nut  half  as  long  again  as 
the  tarsus.     {Gdocheliilon.) 

G KU-billcd,  or  J/arsh  Tern.  Bill  anil  foot  black  ;  mantle  pearly  irrayisli- 
blue,  this  color  extending  on  the  rump  and  tail;  primaries  wilii  the  while 
stripe  restricted  to  their  base,  their  shafts  white.  Length  L")-l.">:  extent 
sibout  34  ;  wing  10-12  ;  tail  4,  forked  only  2  or  less,  the  lateral  feathers  little 
narrowed;  tarsi  l-lj ;  bill  IJ.  Eastern  United  States;  apparently  not 
abundant  in  this  country.  Europe,  etc.  >S.  avaiiCft'W'iLfi.,  viii,  l-i:'),  pi.  72, 
f.  () ;  Lawk,  in  IJi).,  859  ;  S.  aii'/h'ca  Xutt.,  ii,  2G9  ;  Aui).,  vii,  81,  pi.  lliO  ; 
GdochcJUon  amjUcu  CouKS,  Proc.  Phihi.  Acad.  18()2,  a-Htl.   .     .     a.nci.ica. 

**  1)111  of  an  ordinary  stcrnino  character. 

t Occiput   slightly   crested.     Feet    black.     Size   large.     {Tliijhi.isi;iis.) 

Cdxphin  Tern.  Dill  red.  Mantle  pearly  grayish-l)lne ;  cap  extending 
below  the  eyes,  but  the  under  eyelid  white  ;  primaries  viUmiit  any  white 
band.  In  winter,  black  of  the  cap  ciiielly  restricted  to  the  occiput ;  yoinig, 
Avith  the  bill  dusky  and  yellowish,  the  back,  wings  and  tail  jjatched  with 
brown  or  blackish.  Much  the  largest  of  the  terns;  length  20  or  more; 
wing  1.5-17;  tail  5-(),  moderately  forked,  without  narrowed  featiiers  ;  Mil 
2i-2'J,  very  stout,  '\  or  more  deep  at  base,  i  wide  opfxisite  iu)strils  ;  tar.sus 
IrJ-l'i  ;  middle  toe  and  claw  rather  less.  Arctic  America  and  Europe,  8. 
ill  winter  to  the  INIlddlo  States;  apparently  not  abundant  in  this  country. 
L.vwK.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.,  1851,  v,  37  ;  Couks,  /.  c.  5;)7  (var.  /injicrd/nr),  and 
I'roe.  Essex  Inst,  v,  308  ;  Elliot,  1)1.  5(5 casi-ia. 

Ifoi/dl  Tern.  I)ill  orange.  Mantle  pearly  grayish-blue.  In  winter,  bill 
duller  colored  ;  cap  mostly  restricted  to  occiput:  rumj)  and  tail  shaded  with 
the  color  of  the  mantle.  Young,  with  the  crown  nmch  like  that  of  tlie  adults 
in  winter;  upi)cr  parts  witiiout  bluish,  or  this  only  showing  in  patciies,  and 
variously  spotted  with  dusky.  Scarcely  xhnrter  than  the  last,  owing  to 
length  of  tail,  but  much  less  bulky;  length  18-20;  wing  lt-15;  tail  (1-8, 
deeply  forked,  with  narrowed  lateral  feathers;  tarsus  about  Ij,  middle  toe 
and  claw  rather  more  than  less;  bill  2}s-2'i  (in  the  j'oung  sometimes  only 
2.1),  ii-'i  deep  at  base,  the  gonys  about  1  long.  Atlantic  Coast,  l^.  S.,  to 
New  York  (Z<^;«Te»('e),  al)uiidant  southerly  ;  California?  S.  c(n/iniii  Xitt., 
ii,  2()8  ;  Atn.,  vii,  7(),  pi.  429  ;  S.  re;/ia  Gamiikl,  Proc.  Phila.  Acad.  181S, 
128;    Lawu.  in  IJi).,  859;    T/iahisseuff  re;/im  Cuui:s,  J.  c.  '):\!^.        hixma. 

E1('(j(in(  Tern.  Similar  to  the  last;  mantle  very  pale  ;  under  parts  rosy- 
tinted  in  high  plumage.  Smaller  and  somewhat  ditl'erently  proportioned; 
bill  nmch  slenderer ;  tarsus  obviously  longer  than  middle  toe  and  claw. 
Length  about  17  ;  wing  12-13  ;  tail  (j-7  ;  bill  2i,  under  A  deep  at  iiase,  the 
gonys  about  lA  long;  tarsus  rather  over   1  ;  middle  toe  and  claw  under  1. 


I 


320 


LAUID.i;,    TKHX.S. 2S'J-!»2. 


Fill.  'IK.    Satidwiili  Tern. 


Ciilil'oniia,  Mexico,  Cent,  iiiul  8.  Am.,  ami  Africa.  S'.  galcricitlata  LiciiT., 
Veiz.  lHi>;J,  «1;  ,V.  c/(v/«;j.s  Gamu.,  IVoe.  Pliila.  Aead.  1848,  U\) ;  Lawk. 
in  l»i).  H(i() ;  'rinilassenn  eJe;/(nis  CovKs,  I,  <•.  ."» |().  .  .  .  ciALKKicxLATA. 
S(inil.'-iclt  'J'ern.  Bill  Mack,  tii)pod  witli  ycl!()\v.  Plumairc  as  in  re'j'iiiH 
or  'jalcricttlalii,  hut  mantle  extremely  pale;    smaller;  lenjrtli  l.")-lti ;  wing 

alioiit  12;  tail  5-0;  lull 
L'-2i,  the  yelloAV  part 
from  ;,'  of  au  inch  t(j  a 
mere  point ;  tarsus  1  ; 
middle  toe  and  elaw  1  i . 
Atlantic  and  Gidf  Coast 
of  U.  S.,  abundant. 
Europe.  iS .  hni/sil 
Xrrr.,  ii,  27(5 ;  IS.  ccui- 
t'uira  All).,  vii,  87,  pi. 
431  ;  S.  (fiiJlavliJa  Cauot,  Proc.  T.ost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.  1847,  257;  Lawk. 
in  1jI).,8(!();  T/tdhissctts  arnjldridus  Corns,  /.  c.  540.  .  .  .  cantiaca. 
tt  Occiput  not  crested.  Feet  not  liluck.  ^Medium  and  small.  {Stmitt.) 
CuiiiMOti  Tern.  ir//w»V  Tern.  Sea  SwaUnw.  liill  red,  blackening  on 
the  terminal  third,  the  very  point  usually  light ;  feet  coral-red.  .Mantle 
pearly  grayish-l)lue  ;  i)rimary  shafts  white  except  at  the  end;  below  white, 
washed  with  pale  pearly  plumbeous,  blanching  on  throat  and  lower  belly. 
Tail  mostly  white,  the  outer  web  of  the  outer  feather  darker  than  the  inner 
web  of  the  same.  Length  of  $  144  (13  to  IG)  ;  extent  31  (29-32)  ;  wing 
lOi  ('J.-J-ll.'l);  tail  ()  (5-7);  tarsus:?  (n-A);  bill  1^  (li-A);  whole  foot 
averaging  li?  ;  9  rather  less;  averaging  toward  these  minima  :  young  birds 
may  show  a  little  smaller,  in  length  of  tail  particularly,  and  so  of  total  length  ; 
length  12+  ;  wing  '.•+  ;  tail  4+  ;  bill  l^-f-.  In  winter,  this  species  does  not 
a[)pear  to  lose  the  black  cap,  contrary  to  a  nearly  universal  rule.  Youutj : 
bill  mostly  dusky,  but  nmcli  of  the  under  mandible  yellowish ;  feet  simply 
yellowish;  cap  more  or  less  defective;  back  and  wings  patched  and  barred 
with  gray  and  light  brown,  the  bluish  showing  imperfectly  if  at  all,  but  this 
color  shading  much  of  the  tail ;  usually  a  blackish  bar  along  the  lesser 
coverts,  and  several  tail  feathers  dusky  on  the  outer  web  ;  below,  pure  white, 
or  with  very  little  plumbeous  shade.  X.  Am.,  al)undant ;  l)reeds  at  various 
points  along  the  Atlantic  States,  and  northward.  It  does  not  differ  in  the 
least  from  the  European.  *!>'.  ////Hz/f/o  Wils.,  vii,  7(i,  pi.  (iO,  f.  1  ;  Auo.,  vii, 
'J7,  pi.  433;  Nltt.,  ii,  271  ;  S.  wilxoni  Laavk.  in  IJn.,  8(51.  .  iiiuuxDo. 
^hr.'iter'n  Tern.  Like  the  last;  larger,  tail  longer  and  wings  shorter. 
Wing  of  adult  !)i-10A  ;  tail  fU-8,  tlnis  often  beyond  the  extreme  o(  hiritndo, 
and  nearly  as  in  niacrotira;  bill  l^j  {l^-l'i),  and  about  I  deep  at  base 
(in  hirnndo  rarel}'  if  ever  so  deep)  ;  tarsus  seldom  down  to  J  ;  whole  foot 
about  2.  Little  or  no  plumbeous  wash  Iielow  ;  Inner  web  of  the  outer  tail 
feather  darker  than  the  outer  web  of  the  same.  Young  and  winter  birds 
may  be  distinguished  from  hirnndo  at  gunshot  range  ;  the  black  cap  is  almost 


LAltlD-E,    TEIJNS. — (iKN.    2Si)-92. 


821 


i 


lit  cpf  r. 


-liM-'s  Tcni. 


ontiroly  wanting,  and  in  its  piano  is  a  hroatl  hlack  l)an(1  on  oaHi  sido  of  tlui 
head  tiirongli  the  oyo ;  several  lateral  tail  leathers  are  larir<'ly  dnsky  on 
the  //;»r'/"  welis  ;  their  outer  wehs  are  M'hite.  {S/rni'i  hnrcll!!  Ai'iU'noN, 
vii,  lo;],  pi.  .').')4.)  X.  Am.,  at  larire,  abundant.  >'.  hlrnndi)  S\v.  and  Hicir., 
F.  B.-A.  ii,  412  ;  S.  Jhrster!  N'utt.,  ii,  271 ;  li.wvii. 
in  Bi).,  8(;2.  See  Couks,  IVoe.  Piiila.  Acad.  1S(;2, 
543,514;  \u.,  ihid.  1871,44.     .     .     .     foustiimi. 

Arctic  Tcv)).  Bill  oanninoor  laUe-red  throwLrhont ; 
feet  vorniilion.  J'lnniaire  like  tliat  of  /lirnmhi,  Imt 
much  darker  below,  the  plinnbeons  wash  so  heavy 
that  these  parts  are  bnt  little  if  any  paler  than  tlie 
mantle;  crissnni  jjure  white  in  marked  contrast;  the 
throat  and  sides  of  tlie  neck  pale  or  wiiite.  In 
■winter,  cap  defective;  in  young,  the  same;  npjx'r 
parts  i)atclied  with  ijrav,  brown  or  rufous  ;  under  .."^ 
parts  paler  or  wliite  ;  a  dark  bar  on  the  wing  ;  outer 
webs  of  several  tail  feathers  dusky ;  i)ill  blackish  or  dusky-red  with 
yellow  on  the  under  mandible;  feet  dull  orange.  Suialler  than  /i/'noufi), 
])nt  tail  mncli  longer.  Length  14-17;  extent  2<S-r)();  wing  10-12;  tail 
5-8  ;  bill  1 '.-l-^  ;  tarsit.'t  n)il;/  J-rJ  ;  whole  foot  about  lA.  Europe  ;  X.  Am., 
especially  coastwise  and  northerly  ;  breeds  plentifidly  in  X'ew  Kngland  and 
northward;  abmidaut  in  Alaska.  .V.  orctlcd  8w.  and  Ricir.,  F.  B.-A.  ii, 
414;  X'uTT.,  ii,  275;  Arn.,  vii,  1()7,  pi.  43(5;  .V.  macrdurn  Lawu.  in  Bi)., 
8()2  ;  CoiJKS,  /.  c.  51!t MAntOTiiA. 

J'ike's  Ti'Di.  l»ill  black,  or  reddish-black,  the  jxiint  (dlen  whitish.  I'lum- 
age  rcsenil)ling  that  of  /n'ruDdo,  and  size  about  the  same;  wings  and  tail 
relatively  h)nger ;  bill  1  J-liV,  very  slender,  }--,,  higii  at  the  base  ;  tarsi  i-jj. 
Pacilic  Coast,  X'.  Am.  I  have  never  seen  an  adult,  nor  indeed  any  authentic 
specimen  of  this  bird  ;  but  the  type  of  Slcrnn  pikei  (a  young  bird,  in  poor 
condition)  which  I  have  examined,  seems  almost  unquestionably  referable 
here  ;  if  not  this  species,  it  is  a  young  macronrn.  S.  Jon[/ij)P)ijn's  X'oudmaw, 
Verz.  1835,  17  ;  Middexdouf,  Sibirische  Keise,  240,  pi.  25,  f.  4  ;  Sciileoel, 
M.  P.-B.  fSterna>,  23.  S.  pike!.  Lawi:.,  Ann.  Lye.  1853,  3  and  in  Bo.,  8(53  ; 
CouES,  I.  c.  550 i.dxniPENXis. 

lioKCdte  Tcvn.  Bill  black,  us"ally  orange  at  !)ase  below.  Mantle  very 
pale  pearly  l)lue  ;  primaries  with  the  white  band  broad  and  usually  extending 
to  the  very  tip;  below,  pure  white,  or  rosj'-tinted ;  feet  coral-red.  Changes 
of  plumage  as  in  other  species.  Length  12-1(5 ;  Aving  9-10 ;  ('iil')-S;  bill 
l^-l'it,  very  slender ;  tarsus  3-»-  Atlantic  Coast,  U.  S.,  abundant.  S.  dong- 
alVii  XuTT.,  ii,  278;  Aun.,  vii,  112,  pi.  437;  S. panrd/'scn  Lawu.  in  Bd., 
803;  CouEs, /.  c.  551 i'auaois.ea. 

Lcaxt  Teni.  Bill  yellow,  usually  lipped  with  black.  .Manlle  pale  pearly 
grayish-i)luo,  extending  unchanged  on  the  rinnp  and  tail ;  n  n'/ttfe  frontal 
crPKCCid,  separating  the  black  cap  from  the  bill,  bounded  l)elow  by  a  black 
loral  stripe  reaching  the  1)ill ;  shafts  of  two  or  more  outer  primaries  fjlitck  on 

KKV     ID    N.    A.    IIHiDS.       1 1 


4 


322 


i,Ai;ii),i: 


TKIINS.— (IKN.    2iH!l-!l2. 


Fl(i.  'Jill.     Alcritiail  TiTii. 


tlic  uppor  siirfiic'o,  -wliitc  uiuk'nicatli  ;  feet  oraiiiro.  Young;  cap  loo  (li'foctivc 
to  show  tlif  c'lcsccnl  ;  liill  (l;irl<,  luiicli  of  llu-  iiikUt  iiiiiiulildo  pale;  feet 
ol)scur((l.  \'(iy  small,  only  i^-H  ;  win^r  (!-(i^i  ;  tail  2-3^  ;  bill  1-lJ  ;  tarsus  n. 
U.  S.  anil  sonu'wliat  northuaril,  cliiclU' coastwise,  nhundant.  Apiu'ai's  to  l)c 
perfectly  distinct  from  the  European  bird.  *S'.  mliiuta  \\'ii,s.,  vii,  -so,  pi. 
()(),  f.  2;  All).,  vii,  111),  pi.  'loll.  S.  siipercilidn's  \iv.]iAA)T,  Diet.  Deterv. 
1819,  xxxii,  17t).  ,S.  arr/ented  .Maxim.,  ^'oy.  i,  '17;  Xirr.,  ii,  2H0.  <V. 
(itililhu'itia  and  iiiihiiiiirJn/iirJiti  Li>s()N,  ISIT  ;  C'oi'Ks,  /.  c.  r;52.  S.  froiata 
(jA.Mit.,  I'roe.  Pliiia.  Acad.  INt.S,  li'fS ;  TvAwi:.  in  lii).,  N(i4.  .sri'KKiii.iAUis. 
Tniilean's  Tern,  liiil  oraiiL'e,  crossed  Iiy  a  hIacUisli  hand,  the  t\\)  yellow. 
Entire  plumage  pearly  grayish-liliie,  little  if  any  paler  below  than  above 
but  whitening  on  tiie  head;  a  black  band  through  the  eye;  no  blackcap. 
Size  and  proportions  precise!}'  as  \i\  fovslirl  (excei)ting  shorter  tail?). 
South  and  Central  America,  rare  or  oidy  casual  on  the  Atlantic  Coast 
(New  Jersey  and  Tiong  Island,  TrwJt-dti).     Aid.,  vii,  105,  pi.  4.'!,");  Lawu. 

in  III).,  8()1  ;  CoiKS,  /.  c.  .")12.  .  .  .  tuidkali. 
"S^^.^^  t+t  ^0  wcipital  crest.    Feet  and  bill  hhu-lc ;  colors  ilarker 

th;in  in  any  of  the  foregoing.  Size  niediinn.  {Iluliiiliiiiti.) 
Ah'Jttidu    7)rii.     Top  of  the  head    black,  with  a 

white  frontal  crescent ;  back  very  dark  ash,  or  dull 

slaty-blue;  under  parts  similar,  paler;  tail  white; 
chin  and  sides  of  head,  e<lge  and  lining  of  wings,  and  shafts  of  primaries, 
■white.  Length  about  II;  wing  lOA  ;  tail  TA,  forked  nearly  4;  bill  1)^; 
tarsus  ..').'');  middle  toe  and  claw  li.  Alaska;  one  specimen  known.  A 
remarkable  species,  entirely  diHerent  from  any  other  known  to  me  ;  it  stands 
exactly  between  StcriHi  proper  and  Jla/iphnia,  and  appears  related  to 
S.  hmnta  Pkale  (Cass.,  V.  S.  Expl.  Exp.   l.s.'xS,  382).     Uaiud,  Trans. 

Chicago  Acad.,  i,  lS()!t,  ,'521,  1)1.  31,  f.  1 aleutica. 

Snofi/  Tern.  Ih'ownish-black,  continuous  from  head  to  tail ;  under  parts, 
outer  web  of  outer  tail  feather,  and  a  frontal  crescent,  white.  The  frontal 
liimile  is  short  and  wide,  its  horns  not  reaching  beyond  the  eyes  ;  the  black 
loral  stripe  does  not  quite  reach  the  bill.  \'eiy  young  birds  are  fuliginous, 
speckled  with  white.  Length  l.')-17;  wing  11-12;  tail  (US;  bill  l.i-2; 
tarsus  J.  Atlantic  and  (Julf  Coast,  southerly;  breeds  b^-  thousands  in 
Florida,  with  the  noildies.     Wii.s.,  viii,  11."),  pi.  72,  f.  7;    Xirr.,  ii,  284; 

Aui).,  vii,  no,  pi.  4;)2  ;  Lawk,  in  !>!).,  8(11 illiuixosa. 

Bridled  Tern.  Slaty-gray,  blackening  oii  crown  and  quills,  the  color  of 
the  head  separated  from  that  of  the  back  b}'  an  ashy-gray  interval  on  the 
cervix  ;  white  frontal  crescent  very  narrow,  with  long  horns  reaching  bej'ond 
the  ej-es,  involving  the  upi)er  eyelid  and  forming  a  superciliary  line  ;  black 
loral  stripe  reaching  the  bill;  under  jiarts,  and  most  of  2-3  outer  tail 
feathers,  white;  smaller  than  the  last,  and  easily  distinguished.  Central 
America,  and  various  warmer  parts  of  the  world  ;  I  introduced  it  to  our 
fauna  upon  the  strength  of  a  specimen  from  Audubon's  eolleetion,  now  in 
Mr.  Lawrence's  cabinet,  labelled  "Florida."     »S'.  inioslhcctus   ScoroLi   (tide 


4 


ift 


i,Aifii),T;,  TKiiNS. — (!i:n.   2!>;»,  2'.>l. 


:\-2:\ 


Gray);  •"^'.  p'/no  i/'iixi.'^  o?  avthoma:   /fnHjiItin'i  (llsmliir  Cocks,  Iliis,  1804, 
3112  ;  L.\\vi;i;n('K,  Ami.  T>yc'.  X.  Y.  viii,  Id")  ;   Ki.liot,  pi.  aT.     axustii.kta. 


7'/" //((.) 


203.    Gonus    nYDROCHELIDON    Boio. 

Bhivk,  or  ,S/i(»i-l<iiJtil  'Tern.  Adult  in  bn'tnliiii?  pliunairo  :  head,  nock 
mid  under  parts,  uiiiforni  jet-black;  liaeU,  winjrs  and  tail,  i)luiul)e()iis ; 
primaries  unstripcil ;  erissinn  ])nre  wliiti 


1)111 


)laek.      In  wiiiler  and  younj^ 


l)ir(ls,  tlic  l)lauk  is  mostly  replaced  hy  white  on  the  forehead,  sides  ol'  head 
luid  under  parts,  the  crown,  oeeipnt  ami  neck  behind,  with  the  sides  under 
the  wings,  being  dusky  gray  ;  a  dark  amicnlar  i)atch  an<l  another  belbre  thu 
eye;  in  a  very  early  stage,  the  upper  parts  are  varied  with  dull  brown. 
Small;  wing  8-!t,  little  less  than  the  whole  length  of  the  bird;  tail  '.]>,, 
simply  forked;    bill   1-1  J;    tarsus  5;   m 


iddle  toe  and  claw  li.     X.  An 


-hiell 


y  inland,   breedmg  111  marsiiy    places. 


])hiinl)va 


\\n. 


WiLS.,  vii,  S;i,  pi.  (!(),  f.  ;5  (young)  ;  //.  jiliiinhcii   La 
in  IjI).,  801;  S.  niijra  X^utt.,  ii,  282  ;    Auu.,  vii,   lit!, 
pi.  4.">8  ;    II.  JiKsqvH  CoiKS,  /.  c.  IthX.      .     .     I'lssiriis. 

294.  Gonus  ANOUS  Loach. 
JVfiddi/  Tern.  Frontal  feathers  in  convex  outline  on 
the  bill  (the  antia",  shown  by  all  the  foregoing,  here 
wanting)  ;  webs  remarkably  full  ;  tail  graduated  laterally, 
cmarginale  in  the  middle,  the  feathers  broad  and  stitlish. 
fuliginous,  blackening  on  (piills  and  tall,  Mith  a  plumbeous  cast  on  <lio 
head  and  neck,  the  crown  more  or  less  purely  white;  bill  black;  length 
l.")-17;  wing  10-11  ;  tail  ()-7  ;  bill  1A-1:J  ;  tarsus  1  ;  middle  toe;  and  claw 
Ir^-l'n.  S.  Atlantic  and  Gulf  Coasts,  breeding  in  vast  midtitudes  ;  the  nest 
is  placed  on  bushes.  XiTr.,.ii,  28.");  Aid.,  vii,  12;),  i)l.  440;  Lawij.  in 
Bd.,  8()5.     ^1.  j(/o//(/((.s' and  ^l. //■«/cr  CouKs, /.  c,  5dN.      .     .     .     stolidi's. 


r.-ni. 

l'limia<j:o 


Subfamihj  nil VXCnOI'lX^K.     .Shimmrrx. 

BUI  In/pof/Hallious.  Among  the  singular  l)ills  of  I)inls  tliat  fVc(iUPiit!y  excite  our 
wonder,  that  of  tlie  skiinnuTs  is  one  of  tiie  most  anomalous.  The  under  in.')ni1il)le 
is  much  longer  than  the  upper,  compressed   like  a  knit'e-l)lade  ;   its  end  Is  obtuse ; 


Cc 


Fii;.  ■JIC.     liill  cif  Sl.iniTiH'i-. 

its  sides  como  ahnii)!!}'  together  and  are  comi)letely  soldered  ;  the  upper  edge  is  as 
sharp  as  the  under,  and  tits  a  groove  in  tiie  upi)er  mandible  ;  the  Jjiwboiie,  viewed 
apart,  looks  like  a  short-iiandled    pitch-furk.     The    upi)er    mandible  is  also   com- 


/ 


/ 


Il 


! 


824 


LAIMD.K,    SKIMMKUS. — (lEN.    2II"). 


]Mi'ss('(l,  Ijiit  less  so,  iinr  is  it  so  oliliisc  :il  llic  I'lid  ;  its  siilistiiiicc  is  iic.'irly  IhiIIow, 
villi  litjiil  canci'liakMl  stiiictiiic,  iiiiicli  jis  in  ji  luiicaii  ;  it  is  rrccly  inoMiiilr  liy  iiiciiiiH 
of  Mil  clastic  liiiluc  at  tiic  I'lirciicail.  'I'licic  arc  iTaiiial  iictaiiiaiitics.  ('(jiironiiaiiiy 
witii  tiic  siiapc  (if  till'  iiioutii,  tlic  toiiniic  (lill'crs  I'njiii  tliat  ol'  otiicr  Luiiiji/Kiiiii/ti  ill 
liciii;^  very  siinil  and  Htiiiii|iy,  as  in  kingli^iicrs,  ami  liic  Stiiiiiiinjiiiilis,  Tlic  win^s 
lire  exceedingly  luiij^,  and  the  lliglit  iiKHe  incasincd  and  s\vce|)iiiL;-  than  tlial  ol'  terns  ; 
tiii^  Itirds  lly  in  dose  Hocks  niovinj^  siiniiltanconsly,  rallicr  tlian  in  straji:i;lin,i^  com- 
panies. Tiiey  seem  to  li'ed  as  thi'y  skim  low  over  water,  with  the  lure  jiarts  inclined 
downward,  the  under  mandilile  jiioliatily  j^iazinj^  or  cnttinj;  the  surface  ;  Iml  tiiey 
ari)  also  said  to  nsc!  their  odd  hill  to  i)ry  open  wi'ak  liivalvc  niollusks.  The  voice 
is  very  hoarse  and  lancons,  rather  than  striilcnt.  They  are  somewhat  noetnrnal  or 
at  least  cre|)iisciilar ;  their  {general  economy  is  the  same  as  that  of  terns,  as  are  all 
points  of  stnic'turu  oxceptinj^  those  alwvo  spucilied.  ISesides  the  lollowiny,  Ihuro 
arc  only  two  species  :  Ji.  jlarirdstn's  anil  I!,  ulljirul/in,  of  Asia. 

205.    Gonus    RIIZNCIIOPS    Linnceua. 

Jiliick  iS/iim)ii('r.  Ciil-ini/cr.  Cliossy  Mack,  tlii'  rorclicad,  sides  of  licad 
iiiid  iH'ck  and  all  under  parts  pufo  white,  or  rosy-tinted  ;  tail  ashy  and  white  ; 
hill  red,  lihiok-tiiiped  ;  feet  oraiiirc  Voniijr :  ,i;rayi>h-hlack  or  dnil  hrowu 
ahovo,  varied  with  white  ;  hill  3ellow,  diisky-tipped.  Length  1(1-20  inches; 
extent  3-4  feet;  wing  13-1,") ;  tail  -1-5,  forked  ;  umlcr  niandihle  3]— M,  uj)[)cr 
2^-3.  Coast  of  South  Atlantic  and  (Inlf  .States,  vcr}' ahniidant  ;  frcipicntly 
to  the  Middle  Stales,  ■•ind  even  straying  to  >i'ew  ICngland.  WiLS.,  vii,  y."),  pi. 
GO,  f.  4  ;  i\UTT.,  ii,  204  ;  Ai;i).,  vii,  07,  pi.  428  ;  Lawii.  in  Du.,  8()ti.    muua. 

Family  PROCELLARIID^.    Petrels. 

Xostrll.-f  tiiliiiliir.  IJill  epi^nal hulls ;  its  covering  discontinnons.  cuiisi>tinL!:  of 
several  horny  [licces  sei)araled  liy  deep  groovi'S.  Ihilliix  small,  elevated,  fiine- 
tionless,  appearing  merely  as  a  sessile  claw,  often  minute,  ahsi'iit  in  tw(j  genera. 

These  are  oceanic  birds,  rarely  landing  except  to  Iireed,  unsurpassed  in  powers 
of  flight,  and  usually  strong  swimniers  ;  cxceiiling  the  sea-runners,  mine  of  them 
dive.  AVith  the  same  exi'i'ptioii.  the  wings  are  long,  strong  and  poinleil,  of  10  still' 
primaries  and  nnnieroiis  short  secondaries;  the  humeral  and  antc-lirachial  portions 
are  sometimes  t'Xtremely  lengthened.  The  tail  is  short  or  niodeiate,  of  less  than 
20  feathers,  of  variable  shape.  The  feet  are  usually  short,  Avitli  long  full-webbed 
front  toes,  and  a  rudimeiitary  hallux,  as  above  staled,  or  none.  In  size,  these  birds 
vary  reinarkalily,  ranging  from  that  of  a  swallow  ui)  to  the  iminciise  albatrosses, 
ludbably  unsurpassed  by  any  birds  whatever  in  alar  I'xpansc,  and  yielding  to  few 
in  bulk  of  body.  The  iiluniage  is  eoiiiiiact  and  oily,  to  resist  water;  the  sexes 
appear  to  be  always  alike,  ami  no  seasonal  changes  are  determined  ;  but  some  color 
variation  with  age,  or  according  to  individual  peculiarities,  certainly  occurs  in  most 
cases,  and  in  the  J'lijjint.  for  instance,  in  which  some  currently  admitted  siiecies  are 
unil'ormh"  fuliginous,  it  is  not  i>roven  that  this  feature  is  not  temporary,  as  in  the 
jai'gcrs.  The  food  is  entirely  of  an  animal  nature,  and  fatly  substances,  in  partic- 
ular, are  eagerly  devoured  ;  when  irritated,  many  siieeii's  eject  an  (jily  lluid  from  the 
moulh  or  nostrils,  and  some  are  so  fat  they  are  occasionally  used  for  lamps,  by 
running  a  wick  through  the  lujdy.  The  eggs  are  few,  or  onl^'  (Jiie,  laid  in  a  rude 
nest,  or  none,  on  the  ground  or  in  a  burrow.     I'etrels  are  sili'iit  birds,  as  a  rule. 


w 


I'liOCKLLAKIlD.K,    ALllATKOSSIOS. (IK.V.    SiMUT. 


325 


cuiitrastiiiir  \\ itli  ^ulls  iind  terns  in  tliis  piirtiiiihir ;  niuiiy  or  iii')>t  ari'  ^iri'^iiiion^, 
C'oni,'ii'y;:iliii;X  I'.v  tliijiisiinds  jit   llnir  liiciMlin^jr  |)liici's  or  wlicrr  food  U  iilculy. 

liirds  of  tills  Ciimily  iilioiinil  on  all  seas  ;  Iml  tlu'  ;iroii|)  is  yi't  ini|i('rriclly  known. 
Uonaiiarti'  j^ave  01)  sjn'rics,  in  \f<M  ;  my  memoirs  uiion  the  snhjcel  (l.sf.l-ij)  present 
1)2,  of  wlileli  17  aro  marked  as  doulill'nl  or  olisenre  ;  last  year,  (iray  reeordeil  112; 
tlii're  are  probalily  alionl  seventy  <iood  s|ieeli's.  I'liey  are  sharply  dhided  liy  the 
charaeter  of  the  nostrils  Into  three  ^ronps ;  two  represented  In  North  Anierlea,  as 
lieyonti,  ami  the  Iliilodnimiiiir,  These  last,  eonsistln^'  of  one  ;i«'nns  and  three  spi'cies 
or  varieties,  are  remarkaMy  iHstlnnnlshed  from  the  ri'st.  reseniMlnu;  aiiks  in  external 
api)earanee  and  lialiits  ;  the  win^s  antl  tail  are  very  short;  theii'  is  no  hind  toe;  tho 
skin  of  the  throat  is  naked  and  dislensilile  ;  the  tiilmlar  nostrils,  in  fael,  are  the  |>rin- 
eipal  if  not  the  only  petrel-mark,  and  these  orj;ans  are  nniijiie  in  openinn;  directly 
upward,  the  nasal  tnlie  lieinj^  verti<'al  instead  of  horizontal  as  in  all  the  rest. 


i 


,Si(l,f,iiiiil;i   l>lOMEl>i:iX.  /•;.      .  Vhiili-ossrs. 

A\i.iti\ll.'<  ilisciiiiiK'i'/i  il.  plaecd  one  on  eaeh  side  ol'  the  liill  near  the  base.  No  jiiiid 
toe.  Of  l;ui;e>l  >i/e  in  this  fMmily.  'I'liiTi'  are  ei^ht  unipH'^tinnahie  speeies.  uith 
two  or  three  (loniilfid  or  ohseure  ones.  Only  three  ha\i'  proven  their  ri^iil  to  a  place 
here.  As  .Mr.  Lawrence  observes  (I>i>.,  .s21  ),  there  is  no  well  aiithenlicaled  instance 
of  the  occurrence  of  the  ^^real  wandcrin;^'  albatross,  />.  rxnliins,  oil'  our  coasts;  but 
it  has  been  taki'U  in  Mniopi',  anil  is  liaiili'  to  apjiear  at  any  time.  Il  is  dislinnnisiied 
from  tile  fust  si)ecies  following;  by  its  <>;ri'al  si/e,  and  the  outline  of  the  iVoiital 
feathers:  deeply  concave  on  the  cnlmen.  slronudy  convex  on  the  sides  of  the  bill  lo:i 
point  nearly  ojiposile  the  nostrils.  The  ycllow-noscd  .'dbatross,  I).  rlilnrnrli/iiicliK  of 
AiDCltoN,  vii,  I'.MI  ;  Lawk,  in  lin.,  822,  is  the  I).  I'lilniiiKitd.  a  siiecies  of  Au-.lrMliaii 
and  other  Southern  seas.  .sv/W  to  have  been  taken  "not  far  from  tic  Columbia  river," 
but  there  is  no  reason,  as  yet,  to  believe  it  ever  comes  within  a  Ihonsand  miles  of 
this  country.  It  has  the  liill  black  with  the  cubucn. and  under  ecl^^c  yellow.  Oilier 
well  known  species  of  Southi'rn  seas  are  I),  ciiluriirli^iiifliii.  ninhi  and  hk  hi imiihriis. 

296-7.    Genus    DIOMEDEA    Linnrous.        *•'>'■<*- <W 

•.Siilcs  of  under  mandible  smooth;  bill  very 
Htout,  moderalely  coni|iressed,  with  rounded 
eulmen,  the  feathers  running;  nearly  straight 
around  its  base.  ^Vin,!J;  three  or  more  times  as 
loiii^  as  the  roinided  tall.     {IHniiiiihu.) 

tSliuit-ta'ded  AlhdtrosH.  \V\\\  ,')  or  (!  inches 
lonj;,  with  moderately  concave  cuiincn  and 
prominent  hook.    'I'ail  very  short,  contained 

iibont  ;5A  times  in  tiie  wiuir.      I^en_ii;t!i  Jilxuit         vu..  ■>><-..   -ii.ti  im.i..i  aiii.iu 

3  feet;  extent  7;  wing  20  indies;  tail  ,")j  ;  tarsi  ,")■;.  Adult  |)luinaL^'  wiiite, 
witli  a  yellowish  wash  on  tlie  iieiul  and  neck;  primaries  black;  oilier  i|uilis, 
the  wing  coverts  ami  tail  feathers,  marked  witii  lilaekisii  ;  l)ill  and  fed  pale. 
Young  dark  colored,  resemhlimr  the  ne.xt  speeies.  Olf  the  Pacific  Coast, 
ahnndant.     Cass.,  IN.  2.s;»,  pi.  .')();  Lawi:.  in  Ud.,  ,s22.     .     .     iikaciivi  i:a. 

Jihn:k-J'()oled  AUiativxs.  \\\\\  about  1  (never  .5)  inches  long,  extreme  l_v 
stout,  with  tlie  euhuen  almost  perfeetly  straight  to  the  hook,  which  is  com- 


i' 


1 


:h 


8S6 


l'l!<)('!;i,I.\I!III)  v.,    IT.TUnt.s. 


|iMr,iti\('ly  siinll  jiimI  \vc:iU  :  tin'  Imriiy  picM'c  I'driiiinir  llic  ciilmcii  V(>rv  I)r():iil, 
cspcrially  iit  li.isc,  uhriT  i|  ovi'iliips  Iln'  l.iti  tmI  |)ic<'i' ;  dcplli  of  liill  at  Iiuho 
1.1,  its  wiillli  tlitTc  l|.  Tail  cniilaiiicil  alidiil  ."»  limes  in  tlic  wiiiLT.  (iiiicral 
iliiiK'iisiniis  (if  the  la^t  species,  or  rallier  less  ;  tail  loMirer,  Atliilt  plniiia;;(! 
dark  liiowii,  paiei-  ami  u'i'ayi'r,  or  rather  piiinilH'oirs  licjow,  lij:lileiiin;;  or 
even  wliitiMiiiij;  alioiit  tlu-  licad  ;  tpiills  l)la(U  with  yellow  shafts;  lii||  dark; 
feet  lilaelv.  A  liiial  pimiiairt*  may  he  li<.'liter  than  as  desciihed.  \m{  is  never 
white;  and  other  characters  seem  to  prove  the  validity  of  tlie  species. 
Pacific  (jtast,  very  alxindanl.  Ai  i>.,  vii,  i'.i.S;  Sciii.khki.,  M.  I'.-l).,  /';o- 
vrlltii'liv,  ',V.\\  SwiMior.,  |l»is,  iMi;'),  II)!  ;  ('<)ri;s,   I'roc.   I'hila.   Acad.    isiKi, 

17.S;  Cass.,  III.  210, 
pi.  .'5."i.  I>,  ijHibosii 
(  1(111, i>?  .  M(il!ll'i;S. 
•  '  Sides  of  under 
niMiidilile  with  a  Ion;; 
eoliai'd  i^roovc  ;  )ii  1 1 
coiiilPMrali\'ely  slender, 
slrmiuly  compressed, 
with  sharp  culnKai ; 
IVunlal  leathers  lorniin;; 
a  ilccp  reenlrance  on 
the  cninien.  a  strong 
saiienet!  on  the  sides  of 
llie  lower  niamlihle. 
\Viie_'  alMiiil  twice  as 
lonir  as  the  cnneatc 
tail.     (I'hiihrlnn.) 

Sunli)  .Vhiilnixs.     l''idi_iriii<>iis  hrown.  nearly  uniform,  in  some  enscs  li'.diton- 
inji:  on  various  parts;    (juills  and  tail    l)la<hisli  with  white    sliafis 
white;   l>ill  hlacU,  tiie  groove  yellow;   feet   yellow.      LenL^iM  ,\'\f 
winir  L'(»--_'L>  inches;  t.iil  jil-ll,  its  u'raduation  .'U-l]  ;  tar  at 

iiase  i  ^,  d(>cp,  hut   only  ']  wide.      I>.  J'usni  ,\ri).,  vii,  I'iKl,  l.Vt ;    //         //- 

</ii>()sii  IjAWI!.  in  l>i).,  X-'.') ;  /'/i"fjrlri"j'iih)/iiiiisiii\)vi.s,  I.e.,  1    u.  fulii.in(JSA. 

s„hf,iniihi  rnocKi.i.Mnixj:.   jvinis. 

Noslrils  imileil  in  one  donl)le-h:urclle(|  tiilie  laid  horizontally  on  the  calnu'ii  at 
base.  Hallux  present,  llionLjh  il  may  he  iiiimite.  I''iv('  >j;rotips  of  petrels  may  ho 
distinguished,  ailhiiuuh  they  t;rnde  into  each  other;  foiu' of  tlicm  are  alMuidantly 
represente(l  on  our  eoM-.ts.  'V\\r  /'ihii'irs  are  lariie  eull-|ili(.  species  (one  of  llieni 
nii^hl  he  taken  for  a  ;j:uII  were  il  not  lor  the  nostrils),  usually  while  with  t\  darker 
mantle,  the  tail  larire,  well  lornieil  (of  ll-K!  feathers),  the  nasal  ease  promin(>nt, 
with  a  thin  iinrlition.  'I'hey  shade  inlotlie  uroup  of  which  the  Ljcnn-i  .  h'slrrlatii  is 
typical,  cnihracin^  a  lar<i:e  nuinher  of  niedimu  sized  species,  cliielly  of  Southern 
seas,  in  which  the  liill  is  short,  stout.  \t'iv  stronuly  hoiikc(l,  with  proniini'ul  nasal 
case;  the  tail  rather  loni,',  usually  L;railuated.  'flic  .v//(((/"i(^'/-.s  have  the  hill  lonufer 
tluin  usual,  comparatively  slender,  with  short  low  nasal  case,  ohliiineiy  truaealo  at 
the  end,  and  the  partition  hetwccn  the  nostiils  thick;  the  tail  short  and  rounded; 


.^  y 


ri>..  •Ills,  sii.iiv  aiimIi-".'*-' 


I'liorKi.i.MiiiD.i:.   n/niKi.s.  —  (ikn.   i'.tH-.'luo. 


:v.>7 


llif   winnH  cxliciiicly  luii;_';     lljc  IVd    l.ii'^c.     'I'lic  cIc.mhI    lillli'  ••MoIIht  CaifrH 

cliiilvcns "  (»r    *•  Nioiiiiy    pflicU"    (ocihh    'I'liiil'issiilyunni  n|'   MiilliiirH;    Hell.   .'!u:i-s, 

l)cynii(l)    lire   ti    riiiii'lli   ;^ri>li|p,    lii;irl»i'(l    l.y   llicir   miimII    s\/.r.  >li.;lil    Imilil,   mikI   olIliT 

ohai'iiclciH  ;   tlicir  lliulil    is   pi'i  iiliailv   niiy  aiiil   IlicN- 

rrini;,  inoic  lilvc  llmt  oTa  luiUcrlly  iIimii  uf  (inliiiiirv 

liinis  ;  llit'v  nil'  mIiiiusI  iilwavs  ■.(■cii  nii  wiin,',  !i|i|iiar 

to  swim  iiltic  if  any,  and   smni',  if  nnl    all.  IhitiI   in       \ 

liulcH  ill  the  ^'jiiiinil.  aip|pai(ntly  like   hanU  >\vallipw<.       ,'Srt' 

Lilif    oilier    iii'lnls    Ihcy    i^allii'i'    in    tiiP(i|i-<    alioiil      .'?S.    "  X^^^SKS^^^-     rf*'*** 


>^-%J-' 


,<fti-^ 


vt'ssi'ls  al  s('a,oricii   Idllipwinii  llicir  (•|pln•■^(•  I'nr  many 

milc.-i,   to  piik   iii>  till'  ri'l'iisi'  ipf   till'    cipok's   uallry. 

Sipinc  of  llii'Mi,  liki'  ;^iii.  .".(i7.  Iia\c  irmarkaMy  lipii;;' 

li"^s,  with  I'llscd    sriili'lla,  Hal   nlilnsc   riau-..  ami    llir 

hallux   cMcriliii'^ly  miniitr  :   in  the  ri'sl,  the  liil  an' 

of  an  oi'iliiiary  rliarartrr.      'I'lii'  rMilir  ^I'liiis    /'/•/'//(   lyipitii'^  a   lil'tli   'jriiii|i.  nl'  IIm' 

or  six  spccirs  ;   lirrr  llir  liill  i-^  rxpaii'li'il,  and   I'linii-'lH'd  willi  slionu   lamina',  liki' ii 

diu'k's  ;  tilt'  colors  arc   lp|iii>h  and    wliiti'. 


I  Ic.   Jii'.P.     Sl.pllipl    I'l'lirl   .  I.c.lili'-). 


at 


208-300.    QoiiUH    FULMARUS    Loach. 

*  Tail   in-fcathi  ri'd  ;   Kill   lonuir  than  the  tar>iis.      {(hsi/nii/d.) 

(I'iiiii/  /''iiliiiur.  Tlic  l,'ir;.'t's|  of  the  ix'lrcls,  ('(|ii:illiiii^  iiiosl  of  the  aiiia- 
ll'osscs  ill  si/c  ;  IciiLitli  '•'>  Icrl ;  c.xtciit  7  ;  wiiiir  -"  iiU'lit'S  ;  tail  S  ;  l,i||  |,  tin; 
iiii.Hiil  «'iiso  iii'ai-ly  1'.  I'liiiiiiiu't!  fl.'irk  diiiu'V  ,iri':iy,  paler  lielow,  olteii  wliiteiiiiii,' 
ill  plaies ;  liill  and  rcct  yelliiw.  I'acilir  ('oa>l;  "eoiiiiiion  oil'  Moiilerey" 
(('iKijirr).    NriT.,  ii,  .'lilt;  Aid.,  vii,  :.'0-* ;  !,\\\i;.  in  Md.,  n:.'.').  (iKiANrcis. 

**'rail  rj-I  l-reathereil  ;  liill  not,  longer  than  the  taf'^ns.    (l'iiiiiiiirii.-< -awI  /'ri'iril/n.) 

/''n/niiir.  Iiill  obviously  sliortcr  tliaii  llic  larsiis.  Adiill  wliite,  the  tiiaiitle 
|)ali'  i)eai'ly  liliie,  ri'ei|iu'Mt ly  cxliMidini^  on  the  iieek  and  tail  :  i|nills  lil.iiki>li- 
lii'own  ;  usually  ii  dark  spot  Ix'Torc  the  (\V(! ;  liill  yellow,  I'eet  llie  same  tiiiired 
willi  <ri'o('iiisli.  Voiinir  :  smoky  j^riiy  ,  paler  lielow,  tiie  leathers  of  the  iiaek 
and  wind's  dark-cdirt'd  :  eolors  of  Mil  and  feet  olisciired.  Leni^lli  iisii.'illy 
alxiiit  l(!;t,  linl  from  l.">  to  IS;  wint,'  ll-Kl;  tail  l-."i  ;  tai'siis  .'ilioiit  :.' ;  liill 
I:'i-lrli  alioiit  ■,'  deep  and  almost  as  w  ide  at  liase  ;  nasal  tnlie.s  •',.  I'^xlraor- 
diiiarily  aliundaiil  in  the  Xorlli  Atlantie;  S.  to  l'.  .S.  in  winter.  N'l  rr.,  ii. 
;;;il  ;  Aid.,  vii,  l'DI,  pi.   I."!."!;  Lawk,  in  r>i>.,  >>:.'.') (ii.AciAi.is. 

\'ar.  I'M  II  K  I  s  will  [iriplpalply  average  I'lPii^iileralily  darker  on  the  maiille,  with  a 
weaker  liill.  N.  raeilie  (oast.  Ai  i>.,  vii,  L'O.s  ;  Lawk,  in  l»i>.,  .SL'ii  ;  ('oii.>,  I'idc. 
riiila.  Aead.   iMiC.  L'M. 

\'ar.  itoi)i;r.i!Si!.  'I'lie  mantle  dark,  I's  in  iiiuujh-mt.  lint  miieh  restrieled,  mip>t  of 
llie  wini;  coverts  and  iniiei-  (jiiills  heiie^  while  ;  |primaiies  mostly  white  rpii  the  inner 
'Vi'lis,  their  sh.'il'ts  yellow.  A  pailieiijai'  eoiiilitinn  ol'  the  la^t  \ariety?  N.  I'aeiliir 
Coast.  Cass.,  I'loe.  Phila.  Aeail.  iM.l'.  L".Ml  ;  Cot  i;-.  !l<!il.  l.sCi;,  -J'.i  ;  IJi... 'riaiis. 
Chieat;o  Aead.  i,  .'il';!,  [iI.  .'51.  I'.  I. 

Sl('ii(lcr-h!llc(l.  Fnliiiiir.  Hill  little  il'  .-iny  shorter  than  the  tai'>iis.  Adult 
wliite,  with  pe.'irly  liluo  m.'iiitie;  primaries  pe.'iriy  whitisii  iiasally,  wliile- 
tippcd,  crossed  with  delinito  lilack,  miieli  as  in  a  lierrinu''  ,mill  ;  usually  ;i  small 
dark  spot  i)cf(;re  the  eye;  feel  ycdiow  ;   Mil   yellow,  oliMiiied  on  the  (ulie,  at 


I   I 


ii 


ii  f 


'  I 


328 


rUOCRLI.AUIin^F,   PETKELS. — 0R\.    .'}01,   302,   iU).!,   304. 


tip,  ^111(1  oflon  !it  lnwo.  (^lmii2:(N  of  pliiin;icro  iis  in  tlic  forcffoing  ;  sizo  tlio  siuno, 
hut  liill  2  loii^s  scMivoiy  'I  \vi<io  or  hiirli  at  tlui  liasc,  tlio  liilx;  al>oiit  rl  loiiir. 
I'acilic  Coast;  only  casnal?     J',  (cinttrns/ris  Aid.,  vii,  210;  Lawu.  in  IJi)., 

)S2(! ;  /'.  if/>ici(ilniilt's  Smith  ;  IVidlussolca 
r/hirhiJoi(les  Ri;irir.  ;  Cdi'es,  /.  c.  30  ;  P. 
,vi)it/iii  Sc'iii.KCiEi. ;  J'riocclht  ijarnoli 
IIoMM.  anil  JA^(^      .     .     TEXUiuosTnis, 

301.    Genua    DAPTION    Stephens. 
Piutddo    Pefrel,      (Jape    l^hjooii. 

ru:.  ...|n.    sl..,Hl.r.l.ill,„  1  nlm.r.  Spocklcil  ilI)OVl!   with  Maclvish  .•Ulll   wi)iti>  ; 

\\\\'\U\  Ix'Iow  ;  tail  lilaclv-harird  ;  l)ill  i)lacl\  ;  I't;  \\'\\\)i  11  ;  tail  4.];  hill  1;^  ; 
tarsus  In.  Accidental  on  the  Coast  of  California.  Lawi:.,  Ann.  Lye. 
X.  Y.  1853,  (!,  and  in  Ui).,  82<S capknsis. 

302.  Genus    JESTRELATA    Bonaparte. 

Jihiik-rdjiiiPil  Petrel.  Adidt :  forolicMl,  sides  of  head,  no<'lc  all  round, 
upper  tail  coverts,  hnso  of  tail  and  all  under  i)arts,  white  ;  hack  clear  histre- 
hrown  (near!}'  miiforni,  hut  the  feathers  often  with  jialer  or  ashy  edires), 
deeponini;  on  the  (|iii!ls  find  terminal  half  of  tail  :  crown  with  an  isolatecl 
hlackish  cap,  and  sides  of  head  with  a  hiack  har  (youuLr''!"  hirds  with  the 
Avhite  of  the  head  and  nock  hchind  restricted,  so  that  these  dark  areas  nui 
toirether)  ;  hill  hlack ;  tarsi  and  l)asc  of  toes  iuul  wchs,  llesh-oolored  (dryinu^ 
yellowish)  ;  rest  of  toes  and  wel)s  Idack.  Yonuii:  extensively  dai'k  l»eli)W? 
Leuirth  1(! ;  winj^  12;  tail  ")[,  ciuieate,  its  irradualion  lA  :  tarsus  1';  luiddhs 
too  and  claw  2J  ;  hill  1-;,  n  deep  at  hsisc,  •;  wide;  tnhe  \.  Of  casual  occur- 
rence on  the  Atlantic  Coast,  U.  S.  P.  /t(vs!(ttt((  KiiiL,  .Monojr.  142,  No.  11  ; 
Tkmm.,  ri.  Col.  No.  41(;;  .Xewtox,  Zool.  x,  l.sr»2.  p.  3(;!il  ;  S(iir,r.(i.,  M. 
r.-15.  i;; ;  ^i:.  /ursi/a/fi  rm-Es,  IVoc.  I'iiila.  Acad.  iSCr,,  13!) ;  /'.  ,ner!<lio,iii/is 
Lawu.,  Ann.  Lye.  \.  Y.  iv,  47.');  v.  220,  pi.  l.'t;  in  111).,  827.     ii.KsiTArA. 

303.  Genus    HALOCYPTENA    Coues. 
Wedije-foih'il,  or   Ij'dKl  J'e/rel,      IMackish,    more    fulij^'inous    helow,  the 

greater  win;;  coverts  more  prayisli,  the  (piills,  tail,  hill  ami  feet  hlack  ;  no 
white  anywhere.  LenL'th  .")'|  ;  wiuj;  4i{ ;  tail  2^,  cHiirn/e,  {\w  irraduation  j\  ; 
hill  ^,  its  lieiirht  at  hase  ',  ;  tarsus  .!I0:  tihiic  har(^  i\.  Lower  Califurnia; 
one  specimen  known  (\o.  11,  420,  Mus.  Smiths.  Inxt.).  Coui'.s,  I'roc. 
riiila.  Acad.  18()4,  71);    Km.iot,  pi.  01 micuosuma. 

304.  Genus  FROCELLARIA  Linnrous, 
Sliirmif  Pelrel.  Mollier  (aivci/'s  Cliirheti.  Coloration  of  the  last  species, 
but  upper  tail  coverts  while,  with  hlack  tips,  and  usually  some  white  umh-r 
the  tail  and  wiu^rs  ;  no  yellow  (m  (he  w<'I)s ;  tail  a  li;lle  rninnletl.  Ahout  the 
size  ol"  the  last.  CoinnM)n  oil"  the  .Atlantic  Coast.  Nrrr.,  ii,  .■|27  :  .\i:i)., 
vii,  228,  pi.  4(!l  ;   liAWu.  in   \U>.,  .S31 |'ki.a<iica. 


BRflBSH 


PUOCELLARIID.E,    PETRKI.S, — f(K\.    30'),    'MM),    307. 


329 


305.     Genus    CYMOCHOREA    Couos. 

fjoaoji's  Pf'frcl.  ('oloriitioii  as  in  tlio  lust  species,  witli  coiispiciioiw  wliito 
upper  tail  CMiverts,  hnt  apt  to  I)e  ligiiler  —  ratiier  of  a  irniyisli  or  even 
asliy  tint  on  some  parts.  Miit!ii  iai  <;er :  ieniztli  iilumt  S;  wiin;  (i-CA  ;  tail 
!i-'^i,/fir/ci'(l;  tarsus  abont  1  ;  middle  toe  and  elaw  the  same  ;  liill  1^,  stn  n;.. 
Both  coasts;  al)nndant  on  the  Atlantic.  /*.  /i'itrnrr/io,t  Vikim  .,  \oiiv.  Diet. 
XXV,  422 ;  C.  feiicnrr/ion  Coi.'r.s,  /.  r.  7(1.  T/ml- 
assiiliviiM  Iriic/u'i  \i:tt.,  ii,  .">2i> ;  Ai:n.,  vii,  21!', 
pi.  4r)!» ;    Lawi:.  in  Ud.,  S.lo.     .      .     LKicouitiioA. 

liUirk  J'vlri'h  Coloration  as  in  ilie  last  sp(>eies, 
l>nt  no  white  any  wliere.  Very  l.irfre  ;  it ;  extent 
IHA  ;  winir  •>'!  ;  tail  i,  fhrh'i'd  .'in  inch  or  more; 
tarsus  l\  ;  hill  il.  Coast  of  California.  /'m- 
cdhifiii  iiieJiinld  lloxAi-.,  Compt.  Ifcnd.  is.lt,  Mi; 
I.  c.  7(5  (descril)cd   from   Xo.   i;5.02.'),  Miis.  S.  ].). 

As/ii/  Petrel.  .Somewhat  siniihir  to  the  last,  like  it  havini,'  no  white  any- 
where, hut  pinuiheous  rather  than  fnli<:inons,  and  murk  smaller.  Leiiiith 
about  7|  ;  winj^  .aliont  ."> ;  tail  '^.[,  J'orki'il  al>out  A  an  inch;  tarsus  under  an 
inch;  hill  i.  Californi.i.  Tlniht^slilrnma  mchinid  Lawu.  in  Bi).,  .S21(,  pi.  90 
(hoc  Honap.).     C.  hoiiiochrna  Coi;i:s,  /.  r.  77  ;  ICi.mot,  pi.  87.    homociiiioa. 


Kid.  -.'II.     ISlark  I'flri'l. 
(J.    mi'htntd     Coi'KS, 
.       .        .       MKLAMA. 


306.    Gonus    OCEANODROMA    Roichonbach. 

Fork-fii/liil  Pcfirl.  liluish-asli,  paler  lielow  and  on  the  j^rcater  wiug 
coverts,  dusUy  around  the  eye;  <|uiils  and  tail  lirownish,  outer  weh  of  tho 
external  tail  feather  wiiite  ;  hill  hlaek:  feet  ilark.  Lenj^th  about  8;  wini.' 
(5;  tail  'X\,  favkpil ;  hill  "-;  ;  tarsus  ;.  \.  I'acitic  C'oast,  common.  Cass., 
III.  i,  2!H,  pi.  17  ;  Lawu.  in  lii).,  .S2'.t iuucata. 

Ifnnihi/'s  Petrel.  "Front,  cheeks,  throat,  collar  round  hind  |iart  of  neck, 
breast  and  ai)donien.  pure  white,"  (piills  black,  other  parts  ilark  i;ray.  Size 
of  the  last.  X.W.  coast.  I  have  never  seen  this  species,  of  which  there  arc 
not  to  niy  knowledtre  any  specimens  in  this  country.  '/'/iiilos.iiilnniKi  linnihi/i 
(iiiAY,  I'roe.  Zool.  Soc.  IH.');},  (12  ;   Lawi!.  in  Ud.,  82',l.     .     .     .     itoiiNnYi. 


307.  Gonus  OCEANITE3  Keys,  and  Bias. 
\VH.'«)ii's  Petrel.  Daik  sooty  brown,  pale  jrr.iy  on  the  wiujj  coverts;  the 
upper  tail  coverts,  and  fre(|nentlv  the  crissum  and  sides  of  rump  and  base  of 
tail,  vhlte;  bill  and  feet  black,  but  webs  with  a  i/ellotr  spot.  Lej^s  very 
lonir ;  tibia'  bare  au  inch  or  more  ;  tarsi  "booted,"  much  lomrer  than  tin-  t-u's  ; 
claws  flat,  obtuse;  bill  small  and  weak;  hind  toe  very  minute,  liable  to  lie 
overlooked.  Ijenu;th  7-8;  winj,'  about  (> ;  tail  3,  nearli/  ereti;  tarsus  Iff, 
middle  toe  and  claw  IJ;  bill  only  A.  Atlantic  Coast,  common.  Proc. 
Drediiirii  Kuilf,,  Mouoj;.  13(1,  pi.  10,  f.  1  ;  (Jceain'tes  ixetnu'rit  Con:?*,  !.  r. 
82;  J'ror.  pelaiilcn  Wil.s.,  vii,  ItO,  p|.  (!(),  f.  (> ;  '/'/inliis.iiilruiiKi  irilsoni 
Nurr.,  ii,  322  ;  Aud.,  vii,  223,  pi.  4(»U  ;  Lawu.  in  llu.,  831.     .     ockanica. 

KRY  TO  N.   A.    IIIHIIN.      42 


^f^^^^mmmmm 


I        r 


11 


330 


I'KOCKLLAKIII).*;,    I'KTKELS. — OKN.    308,    309-10. 


308.    Oenus    FREOETTA    Bonaparte. 

Whife-bcUlkd  I'efn-I.  l»liickif<li-iriiiy  of  viirial)lc  iiitoii!*ity,  hliukoninj;  on 
the  quills  aiul  tail,  tlie  whole  under  i)art.s  from  tiie  hrea!<t,  the  upper  tail 
coverts,  most  of  the  niuler  wing  coverts,  and  hases  of  all  the  tail  feathers 
except  the  middle  pair,  white  ;  hill  and  feet  black.  Length  about  8  ;  wing 
G-()J  ;  tail  3,  about  even,  with  very  broad,  scjuare-tipped  feathers ;  i)ill  A  ; 
tarsus  IJ;  longest  toe  (ontcr)  and  claw  1  or  less;  tibise  bare  1  or  more. 
Florida,  accidental,  one  instance  (Lawk.  Ann.  Lyo.  N.  Y.  v,  117).  I'lvrel- 
laria  ijmUaria  Vieill.  ProceUurla  J'mjetlu  KiiiL,  and  many  authors. 
7Viahi/<sldro)na  leitcor/axlra  Gollu.  Fre(ji't/a  latcrencii  Boxai*.  ;  Lawi;.,  in 
liu.,  832   (unquestionably  this  species) okallauia. 

309-10.    Genua    PUPFINUS    Brisson. 

•  Nasal  tubes  vertically  truncate,  with  thin  septum.     {I'rioJinKs.) 

lilaclc-tuiled  iS/iea neater.  Upper  parts  cineieous,  nearly  uniform,  but 
some  of  the  feathers  with  paler  edges  ;  under  parts  white,  without  line  of 
demarcation  from  the  color  of  the  up[)er  i)arts  ;  (ail,  crixttitni  and  vent  hlacklxh  ; 
liniuff  of  wings,  axillars,  and  some  feathers  on  the  sides  of  the  bodv, 
brownish-cinereous;  quills  blackish-cinereous  on  outer  webs  and  tips,  paler 
internally  and  basally,  with  brown  shafts;  bill  yellow,  the  nasal  case,  culmeii 
as  far  as  the  hook,  cutting  edge  and  groove  of  lower  mandible,  black  ;  feet 
(dried)  dingy  greenish  with  yellow  webs.  Large;  19;  wing  l.'J;  tail  5-5:{, 
wedge-shaped,  12-feathered,  the  ontcr  feathers  an  inch  or  more  shorter  than 
the  middle;  bill  It,  ij  high  at  base,  the  nasal  tubes  nearly  J;  tarsus  2i;  ; 
middle  toe  and  claw  2^.  Accidental  olf  the  coast  of  California.  A  peculiar 
species,  very  dillerent  from  any  of  the  following,  ai)pr(mehing  the  fidmars. 
.Proc.  chicveut  Gm.?  Proc.  melannra  Hoxn.  Ptov.  /nvsifafu  Foust.,  IVscr. 
Anim.  1844,  208  ;  Goui.u,  IJ.  Aust.  pi.  (57  ;  PiiJ/inun  /nvsKofitK  Lawh.,  Ann. 
Lye.  N.  Y.  vi,  5.  Proc.  adamantor  Schleoki..  Adaniasfor  ti/pm  lioxAP. 
PiiJfinuH  cinereuK  Lawij.  in  15i).,  83,');  Ailainastor  chwreiiit  Coues,  Proc. 
I'hila.  Acad.  18(>4,  119  ;  Priofutus  cinereii.s  Coles,  Proc.  Essex  Inst,  v,  303. 
2\ijliinis  kit/dii  Cass.,  Proc.  Phila.  Acad.  18()2,  327  (err.).    .     mkla.nuuus. 

••Nasal  tubes  obliquely  truncate,  with  tiiiek  septum.     {Pitjinits.) 
t  Below,  white  or  nearly  so,  tlic  upper  parts  diHerent. 

Cinereous  ,S/iearira(er.  Above,  pale  brownish-ash,  interrupted  by  paler 
or  white  edges  of  the  feathers,  most  of  the  upper  tail  coverts  white  ;  below, 
entirely  pure  white,  except  some  slight  gray  touches  on  the  thinks :  on  the 
sides  of  the  head  and  neck  the  ash  and  white  gradually  mingling;  lining  of 
wings  and  axillars  white ;  quills  dark  with  largo  white  spaces  on  the  inner 
webs;  bill  and  feet  mostly  yellowish.  Younger  itirds  are  darker,  the  bill 
and  feet  obscured.  Length  about  18  ;  wing  13  ;  tail  5A,  outer  feathers  nearly 
mi  inch  shorter;  bill  IJ,  n  high  at  base,  nasal  tube  only  about  i  its  length; 
tarsus  11  ;  middle  too  and  claw  2.^.  A  common  bird  of  the  North  Atlantic, 
not  hitherto   introduced   into  out  fuuna.     Proc.  kuhlii   BuiE,  Isis,  1835, 


—  \ 


BOOBH 


HHHg 


PROCELL.VUIIO*,    PETRELS.  —  GEN'.    309-10. 


381 


257.     Piijflniis  h-i(/ilii   BoN'AP.,  Coiisp.  Av.   ii,  202;    CouRS,  Proc.  Philii. 
Aoiul.   l<S()t,  128.      (Proc.  ciiwreiiK  (Jm.?) kuhui. 

Greater,  or  Wdnderiivj  Shearwiiter.  Diirk  histrc-hrowii,  somewhiit  pluin- 
l)0()iis  oil  tlio  lioiul,  most  feathers  of  the  I);U'k  jukI  \viii;^s  willi  pale  edjfes,  most 
upper  tail  eoverts  partly'  white ;  l)eh)\v,  while,  with  a  phiiii  line  of  demar- 
cation from  the  coh)r  of  tlio  upper  parts  on  tiie  side  of  tlie  head  and  fore  neclv, 
and  dark  ttank  patelics;  quills  and  tail  hlaekish,  piilcr  or  whitish  at  bases 
of  inner  wel)s ;  liuinj;  of  wiiiirs  mostly  wiiite  ;  orissuiu  mostly  dark;  hill 
daric;  outside  of  tarsi  and  outer  toe  dark,  rest  of  feet  pale.  Iji'ugth  18-20; 
extent  A'i ;  wiu<x  l-*^  ;  t.iil  '>'?.  outer  feathers  an  inch  less  ;  hill  2  ;  tarsus  2}  ; 
middle  toe  and  elaw  2^.  Whole  Atlantic  eo.ist,  abundant.  P.  chicreuH  Xlttt.  , 
ii,  Ml;  Aui).,  vii,  212,  pi.   l.")!! ;   /*.  Di'ijor  Lvwu.  in  Ho.,  8;?;}.    .     major. 

Fienh-fiiotcd  Slit'((ririiter.  Similar  to  tiie  last;  no  white  on  upper  or  under 
tail  coverts  or  l)asos  of  (piills;  bill  yellowish  flesh  color,  with  dark  tul)e,  cul- 
meu  and  hook,  short,  very  stout  at  base,  with  turgiil  tulie;  fed  Jlrxh  color. 
Size  of  the  last,  but  bill  oidy  IH,  hciirht  or  width  at  base  nearly  n  ;  tarsus 
24;  middle  too  and  claw  2rJ.  San  Nicholas  Island,  Cal.  (No.  .'U,i»(!4,  Mus. 
Smiths.  Inst.).  A  doul)tful  species ;  I  have  little  faith  in  its  validity,  i)ut 
cannot  refer  it  to  ■•luy  species  known  to  me;  it  looks  like  one  of  the  following 
section  (-^f)  passing  to  a  bicolor  plumage.    CocEs, /.  (^  131.     .     cuKATorLS. 

Miinldi  Slipiirii'dlcr.  Blackish,  this  color  extending  below  the  eyes, 
leaving  the  under  e\-elid  white  ;  under  parts,  inclnding  crissum  and  lining  of 
wings,  white;  bill  grcenish-l)!ack  ;  outsider  of  fiot  m  )stly  blackish,  inner 
side  dingy  orange  ;  about  1.') ;  extent  33  ;  wing  \)h  ;  tail  4,  graduated  if  ;  bill 
l^-U,  l>ut  nearly  h  dee^)  at  l)ase ;  tarsus  under  2;  middle  toe  and  claw  2  or 
rather  less.  \'ery  distinct  from  the  rest.  X.  Atlantic  Coast,  common. 
Nrrr.,  ii,  33(5;  Aun.,  vii,  214,  pi.  4.")7  ;  Lawk,  in  lio.,  834.       anclouim. 

Ihiski)  Shcariralrr.  llcscmbling  the  last,  but  rather  grayish-  or  plum- 
boous-black,  the  dark  color  not  reaching  below  the  cyos ;  crissum  mostly 
white;  bill  dark  leadcn-ltlue  ;  much  smaller  and  otherwise  distinct.  Length 
aI)ont  a  foot;  extent  2(>  inches;  wing  7.1-8;  tail  4j,  graduated  an  inch;  bill 
1.1;  tarsus  1  I;  middle  to(!  and  claw  under  2.  S.  Atlantic  Coast,  as  far  as 
the  Middle  States,  common.  .Virr.,  ii,  .337;  Aud.,  vii,  21(),  pi.  458; 
liAWK.  in  Hi).,  .S.3.") onscuuus. 

Jihick-vcnlcd  Slieanfdd'r.  liikc  the  last;  crissum  aud  lining  of  wings 
mostly  blackish  ;  sides  of  head  dark  i)elow  the  eyes  ;  rather  larger  ;  bill  !■•  ; 
wing!!;  tall  3!{,  thus  shorter;  tarsus  1|;  middle  too  ami  claw  2i.  Cai)0 
St.  Lucas  (Xos.  lt>,!l!IO-l,  Mns.  Smiths.  Inst.).  Seems  to  1)0  distinct  from 
the  last,  l)ul  may  I)e  the  same  as  an  exotic  spiM-ies  of  prior  name.  Coues, 
Proc.  Phila.  Acad.  18(54,  13!* oi-lstuomelas. 

ttBolow,  (bilk,  nnicli  like  liii-  upper  parts. 

Soot;/  S/irarii'ii/ir.  Dark  sooty  brown,  l)lackening  on  the  quills  and  tail, 
piilcr  aud  grayish  iielow.  usually  with  some  whitish  on  the  lining  of  tho 
wings  ;  bill  dark  ;  feet  d.irk  out-side,  p  ile  on  the  inner  !ispi!ct.  Limgth  18  ; 
extent  40;  wing   12;  tail  4;  bill  1^-2;  tarsus  2i-2i  ;  middlo  too  and  claw 


■M2 


I'VGOl'ODKfS,    DIVING    lUHDS. 


I'         I 


m^^ 


2i5.  X(itli  Atliiiitic,  iihiiiKlaiit ;  S,  at  least  to  Carolina  (Cones).  A  special 
stato  (A'  J',  miijov.*  Stkickland,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  1S;5:?,  12!l;  DkKay, 
New    Ycrk   Birds,    2.s7,  pi.    I.'IO,  f.  2i>.s ;    Lawk,    in   15i).,  ,s;U ;    Coues, 

I'loc.  I'liila.Acad.l-SW, 

liiJ.         .       I'ULICINOSfS. 

JJar/i -bodied  Sliear- 
icatcr.  Similar  to  the 
lasit ;  t'ii<\t  llosh  color, 
sliirlitly  ol)seiired  out- 
side ;  liiiiiit!:  of  winjrs 
mostly  white;  smaller; 

Flc.  -Mi.    S.'iily  Shfiiraater.  willg  1 1 ,  ctc.      CupC  St. 

Lucas.  Very  doulitful.  I  allow  this,  and  several  others,  to  stand,  because 
it  is  still  unc<rtain  what  reduction  of  the  species  of  this  <:enus  will  prove 
necessary.  Ji'ectrls  amaiirosiDna  Coles,  /.  c.  124.  .  .  .  amauhosojia. 
tSli'iHler-hilJeil  >'SJi€anrali'r.  Plumage  as  in  the  foregoing;  size  less;  tail 
shorter;  hill  smaller.  P)ill  dusky-greenish,  with  yellow;  feet  yellowish, 
hlackish  behind  and  under  the  wel)s.  Length  about  14;  wing  10;  tail 
3^,  graduated  an  inch;  l)ill  Ij;  tarsus  under  2;  midiUe  toe  and  claw  2:\. 
N.  Pacific  Coast.  Temji.,  Piauciies  Color.  No.  ."i^T  ;  Temm.  and  Sciil..,  Pn. 
Japon.  131,  pi.  80;  IJonap.,  Cousp.  Av.  ii,  202;  Coles,  /.  c.  120;  P>aU!I), 
Trans.  Chicago  Acad,  i,  ISOU,  322,  pi.  34.  f.  2.  /•*.  IiuxUs,  citr/lini.s  and 
brevieciudii  of  autliors? tem-iuostims. 

Order  PYGOPODES.    Diving  Birds. 

In  the  birds  vl'  tliis  order  the  natalorini  plan  readies  its  liigliest  development. 
All  the  s|)eeies  swiai  and  dive  with  perfect  c'ase  ;  many  are  eapMl)le  of  remaining 
long  suhnierjii'd,  ami  of  traversing  jiieat  distances  under  wntiT.  [n-ogress  lieing 
etl'ecteil  by  the  \viiij;s  as  well  as  by  the  feet.  Few  other  l)irds,  sueh  as  cormorants 
and  anliiiigas.  reseml)le  the  /'//'/oyiof/cx  in  this  respect.  Tiie  leixs  are  so  completely 
posterior,  tiiat  in  standinii  'he  horizontal  position  of  tiie  axis  of  tlie  body  is  impos- 
sible ;  the  l)irds  rest  upri<;;/  jr  nearly  so,  tlie  wIkjIc  tarsus  lieinji  often  applied  to 
the  ;ironnd,  wliih'  tiie  tall  all'onls  additional  support  ;  prouiession  ou  laml  is  awkward 
and  constrained,  only  aeeomplisiicd.  in  most  eases,  with  a  slmtllinu;  motion,  when 
the  belly  partly  trails  on  the  ground.  The  p(>n<ruiiis.  and  oni'  sjieeies  of  auk,  cannot 
fly  —  the  former,  lieeause  the  winus  are  reduced  to  mere  liippeis  with  scaly  fcatliers, 
the  latter  because  the  wings,  although  perfectly  formeii.  ai'e  too  small  to  support 
the  body.  The  rest  of  the  order  lly  swiftly  and  vigorously,  with  continuous  win^- 
beats.  The  rostrum  varies  in  shape  with  the  jieiiera  ;  but  it  is  never  i'xtensi\ely 
iuend)ranous,  nor  lamellate,  nor  furnishecl  witli  a  pouch.  The  nostrils  \ary.  but  are 
neither  tubular  nor  aliortive.  The  winjjs  are  short,  never  reaching  when  folded  to  the 
end  of  the  tail,  and  often  not  to  its  base.  The  tail  is  short,  never  of  peculiar  shape, 
generally  of  many  feathers;  there  are,  however,  no  perfect  reetriees  in  the  }:rebes. 
The  crura  arc  almost  completely  lau'ied,  and  IVathered  nearly  or  <|uito  to  the' heel. 
The  tarsus  is  usually  eompi'essed,  sometimes,  as  in  the'  loons,  extremely  so;  in  the 
l)enguins,  on  the  contrary,  it  is  much  broader  across  than  in  the  opposite  direction, 
being  nearly  as  wiile  as  long.     The  front  toes  are  completely  palmate  in  the  loons, 


mm 


I'YGOl'ODKS,    DIVIXd    ItlUDS. 


a33 


links  and  poncuins,  loliati-  with  basal  wol(liiii<i  in  (lie  jiri'lics;  the  hallux  is  present 
and  well  i'ornu'd,  with  a  nicniliianous  expansion,  in  hjons  and  <;relies,  very  minute 
and  lateral  in  position  in  the  penunins,  wantinii  in  the  auks.  The  i>lunia!i(?  is  thiek 
and  C'0)ni)letely  water-proof;  once  oliservinj^  some  loons  under  jxiculiarly  lavoralde 
circumstances  in  the  llnijtid  water  of  the  I'aeifie,  I  saw  that  huliliies  of  air  clung  to 
the  i)lumage  whilst  the  liirds  wi're  under  water,  giviuir  them  a  heautiful  spaniiled 
aiipearanee.  The  i)terylosis  shows  liolh  contour  au<l  ilown-feathers,  lioth  after- 
shafted  ;  in  the  penguins  I  lie  leathers  are  implanted  evenly  over  the  whole  skin  ;  iu 
the  rest  there  are  delinite  ipteria;  the  auks  have  free  outer  hrani'hes  of  thi!  inferior 
tract-liands,  wanting  in  the  loons  and  grelies.  The  oil-gland  is  large  with  several 
oriliees.  Among  ostcological  cluiraetors  should  he  particularly  mentionoil  the  long 
apophysis  of  the  tihia  found  in  the  loons  (tig.  H)  ami  grelies,  hut  not  in  the  aidis 
and  |)eiiguins  :  iu  the  latter,  the  [latella  is  of  great  si/e.  and  it  is  stateil  to  develop 
from  two  centres.  In  penguins  and  auks,  the  elhow  has  two  sesamoids  ;  among  the 
former,  there  is  a  free  ossicle  in  tin;  heel  joint.  The  thoracic  walls  are  vi-ry  exten- 
sive ;  the  longj(jinted  rilis  grow  all  along  the  liacklioue  from  the  neck  to  the  pelvis, 
and  form  with  the  long  hroail  stermim  a  liouy  box  enclosing  much  of  the  alidomiual 
visct'ra  as  well  as  tlujse  of  the  chest.  iierhai>s  to  prevent  their  undue  compression 
under  water.  The  toi)  of  the  skull  has  a  |)air  of  crescent ic  deiiressions  for  lodg- 
ment of  a  largo  gland  ;  the  palate  is  schi/ognathous.  The  stormun  has  a  dill'erent 
shape  in  each  of  the  families.  There  are  two  carotids,  except  among  the  grebes. 
The  digestive  system  shows  minor  niodilicatious,  but  accords  in  general  with  the 
piscivorous  regimen  of  the  whole  order.  The  sexes  are  alike  ;  the  young  dilfereut ; 
the  seasonal  changes  often  great.  A  part  of  the  order  arc  altricial,  the  rest 
priccocial.  There  are  four  families  of  I'l/iinjioihs,  shari)ly  distinguished  by  external 
characters;  three  of  them  are  represcnteil  in  this  country.  The  iiengnins  (.S'y>/(('n- 
isi-i(hi)  are  confuu'd  to  the  seashores  of  the  southern  hemisi)hcre.  This  group  is 
well  marked  by  the  solidity  of  the  skeleton,  and  the  llatness  of  most  of  the  bones, 
with  many  peculiar  osseous  details;  by  a  very  special  ptilosis,  both  in  the  lack  of 
ti'acts.  ami  the  structure  of  the  t'ealhers  themselves,  many  t)f  which  ai'c  curiously 
scale-like  ;  by  the  completely  posterior  set  of  the  legs  with  extremely  short  tarsus, 
and  especially,  among  external  features,  by  the  reduction  of  the  wings  to  mere 
pacldlcs,  lacking  specially  formed  remiges,  unserviceable  for  llight,  but  highly 
t'llicient  as  lius  to  aid  progress  under  water.  There  are  twelve  s|)ecies  of  penguins, 
referable  to  three  or  four  genera.  One  of  the  most  singular  facts  iu  ornithology  is, 
that  sonu-  species  of  penguin  do  not  lay  their  egg  iu  a  nest  in  the  ordinaiy  way, 
but  carry  it  about  with  them  in  a  pouch  tem|)orarily  formed  by  a  fold  of  the 
abdominal  integument  (  Vi'rn'uit.r)  ;  thus  atfording  a  wonderful  amdogy  to  marsu- 
pial manunals.  The  authoi's  monograph  of  the  Sjiln'iiisciilif  will  be  found  in  the 
Proceedings  of  the  I'hiladelphia  Academy,  of  the  present  year. 


Family  COLYMBIDiS.    Loons. 

Bill  stout,  straight,  compressed,  tapering,  acute,  paragnathous.  entirely  horny. 
Nostrils  narrowly-  linear,  their  upper  edge  lobed.  Head  completely  feathered,  the 
antiie  pnjmiuent,  acute,  reaching  the  nostrils;  no  crests  nor  mil's.  Wings  strong, 
with  stitf  primaries  and  short  inner  (luills.  Legs  comiiletely  posterior,  buried, 
feathcre(l  (jn  to  the  heel-joint;  tarsi  entirely  reticulate,  extremely  compressed,  the 
back  edge  snxxjth;  toes  four,  the  anterior  |)almate,  the  posterior  semilateral  and 
having  a  lobe  uounecling  it  with  the  base  of  the  inner.    Tail  short,  but  well  formed. 


i 


334 


COLY5IBIDAE,    LOONS. — r.EN.    311. 


of  many  featliors.  Back  spotted.  Loons  arc  larijo  lioavy  birds  with  broad  llattoiicd 
body  and  ratlicr  lon^  siniKHW  ncclc.  abundant  on  lln'  coasts  and  larijcr  inland  waters 
of  tiic  Xortlicrn  llcnii-^iiiicn' ;  tlicy  arc  noted  lor  tlicir  powers  of  diving,  lieing  able 
to  evade  tlic  sIidI  from  a  gun  by  disappearing  at  the  (lash,  and  to  swim  many 
fathoms  under  water.  Tliey  are  migratory.  I)rceding  in  high  latitudes,  generally 
dispersed  lurther  south  in  winter.  Tlicy  are  pnccocial.  and  lay  two  or  three  dark- 
colored  spotted  eggs  in  a  rude  nest  of  rushes  by  the  water's  c(lge.  The  voice  is 
extremely  K)ud,  harsh  and  resonant.  Tiie  9  is  smaller  than  the  ^.  There  is  but 
one  genus,  with  only  three  well-determined    species. 

311.    Genus  COIiYMBUS  LinntBus. 

f/riiif  .Ynrf/if'rn  J)hp)\  or  h,n)i.     IMack  ;  bolow  from  the  breast  white, 

witli  dark  touches  011  tlie  sides  and  v<'nt  :    back  witli  niiinerous  s(juarc  while 

.spots;    head  and  neck  iri(h'secnl  with  violet  ami  green,  having  a  patcii  of 

sharp  white  streaks  on  eacli  siile  of  the  neck  and  another  on  the  throat ; 

bill  black.  Voinig  : 
dark  gray  above, 
the  featliers  witli 
paler  edges  ;  below 
white  from  the  bill, 
the  sides  dusky  ; 
bill  ytdlowish-grcen 
and  dusky.  Length 
2i-3  feet;  extent 
about  4  ;  wing  about 
-  — I-'"  14  inches  ;  tarsus  3 

toe  and  ehnv  4  or  more;  bill  .'5  or  less,  at  base  1  deep  and  J  wide;  the 
eulnien,  eoniniissure  and  gonys  .-dl  gently  cinved.  N.  Atn.,  abinidant ; 
the  whole  l'.  S.  in  winter.  Wii.s..  ix,  i*<4,  pi.  74.  f.  3;  \i;tt.,  ii,  .')13; 
All).,  vii,  2.H-.>,  pi.  47(!;    L.vwi:.  in  l>i).,  <S)S)S tokqiatus. 

Var.  .vo.vMsii.  YrllDir-ltillid  Limn.  .Similar;  larger;  spots  on  the  back  Larger, 
not  so  nearly  s(|uare  ;  gloss  of  tin-  neck  rather  steel-blue,  the  white  patches  smaller, 
but  the  individual  streaks  larger;  /////  inostli/  jii'lloirixli-irhi/c,  iwiwW  4  long,  higher 
and  comparatively  narrower  at  the  base,  the  gai»o  straight,  the  cnlmen  and  gonya 
nearly  so  (lig.  '2l',\  shows  the  shape  exactly,  although  intendeil  for  the  connnon 
species).  Northwes'ern  America,  cliielly ;  Kngland ;  Asia.  (Jkay,  I'roc.  Zool. 
Soe.    18.");),    1(!7;  Coiks,  Proc.  I'hila.  .Vcad.  ISCi,  2i'7 ;  Km.iot,  \A.  i\:\. 

Bhuh-throated  Direr.  Back  and  under  jiarts  much  as  in  the  last  speeie.s  ; 
upper  part  of  head,  and  hind  neck,  ftliit's/i-osh  or  hoary  gray  ;  fore  neck 
purplish-black  with  a  })atch  of  white  streaks,  the  dark  eolor  ending  abruptly  ; 
bill  black.  The  young  resemble  tho.se  of  that  species,  but  will  be  known 
by  tiieir  inferior  size.  Length  under  2^  feet;  extent  about  3;  wing 
13  or  less  :  tarsus  3;  bill  about  '2h.  N.  Am.  and  X.  Kurope  ;  said  to  be 
common  and  generally  dispersed  throughout  the  [' .  S.  in  winter,  which  is 
contrary  to  my  cxpericnee.  Sw.  and  Ukh.,  V.  li.-A.  ii,  47.');  Nutt.,  ii, 
517;  Aun.,  vii,  29.'),  pK  477 ;   Lawu.  in  Hi).,  88S aucticus. 


roDicu'ii);!';,  (ii!kiiks. 


.3a5 


Var.  I'ACii'itus.  Colors  the  siiine  ;  size  li'ss ;  Iciij^tli  uhoiit  2  I'oet ;  \viii<;  alpout 
11;  '.irMiis  2i  ;  bill  2-2 j,  very  wctik  iiiul  slciulor.  Noithwfstc'in  Am.,  iilpimijiiiit 
on  I.  i^  Tafillc  Coast  of  tin-  U.  S.  in  winter.     Lawk,  in  Hn.,  xs'.t ;  ('(ni:s.  /.  <•.  228. 

lii'd-fh ranted  iJi'rer.  IJliiekisli ;  below  white,  dark  aionir  tlie  sides  and  on 
the  V(Mit  and  eri.ssnin  ;  most  of  head  and  fore  ueek  lilui.-li-i:ray,  the  throat 
with  a  largo  c/ws/iutl  patch;  hind  neck  sharply  streaked  with  white  on  a 
blackish  irround  ;  hill  black.  Young  Iiavo  not  these  marks  on  die  head  and 
nock,  but  a  profusion  of  small,  sliarp,  circular  or  oval  white  spots  on  the  iiack. 
Size  of  the  last,  or  rather  less.  \.  Am.  and  X.  Europe,  common  ;  dispersed 
over  most  of  the  U.  S.  in  winter.  Sw.  and  Kicii.,  F.  15. -A.  ii,  ITti ;  Ni  it., 
ii,  519  ;  Auu.,  vii,  2!)i(,  pi.  476;  JiA.vi;.  in  Ud.,  SIKI..       ski'TKNTimonalis. 


Family  PODICIPIDiE.    Grebes. 

Bill  of  niucli  tiie  same  character  as  tliat  of  loons,  Imt  generally  weaker,  in  one 
genus  only  (|iiito  stijiit  ami  soimnviiat  iiooked.  Nuslrils  linear,  linear-oiilouj^  or 
oval,  not  loheil.  Head  iiicoiii|)letely  feathered,  with  deliiiitely  imhifl  lurrs,  the 
fesithors  not  reachinj:;  the  nnstrils;  connnonly  adorned  in  the  hreedini;  season  with 
lenjitlioned  fiayly-colored  ci'csls,  mils,  or  ear-tufts.  IJack  not  s|)otte(l  ;  under 
pluniaife  ixjculiaiiy  silky  and  lustrous,  usually  white.  Winns  very  short  and  cdu- 
cave,  the  primaries  often  attenuated  at  the  end,  covered  by  the  lari;o  inner  (juiUs 
when  closed.  Tail  a  mere  tuft  of  downy  feathers,  without  perfectly  IbrnuMl  ri^ctrices. 
Feet  l(iljitt(\  the  front  toes  also  somipalmate  ;  tarsi  comi)ressed,  Rcutellate,  tli  ir 
hinder  edge  rough  with  a  doulile  row  of  protuberant  scales  ;  toes  llatteued  ;  claws 
short,  broad,  Hat,  obtuse,  something  like  hiuuan  nails. 

The  grebes  are  strongly  marked  liy  the  forciioiu;;  characters,  espeeially  of  tlu; 
feet  and  tail,  thouij;li  they  agree  closely  with  the  loons  in  general  structure  and 
economy.  Principal  internal  characters  are  the  absence,  it  is  said,  of  one  carotid, 
the  greater  number  of  cervical  vertebi-ie  (lit  iustcid  of  IM)  an<l  shortness  of  the 
stermun,  with  lateral  processes  reaching  beyond  the  transverse  main  part  (the 
reverse  of  the  case  in  loons).  The  gizzard  has  a  special  pyloric  sac.  Thesi;  liirds 
.Mre  expert  divers,  and  havi-  the  curious  haliil  of  sinking  liack  (luietly  into  the  water 
when  alarmed,  like  anhingas.  Owing  to  the  virtual  absi-ncc  of  the  tail  the  jxeneral 
aspect  is  singidar,  rendered  still  more  so  by  the  almost  grotesiiue  parti-colored  riUl's 
and  crests  that  most  speeies  possess.  These  ornanuMits  are  very  transient;  old 
!)irds  in  winter,  and  the  young,  are  very  ditl'erent  from  the  ailidts  in  breeiling  attire. 
The  eg^s  are  more  numerous  than  in  other  i)ygopodons  birds,  fre(iuently  numl)erin;r 
0-8;  elliptical,  of  a  pale  or  whitish  color,  inivariegated  ;  conunonly  covered  with 
chalky  sul)stance.  The  nest  is  formed  of  matted  vegetation,  close  to  the  water,  or 
even,  it  in  said,  tloating  among  acpuitic  plants;  the  young  swim  directly.  (Jrebes 
are  the  only  cosnioiiolitan  birds  of  the  order,  Ijeiug  abundantly  distrilaited  over  the 
lakes  and  rivers  of  all  parts  of  the  world,  though  they  are  less  nuu'itime  than 
the  si)ecies  of  cither  of  the  other  families.  There  are  not  over  twenty  well  deter- 
mined species,  for  which  fifteen  generic,  and  about  seventy  specilic,  names  are 
recorded.  The  genera  re(iuiring  recognition  are  only  two.  In  l'<idil>imtiu.i,  the  bill 
is  short,  stout,  and  bent  at  the  end,  the  lores  are  broadly  naked,  the  frontal  feathers 
are  bristly  and  there  are  no  ruffs  or  crests ;  in  all  the  rest  of  the  grebes  the  liill  is 
slender,  straight  and  more  or  less  acutely  paragnafhous,  the  naked  loral  strip 
is  narrow,  and  the  soft  feathers  of  the  head  form  lengthened  tufts  of  various  kinds. 


,1* 


Hi 


3.ir. 


I'ODICIPID.K,    ORKnES. OEN.    312-4. 


Wl'-lfTh     I. 


312-4.    Qonus    FODICEFS    Latham. 

•  L:iry;c,  with  very  loiij;  m-ck  ;  liill  very  jslcinlcr  ami  Hlwirp-pnintoil,  loiii^or  tlmn 
the  liciul,  stnii;;lit  <>r  aliiio-it  rcciirvcMl ;  tarsus  as  long  as  the  iniddlu  toe  ami  claw. 
No  colnrcd  riiils  at  any  season?     (.I-Ji-liniDjtlioriiK.) 

Wcsfpni  (ii-ehe.  Lcii<;tli  about  ;>(• ;  extent  3(5;  winjr  8-9  ;  l)ill  and  tarsus, 
each   aI)oiit   3.     Aliovc .  \  l,i>.kisli-Mfray,  witli    palor   od<;es   of  llie    feathers, 

l)l,i(kui)iinr  on  the  liind  neek  and  top  of  tho 
head,  the  loral  rej^ion  gray  ;  (jnilis  ashy- 
l>rown,  bases  of  (ho  primaries  and  most  of 
tlie  secondaries  wliito ;  below,  from  bill  to 
(ail,  pure  silUy  white,  witii  dark  tonciics 
on  tho  sides ;  bill  obscurely  olivaceous, 
liriu;liter  alon<r  the  edges  and  at  tip.  Adult 
in  (lie  breeding  season  with  a  short  occipital 
crest,  and  slight  indic.itions  of  a  riill";  l)nt  no  l)riglilly  colored  featliei-s  on  tho 
head  or  neck  as  yet  oli>crveil.  I'acitic  Coast,  II.  S.,  al>undant.  /'.  ocn'ilpiifdlls 
liAWu.  in  Hi).,  .s!>4  :  ^I'rlini'ijiliorKs  orcitloitiillx  CouKs,/.  c.  i->\),   ocgidkxtalis. 

Var.  ci.AUKii.  .Similar;  loral  rt'tjion  wliitc  ;  Mil  briglit  yellow,  the  ridge  black, 
shorter,  slenderer.  «'Xtreniely  acute  .•iml  alniosl  ret'urved  ;  smaller;  length  2  feet  or 
less;  wing  7;  tarsus  2\  \  liill  'Jj.  Same  habitat.  Lxwit.  in  I5i>.,  Hit.");  I'oiiKS, 
/.  c.  •>•!'.)  and  lOl.  •,*'i"he  foregoing  speeies  has  heen  united  with  the  ordinary 
l>ir(l  of  Central  and  South  America  (/'.  nidjor,  (■(Hiiuntfiisis.  birnrnis  and  h'ltojiti'riis) 
by  Dr.  Schlegel.  This  seems  premature,  but  it  may  be  reiiuired  if  ocriih'utali.t 
proves  to  assume  the  red  neck  and  other  coloration  of  innjor. 

**  Medium,  with  moderately  long  neek;  bill  not  longer  than  the  head,  shorter 
tlmn  the  tar.sus,  moderately  stout  and  acute  ;  tarsus  shorter  than  the  middle  toe 
and  claw.     C'onspieuous  crests,  rutl's  or  tufts,  in  the  l)recdiug  season.     (Poiliri'jis.) 

Cri'.s/pil  (irt-be.  Tarsus  cipial  to  the  middle  too  without  its  claw;  bill 
equal  to  tho  head,  about  f;  the  tarsus  ;  crests  and  rntf  liigidy  developed. 
About  24  ;  extent  .'U  ;  wing  7A-SA  ;  bill  2-2^  ;  tarsus  2.^-2^.  Adidt :  throat 
and  sides  of  head  white  changing  to  brownish-red  on  (he  ruJl",  which  is  tipped 
with  black;  fore  part  and  sides  of  neck  like  tho  ruif;  top  of  head  and  long 
occipital  tufts  dark  brown,  as  are  the  ui)per  i)arts  generally,  the  feathers  of 
the  back  pale-edged  :  prim.iries  brown,  part  of  them  and  nearly  all  tho 
secondaries  white;  nmler  parts  silky  silvery  white,  ?''////o«/  dark  mottling, 
but  the  sides  dark-marked.  Young  :  without  any  lengthened  colored  feathers 
on  (he  head  or  neck.  N.  Am.  at  large;  IJ.  S.  in  winter,  but  not  nearly  so 
common  as  the  next  species.  8w.  and  Kicii.,  F.  IJ.-A,  ii,  41!);  Xutt.,  ii, 
2.'t();  Ai:i).,  vii,  3().s,  pi.  47i» ;  Lawk,  in  Hd.,  8!»3.  P.  conperi  In.,  i/tid.; 
C'oiKS,  Troc.  Phila.  Acad.  1^02,  230.  /I*.  aJiiN's  Salvadoui  ;  Elliot, 
Introd.  No.  W,  with  tiguro  of  head ckistatus. 

T{p(l-necked  drtlte.  Tarsus  about  i  the  niiddio  too  and  claw;  bill  little 
shorter  than  tarsus;  crests  and  rnlf  modera(ely  developed.  Medium;  leng(h 
about  18  ;  wing  7-8  ;  bill  Ijj,  to  nearly  2  ;  tarsus  2  ;  middle  toe  and  claw  23. 
Adult :  front  and  sides  of  tho  nock  rich  brownish-rod ;  throat  and  sides  of 


^ 


roDiciriD.r,,  uitKiii-.s, — (ii".\.  312-t. 


337 


to 

L'S 


- 


Iiond  nsliy,  wliitoning  wliorc  it  joins  tlio  dark  color  of  the  cidwii,  tiic  fcatiirra 
ullijlilh/  riitli'd  ;  top  of  head  with  its  sli'iht  oLripilai  irots,  upper  parts 
fi;(Miorall_v,  and  winj^'s,  as  in  liic  last  spi-cics,  lint  nnidi  loss  white  on  tiie  inner 
quills;  lower  [)arts  pale  silveiy-ash,  with  dark  sides  (imt  pinv  white,  lint 
watcfod  or  ohsenrely  mottled,  sometimes  olivionsly  speekletl,  with  dusky)  ; 
bill  black,  more  or  less  ytdlow  at  base.  The  yonni;  will  lie  recognized  by 
those  last  characters,  joined  witli  the  peculiar  dimensions  and  proportions. 
X.  Am.  ;  common  in  the  V .  S.  in  winter.  /'.  ri(/in'<i>/h's  Sw.  and  Kkii.,  F. 
H.-A.  ii,  411  ;  Nutt.,  ii,  'J.'i.'J ;  Acd.,  vii,  ;H  J,  pi.  4X0  ;  /'.  r///,sr/;/» //'»  L.vwit. 
in  !>!>.,  8'J2 ;  J'.  hollmU!  Kkimiaimit  ;  ('<)i;ks,  /.  c  i'.W.  Our  bird  appears 
to  difler  constantly  from  the  Hnropean  in  being  larger,  with  the  bill  dispro- 
portionately large,  and  diUcrentiy  colored.      .     (ii:isi:i(ii:N.\  var.  iioi.uki.i.ii. 

J/onii'if  (t'rc/je.  Tarsus  about  eipial  to  the  middle  toe  wilhont  its  claw; 
bill  nnich  shorter  than  head,  little  more  than  half  the  tarsus,  coin/in  ■^seil, 
higher  than  wide  at  the  nostrils,  rather  obtuse  ;  crests  and  rntls  highly  ilevcl- 
oped.  Small;  length  aliout  14;  extent  2t;  wing  (I  or  less ;  bill  aliout  '{  \ 
tarsus  1].  Adult:  aliove,  dark  brown,  the  iV'uthors  palor-edgcd  ;  below, 
silvery-while,  the  sides  mixed  dusky  and  reddish  ;  most  of  the  secondaries 
white  ;  fore  neck  and  np[)er  breast  iirowuish-red  ;  h<'ad  glossy  blai'k,  including 
the  riid";  a  broad  band  over  the  eye,  to  and  including  the  <iccipital  crests, 
brownish-yellow  ;  bill  black,  yellow-tipped.  The  young  dilVcr  as  in  other 
species,  but  ai'e  always  reoognizidile  by  the  above  measurements  and  propor- 
tions of  parts.  X.  Am.,  abundant.  Sw.  and  Kicii.,  V.  15. -A.  ii,  41 1  ;  .\i  rr., 
2')4;  Al'I).,  vii,  ;>1(I,  pi.  481 ;  Lawk,  in  Ho.,  .Sit.'i coitxtrrrs. 

J'Jared  Grefje,  l*ro|)ortions  substantially  the  sanu?  as  in  the  last  s[)ecies  ; 
size  rather  less ;  bill  shorter  and  more  tivnto,  i/rjiressnl,  wider  than  high  at 
the  nostrils.  Adidt :  above,  blackish-iirown,  tin;  feathers  with  scarcely  or 
not  [laler  edges;  below  silk3"-white,  reddish  along  the  sides;  all  the  prima- 
ries eliocolate-brown,  most  of  the  secondaries  white;  head  and  neck  all 
round  black,  the  auriculars  lenglliened  into  a  rich  golden-brown  tuft,  but  no 
obvious  crests  or  riill".  Young:  known  from  the  last  by  tiie  diirercnt  shape  of 
the  bill.  Arctic  America,  chieily  western;  ronniiDii  in  the  Pacific  States  in 
winter;  has  not  been  observed  in  the  Atlantic  States.  P.  (iiiri/ns  N'lrr., 
ii,  2,")(i ;  Ai;i).,  vii,  ;522,  pi.  4.S2  ;  /'.  riili/oniirns  IIkkkman-v,  I'roc.  I'liila. 
Acad.  18'i.'),  17!»,  and  Tac,  U.  R.  Kept,  x,  Cala.  Route,  pi.  H  (young)  ; 
Lawk,  in  15i).,  H'Jli ;  Colks,  /.  c.  2.n.  All  the  American  s[iecimens  1  have 
seen,  diller  from  the  European  ones  examined,  in  having  less  white  on 
the  wings , At  uiri  s  var.  CALiFoitMCfs. 

***  Very  siiuiil ;  Mil  luucli  shorter  tliaii  the  head,  |;  or  less  of  the  tarsus  ; 
tarsus  aliout  ^  the  niicKlle  toe  and  claw.    No  colored  ciesls  or  riill's.     (Syllivuriidiis.) 

Sf.  Do))i!n;/o  Gfclic.  Adult :  top  of  head  deep  glossy  steel-bliK- ;  rest  of 
head  and  neck  ashy-gray,  di-cpest  behind,  the  throat  with  whitish;  upper 
parts  brownish-black,  with  greenish  gloss ;  primaries  chocolate-brown, 
a  great  part  of  most  of  them,  anil  all  the  socondjiries,  [lure  white  ;  under 
parts  silk^-white  thickly  mottled  with  dusky.     Length  '.4  ;  wing  W'i  ;  bill  jj  ; 

KKY   TU   N.    A.    UUtDS.      48 


3;j8 


.\r,(ii).i;,   AiKs,  —  (ii:N.  ."•!.'). 


larsiis  1};  iiiidillc  luc  and  claw  1'}.  Cciilral  America,  \\'v>l  Iiiilics  and 
Mexico,  Texas,  Soiitliciii  Cuidiatlo,  Lnucr  Caiiluriiia.  ,^i//fit<)c;/iliis  ilmni- 
»/(//.s  (  ol  I.S,  /.  <\  L'.'Il' IXIMIMCU8. 

315.    GoniiH    PODILYMDUS    Lesson. 

I'li'd-bUhd  (trihc.  Ihihcliirh.  />ij>j)'r.  /tirtld/ijxr.  W'dlcr-vilili. 
lienirlli  12-11;  wiiiir  ahoiit  .'". ;  hill  1  or  less;  tarsus  U.  Adiill, :  hill 
hliiisli,  diisUy  on  the  lidire,  eiicircietl  with  a  hiaek  har;  throat  with  a  lo:;:; 
hiack  iiat<'h  ;  upper  parts  hlaekisli-l)r(iwn  ;  |)riiiiaries  ash^'-hrown,  secondaries 
iisliy  imd  white  ;  lower  parts  silky-while,  more  or  less  mottled  or  ohscnred 
with  (hisky  ;  the  lower  neck  in  front,  lore  hrea>l  and  sides,  washed  with 
rdsty.  '^'onnt;  :  lackintr  th(>  throat  patch  and  peculiar  maiks  ol'  the  i)ill, 
otherwise  not  p:Mti<iilarly  diUcrcMl  ;  in  a  very  early  plumaiife  with  the  head 
curiously  striped.  N.  Am.,  very  ahundant.  Nitt.,  ii,  i'.")l> ;  Am.,  vii, 
;524,  pi.   IS.I;    l>AWi£.    in   Ud.,  M'.t)^ I'odicki'S, 

Family  ALCID^.    Auks. 

Ft'ct  tliii'c-fiHMl,  p;ihiiale.  Iiill  lioniv.  ncin-lanieilale,  orcxlrcincly  v.arialilc  shape, 
oflen  cinicmsly  ap|icnilaLre(|  ;  nosliils  v.-uiahh-,  Iml  not  liiiiuJMr.  Wiu'js  and  tail 
short  ;   lar>i  shorter  than   llie  iiiicjtlle  toe  and  claw.      Vt>\\\\  iicavy.  Iliicksct. 

IJuds  nl'  this  I'aniily  will  lie  iiinne<lialciy  rcco^jnizcd  hy  llie  I'ore^iiiii'j  circnin- 
Ktances,  taken  in  connection  with  ;;encral  pyi;'opoilous  eliaraclers.    Au'ieeiuLt  closely 

in  essential  rcpeels,  tlicy  dillcr  aiuon^ 
tlicniselves  to  a  leniarkahle  deiiree  in  tin- 
I'ortn  of  the  hill,  with  every  ecnus  :uid 
almost  every  species  ;  lliis  or^an  IVei|neiilly 
assuming;  an  o<lil  sliaiie,  dexclopinii  horny 
processes,  sliowinii  \arious  ridncs  .and 
furrows,  or  heinu'  luilliantly  coloreil.  It 
is  the  rule  that  any  nufl  part  that  may  Ik- 
olpser\t'd  on  the  hill  will  linally  Ipecnnie 
liarii,  or  furin  an  ontL^rowlli,  or  hotli ;  anil 
such  processes,  in  some  cases  at.  least,  ai'u 
temporaiy.  appearing:  only  dnrini:;  the 
lireecliii;j;  season.  The  hill,  hesich's,  varies 
<jreatly  with  atic,  in  si/.c  .anil  shape,  ollen 
sliowiii'^  at  lirst  little  trace  of  its  ailull 
character.  In  ;zen.  ;>l(i-7  the  hill  is 'liiLth, 
compressed,  with  curved  vertical  colored 
jrrooves,  the  nostrils  densely  feathered;  in 
;ihs-2."i,  the  feathers  are  remote!  fiom  the 
nostrils,  anil  the  hill  reaches  its  inaxinnuii 
of  ili\crsity  .and  sin|;iilarity  of  contoiu"; 
in  the  rest,  the  hill  is  of  simpler  shape, 
Ki(..   Ji."i.   i.iiai  Auk.  nsnally  eoiiieo-elonu;ate,  with  more  or  less 

I'led   nostrils.     'I'he  liener.al  coloration  is  siniide;  hut   many  species 


perfectly  featlieieil   n 

<levelo|i    very  rcniarkalile    frontal    or    latia'al     crests;     the    sexes    aic    alilvc ;     the 

vonii"  dill'erent  :     season.al   chanues  are  almost   always  slron;.:ly   niarked. 


I 


I 


Ai.cin.K,  Ai  Ks. — (iiA.  ;;ii;,  ,U7. 


•AM 


The  family  is  I'Miilinril  lo  tii"  Noillicrii  Ili'iiii^iilici'i',  wiicri'  it  ri'iiriMcnls  llio  prn- 
[jfiiiiH  of  liic  SdiiIIii'Iii  ;  si'Vcial  s|ii'(ic-i  ui'ciir  in  the  Nui'lli  Aii.iiilii',  in  aiiiiiHt 
iii('n'(lilil<'  iiiiiiilicrs,  III' lire  ol'  ('iri'iiin|iiilai'  c|i^irlliiili<iii  ;  lnil  tiir  iiiajni  it y,  iiii'lii<liiiL; 
all  til,'  strain,'!'!-  kiml-i,  iiilialiil  tlir  Noilii  I'acilir;  -.niii  '  iaii.;i'  as  lai'  sdiiIIi,  in  vvinliT, 
at  li'ast  as  llic  Midillc  Slates  ami  l^owir  Calirnniia.  'I'lu-y  arc  all  iiiaiiiic  ;  1i'i.m|  imi 
lisli  ami  otlicr  aiiiiiial  siilislanri's,  cxcliisivKiy  ;  lay  I  :>  i'.' .;s  uii  lian.'  Icip^i's,  In  rills 
of  rocks,  or  ill  hiirruws;  ami  arc  altricial.  'I'lic  viiicc  is  liuarsc;  the  lli^lil  swill, 
ami  linn,  iicil'ipriiicd  with  vi;,'<>riiiis  rajiiil  wiii'^-licals ;  one  spccii's  is  ilcprivcil  dI" 
lli^^lit  owinjf  to  Ilic  sliorini'ss  nf  the  winus.  allhoii'^h  these  inemlievs  are  well  ripinu'il 
with  |ieilecl  ieiiii;,ies  ;  all  swim  aiiil  ilixewith  i;reat  I'aeilily.  They  are  einineiiily 
^ii'c^arioiis,  ami  iiiu-itly  ini;4rat(»ry.  All  the  species  are  ri'pii'^eiileil  in  this  ('(iinilry. 
'i'he  niinilier  cf  species  jiiveii  l>y  llramlt  in  |m;>7  ( IlnM.  Aca'l.  Sei.  St.  rclerslinr;;),  by 
Cassiii  in  l.s.")N  ( liainl's  I!.  N.  A.)  ami  hy  inysi'lf  in  !■  '.s  (I'n.c.  I'hila.  Aea.l.),  inii-l, 
lie  inatciially  rediicc'l.  as  liramlt  liiinseH'  has  since  shown  (i-ji.  rit.  iM'i'J),  ami  as 
I   now  ailinit.     Only  Iwciity-inii!  are  um|iieHtioiialily  valiil. 


f 


318.    QonuH    ALCA    Liiuuoua. 
(irail  .\ii/,\     ( 'dloralioii   as   in  tlic   iicnI   species,   hiil  a   lai'L"^!'   \vliile  ai'ca 
liclofc  till!  eyi' ;  leii;;tli  alioiit   .'111;   wiii,:^    li  ;   tail   ;>  :   liill  ;>,  ahniL' .-'''1"'  '•  ''** 
(Ifptli   I'rl.     NiiT.,  ii,  ;■).'»;!;  Aid.,  vii,  I'l.'),  pi.    li!.'),    Cass.   In   i5i>.,  lino. 
Special  interest  attaclies  to  tiii.s  liinl,  wliicli  is  mow  on  tlie  poiiitol"  fxtiiietioii, 
lar;rely  tlif()ii<,'li  iiuiiiaii  ii^eiuy.    It  roiiiicily  iiiliai)iteil  this  coast  from  Massa- 
cliusctts  iiorlliward,  .as  uttested  l)y  earlier  ohservors,  and   liy  tlic  |»leiiliriil 
ofciirrciKH'  of  its  lioiies  in  slicll-Iieaps  ;   :ils(»,  (Ireeiilaiid,    Iceland,   and  tin! 
N.  \V.  shores  of  Miirope,  to  the  .Vrctic  Ciicle.     ( )ii  our  siiores  it,  was  appar- 
ently last  aliv(?  at  tiit;  l"'miks,  ;i  small   island  olf  the  S.  t,'oasl  of  Xcwfoiiiid- 
laiid  ;    while   in   Iceland,  its  livill^'  history  has  hceii  liniii;,dit  ilown  to  Isll. 
Of  lal(!  years,  it  has  heeii  ciiiTcntly,  lint,  as  it  appears,  preinatiindy,  reported 
cxlini'l.      Mr.    U.    Dcanc  has  recently   recorded    (Am.    .Nat.  vi,  oiI.S)   that  a 
specimen   was  "found   dead   in  the  vicinity  of  SI .  Aiiunistiiie,   lialirador,  in 
NoviMiilier,    INTO;"  this  one,  thoiiirh   in   poor  condilioii,  sold  for  $20l(,  .•mil 
was  sent  lo  ICnropc.      I   know  of  only  four  specimens  in  this  country  —  in 
thu  Smithsonian  Institnlion,  in  IIk^  l'hiladeii>hia  Academy,  tho  ('amiiridi.'(! 
Museum,  and  in  Vassar  Collejfc,  l*oni,dikecpsii)   Ctlu'  latter  the  oiiiriu'd  ol 
Aiidnhon's  liirnres).     There   is  an  c^lt  in  each  of  the  lirst    two    inenlioiied 
C(jlie('tioiis.      Alioiit  liO  sUins  appe.'ir  to  bo  preserved  in  various  lunsciims. 
Sco    Stkkx.stki  1",    N'iddeiisk.       .Meildtd.,    (-'opcnhai^cn,    l.S.")i;_7,    .■(.■{-IIO; 
Nkwton,   Ibis,    l.S(i:i,  p.  — ;  (J()i;i:s,  I'roe.    I'hila.  Acad.  LSii.S,  1.');    ( )i;'i'()\, 
Am.  Nat.,  iii,  .'j.'>!» i.Mno.SM.s. 


317.    Gonus    UTAMANIA    Loach. 

/'a.:nr-fjil/iil  ^In/,-.  'I'lnhrr.  r»rownish-bla('k,  browner  on  ihu  licad  and 
throat;  under  parts  from  the  throat  (in  smniner ;  from  th(>  bill  in  winter, 
and  in   i/oim;/),  ti[)s  of  seeoinlarics,  and  sharp  line   from   bill  to  eye,  white; 


1)111  black  with  a  white  iiirved   line;  month   veil 


ow 


IC-i:);   wiii'r  T-S;  tail 


,'5-l!.;l,  ^M'adnated  1   or  moro  ;  tarsus    1-1  j  ;   liill    l;\,.'ilonLr  J."t|'>'  -h  "early  1 
doop.     N.  Atlantic,  e.\tn'mcly  abiind.Mit  on  rocky  shores  and  islands  with 


840 


Al.<  ll>.I..    At  KM.  —  <iKN.    .'U«-'.». 


iniiriTs,  piilliiis  ami  j.'sinml-' ;  i<:<:  •rfinnillv  .'•ini.'li',  iiixl  (1('|tit»it('«l  in  ii  lilt  of 
rocks;  '.\X2,  while  or  wiiiliili  vaiioii.Hly  .h|hi  kltd  iiiul  Idiitciicd  willi  liiowii. 
Coiui'H  S.  ill  wini  r  ti>  the  Miilille  Staltw.  \.  I'iitilif,  tasiially.  Ni  TT., 
ii,  517;  All).,  vii.  -.'i;,  |>l.  jr.i; :  Cass,  in  |!i..,  '.Mil;  Cnii-.s,  /.  <■.  IS, 
mill  op.  lit.  IfSdl,  2t!i ToiiDA. 

;«18-0.    Oonus    PRATERCULA    Brisson. 

•  \ul  crostcil  ;  <'\<'lii|s  a|i|>cii>lM'_'i'<l  ;  iiiiilcr  iiiniiililili'  silicate,  like  llic  upper, 
the  jriooves  eoiivex  |ui\v;iii|  ;  eiiliiieii  simple,  willi  niie  eiir\e;  lia-.!'  <il'  liill  liosseil; 
cnniers  of  iiHiiilli  callnim.  Itlaekisli.  iiielinliiii^  tlie  llimat.  the  sjiles  of  llie  head 
lishy-f.'rav,  with  (iii-.kv  ma\illarv  patelies  (wliule  I'aee  ililsky  in  llie  yniinj;);  liehiw, 
white;    liill  reil,  lilne   anil    vellow;    Icel    red.      (  I'rulirniln .) 

I/iinifil  I'lil/hi.  A  slemler  sharp  spur  on  upper  evcrnl.  lUaeU  <»f  throat 
rcnchinj,'  the  liill.  1  lA  ;  wiiii:  'i\:  tail  '2:{  ;  hill  2;  tiirsns  1,^.  N.  I'acilie; 
>('(/ aiithciilic  on  oiir  Alianlic  ('oa.-l.  Mnnimu  i/hir/'ah's  Ai;i>.,  vii,  '-'."H!,  pi. 
'HJ.'l ;    .1/.  rnnilriihtin  ('\ss,  in   III).,  iML' ;  ("oi  ks,  /.  r.  21.    .     cokmci  lata. 

Common  J*>i(/in.  .sVv/  I'm-nit.  A  thick  Itliiiit  o.\c'ro«coiut'  on  t-yclids. 
niiii-k  of  ihroat  not  reaehinir  the  hill.  l.'U  ;  winjr  (ijl  ;  tarsus  I  ;  hill  l'.  depth 
lit  lijisi)  1,^.    N.  Atlantie,  hiredin;^  in  vast  niiniliers,  in  Inirrows  ;  c;:;^  L'AXi'J, 


I'lll.    Jll!.      <'• Ilnll    I'lllllll. 

liroadly  ovoid,  roii<rli-<irramilar,  white  or  whilish.  more  randy  hrownish, 
ohs(det(dy  or  not  at  all  varie;::ited.  S.  in  winter  to  the  .Middle  .States  (to 
Oeoriria,  Aintii/ioti),  Nnr.,  ii,  .')12;  Ai:n.,  vii,  *i.')8,  pi.  KM;  C'as.s.  in 
Ui).,  '.t(»;j;    C'<»i:i:s,  /.  c.  21,  and  np.  <if.  ISDI,  -J.'il AiMJTlcir.s. 

Var.  <ii.A<  iM.is.  IVoiii  llie  Areli<"  Coasts,  is  r.atluT  larger,  espeeially  the  liill, 
whieh  is  aliDllt  l",  lonj^,   IJ    I,'  <leep  at  luise.      Cass,  ill  liii.,  '.Ml.!;   ('<iii;s,  /.  c.  -J'-l. 

••  Ailiilt  with  11  li)n<j;  llowiii'^  eresi  of  tilaiiientons  feathers  on  each  side  (if  the 
head;  ey4'lids  simple  ;  iiiiiler  maiulilile  siiiontli.  iip|ier  siileate.  the  grooves  ecjiieiivc 
forward;  (iiliiieii  with  two  curves,  the  hasal  part  liossed.     (l.iniild.) 

Tujh'il  J'tijlhi.  Itlackish,  duller  and  more  fnli^rinous  Ixdow  ;  face  white  ; 
crests  straw'-ycdiow  ;  hill  rod  and  livid;  feet  red.  Voiiiiii:  not  crested,  face 
not  while,  !ind  at  an  early  a;L'e  the  undeveloped  hill  has  a  diHercnt  shape, 
roprcsonted  in  lii;.  217  (f/ii's  is  Sii/iiKilur/iinn  Idlluimi  IJi'.,  I'roc.  Zool.  Soc. 
18ol,  202,  pi.  -11  ;  CouKs,  /.  c.  'M  ;  .b'.  hilinidom  C.vsa.  in  IJu.,  1(04;  Kll., 


T 


1 


Ai.ciK.i;,   AIKH. — «iK\.  :V20,  .121. 


■Ill 


l»l.    M.      Sep     niJAM.T.    /.    r.    LMI).        L('lli:lll     l.'i-K;;    w\,v^    T.^-H  ;    t;,i|     2; 
tarsus   \\  ;  hill  'J\,  iwaily  2  .1.t|..     N.    I'a.ili.-.  iiliiin.laiitr  s"  lu'ci.la.   iii 

winter;    r.in^   (tr  (ii>iial  on  the 

Allaiilic  (  Maine,  Aik/.),  Mitr- 
iinni  cin/Kifiiti  Ni;tt.,  ii,  ."i,!!! ; 
Ari).,  vii,  2;U,  pi.  •|t;2  ;  Cass. 
ill   ni>.,  WI.       .       .       fllMtllATA.    i^J 

320.     QoiiuH    CERATORIIINA 
Boimpnrtu. 

//nni-fiillri/  A  Ilk-.  (ilossy 
l)laekisli,  IhIow  a>li_v-;;ray, 
breast  and  lielly  wliile.  Ailnll 
with  two  Heri<'s  of  slilljsli  lan- 
ceolate wiiile  I'ealliers  on  eaeli  ''''•■ -i'-  f"'!'''''!''!'!.!  i,ii,  ,.r  vnv  jMiinKTnni'd  Punin. 
Hiilo  of  the  heiid,  and  a  s|,ait  iiprij,'!)!  lioin  at  l»ase  of  enlrnen  ;  iniinatnio 
birds  withont  these  lateral  eresls.  and  with  soft  Mi.'nil.raiK-,  more  or  less 
Itid.u'in;,',  in  place  of  the  horn;  some  specimens  (  9  ?)  in  poifect  plnina^'i! 
have  no  tract*  of  a  horn  {('.  siirhhiii  r.\sn.  in  I'.d..  ".IOC, ;  S,ii/miifi,rr/iim 
«Hf/.%/ C«n.i:s,  /.  r.  :\2;  see  Ki.i.ior,  Introil.   \o.  ii)2,  with  liirs.  ;   I'.iiavdt, 


FliiM,  .'In  .'1.    Viirii.iH  hInROH  nf  ilii.  |,i||  „r  n..rn-l.ill.-l  Auk. 

/.  c.  2.'}!>.  Fiirs.  21«-21  .show  several  conditions).  r.en<;th  l.'i-j  ;  winir  7[  ; 
tail  '2i;  tarsus  Ij;  bill  1.^,  incliidinir  horn  :  nostril  to  top  of  honi  soinelimes 
h  I'lifilic  Coast  to  Cala.  ;  breeds  .S.  |„  the  Farallonos.  I 'ri>i  ornd-Nfiih'.H 
Aui).,  vii.  2(1 1,  pi.  .J71;  Nurr.,  ii,  .'i;!,s  ;  (Wor/iimi  mouovenila  Cass,  in 
1J|>.,  l»()5;    Cera/or/i>/nc/i,i  iiioiioani/it  CiHiKH,  f.  c.  -2S.      .      .     MO\(x;i:(tATA. 

321.     Oonus    PIIALERIS    Tomminck. 
Parrnqnet  Auk.     Hill  smooth  ;  upper  mandible  oval,  inider  falcate,  ricriis 
recurved.       Hlackish,   below    paler,  f,'ray,   white,  or   varied  ;    adult  with  a 
scries  of  lil.iuicntous  white  feathers  behind  each  eye;  bill  red,  yellow-tipped. 


I    . 


I! 


.i' 


:ft 


1      I 


i  I 


mmm^ 


312 


ALCID.K,   AUKS. — OEN.    322. 


!•  ;  wiiiir  •">]  ;  l.irsiis  1;  hill  n.  X.  I'acitic.  The  curious  Mil  is  used  lo 
pry  open  liivjilvc  iikiIIh^Us  ( liviiiill).  .N'riT.,  ii,  .').'!  J;  Omhri'd  /isittin'itlit 
Cass,  in  l»i),,  IMO-  Sini'ir/i'/nc/iiH  /ist'/litcuhts  t'oiKS,  --. 
/.  c.  3ti ;   Ki.i.ior,  pi.  70 r.siTiA(  ri.A. 

322.  Gonus  SIMORnYNCn JS  Morrom. 
Cru-^/nl  ^liti,-.  A'liilt  ill  simuiu'r:  i)liickisli,  pulor 
and  jrni_vi>li  below,  A  rciMU'vctl  frontal  crest  of 
12-2(1  narrow  featliers,  dark  ;  a  liundle  (»f  len:i.'lliencd  ki...  ■:::.  i'.in...iiiii  vuk. 
lilanienlon>  fealiici's  over  and  lieliind  each  eye,  wliite.  liijl  red,  yellow-tipped, 
with  sinifidarly  irre^rnlar  lielus,  sides  of  lower  niandiitle  wholly  naUed.  ami 
a  horny  di'veliijinieiit  at  the  C(»nnnissnral  a!i;:le.  I'lmli  i!a  n-i.sliitiUa  \v\i., 
vii,  253,  pi.  107  ;  Cass,  in  Hi>.,  i)U() ;  Sini'irln/ndiitH  crishitcllus  (JoiKS,  /.  e.  38. 


Km 


l-'lc;.  ■.'.M.    (  ii-lr.l    \iik:  iiniii:iliiii'. 


'JJ.I.     Cri-'li'il  Auk:  M'MiIl  in  puiiiint'i-. 

Kij;.  2'f"..  In  wini  'r,  Mil  dark,  without  tiie  Iiorny  plate:  /'riti  diifiiu  1'ai.i,.  ; 
>iiiiwrfti/ii(Ait  ■  dnhliiH  ( '(>ri:s, /.  c.  p).  V(Miii_!jrer  liirds  wilji  a  whiti'  sjxtt 
untler  the  eye,  l>ase  of  lower  inandilde  featherid,  irsipe  straiirhter,  and  no 
iioriiy  platy  ai.  lijo  a:i_ij;lc.  .\h-ti  (ctrarulu  I'am..  ;  I'lmlcris  lilnfiiln  Cass,  in 
)ii>.,  !i()7  :  ,Siiiinrhi/)itlntH  le/rdfiihisCovv.H.  I,  c.  13  ;  Km.iot,  pi.  (>7.  Kijr.  221. 
Sic  ni;\M)T,  /.  c.  221.  All  till!  forejroinjr  sta<j;es  show  (Im  irest,  lint  it  is 
waetini;  in  very  yonnu:  Itinls.  T<eejrlli  »l)ont  !• ;  win^'  .').<  ;  tail  \h  ;  tarsus  under 
1  ;  hilU  .\.  I'aiiti.  :  uotol)served  in  r.  S.  (  ui.  tatki.i.is. 
// y^'  Wlilshi'ivil   Aiih-.      Similar;     KMiallcr;     ^rt<    scrn-s 

^-^  (pot^locular    ami     uiaxil- 

/•^\        \^  lary)  of  lllainentcuis  tvhite 

\^         feathers  on    caeii    side  of 
-^^^j-^  head  ;    lidl  smaller,  never 
^y^^       irrei.'idar.     \'erv    Aouny; : 
-.-■'^        \~y   lilael.ish-pluuilieous.  paler 
\   /      ht  low,  ni>  (  res* ,  i)il!  daik 
V         \S.  nts.siiil    ColKS,    /.     f, 
Vlii- -i-i'i     Wliiikncil  iiiik:  ihliill.  Vm.  ijcl     Tlie  f,itiii>.  ymiir;.        i-   .       M.,         'r..        ('hiea"o 

Acad.  1,321,  pi.  31,  f.  2;  Jh-u  /,i/>/wir(f  (Jm.?).  X.  Paeilie.  /'/idlrn's 
vdiiilfirlnttmi  Cass,  in  15i).,  !M)H  ;  Sinini/ii/iir/iiis  ciiin/sr/Kiflcus  CiUks,  /.  c. 
II;    ('n'(f  >nysUu:eii   rAl.l, ;    MuniKni  kiijh  rcilinKUin  lAvm  .     (;A.M'J.st;UA'm.'lH. 


■BMIIMIU,!.^ 


*l 


.\r,cii..r.,  Ai  Ks.  —  ci'.N.  .!:.'.".,  ;5i»J,   'M') 


aj;5 


/\'ii'Mj!lh'(/,  or  Lmsl  Auk.  \v\\  siiuill  :  iiiidcr  7  ;  wiiiu:  I  <»r  I<'>- :  tiirsiis 
n  ;  l)i!l  ;.  No  <rrst,  lnit  wliilc  liair-likc  ffatlicr.s  on  lonlicid  and  (irtcii  ali<iiit 
eyes.  I>  hu'lv  isli,  witli 
iiKirc  or  li'ss  white  on 
scapulars;  hclow  wliito, 
\n\vv  or  iiuuli  varied  with 
dusky  ;  Iiill  of  adult  in  > 
sinniuer  with  a  iitll  • 
knoh  at  liase.    N-Paeilic.    V 

J'/i  II  /  r  ris  II  txl  !  riml  r  I  X       I'l'i. '.'JT.    Knul.l.iMi.,!  Aiik    ii.liili,  In;.  ■.•'.'•.      Tlii'  -.■inn.,  yiniiK. 

All),  vii,  l^')'»  ;  pi.  ■Ki.H  ;  /'.  iiiirrnnn,.^  15|;  andt  ;  ( 'ass.  in  III).,  IMt.S  ;  .S'.  nilini- 
crrns  C'oi'r.s,  /.  c.  1(1.  Cn'ii  inisHhi  V\\,\.:  /'.  jmsiHa  ('Af.s.  in  lii).,  !l()!t;  ,S'. 
y/«,v/////.s  Ki.i,,,  j)|.  I'l.s  ;  Cocks,  /.  r.  I'.i  (yonni:  oi'  winter  speeiinens).   itmi.m  s. 

323.    Gonna    PTYCnonnAMPHUS    Brandt. 

Alriifi'iin  Anl:.  lilaciii-h-cinereon  <,  paler  lielow,  while  on  breast  .■iiid 
iM'liy  ;  111  lonj,'  feathers  aliont  head;  hill  eoiiie,  aeiite.  ahoiil  H  the  head, 
wrinkled  at  hase,  nostrils  sealed;  !• ;  win;.'  "i ;  tarsus  1  ;  hill  ■','.  -;  deep  at 
ha-e,  :\  wide.  I'aeilie  ('(ia>t  to  F..  Cala.  Cass,  in  I'id.,  '.ill)  ;  Ki.i.k.i.  pj. 
(i'.l  ;    Cull'.s,  /.  c.   'fl.      Mi'i-i/iihis   niss.'iii  (iAMIll'.l \i.i:i  IICI  s. 

324.    Qonus    MERGULUS    Auotonim. 

,S,-ti  /t,,rr,  or  />,/)7'/./V  .  (J|o.;sy  lillie-iil.ack, 
lielow  from  the  hrea^t  (in  winter,  and  in  vonii:,', 
from  liie  hill)  while;  s.'.apniars  white-striped; 
secondaries  white-tipped  ;  white  >peek  over  eve; 
hill  li|a<k,  short,  ohlnse.  Iniirid.  x.t  ;  wini^-  I','  ; 
lar-^iH  ',  ;  hill  .3,  .ahont  ,\  de.'p  or  wide  at  liase.  N.  Atlantic,  ;dinnd;iiit.  S. 
ill  winter  to  New  ,lri>ey  («o  Klori<la,  Mui/iniiil ).  ^\'ll.s..  ix,  !l|,  p|.  71,  \\ 
.'>:  .\i  IT.,  ii.  .'»;5I -,    All).,  vii,  i.")7,  pi.  Iliit;    Cass,  in  III...  HIS.     ,     ai.i.k. 

326.     Qomis    SYNTIILIDORIIAMPnUS    Brnndt.       ^.     \ 

*  ,* 'I'ai-.!     Miueil     niiu|presscil,     lin.ailly    scillelhite     in      ^ 

IVdlit     and   on    llie    siiles,    not     sjioiler    tliaii    liijildli'    toe  

willioiil   lis  claw;   l>ill  conipif-sccl.  sIkhIci-  IInui   licad  or 

tarsus;     i>()>lrii.s    IhdmiIIv     oval,    reached    liv    fealliers. 

l.chnlii  .'j    ll;exlrntlii'    )sJ;\vMeV)  .1].   ladl:;;  lull  i.iiili.'tr...i. 

yl\    larsiis   1.      lieail    and    iicik    lilaek  or  Maekisli,  with   wliilc    strip,,    over  eve 

ami  iimiieious  otliersi.n  n.-ipe  .and  siile  oC  neck;  nppi  i-  parts  and  si.ics  nmler  ilie 

wiiiL's  lilack  or  liliickisli-iii Iicous;    other  under  part ■>  white,  iVoni  the  throat  in 

Hiinnner,  rroni  the  liill  in   winter,  and   in  yminu   I'ii'ls. 

Hhiih-llirixihil  (iiiilh  unit.  Not  crested.  While  siipcfciliaiy  slripc  not 
rimninj;  in  .'ulvance  of  the  ey(  .  Itill  stoiil,  olilu-c,  at  hase  .j  <</■  ,,ii„;-  of  (jh; 
leiijrth  of  cnlmeii.  pale,  cnlineii  and  has.-  hhudx.  .V.  Pacific.  /  VA*  siiiin,/,, 
i'vi.i..      Miiyii/ii.i  ri'rr/iiii-i  J1/111I11.1  \'i(ioiis.     I 'rid  Knfi'/iii  .Vl  l».,  vii,  •'»;'■.  i»|. 


Klli.  J-i.l.     sen    llnvr. 


314 


ALCID.E,    AUKS. — 0K\.    ;}2(!,    327. 


470,  f.  1  (lig.  2,  of  supposed  young,  is  Ji.  kltllil::!!)  \  /ir/ir/i>/r/iinnp/in.'i 
iiiiti(/ui(s  Cass,  in  Hi).,  !tl(!;  aS'.  aufi'i/Kiin  Couks,  /.  <•.,  '»(;.  lii-irhi/rlminphuK 
/>m'7///yj^'»7(.s' BitANDT  ;  (,'ass.  in  Hi)., 'J17  ;  CouKS, /.  (•.  (17.  .  .  axtiqits. 
TeniDihir/.'s  (iiuJh'iiiiil.  Adult  in  tlic  i)r('('(lii)i,'  scmsou  (Tcslcd.  Wliito 
suiH-iviliiiry  striiH'  adviincini^  far  in  front  of  llic  I'.vc.  Hill  slcndi'icr  and  moro 
acute,  scarcely  or  not  i  as  deep  ut  base  as  long,  yellow,  willi  Mack  on  euliuen. 


.«.««,^ 


H      I 


Kill.  .*:<!.    Ti'iiiiniiii'k's  Oiiillciiinl.    Ailiill.  Kici,  i'\i.    Tciiiniiiiik'^  OiiilU'innl.    ViMiiig, 

Voung  (and  adult  each  wintcrV),  unerestod,  l>ill  Mack;  aiiove  nciirly 
uniform  cinereons,  hclow  on  'rely  while  except  idoiig  the  sides:  this  is 
lirarlii/rltiitiiplius  /ii/jioleucn.'*  Xanti.s  ;  ('oiks,  I.  c  (II;  Ki.i.ior,  pi.  72; 
I'n'd  irai'cri  Sai.vadoiji  ;  Cocks, /.  c.  (id ;  Kmjot,  Introd.  No.  17'.',  with 
lig.  of  head.  Whole  I'aeilic  Coast  to  Cape  St.  Lucas,  aluindant.  Ji.  tnn- 
iiu'iicfiii  Cass,  in  I'd).,  '.)1();   ,S.  iriiniih-ii.sKhic  CoiKs,  /.  c.        wiumizuslme. 


328.     Gonus    BRACHYRHAMPnUS    Brandt. 

•.^TaiNi  littli!  eoMjpresseil,  entirely  reliciilalo,  oliviuusly  slioitcr  tlian  tlicmidille 
toe  witlioiit  its  eia'A' ;  Mil  >lii)rlcr  tliaii  lieml,  very  sIcikIit  niul  aculi',  with  iiillected 
tonii.'i ;  nostrils  minute,  overlaid  iiy  t'catiiirs.     No  crest. 

MtirhJi-d  (,'i(i/fi')nof,  or  Mnn-el<l.  Adult  in  snininer  hiackish,  singidarly 
variegated  with  «'hestnut  or  rusty,  iind  white;  l)ill  hlaek  ;  adult  in  winter 
pluinheous,  the  feathers  with  darker  centres,  the  Svapidars  iind  entire  under 
paits,  excepting  some  dark  tonc!;cs  on  {\n\  Hanks,  pure  while.  Length 
!t-10;  wing  .') ;  tail  li;  tarsus  and  hill  'j  or  less.  Hacilic  Coast  to  Cala. 
Uriii  fiiiriisriii/ii  Ari).,  vii,  27>i.  pi.  47.")  (winter  and  summer,  nol  old  and 
young  as  supposed)  ;  l^n'd  iiKiviimr  tia  Ni'i'T.,  ii,  h'l') ;  //.  iiiiiriiinni/iis  ('ass. 
in  Hi).,  HL');  ('oiks,  /.  c.  Ill;  /i.  irnnn/tli  Hua.ndt  ;  Cass,  in  Hi).,  !tl7  ; 
CoiEs,  /.  c.  ()3  (winter,  not  din'erent  species  us  supposed)    .     .maumouatus. 

I\llllit::'s  Miirrcli'f.  Descriiied  as  ditfering  from  the  foregoing  hy  its  imah 
shorter  Mil  (only  1  ^'long  gape),  deeper  ill  liase,  ami  lateral  tail  feathers 
white.  Mack-striped  lengthwise.  N.  I'acilie.  I'nkiiown  lo  me  ;  no  recognl/ed 
specimens  in  American  eolleit ions.  //.  kUllil::!!  Hiiandt.  1^37,  ."Ml! ;  l.Sd'.t, 
213;  Cash,  iu  Hi).,  ViM.  Hrandt  hohls  that  Audid)on's  lig.  2  of  pi.  470 
represents  this  species,  /fria  ftfcrinistn's  \n.  >iis,  /ool.  ,Iom-n.  vi,  1H27, 
3.J7  ;  Voy.  Hlossoin,  32 Kirn.nv.ii. 


327.     Genus    URIA    Brisson. 

•«*Tar«i    -i.'in'Iy  ri'tieiilate,  little.  IT  aii\ ,  slualei-  tiKin  miiMle  toe  witiioiil   its 
uuw  ;  bill  -.iruiglii,  snioulli,  aboiil  equal  to  larjus  ;  nostrils  incoiiiiik'tely  iVatliered  ; 


Ai.cii>i;.   Ai  Ks.  —  (!i;n.  'Ml,  ;>-'S. 


;5tr» 


outer  daw  smoutli ;  tiiil  CDiitniiKMl  lcs-«  tliaii  :i  liincH  in  li'iiL'tli  i>r  wIiilt.  In  siiinnuT, 
tihii'k,  witli  wliili'  on  wintx^  or  lifad  ;  in  winter,  larui-ly  wiiili; ;  liill  liliicii,  feci  rrii. 
Lcni^th  12   1.'.;  wiiiic  .'.j    7];  tardus  i;    1';         --^ 

i)ili  III:;. 

/iliir/c    (r'liil/f'/iuif.      Sfii    /'I'l/iiiii.      A    Vri 

l!ir<;<!    ('(iiitiiiiiDiis    \\hil(;    iii'c.i    on    liotli 

iipin-r  and   under  surface  of  the  wiiij:, 

(rarely  iiiiiierfeet  or  wanlinjr) ;   head  and 

neck  willi  j.Meenisli  j^loss ;   tail    I'eatiiei's 

1-';     wiii-r    r)i-(;|  ;     liill    rather    aiMile.  r,..   ••.:    i.i  >.k  i.Miiii'inni. 

\.   Atlantic,  very  alnindant.  S.   in  winter   (o    New  .lersey.      I\i:l's  laid   in 

lis.Hiires  of    rock,   '2   (.">?)    in     nuniiu'r.   L'iJXli   in  size,   nearly    elliptical    in 

shape,  <.'r<'eni>h-wliite,  variously  Motched 
with  liiown  and  purplish.  .Arctic  Seas: 
rare  or  casual  in  the  .\.  I'acitic?  Nirr., 
ii,  'rJ'.'t ;  .\ii>.,  vii,  272,  pi.  171;  Cass. 
'in    I'll!.,   '.Ml.     ('i)ii;s, /.  c.   I'.s  ;    and  np. 

III.    I'^tll,    L'.').> (IKVI.I.i;. 

/'n/inii  (,'iii/li  mil/.     A  larp'  while  .area 

Ki.;  J II    I'i;;...!!  i.iiiii.tiiM,.  on   upper  surl'acc  of    winys  oidy,   partly 

divided    liy   a   Idack    line;    head   and    neck   with    opaipie    asiiy   shad^■  ;     tail 

feathers  1  I   (always?)  ;   liill  ratlnr  olilusc  ;  wi/.e  rather  ;;ri'ater,  win;,'  aliout  7. 

N.   I'acitic.      Cass,   in    Iid.,   '.Ml';  (oiks,  /.  c  72 (khmiia. 

Soiifjl    (iiillh  null.       No   while    on 
the     win^rs,     l)ul     u-ually     whiti-h 
patches     (HI     the     head.        !,ar;j:er;    ^^ 
wiuL'  nearly  .s  ;  hi  111. Ur;.     North    ^  ^^ 

I'acilic.     Cass,  in  111..,  !M;i,p!. '.17  ;  *=^~ 

CulKS,  /.    c.   7.'!.       .       .       .      CAItllO. 


•  Ill    Its 
alliered  ; 


Km.  'J'W.    Siioiv  liiiilli'iiiHt, 


328.    Oonu8    LOMVIA    Uraiidt. 

•j'Tarsi  .>iciitellale  in  IVunl.  nini'li 
sliorle;  llian  i.iidillc  lue  willnpiu  claw;  liill  wilii  dei'Ln-\eil  coiniiiissuro,  nuieli  lonijer 
than  tarsus,  its  en<l.  tunl  the  outer  claw,  grooved  ;  nostriU  fc'illicred  ;  tail  ;;radii- 
iitetl,  contained    nioie   than  il  tliues  in   the    Icuirlli  nl'    \viM'_'.     Mze  and  coldralion 

alniosi  e\.ielly  as  •Icscrilicil  iniilc.'  I'liiiiui- 

uiii,    liul    n<>  while   line    IVoui  hill   to  eye. 

( 'iiniliinii       ( t'llilli'iiinf,    or      Mnvfl'. 

Depth  of  liill  at  nostrils  not  ne.arly  k 
the  Icnirlh  of  cidnien  ;  toiui.i  of  upper 
lu.'indihlc  at  lias(>  teathei'ed,  not  uotic(>- 
.ilily  ilil.iled,  nor  liri^'htly  colorrd.  In 
some  cases,  cdj^es  of  e\idii|s,  and  line 
lii'hind  eye,  while.  \.  Atlantic,  .\rctic  .nid  I'acilic  coasts,  .'^.  to  .Vew  , lersey 
and  California;  hrcediii;.'  in  myriads  on  rocky  i^l.inds.  Kiru'  siii;;lc.  on  liaro 
led'.(cs  ;  ;i-;5A   loii^',  liy  \l-2i.    hroad  ;    the  ground  color  var\  iiig  from  wliitti 

KC.V     lo    N.     \.    llUillS.       I  I 


V\U.    iW.      ('IIIMIIIMI    l.llilll'llliit. 


^m 


h' 


l;«i 


ikt' 


.'MC 


AI.CID.K,    At  KS. C.y.S.    i'.L'S, 


t(t  (lurk  iriccii  ;  soini'tiiiH's  [icirt'ctly  phiin.  ii-ii,illy  rnnliislicully  .strcnkcd  or 
1»I()U'Ii(m1  ill  iii(«'riiiiiialtly  varyintr  ii:iil>rii.  S\v.  .'iml  Ificii.,  1".  15. -A.  ii, 
177  ;  NiTT.,  ii,  r»2('>;  Aid.,  vii,  2t!7,  pi.  I7.> ;  I 'ria  laniriii  and  r/ii</n'(i  Cass. 
in  \\\K,  IM."»,  I'll;  f.nmrld  froilr  and  A.  n'lii/riti  ('oiks,  /.  r.  7.'),  7S. 
I'acilif  .-pi'c  iiiiciis  iiavc  a  somcwlial   diircrciilly  ^dla[u•d  iiill,  fonslitiiliiij^  var. 

rii/ifiir/iir(f  ^>l;^  ANT,  I'ldc.  I)()st.  S(t('.  X. 
II.  lNi;i,|>.  1!  ;  ('<)i:i;s, /.  c.  7!l.  Tiioirj;. 
I'liicL-liilli  il .  (If  /Irinniic/i's  ( luilh  iiinl , 
Dcptii  of  I'ill  al  niisli'ijs  aliiiiit  \  tlic 
IchL^lIi  dl'  (-idnx  II :  liiiiiia  of  upper  niaii- 
dililf  al  l>:i^  •  dil  iIimI,  denuded,  usually 
yelliiwisii.       I  )i>-triliiili(Ui  as   in    tla^    hi'^t 

l-ic.  JIT.    TlihU  liillnl  i.iiill sperie«,      I'rid    liiiiiiiihi  i    ;">\v.anil    IJlCII., 

i'\  15. -A.  ii.  177:  Nt  ir.,  ii,  .">j:i :  Aid.,  vii,  I'tTi,  pi.  17l':  r.tirni  C'ass.  in 
l>l).,    I'll:    Lnitiriit  sriirlidii  ('(Ill's.   /.    c.    SO ai;i;a. 


l^^^^dvii'A. 


Mill  I 


HHilliiiAaMkMi 


SYNOPSIS   OF   THE  FOSSIL  FORMS. 

TluTc  i-i  ;il  |iri'.s('iit  nrj  sMlislMctoiy  cvLlcinc  ,>['  llic  cNisicnci'  of  IJinls  in  lliis 
coiiiitiT  cMilicr  llwiii  llic  C'lvliu'coiis  iK'iiod.      'I'lic  fiMilpiiiits  in  tlic  sMinlstoiic  of 

tli<'  <^''>i cliciit    Valley,   ^vlli(•ll    have  liccii   a1lrilnit<>.l   lo  Uiiils,   were  iin>liMhl\    all 

iiiailo  l)y  Diiiosamiaii   IJcptilc-. 

Tlu!  s|K'C'ii's  which  jiavc  hccii  ih-sciil'i'd  fioiii  the  ( 'n  t;ircoiis  ruiiiiatloii  arc  iicarlv 
all  known  only  IVoni  I'laLiMicMlaiy  i-viiiains.  'I'liosc  IVoiii  the  'I'crliarv  and  I'osl- 
tcrliary  arc  ucncially  rcpicscnlcd   by  heller  |)rcscrvcil  specinicn-^. 

The  Ibllowinii'  synopsis   has    hceii  revised    liy  Ihc  aeconiiilislied  pal.i loloLiist 

who  lias  ih'scrihcd  nearly  all  the  known  species.  'I'lironuli  his  eoin-leons  allen- 
tions,  the  list  has  heen  I'onipleteil  lo  tlii'  dale  on  which  Ihcsc  panes  i;-o  lo  jircss. 
This  lirst,  eonnecled  ae<'onnl  of  the  I'.xtinct  IJIrds  of  North  Anu'rica  will  nni|nes- 
tioiialily  he  very  largely  snpplenienlcil  hy  riilure  diseovcri^s.  Work  in  this  lieM 
of  research  was  never  more  actively  and  sncees^^fnlly  proseciiled  than  at  |jrc>cnl, 
iuid  new  species  are  almost  conlinuallv  lieinti-  l)ron''hl  to  liiihl. 


PICARI^. 

UINTORNIS    LUCARIS    Marsh. 

American  .loiiriial  of  Science,  i\-,  -.'.V,).      Oct..  j.sTJ. 

Tliis  liird   was  ahiiul,  as  lai-oc  as  a  I'ohiii,  and  apparently  rdatecl  to  tjio 

Woodpeckers.       'I"|i( ly   known    remains    arc    (Voin    tin-    Lower  'rcftiary 

foriuiiliun  of  Wyoiiiiiiii-  'renilory.  Tliey  are  preservcil  in  the  iihischiu  of 
Yalo  College. 

RAPTORES. 

AQUILA    DANANA    Marsh. 

Anierican  .lonrnal  of  Science,  ii.  Ii'.").     Anirnst,  |s71. 

This  species  was  nearly  iis  lariic  as  the  (ioldeii  Iviiiie  (J.  r/iii/s/nfos), 
Tlio  only  known  reniains  were  loiiiid  in  tin;  I'iioceno  of  Xehraska,  iuid  arc 
now  in  the   ^ale  miisctim. 

BUBO    LEPTOSTEUS     Marsh. 

American  .lonrnal  of  S<'ience,  ii.  li'd.     Anunsl.  l.sTI. 

A.  .'^pecies  about  two-thirds  as  !art:(>  as  tin-  (ireal  ironicd  Owl  (/>'.  rhyln- 
i(iinis).  'I'hc  remains  were  discovered  in  tlu;  Lower  'I'ertiary  lieds  of 
Wjtoming,  and  aro  also  in  the  Vale  niiiseiiin. 

GALLING. 

MELEAGRIS    ANTIQUUS    Marsh. 

American  .lonrnal  of  Science,  ii,  li'il.     August,  l.sTI. 

Tills  spoeios  was  nearly  as  lari:c  as  the  A\'i!d  Turkey  {^f.  ;/al/op,ifn). 
Tlio  remains  represent i nix  it  were  found  in  the  Miocene  of  Colorado,  and 
arc  preserved   in   (he  Vale   inusetini. 

(347) 


' 


It  1 


f 


3iS 


KUSML  uiuns. 


MELEAORIS    ALTUS    Marsh. 

I'locci'i line's  of  llic  riiilMilclpliiii  Acsiilciiiy,  II.  Marcli,  1H7(>.  —  Aiiicrii'.-iii 
Nnliiiiilisl,  iv,  ;'il7.  .Inly,  l"<7n.  —  AmiTic-m  .luiiriiiil  of  Sciciicc,  iv,  I'tUi.  Oct., 
|x7l'.      {  M.  mi/iii-liiin  i'i>\>r.      Syii()|)sis    I'.xliiicl    l!;itr;iclii;i.  etc.,  2:l',l.) 

"Ucpn'sciiti'd  \ty  poilidiis  of  tlircc  skclctdiis,  of  (Uirtrcnt  iijjcfl,  wliicli 
1ic1()Ii;,'(m1  to  Iiii'ds  alioiit  llic  size  of  tin-  AVilil  Tiirkcy,  allliniiirli  proportionally 
iniicli  taller.  'I'lic  til>ia'  and  tarso-inctataisal  hont-s  were,  in  fart,  so  t'lmi- 
fXatcd  as  to  rt'sciiihlc  )lios(^  of  wadinir  liirds."  I'^roin  tin-  l'ost-plioct'n<'  of 
New  .K'rsi'y.     Tim  remains  arc  mostly  in  the  nnix'iiin  of  ^'ali!  ('ollei;e. 

MELEAGRIS    CELER    Mnrsh. 

Ainei'ieau  •luurnal  of  SciiMie*-,  iv,  2<>1.     Oet..  |n7'.'. 

A  species  mncii  smaller  tiian  tiie  forei^'oinj:,  Imt  with  lejrs  of  slender  pro- 
portions. Also  from  the  rost-i)Iiocene  of  New  dersey,  and  [ireserved  in 
the  Yitlu  niuseiim. 

GRALLATORES. 

GEUS    IIAYDENII    Marsh. 

Aiueriean  •louriial  of  Scicni'o.  xlix,  L".  I.     March,  lsi7(). 

A  species  ahout  as  lari^e  as  the  Sandhill  Crane  {f>.  i-'iiiiiiliii.-<i.s).  l-'rom 
the  IMioceiie  of  Neluaska.  IJemains  preserved  in  the  miiseiiin  of  the  I'hila- 
delphia  Academy. 

GRUS    PROAVUS    Marsh. 

American  .luuiiial  of  Science,  iv,  I'lU.     Oct.,  1.S72. 

This  species  was  nearly  as  Itnire  as  a  Sandhill  ("rane.  The  remains  repnv 
spiitini,'  it  were  found  in  the  i'ost-jdioeene  of  New  .lersey,  and  are  now  in 
the  Vale  imiseiim. 

ALETORNI3    NOBILIS    Marsh. 

Amcriciin  .loiuiial  ol"  Science,  iv,  L'.'iCi.     Oct.,  \s~->. 

Nearly  as  larire  as  the  precedini;  species,  l-'oinid  in  the  Isocene  deposits 
of  Wyoiinnj:,  and  now  in  the  iiMiseiim  of  V.de  CnllcL'i'. 

ALETORNIS    PERNIX    Marsh. 

Aiiu'iican  .lomiial  of  Science,  iv.  ".'.'id.     Oct.,  |.s7l'. 

Ahout  half  the  si/e  of  tlic  above,  and  from  the  sanu'  locality  .  ,Vlso  in 
the  Yale  inu.seiuu. 

ALETORNIS    VENUSTUS    Marsh. 

Aineiieaa  .louinal  of  Seienei-,  iv,  '.'.'ir.     Oct.,  I.s7l'. 

A  smaller  species,  about  .as  laiire  as  a  ("nrlew  {  .\'iiiii)>)iiiis).  Vhim  the 
same  Iccality,  ami  likew  i.~c  in  the  ^'ale  mus<  uni. 

ALETORNIS    GRACILIS    Marsh. 

Aniciican  .lournal  of  Science,  iv,  •.♦."iM.     Oct.,  I.s7".*. 

A  bird  about  the  si/.o  of  a  WoodciH^k  (  l*/n'f<>/iehi  iniii'n).  '/i-om  thi<  same 
formation  and  locality,  and  now  piv.served  in  tin-  mu.seiim  of  Vale  ('olle<;e. 


I 


mamm 


I'osMi,  iiiuns. 


;ti',i 


r 


ALETORNIS    BELLUS    Marsh. 

AlllrlicMli   .lollililll  of  Sciciicf,  iv,  '2'>X.      Oct.,   |.S7'.'. 

A  slill  suialkr  sjx'cit's,  itmlialily  Ix'liniL'iii.i.'  to  :i  diircriMil  u'<'iiii-i.  Fruin 
tlin  siiiiu!  locality,  ami  also  in  tlit*  ^'al<>  innsciini. 

TELMATORNIS    PRISCUS    MarHlu 

Aim  riciiu  .liiiiiiinl  ul'  Sciciicc,  \li\,  :.'lo.     Maicli.  \s~{). 

A  species  alxtiit  as  lariri^  as  liic  Kiiiir  Kail  (  Nnllns  rli'/niis ),  .uiil  |irolialp|y 
allied  to  tlic  llnlliiliv.  Kroiu  tlic  ("rolaceoii>  loriMalioii.  I'diukI  near  llorn- 
erstowii,  X»'W  .Jersey,  and  iireserveil  in  Ihe  Vale  nni.-einn. 

TELMATORNIS    AFPINIS    Marsh. 

Auieiic.in  .Ininnal  of  Seieiic-c.  \li\.  -II.      Maifli,  \s~{\. 

A  soniewliat  smaller  species  iVoiii  ilic  sanu-  foniialioii  ami  locality.  Also 
in  Ww  iiiiiseiiin  at   Vale. 

PALiEOTRINOA    LITTORALIS    Marsh. 

Aiiieiieaii  iloiniia!  of  S<''uMiee,  \li\,  'Jos.      ,\I;ireli,  |s7(t. 

Ahoiit  e<|uallin^  a  Curlew  in  si/e.  Tlu!  remains  wore  !oniid  in  tin-  Creta- 
ceous ^recn-sand,  at  tlie  aiiove  mentioned  locality,  and  arc  now  pi-cservcd 
at  Vale. 

PAL^OTRINGA    VETUS    Marsh. 

Ainorioan  .lournal  of  Scicnee,  \li\,  '.'Olt.     M:iieli.  l.sTo. 

A  smaller  species,  from  the  same  formation,  fonnd  at  .\rneyto\vn.  New 
Jersey.     Tlic  Unown  remains  :ii'e  in  the   I'liiladelpliia  .Vcademy. 

PAL.a30TRINQA    VAOANS    Marsh. 

Aiiiericaii  .Iiumii.iI  of  Sciciicr.  lii.  ;.i..i.      .May.  I^TJ. 

Intei'mediate  in  si/c  hctween  the  two  pieci'dinii  species.  Discovered  in 
tlio  same  formation,  ni-jir  llornerstown,  .New  Ji  r>ey  ;  now  in  the  muimumi 
of  Vale  Collei;'e. 

NATATORES. 
SULA    LOXOSTYLA    Cono. 

'fraiisaclio'is  of  ilir  .\iiu'ri(Un   riiilM>..iiiliic:il  Smit'ly,  \iv,  -;>•'.      Dec.,  IhTo. 

A  species  Mot  so  I.arire  as  the  coiiiuioii  (Jannet  {S.  Iiiissiniu).  l-'rom  the 
.MioceiKMif  North  Carolina.      Ucniains  prc-^crved  in  I'rot'.  ( 'o|k's  collection. 

ORACULUS    IDAIIENSIS    Marsh. 

Aiiierif.i!!  ■louinai  nf  Sricmi'.  \li\.  -Jlil.      .March,  l>i7o, 

A  typical  ('ornKnant.  rather  smaller  than  (I.  nirfm.  From  the  Pliocene 
of  Idaho.      .Most  of  the  known   remain-;  are  deposited   in  the  V.ah-  mnseuiii. 

GRACULAVUS    VELOX    Marsh. 

AnierieMu  .loiniiMl  of  .Science,  iii,  ,'{(')."..     M'ly,  1m7l'. 

This  liird  was  relaliul  to  the  Cormorants,  and  was  rather  sm.ilK-r  th.iii 
(liiii  iiIhs  cdvhit.  The  remains  were  found  in  the  u'reen-sand -^  the  ( 'leliiceoMs 
formation,  near  llornerstown,  New  .Icrsey,  and  arc  now  ut  Yale  (.'ollegi-. 


8A0 


I'dssir,  iiirins. 


Iti 


GRA.CULAVUS    PUMILUS    Marsh. 

Aliiri  ii;ili    .liilll  iimI  111'  Srielii'c.  iii,  ilCI.       M.'iy.   I>*72. 

A  smaller  «|icrifs,  IVniii  the  saiiu;  foriii.ilidii  and  localitv.  'I'lic  rcinaiiis 
art-   ill  till'  Vale  iiiii^ciiin. 

GKACULAVUS    ANCEPS    MiirHli. 

Aiiiiiii:iii  .Iciiiium!  (if  Sriciict',  iii.  ;!!;  I.      .M:i\.  I'>7J. 

Apparfiilly  a  .s|ic<'i('s  cif  ('(iriiioraiil,  iiImiiiI  as  lari^c  as  (,'ittfiihis  n'ofurrii.'i. 
From  tlic  ('rclafi'iiiis  of  Western  K;!iisas.  Ueiiiaiiis  in  the  ^'ale  Colle'rc 
liiii>enni. 

ICIITIIYORNIS    DISPAR    Marsh. 

AtlUM'ieali  .liiiirii:il  i<\'  Science.  i\.  .iiiiicniliN.  :'>ll.      (let.,  \s~2. 

A  liini  alxiiit  as  larijc  as  a  i>iufeiiii.  and  dillerini:  IVoni  all  known  hinls  in 
U.wlw^  fiir'iii''"'-''  i;rlil)fi\  The  remains  were  loiind  in  tlie  ( 'relaeemis  siiale 
of  Kansas,  and  are  in  I  lie  mnseiim  ol'  ^'ale  College. 

PUFFINUS    CONRADII    Marsh. 

Ainerii'uii  .loiinial  of  .'^eiciice.  xli\.  iMl'.      Maicli,  |s7o. 

A  sliearwaler  alionl  (lie  size  of  /'.  riiifrcus.  {''roni  llie  Mineeiie  of  Mary- 
land, and  now  preserved  in  tlie  iiiii~eiiin  of  the  l'liiladel|iiii;i  Academy. 

CATARP.ACTES    ANTIQUUS    Mnrnh. 

Aiiieiieaii  .IoiiiiimI  (iT  Seii'iice.  xli\,  2{'-i,      Mareii,   J.sTd. 

A  ( iiiilleinot  ratlier  laiirer  tliaii  tlie  Common  Miirre  (  /.ntiir/'ti  fnn'/f).  l-'rom 
llio  .Mioeeiie  of  Ni.rlli  C.irolina.      Deposited  in  llio  lMiiladel[>liia  .\eademy. 

CATARRACTES    AFFINIS    Marsh. 

Amtriean  .loiinial  ol"  Seiciiei',  l\-,  •_>.'»',!.     Oct.,  l.sT'J. 

A  speeies  alioiit  as  JaiL'e  as  the  piecediiiuf,  and  nearly  related.  I''rom  tll(^ 
I'ost -pliocene  ol"  Maine,  'i'lie  original  speeiincii  is  in  tlie  I'liilatlidpliiii 
Academy. 

HESPERORNIS    REQALIS    Marsh. 

Aliieric.iii  .loiinial  ><{'  Siiiiirc  iii.  ;l(;il.      .Alay,  l.s7-_'. 

'1'lii.s  liird  was  a  gigantic  Diver,  rehited  to  the  liooiis  {('ohitiihiihr).  Tlio 
olvcleton  measured  alio'.it  live  Ceel  nine  inches  in  length.  'I'lie  known  remains 
were  lomid  in  the  upper  Crelaceoiis  shale  ol"  Western  Kansas,  and  are  now 
in  thu  Vale  miiMum. 

LAORNIS    EDVARDSIANUS    Marsh. 

Allierieall   .loiiriial  of  Siieiice,  xlis,  JIK'i.      .Maicli,   i.s70. 

This  sp<'cios  was  ne.'irly  as  large  as  a  Swan.  The  remains  were  di.si'ovorcd 
in  the  Middle  Marl  lied,  of  C'refaeeons  age,  at  nirmingham.  New  Jersey, 
iind  ari'  now  in  the  niusenin  of  ^'ale  Collei^e. 


i 


ADDITIONS    AND   (  ()!;i:i;(  TK  )NS. 


Jl 


iMisiimciiiiN,  fiiisniid.     l''iir  Onlrr  Scniisori's  C'li'  /..viinilnrivli'  liinl-. 

1". 'J,  ((  111.— 'I'lif  I'liii  lilri./lii'lilil  Wrvv  nut  r(ill>illiricl  !|s  In  I.  iiillillL.'  Ii>  /.•'»(! ///( ■■»/(•■  s  H  In  II 
(111    I'liiirlli  Miiti'iMT  111'  lliis  |i.ir.i;;i'ii|ili  \v:i»  jnhinil. 

I'.  I'L'.  lilNl  l\v.iluii>.  /■.,;•  117  ;v./i;  I'.M;  /,„■  177  /•.,(,/  Wi!;  ./. /.  I.".l;  iii.-n-l  I  l:i,  I.M,  IMI. 
•J-SJ-W-i,  TMK 

I'.  :!i>,  hi^l  liiii'  lint  oiir.  /-Mr  III)  rill, I  s\.  ^■^lli^  iiii|Mirl  ml  itimi-  h  ;il>u  ii|Miili  il  in  ll^;  il, 
win  I'l'  till'  |i|iMhiii\  In  i|ni'~rii>ii  b.  dmiUIi'iI.) 

r.  .'l"i,  I'iitlilli  lini'.     .Irt.c  In  iiisiil  niirlv. 

I'.  ;1M,  end  111'  nhitli  liiir  IVmn  hiillniii.      .\fh  /■  Si  il-nn-,  /„,s.  rt  ul'  •.uiiic  .-in  I  Inn-. 

I',  ."ill.  Irnlli  lliir.     .[I'h  I-  nil  iiisiii  jii'i't'icl. 

r.  I",  )!  ■■'I,  1 1- mil  Mill'.     All  I  r  ( 'Ml'  I  /»,«m7  .'I  mi  1 .1  -|ii  rii>  III'  AiTij.ihi'  i  i.",iii. 

1'.    I'.',  §  .sil,  luiii'ili  llnr.      .[I'll  I-  11   iiisiii  wlnii  |iri~inl.     Ni  \l   lliir.  'iih  r  '.'t,  iiis,,i  xvlim 

llr\  rliijiril. 

I',  .'i"!.  IllinI    llnr.       .\/l' r   llrlmiL'-    In   lln-    Co/.';    iMIIlil^    I'irilhr.  nl'   lln-    -llll-unlil-    I'irj.  Ill'  llli' 

iiiiliT  ricailii'. 

I*.  ."iX.  .\  nil  111^  '•  Mill  irrvliil  inn-.  ii>ri|"  in^i  li  ;  —  I.  <•.,  Imn-  cll.il  ii-  -  tin'  pin  i'  ( 'il'  n  \\  m-U  i 
jii-l  cliiil.     ii|i.  I'll.,  iipn'-  riiMlnin  —  llir  work  .in>l  riinl. 

1'.  .'I'.i.  AiMiini;  ••  Works  n  I'l'i'nil  In"  himri :  —  S\\ .  Mml  linn..  I'.  IS. -A.  11.  Sii-iiiii>tiii,  \V., 
ami  /i'/i7('(/-.'.sii».  .1. :   I'miii:!  llurr.ili-Aiiirili  mi.i.     VhI.  li.     Ilo.     I>:'.l. 

r.  III.      .Uhr  IlviliMrlirHiliin, /'■)/■  '.".iL"  )•■.(.'  L.".':'.;  nil-  r  ll.ilijilini.  /'..;■  L".i:i  /■,.!./  j'.ij, 

r.  i;;i.     /'..I' (Il  111  IIS  :.'i,"i,  svMi'tiKMiA  L'l  I  iiml  liiiv  m  ni'iiii  i  -  '-'111.  I'M'' 'I'm  »\i  s  L'l  I  11. 

I".  (I.'l.     I'm'  l''ri,i\  l.'ilii,  .'iiiil  AvriiYA  :.'ill,  /•«.(./  Ki  i.iiii  i,\  L'liii.l. 

I'.  7."'.  I'lirri.l.illiil  riirimli.  Sprriiiniis  l.ilily  riTcl\  ril  liiillc.'ilr  lli.il  tin'  \il/.in:i  liiiil 
ciiiisliiiiii's  il  vtii'Ifly  111'  //.  riirri'riir"iis :  llir  I'lilluwln;;  Is  :i  ln-ilfi'  iji'scripdun  ili.iii  (Iril  'jivi  ii 
In  (lir  (rx(.  —  V:ll'.  imhuifi  ItllxiW  Ms.  .\lMi\r,  •ri-,i\  |s|i-li|-ii\Mi.  iir.iil\  niiil'iinii :  wiiiu 
r.ivrrls  inn  I  i|llills  wllli  sIIl^IiI  wllllKll  i  11^:1111,'.  llir  rili:r  uC  llir  \\  lllu'  ilsrIC  wl.ili'  ■  !:mI  I'lMlliiTs 
Uilll    s|i|;;||t     wliiljsli    dps;    lirlilW,    ,'l    pllli'T    slnliln    111'  I  III'    riiliir   nl'   lln'    lljiprl-   pMll-.    I  .Ir    lll|-ii:lt 

i|iillc  wliiii^li.  llir  itIssiiiii  s1I;.'Ii(I,>  riil'nsi-iiii.  ilir  lii'r.-ist  .'Mill  lirllv  Willi  iili-ciii-i'  lirk  ivi'My 
spills  (III  till'  m':i\  isli-wliili'  lii'oniiil ;  111)  uliviiiiis  iiiM.xilliir.v  sHi-.iUs,  Inn  v.ilihi'  siiiKliiiL;'  nil 
till' rlii'i'ks  :  1)111  likii'k:  I'mt  lilMikisliliniwii :  liill  I!:  win:.'  I',:  (mII.'i:  tn'siis  ||:  iiilililli'  tut' 
Mini  rliiw  l.\.     (  Drsrilliiil  I'l'iiiii  ill'isli.  Mils.  .Siiiillis,  Insl., 'I'ln.un,  .Vri/.niiM.  liiinlii'i. ) 

r.  77.      h'liiiiifoil's  .V'/'i'/'i.     .\ilil  to  the  iiiiiil.iliiin  :    I'lilsinvM.  Mils.  |s7|.  lMI. 

!'.  s.l.      Alli'il  ('filler  IIVi/(.      Ill  Mil  priiliMliilil\  ilisiiml    rrmii  lln'  pn  riiliiiLr  ^pi  rii  s. 

I'.  .s7.  Ahmkiiii  IIViH.  Mmv  Ii.'  Imsl  liTMlril  Ms  m  VMi'lrty  111'  lln  Wliilir  Wrni :  Mini  !liis 
1m-I  iiniy  111'  nuislili'i'i'il  ms  Ainn'lliiirii  liiiiiliiibili  s  \:\r.  h;h  nfilis, 

1'.     I:.'!'.         I'hilllllfllS     \')l'n.        .Vllllilillll.'ll     lllMll'liMl    sh.lWslllMl    -I    pl'nlllillly    llli-    is  M    N.llilly 

111'    r.  S'llll-ifiiis,  MS  intiiiiMli'il  in  lln-  tiM. 

1'.  Uli.  /'../■  (irinis  ( 'riaiiiusinv  Siiipiili  cc-ii/  C'liiis  |.iim\  Lintniii-.  'I  lir  IJiil  (in -sliill 
111  ly  111'  nnisiilnnil  Ms  VMi'.  miinii  iii'i  nl'  tin'  Kiirnpi'Mii  l.nrin  nirfirnnh". 

CI".  I) 


;t."»j 


ADItrilllNM    AND    COIiUKfTIONH. 


r.  l:lii.  ilrnii-i  i'""'niit  I'huh.  It  I-  li.inll.v  iii(r-.Mirv  I"  ii'cintnl/.i'  liy  iiiiiiii'  inurr  tli:iii  niic 
viii'lfl,v  1)1' IliN  lilnl  —  "iiuiiiiislils"  luinn  irlriicil  ii(  li i'ltfiii-u(i.i  |iri>|Mr,  iiiiil  ••  lilluijili-."  lo 
viir.  iirimiiiiiiliii. 

v.  l;i.'i.  Ilnlrtl's  Hiiiiliii'i.  ,\>  \i\y  ■.Imiiu;!)  Iiliitiil  In  lln-  li  xl,  Ihr  »ii|i|mi>iiI  »|ir(liiicli'<  "I" 
('iiilriiiiijr  li'iinlii  fniiii  .M,is>.iir|iii-cll"<  iin  iml  lliK  »|iiriis  mI  all,  liiit  ii  /'i/.«si  ;v/i/i(,>.,  :i|i|iiiiciii|>' 
lifW.  (  /'.  I'riiifiiin  M  \\  s  Mill,  Am.  Nal.  vl,  \^7J,  |i.  (I;i7  (.  Allliiiiii;li  lirtrrcily  iiwarr  uf  \h\•^  iil 
tlriD'  III'  w  I'lliiii;,  I  I'rt'i'.'iliiril  ri'mii  {iiilii'l|i.'il  liii;  piililli  Mlimi  nl'  I  In'  Cul.  I  Miitiiii'  to  I'mrlrll, 
tli:it  II  srriiliil   >|irrillirll  iil'  "  ( 'rlit  I'liiiv  x  "  will  liiMI'lir  I'lillllil. 

I'.   I.'lll.      SI.  l.uiiiK  ,S'/ii(CCiiic.      lliilllillr"."!  iililv  II  Vill'lrly  iil'  /'.  rimlrnhtH. 

I'.  I  III.  (iiiiiil  ilUllliil'II.V  CiilllrililN  riilMlir  >|iriillr  Vllllilily  nl'  I'liirmi  fiLiniiiii,  lull  I  am  lliil 
|irr|i!ii'i'i|  tiiyii'lil  my  pii<<liliiii. 

I'.  II".  Il  limy  III'  lis  ui'll  I'l  iilliiw  I'dssi  nllii  luirnfiiiiilii  In  nIiiiiiI  us  II  sjiirlis.  until  Its 
liiti'i'y:i'iiiliilliin  Willi  ilium  Is  iirovin.     /'.  .ii-lii.-hnin  lines  witli  iinrnsi  inlii  iw  w  •,\\)i\\\  xaiiriy. 

r.  171,  lli'st  lliif.      l-'nr  Iraliirrs  rutil  I'liil  liir«. 

I'.  |s;i.      Viiiix's  Sirifl.     I  mil  mull' iiirlinril  til  ihiiilil  ils  vallilliy. 

I*.  |sii,  l.iiDit  lliiiiiiiiiiiiiliiril,  'I'lir  lin|illi'iiliiiii  Is,  that  tlir  s|M'clnirn  iicirrilitiil  tn  Massa- 
('lii|s('tt>4 1'liini'  I'riMn  ii  ilralrr's  slnrk.  In  rxrlianm'  fur  a  s|m  rliinii  nl"  7'.  ruhiinis  s|iiiill  In  stiilllnt;> 

1*.  l'l)7.  J''i  rriiyiiiiiiiis  Oirl.  Tn  llic  rxlraliinltal  s|ir<-iin<'iis  iIi'sitIImiI,  mlil : — Nn.  ill.'is.'i, 
Mils.  Snilllis.  Inst.,  tVnm 'riirsiiii,  Arl/.nna,  sliiri'  traiisinlttril  In  nii'  liy  t.t.  ('.  Itrmlli'i',  I'.  .^.  .\. 
It  Is  till'  s|ii'i'liiii'ii  III' wliii'li  Mimi'  IVaiiiiiriits  rni'iilsliicl  my  imlr  In  Ilic  Anni'lraii  .\atiinilisl,  ns 

<|l|iitl'll   III  till'  ll'Xi. 

I'.  L'l.l.     lliirfiilfuii.     'I'lir  s|M  riniiiis  riiim   tin-   Markrii/ir's  riMi'  riuinii,  iniliriil  l.y  llainl 

(/.  1'. )  ■illilrl'  liaini' 111'  /•'.  .'(iii'i )',  liaM'  sliiri'   I n  ilrtri'iiilin  il   liy  I'liil'.  Niwluii   tn  lir   iinllslln- 

unlslia'ilr  I'l'iiin  milinai'y  var.  Lilmiilliiin.  I  iiinillril  in  si:iii-,  thai  \  ar.  iiijihilin  \-  a  N.  I!iii(i|iraii 
I'linii,  iinl  I'lrnunl/.nl,  I  lii'jii'Vi',  t'inin  I  his  riiiinl  I'y .  Till-  iiaiiir  .i'«>  )•  lias  )iii(iiil\  (i\riall  tin- 
nthi'i's  as  till'  s|ii'rlllr  ilrslirnalinii. 

I'.  L'liL'.  I'ltlliiiihH  liKrriii'iiiiiiin,  llirii'  is  rrasnn  In  In  liiM',  may  Im'  a  valiil  s|Mriis;  ii  ilnrs 
iifl.  linwi'Vi'i',  nniii'  williiii  mil'  limils. 

I'.   \1\'*.       .Uti  r  (irillls   I'll  \I.M!ii|'l  s  iliSi  II  Itliss.ill. 

I'.  ■-'711.  /.'(_/'.. I'c  (iiti  iiii;  iiisirl:—  .si  iinian  ii  .\I.I.( 'TOUIDKS.  Cn.wis,  1,'mis  wd 
<>rni:ii  .Vi.i.iks.    Si:ic  ji.  I'll. 


iM>i;\     \M>    (;i,<>- 


Al.'l 


\i)ll:.      \  ri'H   C'lirll-h  -MIIIIIUII-,  mil  lit  tlm  IhkIv  ••!  Ilii' Uurk,  nni  liiln»li|i'<'i|      ■■  N'li  "  ri'l'i-r-  l>i  niiiuhrr 
Ki'Iiim;  ■•|"rrli'r-  In /lkiij/cii/iA  hC   liilrii<lini ;  nllii'i   ri'li'ii'iiri-.  ,il<'  i't  |iil)»i-.     ii,  iiillii'lhi  .    /i.iimiih. 


AIkIoiik'H,  11.     Ilrlli.  i  I'l. 
AIktimmI,  '/     lt.-\  ijilnij  IVmim 

iiuiv  -Ini  ■Iiih',  s  .'I 
AImii'-  •I'lmh. .  ,  I'll 
Ai'.'iiliaii  l-lti  .III  III  I.  i;i 


Mul.  an 


\ Ill' oil  i|ii"l.  i   IT. 

II     rii(iiii  i.H'..,  t  li  ■ 
iii-ii'ii. ) ;;. 


Ai'i'l|illii.  N.I 
Ai  'iiil  II .  .1 
,\i*r  i|iiiihlliil, 
A-       illM-llllll, 

Ai'lililiii-.  Nil 

Arl'nl Ill-,  N.I    Jl'i 

.Iv  Iiiiiii|iIm>iii-,  N  I    11.' 
.Kitiilili-.  Nil   I'll. 

lUiiiltiii-.  Nil  i;i 

IMnliil  1,  Nil  .»>.' 
Alliiiilv.  II.    i^ii.ililt  iiri|iii.i't  ii'l:i 

II. III.  i  i'i- 
.Virrl.i'iii.i'.  I.'il. 
\;.'..1jii» 


AXMlllll.   N.I     l.'l 

Al\.  N.I 

Alii. 


. /./    il:i.,     Willi:  f.MUl. 

I'.'ll  lllllll.,'   I.I  lllli  Wllltf> 


A  111. 

Aiii'k.iii  ^^  ii..i.  •■; 

Altiii.li.l.i 
Alli.ili'i 
Al.:l.  N.i 


llll 


\|.|.||llll.|.|..     Illlli,   In". 

AI'  I.I.I.    ll« 

Al.il l.--.'.'ll,.l.'Vi. 

Ali'l.iiiil-  III. llll-.  till 

ill  |.  III'.  .1|<<. 

ii.ili.li     M-. 

|ii'iiii\.  .II" 

\i'.iil-ll|n.;g|M. 
Alrlin.lll    Xllli.    Ill 
Trill,   I.'.'. 

Aliii.'-Tiiiii-ii.  ;i 

AlliiH Kliii't .  "    ri'ilainiiiK  In  I'liiii 
li.iii  III  mill  lllllll 


All.-ii' 


.iwhi 


I  I 


Aliu.iiriv.|.i.i  Wi. 


;i.-ii. 


Or.'hai'ilOn. ill'  till   alllni-), 


Altili. 


|.>. 


Ill 1. 


III.      Illri)..   fi'iii'i'il    in 


Alirirl.il.K.    Il.ivliiir  iliii  mil  III  i.  .it 

Allllri.-. 

Aliili,  n      llii>l  III  u  inK,  (  :<*. 


MinrliMii   \\. 


Illink 


il.-.'i; 


ir.  ■."II. 


I  rii|.|.ri      Iti.iw  II  r  ,  i«i. 

I   II.  k. 111-.  I>1. 

I»l| I.  7T 

llllllllll.  ^Vl 

Fi  iiiiiiw  I.  •:•>. 
11..1.11111  ii.  I  ii 


Mi. 


l||..||...ll,  I  II 


Mi'vt  iiiill.  ;l  ■• 

I'lilmlui.'.  Jill. 

■^iiijii.,  -J  I-' 

•■I111I111K-,  I'll. 

>««iiii.i.<l. 

Ti'il        til ii'iviiiiri'l 

Viilliiiii».-.'.'ii. 
Uiilili'i-. 

\VI 

Wlilli.  Iriilili'lli 


'11'  .111.    lilKI. 


AMI.-I'II'.III  U'liluinilt. 


u. 


I.l.. 


\iiiMi  i.lriiiiiii  •.  Nil  Ii" 


\ii.|i|ii  iiiiu.  N.i   ii:i 
\ii  Ii '-  II  i. ill!   IVi. 


\iii.itii 


III. 


\iii|i  hill'.  Ill 


.11",  »•;, 


\lll  .'  Inn.  Ill 

\iii|'.  Ii-    N.i  .111 

Alill.ixv.  II.  ''(  .iiinl.'l'li'll  |il'ii-i-lir 

liliiil,"  ■,  ,''1 
\ll.l-,  N'l    .'ij. 
\il  III. I.I',  .■> 
\iiilllii.r.  i"'i. 
\ili'v|.iilii'  III-.  N  I 


Xllki.  .11-. 


W  iilili  1.   Iim. 


\iiril,    \iiii.  iilir,     l'i.rtiiliiii|..{   lit 


Mil' 


II.  i  II    Ii 


\llrii'lll.ii<.    II.   Ill,      I.  11' li'iillii'r- 

I  II.  Ii 
.\iii  1)1111-11',  Nil.  I.'i 
Aiiliiiiiiliil  Tii'i.  Iiiii'k.  JK|. 


t\.irlil.  I.  nil 


Xiiuli' 


llll.  Iin.  )  II.  Ii. 


Aluiil  ili'.l.  11      II  'III  iilii'ii|ill> . 
Viiliiiiu'  I,  nil. 


\.ii,  l«;i 
\iii-..il  1.  itl 


I   11  ■'(11  i|  l.inl. 


\liii  1  Mllill.ii.iiuliii-I.  I"'! 
\li..llllilr  1.  N.. 


\\r*  ilrri'il'.  Il'l. 

iii|ii  ilii'.i..  .'M. 
Iiiii'-li.'-.  U". 

\Mlirl.   .'ir 

A\  II  I.  II       \iiii  |iil. 

\  \>ll  II .  ".     I'i'il  il  iliiK  In  llllllllll. 


.V\lll:ll- 


K,    / 


Aii-i'l,    Nil 
.\ll-i-l  lll.r. 

A I llii.li.'iTT 

\.il Iiit.il,  .1 


ll.nli'r  Mill).'  'OVt'll    ,  )  .VI. 
XUIlva,  Nil,  .••II. 


ll.llll     1.1114"!' 


-I 


«   II.    ii 
\lilllllKi'    !<il 


III    rr.ilil    III'  llll' 


lli.lii 


I  i.i.'li,  I  in. 


\iitliii   .  N" 


I'lllli'l 


^.t 


II  Hk.  i  I". 


•Ill  .   il.li.l'.  .'in. 
U'a.l.l.i.  !i| 


/•/     I'riili'.'ll.iii-.il'l'i.alli'         Kill  I'.  It.iiiliiiir.  I I'l.  kVJ 


i|  III I  rill 


iiii'ii   )  .'li. 
\iiiiiii -i',i(   TiiiiU'il  liiniiii'.l,  4  ■ 


II 


\mIi-  ••l.ililll- 

\|.l|.  I Ill  1,  Nil.  |il|  . 


A|.l.ii/  1.  N.i    I'll 
\|.l.ii,i,.i     1,1 

Ir  lllll'li'.l    till. 
\.|llllli     Itll.l- 


"jiir-     IlilWi'l'll 
.,  »ll. 


\.|ll.|  I 


IM, 


\.|iiil  1  .1  in  1.1. 1,   117 
\r  mil. la'.  .*^l 
Viaiiiil-.   N.I   iV.i. 


Tri'..  mil  iliiliiitr. 
\iilia.  i|il.n  \,  III   1. 1. llllllllll. 
Ari'liiliiili'.i.  Nil    |iKi 
Ari'lii'  Itliii'liinl.  :■•>. 

il.ii-K.r.  iiii 

I'nlllii      I  iiiiiiii.iii  I'  ,  :i|ii. 

Iiiii.i.'l. 

T.iwlii.-,  lij. 
Vrrilati'.  11       lliilt"li,i|ii"l 


\l. 


•I,  Nil 


.Snli-i.l.i'. 

\r.| .1  .  J.. 

Anl.ll  1,  Nil    'W. 

\ri.la'.  lin 

\ri/.iiiiiil  lllllll  III.  Ml 

•  .iil.llliii  h.  \)1. 

lllllll.  ji- 
Aikaii-a-  I'lv     ,1   llll-,  ITn 


ii'.l.lilii.'ii.  I : 


\liillalill.i.  S..    .Mil 
Arlii'iil  111. .11.  II 
,\-li.i-.i|.iri'.|  ••  iii.||ii)ii 
A-h  llii'i.it.'.l  l-lvi'  It 

\-li>   l'itivl..l.':i 

\-liii,  N.I   Ii7. 

\-liiiiiia.  N.I.  I.Kilii- 

\  -\  inli'-iiill*.  N.I    I  til, 

Atti'iiii.iti' 


iiiiil ;   iniiiliiii.'. 


i  Iin.  I'  a. 1. 1  llu     tin 


\l.l  il|itl\  irill'iiili'.l. 


Alllii  . 


I  mil  I  Nil  ijj 


xrv  iti  «.  «   iiiHiM, 


llll.l   l.iuli. 

Illllll.ltl 

M'llll 

Haul.     I, 


-  iii'lp  |ii'i. 


'lliiiilii.  I"i", 


llamli' 


ik.  t  II.  .1 


..I   V\'.in.|| kii| 


II  111. I  I  lili'il  llil/<  11.1.  .'IT 

l-i.'.  .III.  iy> 

It  ink  oivall.in.  Ill 


It.n 
Itai'li. 


II  ml 
.jiiiiii  I  .il'  a  t  .'iiiii,  S  .'t. 


It  irlii.'i'l.  II.  l-iiiitfiml  li.li'lnlli',  I  :|. 
llllllllll'.  II  l.iiiiiiia  III'  ll.llll,  t  vi- 
llain lilt  I.  Jill, 

■"tt  ill. lit.  III 
It  irii.ii  |i'  i».iii-i',  J" I. 
Itaii'il  Oil  I.  .'III. 
Ilainnt'-i  iiil.li'ii  I'Vii.  ■i^n. 
Ilarli.iiiiiaii  '<  iii.||ii|iiii'.  .'iMI. 


\li 


ll.li||i|l'l  tUnM.  II     II 

III  li.iiii'  al  11  I r  ikiill. 

III'.  Ill  I'll -llll  W  .11  llll  1.  llll, 
Itat   tt  HUi'.l  lliliilliiK,  I  HI. 


I'll 


lll'.lk. 


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It iii.'iiim.  Ill  1. 

Itl.i'lli'  lli'.l.ll'.l  I'lnti'l.  .Ml. 
Iti.ir-  Kini'li.  III. 


Niri'. 


.'1. 


Iti'lli'il  Unull- '.  I"i4, 

Iti'i  lall'lli'l'-  W  lini,  nt. 
iti'tt  |i  kV  U  ri'll.  "li. 
IIIK  mark  IllMil.  .•■>'!. 

Hill,  i  t)   1 1 

Itll.l.     l-'iallii'ii..!    Viiiiiial,  (  .'. 

Itll.l    III   I'm.  I  I'l 

llilli'iii.  .'i.'.i 

111  I.  k  II I.  .'~l 


I'h.  Ill  llll,  17 
lllllll.  mill.  II. I 


(ilM) 


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IMAGE  EVALUATION 
-  eST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


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1.25  il.4   ii.6 


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Photographic 

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IM)K\    AM)    CI.U.-SAliV. 


Itiack  ll.iwk.  JIH. 

I.i);,'i-,.,k  =.rilc:iHil    \V(p("l- 

Ipci'kcr,  I'.'-'. 
<>\>li  r-i'.-iicliiT,  -Jli;. 
I'mitmI  =  Am.  IMi. 
l'flnl,.a'.i. 
l'Ml.iKmi\>.  llil. 
I!;iil.'i7l.' 
S.-citur.  ■.",':;. 
>kiiiiiiii-r.  :i-l. 

swin,  is;. 

Tern.  .l-.;.!. 

\iilliiic=(  ;ini<iii  (  idW.'iii'J. 
Illiic-K  iiiiil  Wliilc  t'rri|MT.  '.i-J. 

•irll.iw  \V,-ulih'i-,  |(i-J. 
Jilack-lrii'Ucil  \V..iMliM'cki-i-.  I'.il. 
Jilark-lM'llicil  I'l'.vi  r. -Ji:!. 

S:inil|ii|it'r.  -J.'iii. 
r.hick-l.illcil  CiickiMi,  11(1. 
l;l;i.'klMi(l-,  |.-,l.  |.-.;i. 
Ill.u'kliiinii.'iii  Wiii'lilcr.  111(1. 
lilack-iMi'in'd  l'cliil,:;'js. 

(  h(rk,(.lc.',  >l. 
lilack-i'liiiiiiiMl  lldKiiiiidKliiiil.  IM. 

>li,ii  i(i\v.  1 1:>. 
lilid'k-cic^tcd  'r((l(li'(l.-L',  W). 
r.l;«-k-i;icc(l  Ki(icl(.  \M. 
lilirk-l.i,.(|..l  AlljMlros.-.  ."'ri. 
r,l;ick-l(r:Ml.-J>:'. 
Jtlackld-Kilol  (,iialc!(lcluT.  TK. 
(.iii-bcMk.  ir.i. 
(;((ll.  :;i.'>. 
Tat  ii>tt»in'.  -JIT. 
\i(i'...  121. 
lil.dk-dc.kcd  Still  =  Mill,'.;iT. 
l!l.((k-i»in  Wmi-Mci'.  Kki. 
JilM.'k--li.i((l.lrrc.l  Kile. -Jll. 
r.lai-k-laili  il  (;iMl\v(t.  'J.'jS. 

she  icw.diT.  :!;>n. 
l;l;ii-k-llir.i;il(cl  Jihie  Wail.lcr,  ll.s. 
llaididL,'.  IIS. 
IKviT.  ;;:;i. 
l-i(d'l(.  lid. 

(.CIV    W.illlll'C,  iis. 

Civl'iiWarl.h'C.HT. 
(ddlli'dioi.  ;;i:!. 
lldidididuliicd.lSI. 
lUacl.-vcddod  .Sluaiwidcr.  .'l:!!. 
l!lack-\vli(-kc(fd  Viic.i.  l-.i(l. 
lihuidid^''-  l-'iiM  II.  l.">:i. 
IHa^iidi-,  N.i.'2S2. 
iiliic  (CdW.  l(i.l. 

(;Mldci|.\vii);;od  WaililiT.  !d. 
(i.i(i-d.  i>i. 
(iniMiiiik.  ll!i. 

ll.iwk  =  Mai>li  Iliin-icr.  ild. 
llciMd.  JUT.  -ids. 
Jav.  |i;."i. 

Mi'.ddlaid  WacliliT.  Id."). 
(JiKid.-j;;.-'. 

Vidlnw-hacki'd  'H'aililor,  HJ. 
Itliic-l.ill.-J-'.i. 
]lldidiinl.  7(1. 

I'ddd-ovcd  Vi'llcnv  Warlilii-.  117. 
lUiii'-tri'iv  (diali-atrlicr,  T.s. 
UUiodica'di'd  Ciacklc.  Kid. 

(iripddd  Dove. 2-27. 
IMiri'on.  --7. 
Sawl.ill.  1.^7. 

\ilCM).  121. 

lHue-.'^tiickidfr.  217. 
Bliie-\viiij:oil  Teal.  2,^7. 

Vi-llijw  W.'ii-hlor.  nt. 
]5(iatdiillcd  llcrnii.  2(i.)  (in  text), 
li.iar-lailcil  (.racklo,  lllu. 
lt..lM>liiik.  I.'il. 
li.ih-whili',  2:!(i. 
llo^'I!dll.2"ni. 

ItiiKMdklM-.  2."il. 

liiilicdiiaii  Wawviiiu'.  ll.'i. 
lioiialiaili;',-   l-'lvcad-licr  =   Cana- 
di.'iii  I-',.  Kill. 
(:iill,:l|i;. 

tiaddjiiprr  =  White- 
r([idii('il  .s..  2.V). 
ISona?.-!.  Nd.  1^2. 
Jiiiidiv  (iaiiiii't.  2:i.<. 

••lidd't,"  "l I'd,"  §S1. 

Itdtaiirds.  No.  2:!7. 
liraidivotd-.  No.  I|:i, 
ISi-acirvildiiiiiilids,  No.  :t2li. 
lii-,(iidr-('oiincicaiit,3ua. 
lirant  lliid  2lil. 

tioo>e,  2Si. 
Branta,  So.  ibu. 


ISreast.  ».    .•^wclliii;.'  iddcrior  iiait 

or  Kicliii  "id.  5  :ili. 
Ilieiit.     M'd  liiaiil  (.oo-d, 
lircv,  er'-  llhiiklind.  Kid. 

>|i,iiio\v.  Ii:!. 
l!rc\v.-lerV  l.iiidi i,  l.d. 
lindldd  'I'did.  .122. 

'rildiod.-u.  .-d. 
Itvoail-liill.  2>s. 

Ki'oad-I.'dlcil   llillddiill.^'liil'd.  Is.'i. 
Ill  o;id-\i  id;;i-d   l!d//.aiil,  217. 
llroiddill-.  /'/.    Idniiclii.   //.        l-'oi  k 

of  llie  \(  iddidid'.  ^  2. 
lilollieilxdovo  Niltci.  12d. 
lllow  d  ('laid'. 271. 

(  rie|ii'r,  M. 

.)av.  nil. 

I.ark.  11(1. 

I'elican.  :;iKI. 

Tliid-li.  7.".. 

TowhiT.  1.V2. 
r»ro\vii-li.-i(di,  2.'i2. 
l>ro\\  iidieaded  (  reepcr  Wren.  .s.*». 
Niilhali'h.  .-:i. 

\V liie.ker.  lli.V 

Tlriiiintf-irs  (itiilleniot,  :ili>. 
Jiiil.o,  No.  11(1. 
lidlio  ld|il.i>le(i>.  :;i7. 
r.d.i'liliid.i.  N,i.  21)2. 
Iliidvli.-.  No.  27. 
IJdlldd-i-a.-ted  l-lvi-alelier.  17(1. 
S,'ilidlii|.dl'.  2ld. 
Ilnltledieaded  |)idd>,21id. 
lldH'oii'.-  .Iiir^ur.  :idli. 
I'.dll-lial.   Id. 
l!lllllilddll■^.  121).  12S. 
l:idMii'ad.2l:!. 
Hullo, d>'s  Oriole.  Ui". 
I'.iiiiliii;:-,  I2i;.  l:i:;.  l;;i.  i;:."i.  l:i(l. 
liii|iliaKd^.  No,  2711. 
J*.iir;rodi;i-Ier.  :il  1. 
lldfKui.  12:i. 
I'.dtro\\iim'  ( i\\  1.  2d7. 
I!d-li  (.lil.iiN.  2211  (ill  text). 
Iliildlier  llird.  iS'. 
Kdle.i.  No.  l.V.P. 
r.dloiide-.  No,  2:it. 
r.iitler  l!.dl.21id. 
lid/. /.aril.-'.  2iJli.21."i-20. 

c. 

Cllilldis'  Kdv.;ll>liev,  ISS. 

( 'allot  ■-'rerii  =  Mild  UvicdiTeni,;)20. 

(  adiileaii  Warldei'.  W. 

(:,dadio-|ii/.a.  No.  7,"^. 

(  .diiiiiii-.  II.   Jianel  of  reallier,§:!. 

(aliilldritiide,  .*^S. 

('.ili-areods,  II.    Clialkv. 

(_';dico-lia(di.2l(i. 

('alidri>,  So.  212. 

('alilidiii.'iCn  lie  =^  K;ived  G..  :i:i7. 

(.Kll.ld.'i. 

.Ii(\.  Iiid. 

MiM-kiimbird.  7.V 

I'artriit'e,  2:;s. 

(,>iiail,  2.;.''. 

Squirrel  H;t\\  k  —  Verni- 
^■iiH'oii>  lldz/.ard.  21s. 

Villi  die.  222. 

W..o,liieeker,  Iml. 
('idlio|ie  IliiiiidiiiiKldi'd.  [Ki. 
Callilieiila,  No.  |S7. 
Cani|u'phiid-'^.  No.  1211. 
('anii'lolaaiiU',  No.  2df. 
('aiiiii\  loiliMiidiii^.  No.  l.^. 
Caiiit-elialiad     Adk  -- Wlikskered 

Aiik.  ;U2. 
Canada  Klveatelier,  1011. 
lioo-e.  2S1. 
(iroii.-e.  2.12. 
.Lay.  IHd. 
t'analiciilii^.  n.    (ii-oove. 
('aiioii  Towliee.  I.')2. 
Caiitliu-.  ».    Corner  of  eveliil.s. 
Canva-diack.  2lid. 
Caiie  M.iy  W.iililel',  l(i2. 
(',i|ie  l'i;:i'dn.  .'Vjs. 
(  aiiiiinlll^ida'.  171':  dnie,  ISO. 
(  aiml.  II.     Mead.  $:M. 
C.iraear.'i  l'>n//r.ild.  '22(1. 

Carl lied  Waililer.  Id."). 

(  .'lid Ida  1   Itedliird.  l.'il. 

C.'ii'didalis.  No.  81. 

Carina,  ii.  i  pi.,  -le.    Kiiel  or  ridge. 


Cai'inala'.  (Ill  (footnole). 
Cariiiate.  ii.    Keeled  or  ridf-'ed. 
Carnivorod-,  ii.     I'le.^h-eating. 
(aroliiia  Dove.  '2'2il. 

l'ario,|(iet.  11)11. 

Kill.  27:1. 

'I'ili M'.  SI. 

Wa.wvidf;.  llil. 

'.\'ien.  sd. 
(.ai'otid  Arlery.    IMineipal  iirtery 

of  the  neck, 
(■.•ii'lial.  II.     rerttiining'  to  earim.s. 
(  aiiiodaen-.  No.  .W. 
(  ai'ldi.'^.  //.     Wri-I,  §  .Vi,  .'ill. 
Carrion  (  row,  ■2''2. 
Cainneli'.  )/.     .\n\    nalnral  lle^lly 

onl.ui'owth.    §  11.  e. 
Caninenl.'ile,  ii.      Ilaviiif;  natural 

lle-hy  oiitxi'owth-. 
Caspian  'rem.  ;ilii. 
Ca.'-.-id''-  .\dk  =  \\lii-kei'edA.,iil2. 

ISnllliiH'h,  I2S. 

I'iiieli,  lid.  :;.V2. 

I'hc.'ilrld'r.  17(1. 

I'liilile  riid'h.  '2,s. 

\  iri'o.  1'22. 
Catarrai'ti'.-  allini.^,  il.'iO. 

aiiti(iiiii>.  ;i.*i(). 
Cntblril.  71. 
Cathartes,  Xo.  Kid. 
Catliarlida'.  '22(1. 
C'dluM'iies.  No.  '2(1. 
C,     d,..').    T.'iil.  §  il."i-7d. 
C     d.il-".    reilaidiiig  to  the  tail. 
Ciil.'r  lii'i,  '!■'. 
Ceiitri  of  jJ'i       tv.  S  .:.. 
Celitroei      "      No.  1711 
CuiilrodV.\,  .     .  I'.l. 
CeiitnriH.  No.  1:11. 
Ci'iatorliina.  No.  ;i'2i). 
Cere.  ».,    *  IS. 
Certhia,  No.  17. 
Certliiida'  diia',  s;). 
Ceithiola.  No.  12. 
Cervix.  II.    Sei'iiiV  of  ncek,  §  in. 
C'.Mvle.  No.  Il:i. 
(  lia'liii'ii,  No.  lis. 
(  hatdi'ina',  LSI. 
(  hania'd.  No.  11, 
Chaniaida'.  71'. 
Cliania'iieleia,  No.  17-2. 
(  li.'i|iairal  Cock.  isii. 
(  har.'ietel'.  »..  J  l.'i. 
(  Idirailriida'.  -ina'.  212. 
Chai'aili'iii-,  No.  IliO. 
Ch.'its.  Ills  (.'d>o  7iij. 
Chatterer.^.    See  >\'.'i  wvings. 
(  h.'inh'l.'i-nids.  No.2.'il. 
Clienv  r.ird.  1  111. 
Che>tniitdp,'d'ked  (  hiekadee,  SI. 
Che-tnnt-eollared   I, ark   Hunting, 

i:il. 
Clie)-lnul->ided  WarhU'r.  101. 
Chewink.  I."d. 
Chiac'al;d'a.2M. 
(  liirkadee>.  711. 
Chiekell  II.'l\vk.2l2. 
(  liininey  Swift  or  swallow.  18.3. 
Chiiihird    ei'    Chiiiiiing   Sparrow, 

1 12. 
Choiide.-le>.  No.  7.'). 
Chol'delle>,  No.  11.-). 
Chrd'eoeepliallis.  No.  2.s:l. 
Chrvxiidiliis.  No.  (12. 
Chu'ek-wiir-'WiddW.  ISO. 
Cleiiniida'.  211. 

(ilia.  II. jil.  liiirliie<'l.<.  §  .'!.  (Hairs.) 
Cini'liche,  7ii. 
Cinclii'-.  No.  7. 
Cidereoii,'^  .'^he.'irwaler.  :{30. 
Snow  llird.  111. 
'rhriish,  7.'). 
Cinnanion  'I'e.d.  2s7. 
Cireninoi'hital.    a.       .iSround    the 

ev.'s.  §  II.  I). 
Ciren-.  No.  l.-il. 
Ci^tolliorns.  No.  •2."). 
Clani.'ilore^.  Ii;7. 
Chippei' liMil.27:i. 
Clarke'.- Crow,  |(i:i. 
t.rehe,  .'1:111. 

(   l.'ISS.  71..  §  1(1. 

•  viele.  )).    Collardione.  §  2. 
..iv-eolored  Sparrow,  U;i. 
Cliil'  Srtallow,  lU. 


mi 


m 


HBBi 


IM>i:\     AM)    (il.OSSVlJY 


355 


1 


1 


4 


Cloiii-a.  H,     liiiM  iif  lir-'e  ^nil. 
CliiMilijl.d.   riMhuilin,,'t.p|hc-llin. 
C.ilih,  .ll.'. 

(_:iiriv:,'lMl,  (I.       I'lTlllillin^'    10   tllC 
iMii.' 

CniM-y  V,  II.     I.;ls1  lail-linnc,  §  il.i. 

CinTV/.ina'.  !>'.». 

Ciii-i'V/.u.-.  N'..  !.!■-■. 

Ciii-kul'  till'  ri. Mil.-.  •::!>. 

C'u'iMiin,  Il.i   III-  '•"■i"i.     Iiilr.-linal 

(■iil-i|i'--iii'.  j  ■-• 
C.nvliiilir.  nil. 
Ciiltin-i'ari-iiT,  :!1J. 
f.i|i|il.'s.  No.  l:17. 
(■..lliiiii,  II.     N.vk.  §  :!■-•. 
C.illiirici.  Nil.  ."ll. 

(■nlllllll..M.  No.  Ho. 

ColiMiiliiu.-J-.':!. 
Cohniiliiaii  .M  iir|iii',  int. 
CiiIiiiulMtln'.  -1 1. 
(.'oh-iiilnila'.  ":.>\. 
Cil'viiiliii-.  Su.:!ll. 
(.  oniiiiis-iiro.  II.     I.iiii"  of  clo-nrc 
(irmoiiili;  .il-o.  coniei-  ul'iiioiuU, 
§  :>  ••■ 
Common  Cormor.int,  :!i)3. 

(■ro->ljill,  l-.M. 

(row,  |i:j. 

D.ive.  J-.'l. 

(i:iiinMl.-.;'.iS. 

(oiillniKil.  lil.'i. 

(.nil.  .n-j.. 

rulUii.  ::io. 

li:iil.-.;7:i. 

Tto'ii.  ;!jo. 

Willi  (lo.i-c, -.'SI. 
Comiircssi'il,  II.     rialleiii'il    sulc- 

WliVS. 

C'oniio-lr.-il,  II.     Ilavin.u'    a   ronr- 

>ii:i|ioii  lull.  §  n;. 

Ciinirii-lral  liinls,  IJ'I. 
CiiniiiTiiriil  Warlilrr.  101. 
Coiiiiiiuily.    ».      r.irl    of  a   tliin.i,' 

iu'lvvi'io'i    ils   IMHI-. 
('onlo|iu-.  No.  ION. 
Ciililllil-.  Nn.  l:',s. 
(.'iioiH'l'.-  llll/.zaril.  'Jl.'i. 

FIviMli'hcr^dlivi'.-iili'il 
!•'..  IT.l. 

Sani||iiiPiM'.  -J.Vi. 
Taiiaiivr.  III. 

Coot.  27."l.      Cnnl-  (S.M). -Jli;!. 

Corai'iii.l.//.  or  n.  llniii'  coiiiioi'liiig 

.■ilioiilil.M'  Willi  r-lmaiiim. 
Cormorant-.  :>o|. 
Corn  t>rakt'.  -JTI. 
Coriii'iins,  ((.     Horny. 
Cornii.  II.:    III.  I'oriiiia.     Horn. 
Cornna.    ii.     Crown:     miiliilo    ot" 

pilioiin,  $  11.  a. 
Coriiii-i',ill'i-inii.».   Ma -sol' while 

liraiii  Mih-laiii'i'  I'oniH'i'limr riirlit 

anil  loll  iiiMiii-iilii'ri'-.  §  i. 
Corviila'.  ini :  -ina'.  10.'. 
Corviis.  No.  '.i."i. 
Co-ta  llnnnniimliiril.  IS.'). 
Ciitiirnii-iilii<.  No.  i;7. 
Culvlo.  No.  17. 
Ciiiirli'-  l-'ly.'alclii'r.  170. 
Cono.-'  l'lyi-ati-li(M',  17.!. 
Cniirlaii.  '^71. 

Ciiuliiril,  |.Vp=Cowiion  Uird.  I.Vi. 
Crai-ii|a>.  -Jll. 
Cr.ini-^.  ■Jll.'.!70. 
Cia'iiri'N.  >i'i'  Uiiti'O.  No.  I.V.i. 
CriNm'rns,  No.'J.s.-;. 
Creeiiors.  s:i. 

Cri'iuilati'.  0.    Wavv-oiluoil. 
Crc-t,  II..  §  II,  r. 
Crcsleil  .Viik,  '.Wi. 

l-'lvi'ali-lii'i-  =  (iri'al  Cro,-t- 

i'll  I-'.,  171. 
(iri'lio.  Sill. 

Titmouso  =  TiU'toil  'J'..  W). 
Crex.  No.-ilJ. 

Crim-oii-l'ronli'il  Kini'li.  1-Jli. 
Cri-s.il.   II.      I'ortaniinu'  to   nnilcr 

tail  nivort-i. 
Cri.-s.il  Tlirn-li.  7."i. 
Cri.i^nm.   ii.     Cnilcr  tail  oovert-, 

§  :w.  §  nil. 
Crista,  ii.    Crest.  5  H.  t'. 


Crow-lil.ii'khinl,  l.-,:i. 

Crow-.  101.  li.J. 

Criii^. /*.     Ll'i?  from   knoc   lo  liei'l. 

§  7-J.  a. 
Crvio^'  l!iril.-J7l. 

Cii'rk I>s. 

Ini-nli.  17s.  isl;  .iila>.  I.-s. 

(  iilmon.  II.    To|i  riiljto  ol  liill,  §  .'ill. 

Ciil:iiinal.  II.      iV'ilaininu'  to  ciO- 

lllLOI.  §.VJ. 

Ciillrali  .  1/      Like  a  knile-lilaili'. 
Cnllriro^i-.i'.!.  n..  §  Hi. 
Cuav./; .  II.     \Vi'iljo--lia|ioil. 
CiiiH'it'irin.  ii.     \Vt'il;^i'-.-lia|ti'il. 
Cuni-'Hurm.  //.    (Jno  ol'  L!io  wri-t- 

liono-.  §  .M. 
Cii|iiiliinia.  -No.  isl. 
Cin'a>-iiw>,  'J. 11. 
Curlew  Samliiiper. 'J.'rI. 
Curlew^.  -J.'il.  'l-'d. 
Cur-ore-,  ll-^. 

Cnrve-liilleil  ■I'lirii-li.  7."i.  .'iril. 
Curviro-tra,  No.  .'i.i  (/.i;/i'    l.ii\ia) 

anil  |)..'l.'il. 
Culii'Ie.    /(.      Oiiterino-I    laver  of 

.-kin. 
<'IItis.  II.     Skin. 
Cnlwaler.  :\1\. 
Ciivier'-  Kin^rlft.  7s. 
C\'an  i.-|ii/.a.  No.  si. 
C'v.inuiii-.  Nil.  ion. 
cVu'iiina'.  -J-o. 
Cy;;nn-.  No.  ■2I7. 
C'vmiii'liini'.'i.  .No.  ;j05, 
CVpsi'li.  lis.  17'.i. 
Cyp-eliiLe.  -ilia'.  Is'!. 
Cyrtony.\,  Nu.  Is-. 

D. 

l>:ib-i'liii-k,  :l::s. 

K.ilila.No.'i'i:. 

I)  il.liun,  No.  .nil. 

Dark-tinilietl  sliearwater.  '.\.M. 

DarliM'-.  :;o.'i. 

D.iv  <hvl.'.")."i. 

D.M'-iilinow.  II.     l-'.illin^'  oil'. 

DeiMirveil.  ii .    (  urveii  i|ov\'iiwaril. 

Denilniivfrna.  N<i.  -J'll. 

I>i*niir I,  No.  .'l.'i. 

Dentiro-tr.il.  ii.    Il.n  in;.'a  liill  Willi 

tootlii-il  or  niiti'he.l  luinia.  S  I'l. 
J)oiire--eil.  «.      Klalleneil    n|i  ami 

ilow  n. 
Deniril.  ".      ri'i'tainin.t,^  to   -kin: 

I'lilaneoii-,  ^  s. 
I)e-neiL''n;illion-.  ii.      I[;ivinjr  tin 

lialati'-linne-  iinileil. 
Diaiilir.iL'in.  ii.  Mnsrnlar  pari  il  ion 

lielweeii  liroa-t  unit  lielly.  § 'J. 
Dieil  ipper,  :;:;s. 

Dieletir,  ,1.     I'L'rtainin;;  to  I'ooil. 
l)i;_'il.  II.     i''in;:er  or  loo. 
Diiiti'-'railo,    II.      Tliat   walks  on 

Iocs  onlv. 
nionn'ilei,  No.  ■!:»!. 
Uiomeileina',  '.'>l'i. 
Dipper,  77.     (Iluek. -JIIO).    ((irelio. 

:!:!S.) 
Di-k,  II.    .Sctol'raiUatingfeather.s. 

5  II.  f. 
I>;-lii'hon-,  II.    Two-roweil.  §  il.i. 
Uinrnal  I'.inls  01'  I'rey.  'Jns. 
I)iv.'irie:ile.  ((.     lir.ini'liing  off. 
Divers  =  l,oiin-.:i:li. 
Divini;  liinl-.  :::1'J. 
Doliiliony.x.  No.  s7. 
D  ir-al,o.     rerlainmijto  tlieltai'k. 
Diir-al  Wooiliierker,  I'.it. 
Dor-nm.  ii.      l!:ii'k;    part  of   no 

l:iolin,  i)  IIS. 
Doiilile-i'i'i'-leil  Cormorant,  :iO:i. 
Doiu-li-liinl.  'Ji'i'.'. 
Dovekie.  :lll. 
D.nes,-Ji:;. 
Dowil'her.  'J.'rJ. 
Downv  \VoiHl|.ei'ker.  lilt. 
Dni'k'll;iwk.  -Jfl. 
Diii'ks. 'J7S. -js.'i,  J.ss. 
itnnlin.  ■-•"'li. 
Dii-kv  Din-k.  'Js,'i. 


E. 

K.'ii.'les.-Jil!i.  •Jp.i. 
i:.ireil  (,r,.|ie.  ;1:17. 
l-:a-lerM  I'.liiel.inl,  7il. 
i:.l\e  swallow.  Ml. 
i; -ilv-is.  /,.  Moiill.   S  10. 
Ki'li'.pi-le-,  N  1.  ins. 
liirrels. -JOT. '."is. 
l:iillT-.J;il.'J:i'.'. 

lailiM-  Dnrk.  i'.fi. 

Klann-,  No.  l.'il. 

Kleu'aol  'rern.  :il:i. 

Kinari-'inale.  <(.      sli>;litlv  I'orkeil; 

.il-o.  in  'i-ei|,  J  on.  e:  lilt.  IIU. 
KnilieriKiL'ra.  No.  so. 
liiopenir  lioo-e.  Js  1. 
i:nipi.|on:i\.  No.  loo. 
i:ouli-li".>iiipe"  --Wilson's  S..'2.-i'2. 
.''p.'iiroH  .  110. 
'ro.il,2s7. 
Kpif-'astrinm.  ii.    I'it  of  .-tomaeli, 

it  ;in. 
Kpii;lolli-.  n.    Ilri-tly  llap  on  top 

of  winili'ijie.  §  -. 
i:|iiL'iiailion-,,/.     Iliink-liilleil.  §1.1. 
I^jiipli\-is,  //.    (;ri-llv  or  liiio>-  i-;ip 

on  e'liil  of  a  bone. ■;;■_'  (I'ooinoie). 
I^pillii'linni. //.  Miperliri.il  layer  of 

iiinron-    niemlirane.    a-  entielu 

i-  of  -kin.  §  s. 
lOreinopliila.  No.  -Jll, 
Krenniie-.  No.  ■.'nil. 
I'Oi-matnr;t.  No.  ■_*70. 
l-I-ipiiman-\  Curle\\ .  'J''--. 
Knropean  l  .olilliiieh,  ml. 

Wiil-i .-IS-,. 

W Ii'oi-k,  -J.'..'. 

Knspiza.  No.  7:i. 
KMoiiii-i.ro-lie.ak.  \il . 
Lvel'Klaile  Kile.  'Jll. 


I'ali'lile.  ".     Sevllie-sli.'ipeil. 
l-'.il 'inello-.  No'.  2^1  (Willi  Ibis). 

I'.al No.  l.'.s. 

r.llrolliil|...-.iOS. 

l-'aliou-. -Jill.  ■1\.\. 

l-'.imilv.  II,  i  10. 

l-'a-.-ia.  II.     Uioail    li:in.l   ol'  eolor, 

§  II,  ll. 
I'a-elale.rrit,  7:i. 

r.i-i'iile.  fi-eii'iilnm.  ».     liiinille. 
I-'ealtier-.  ii .    Peeuliar  eoverin.ij  of 

bir.l-.  §:!. 

K ■:il.  II.     I'erlaininjr  to  thi^'li. 

l-'emor;il  Kali'on.  'Jl.'j. 
I-'einnr.  ii.    'riiiii'h-bone. 
I-'erruuMiieon-  Iln/zanl.  -JIH. 
( iwl.  -JiH.  :;."i.>. 
ribiila,  II.  Smaller  outer  lej,'-bone. 


i'il 

III  1.: 
PI 

rk.  I.'i7. 
iver.  -JS 

1. 

•-I 

arrow. 

t:l. 

I'll 

rv  lii 

ilbiril. 

."ll  (v:ir. 

iiriien 

s). 

l-'il 

linen 

oil-.  II. 

■I'lirea 

I'like. 

I'll 

iplin 

v.y.ii.   II 

lir-like 

'e.illie 

'.§.')• 

c.. 

oplnin.aeeons 

".51. 

Kinelie- 

I'JO  .'(  .^ 

'/■ 

I-  ire-bii'i 

1.  l.'is. 

l-'i- 

-ll'o- 
leP  b 

ral.    11. 
11.  S  HI. 

II;ivil 

'A  ilei 

iiiy- 

l''i 
I'i 

- 1  ro- 
ll Ci'i 

III! 

r:ll  liir 
Osi- 

IH.   ll'il. 

•k.  :i'.Mi. 

1-.  IJil. 
iin.-.  II'. 

Il.i 

wk.  -Joo. 

'JIO. 

l-'l 

iiniin. 

Ol'-.  '277 

l-'l 

imiiii 

1  ite.l  Owl.  'Jo;!. 

P'l 

■-li-l'i 

ileil  sli 

'  irw.'ile 

•,:i.'!1. 

I'l 

■xnre 

II.     A 

lieiiilin 

,-;  a 

lent 

I'l 

rker. 

107. 

I'l 
l''l 

lekill 

iriila. 

.'  fowl. 

No.  Jiio 

Js'i). 

V\ 

)rii|a 

(  orinor 
(row.  1 
(i;illiiin 

iot,:!0.'!. 
e'.''J7.'-.. 

(iroii-e 


i:i. 


Crossbills.  I'J 


\i\\. 


Crotopliafa'a.  No.  ]-.'il:  -ina'.  ISil. 


lieilpoll.  |;!l. 
Shearwater. 
D«';irf  Cowliiril.  I'l 


Heron. '^117. 

Jav,  Pi.i. 
Fheati'herV.  bo. 
Klyeatehinji'l'liru-hes.  I  Pi. 


Thriisli  ^var.  naiui-),  'i 


!:'.fc 


"?;■ 


;<.■)(; 


Kl.vi'i.li-liiii>.' Warbler-,  lii^. 
I''l>-ii|illii't  rc'ik  ^  iMc'Uii  lliniii. 
V"<'tl!irh', /f.    Miiinlt'  -iir   ^i■^'^(•|■nl;^ 

v;iriinirt  >iili-lniM'r-.  ;;  7.  §  >. 
Kuillciilf,  ".     Kri  plv  lorki'd.J  To. 
Kiirk-lailiMlFlvialcliiv.  li;',i. 

i.Tiii.;;!:. 

I'flivl.ilj'.l. 
Fmi-Ict'-  'rcni.  :i-.'ii. 
K"--,i.  ii;i-,il.  S.'il.  >ru.--;i.;iilitili.) 
K(.>.-i:  liir.|-.;:i7. 

Kn\  ■*|i,ll  rnw  .  1  17. 

KiMiikliii'-  i.rciiiM'.  ■.".:'.. 

i;.i->  (,iill,:il.'i. 
FniiiTc'iila.  Nm.  :;i>. 
Krivclt:i.  Nil,  ::iis, 
Krciirli  .Murkiii^lilnl  —  Thvii-ln'r, 

7,'i. 
l-'t't-Miiiii,  u.    CIiiTk-^lriin', 
I'ri'-li-wali'i'  ^la^^ll-lll'll,  ■J7.!. 
Kiii'iili'-.  :iiHi. 
Kriii^'illiilir.  i;i'.. 

l-'rOH",   U.       l-'iM-rln'Mii.  §    tl,   M. 

F'riinla'.  i/,    I'fi'laiiiiiiK  '■•  "'•'  l'"'"^'' 

lieail. 
Fill  l-liinl, '213, 
Fiilii-i.  Nii.JI,-), 
Klllh'ilia-,  -7."i. 

Kiili'-'iila  C-Fiili.v"),  No, -JilU, 
l-'iiliiruliiiii'.  -J^s. 
Fiili.\  =  l-iiii-ul,i.  Nn.  -iiili. 
Fiiliiiar   I'.Ircl,  :1J7. 
I'liliiiar-,  :IJ7. 
Kulrnain-,  Nn,  ■,;'.i',i. 
Kiilviiii.'.  Tree  luii'k,  ■J>l. 
Kmriiliiin.  n.   .MiTiy-ilinu^'lil,  %:';!. 
Fusirmin,     n.       ,'<iiiiiillu  •  >liain'il ; 

rigar^liaiiL"!, 


(iailwall,  -Jfii. 

Calnhui'-  Wiii>il|itM-kcr.  IIH. 
(ialliiiai'diii-  liinl-.  iii. 
IJalliiia',  ■iJ>,  .■;i7 
(iailiii.'r.'ii.  No.  Jii.i. 
li.illiniil.'i.  No.  ',>I.I. 
i;,illiiiiilc-,  JTI. 
(iailliiiilina', ',;7I. 
(iainijel'.-  I'.ivlriili:<',  -.'.W. 

Spaiiow,  III. 
(iaiini'ts.  J'.i.s. 
liai-rot,  i'.K), 
<i)irntlitia',  |ii:>. 
(iar/.tll,!.  No.  i.l, 
i:a-tia'iiin.  ».     fmler  iiarls.  §  liH, 
(.iMM',  -J.^.  -J.-l-l. 
(.I'loi'lirliiloii,  No.  -.S'.i. 
(it'll a.  /!.,  /'/.  '-ri'iia',  '  lii.fi'k-^,  $  41,  li, 
Gi'iiilo-uiin.irv.  <i,     I'rilaiiiiufc'  to 
till'  .-L'Mial  iirt;aiis. 
•  tJi'iiii-^.  ».,  §Jii. 

(ii oi-cv\,  Nn.  IJ7, 

Dniihh  |ii-.  No.  ;i^. 
(JeolnVoii,  No.  171. 
(iiaiil    l-'iilni  ir,  :>J7. 

i;ila  \S Ipn-klT,  I'.BI. 

(iilili'M  XNoo.lpiM'kcr.  I'.i7. 
(ilai'ial   I'Mlliii.  :!|ii 
(il,-iiirii|iiiin    No.  IIS, 
(ilaiii'oii^  (.all.  :;il. 
(tIaii<-oii'^-\\  iiii:i'il  *  <all,  :>l  1. 
(;iii--v  ihi-.-ji;;;. 

(ilolli-  —  'I'otaTlll.-,  No.  Jl,'!, 

(;ilalrali-lli'l>.  7^, 

(;ii,atliollii"'a,  n.    t'ovi'ri.i;.'or  an. 

ilcT  law,  §  l».  Ii, 
(i.>!il-iirk('i-s,  '711.  l.MI, 
(.(iilwil-.  -i.')",  i^o. 
(iolih'ii   i;ai,'l(',  -Jill. 
IMoviT, 'Ji:!. 
lioliiii,  l.-.s. 
W.irlili'r.  '.'7. 

Col.lni-i'l kill  WavliliT,  iw, 

(ioliloa-iTowiii'il  Kiii;.'li'l,  7^. 

."^Iiari-ow,  1 1,'!, 
'I'lira-h,  lii."i. 

(.oMl'll-ONO,  -Ji'ii. 

(oiMi'ii-w  iiiL'iil    \Vooi||iiM'krr.  I!i7, 
IliiMllnihi'-.  I'll,  l::'J|  IHi  (Olj:-.), 
(■iiniajilii-a,  No.  .-ii. 
Cloii.vM.  II,    OiilliiK' ul  iiianililiiilar 

eviiijiliv  -i-,  S  i;i, 
(;oi"i>aiiili'i',  '.".I'l 
Uooee.    ^5U^■  (.icest'. 


INDK.X    .\.\l)    (il-OSSAUY, 


t.o-liawk,  :;i-.', 
t.oalilV  -|. arrow.  1:11). 
(.rai'f'-  Warl.lir,  IIW. 
(iriii'iilavu-  .'iiH'i'|i^,:).'iO, 
I'linillu-.  i'l.iO, 
vilo\,:il"J. 
(Ir.'iialiila',  :;ii|. 
(■rai-uiii-.  No.  ■J7.'i. 
(Irai'alii^   iilalii'ii.-i>,  I>|:>, 
(.raoali'.  i/..  ij  7ii, 
(.rallatiiri->,'i:;'.i.  JIS. 
(iranalar,  ».,  tj  ,■<, 
(;r,aiialali',  §  7'.i, 
tiia>,-  Kiiirh.  l:!(l, 
.'*nt|u',  'J.'i.'). 
(Irav  Diii'k  -  (.ailwall.  '>ii, 
■    ll.iuk,  ■.'l'~. 

Kiii'jiiinl,  17a. 

ItllHril  (Iroa.-r,  -J.k'i, 

.-iiil.i',-.;.''i. 

\irrii.  VI'.. 
(.r;iv  -h.ark,  'J."!!!. 
( iia\ -rrow  111  li  riiii-li,  i;;a,  ;j.vj, 

(irav-r.al-i'ii    l-'ilirh,  Kill, 
liiriil  .\iik,  :i:i;i, 

lllaik-.iai-ki'il  (iall,  :;L'. 

I'lllll'    lliM'oll.  -Jlo. 

(  aroliiia  W  riMi,  ,sii. 
Cri-li'il  I'lM'.il.hcr,  171, 
(,r.i\  1 1«  I.  -.iiil. 

Iloi- 1  n\\l,  Jii-J, 

M.irlili'.l  (o.,l\vii,'J.-i7, 
Norllii-ra  Kivrr,  ;;:il. 
Mirik,',  \■l:^. 
Wliilv  Kirri'l.  •-'ii7. 
Moron, -Jio. 
(treatur  si';iii|i  litn'k,  Js'.i, 
>lii'.ir\v.iii'r,  ,>.;i, 
'I'llMiilo, -J.-iS, 

\i  ll.i\\.-l k-,--'."iS. 

Cri'al-I.'iili'il  i.iai-klo.  li;n. 

I.relii'.-.  .■;:;.■■ 

liivi'ii   lllai'k-caii|iiil    I'lvciili-lii'r, 

lini, 
(iri'cii  (■i-c,.<|i..il  l-'lvi'ali'lier,  171, 
Kiii.-li,  l.VI." 
lli'roii.J'N. 
(iri'i'iilaiiil  .-iM  FaLTlo.  :;-J0, 
(irvinlrl-.  117. 

Cr -hank-.-J.Vl. 

liroi'li-l.ail"'!  I'iiirli,  l.Vi. 
(.ri'i'M-w  iiiiri'il  'rr.al,  'J.>7, 
(irii^lirak-,  l-ii'.,  1J7. 
liroiiiiil  <  nikiio,  I  V.I. 

Kovo,  ili\.-'.iri. 
Wron,  7',i. 
(iroiisi',  •iWl. 
(iriiUor"-  l!ii/.,tari|,  -jr.i, 
Ciniihi',  ^711. 
Gill-,  No.  ■'.■'.',. 

Ii;i\*iU'nii,  ;:is, 
pn'i.iva.-^,  :)lt<. 
(ill  in-,  i\\. 
(iiiiiiea-rii\vl.  'iilO, 
(iiil.i.  II.     r|i|i('r  lliriiat,  §  10. 
(Jiilar,'/.    I'ril.iiiiinnlii  llic  Ihroal, 
(iiill-lMlli'ilTriii,:il;i, 
(iiill.^'.  :;iis.  ;iin, 
(Jiiltiir.  »,    Tliroiil,  §  40. 
(ivninokJIt.'l,  No.  Ii7, 
(jlyrlali:oii, -Jl:;,  :;.v.>. 

H. 

na'niantii)ioili<la',  'ill!, 

llM'in.aloiiii-,  No,  I'.il, 

ll.iiil.iril.  II-.'. 

llairv   WooiiprrkiT.  I'.l.!. 

Ilili.irlii-,  No.  li;|. 

Il,ili|il.iii,i,  Nii.-J'.i-.>. 

ll.i|o,.\|,ii.|ia.  No,  ;lii:i. 

Ilalo.lroinina',  :;t:>    in  li'.xt). 

Il.iininoliil'-  I'h.Mt    liiT.  17lk 

ll.iiniilali'.  11.     Ilooki'il. 

llaiiiiilii>,  II.     Ilookril  IViajre  ol'  a 
li.irlinli'.  «:!. 

II  invno-l.  l.'iS, 

ll.nvila.  No.-.'i;;. 

Marian'-  Un/zrinl.  -iUi, 

Marlii|iiiii  Umk,  'Jul, 

Mar|'iiili\  iii'liiis.  No,  4. 

Manior-',  ■Jim. 

Man-i.-'.''  I'.nzzanli'JI."), 
Sparrow,  1 1,5, 
WooilpL'ikcr,  r.U, 


ll,'i.-laU',  II.    >iiiarlH'ail->liain'i|, 

§11,  il  (ro.iiiiiU'.j 
Hawk  owl,  -Jii-'i. 
JlaHk^.'JiiH,  'Jii',1. 'JI'J. 
Jll■^'llllall'^  .'•oIlK  >|i,inow,  l;l!l. 

(.nil  --  Wliili'liL'aiU'il 
(..,::il. 
Miliopaalii-a,  No.  lln, 
Mi'liiiii,llio|iliau',i.  Nii.:;i, 
Mi'lniillii'iii-,  No.  :;.■;, 
IIi'|oi-L'  lliiinniin^cliiril.  l>,"i. 
lloinloi-k  Wailik'r,  liil'. 
Mi'ii  Hawk. 'Jin. 
lliiirv'-  Ni;;lil-liawk,  I>1, 
lIoii-|i>\\  ■-  .•sparrow.  Ia7. 
Mr). alii'  ■raiiaKor.  lU, 
Mnniil   'I'liin-li.  7J. 
M.roilia-,  NoJ.i-J, 
lloroiiiiini-.  -Jin.  'Jli'2. 
Iliaoii  ..-Jill.  Ji'.l-,"!, 
lli'iTiii^'(.iiU,:;|-J, 

lli-iu'ripl .1.  No.  ."i.-i. 

llo-pi'iiii'ii-lila.     Mil.;:,  ol'  No.  1. 

Mi'-|ii'roiiii-  iTi;ali-.:;."iii. 

Ill  U'losialn-,  No.  -JJl. 

Ili.u'h  Mill, lor  =  I'liikor,  l:i7. 

Ilinianlopii.-,  .No.  1:17. 

ilirnniliniila',  IIJ, 

lliininlo.  No,  II, 

lli-lriolliilis,  No,  'Ji;,">, 

Mo.aziii.'JJ;i. 

Miiiu'\'  (  ri'i'iicr.  1 10, 

lliioili'il  l-'hi'ati'lii'r.  lii'i. 

iliill  =  I'laiiklin'.-     Uo-v 
(i.,  :iir>, 

.Mi'iiran-i'i'.  'J'.it;. 

1 11  loll',  l,V.'. 

«  arlili'r=  II.  l-lvcatclici', 
ilorn-liillfl  .\nk.  :!11,  .    " 
llornliv'-  I'flii'l,.-;-!!!. 
Ilonic'i'l  (.rrlu'.  :):i7. 

r.ark,  .-0, 

iiwl  =  Cri'al  ir.  (I..  JliJ. 

I'nilin.  ;il(i, 

Iloll-L'  I'llllll.   IJ',1, 

Wivn.-i;. 
llnil-onnan  Cnrlow,  'Ji^J. 
(.oilwit,  ■J,"iS. 
lliitni'ral,  ri.      rcrlainiiig    tu    llio 

n|i|>i'r  arm. 
Ilnnii'i  n-,  ii.   rppor  arin-Iioin.',  5,")."», 
llllllllllinu''llirl|^,  l>:i. 
Huron  Si-oti-r      Whitf-w  iiiL;i'il  i|i>. 
Mill. 'hill-'  (loo.-o.  J.si, 
Ilnllon'-  Nirt'o.  ij:!. 
Ilvliiiil,  II.      Crii.^s    lii'lworn    lwi> 

-li.'i-ii-,  ii'JJ. 
Il\i|r,ina--a,  No. 'J:::;. 
llMlroilii'liiloii.  Nii.'J:i:(. 
Ilvlori.  hl.i.     Sniijr.  or  No,  I. 
Il>ioi..iiin-,  No.  1:111. 
Ilyoiii.i/.  I'm  t  I  111  in;;  to  ton ',Mii'.  I  111, 
ll'v  poi'lioml-  iniii,  II.     I'laiik,  s  :;s, 
il\  poirnallioii-,  1/.     Il.iviii.i;  uiiiU'r 

nianililili'  Inii^riT  than  iipja'i'. 
Il.vporliachi.-.  «.     .Mler.-lian,  §3. 


IliiiliiKi',  Ji;:;, 

Iliir-.  No.  Jjn. 

lliiM'>,  JiiJ,  'Ji;:l. 

Ii'i'  i;nll.:;il, 

hilainl  l'.ili'iiii  =  (;yirali'on.'J13, 

liiillt\  oiaii-  i|lspai'.*3,'t0. 

Irloi  ia.  No.  :!0, 

li'loriihi',  h-i:!. 

li'li'riiiia'.  I11.1. 

Ii'tirina'.  l.-i7. 

ll'lll  11-,    No,  IFJ. 

Ii'linia,  No.  I.-,,), 

hiihi  ii-ali'il,  II.  Kixi'il  shin.L'li'wi^o, 

Imperial    'J'orii   =  Morna    ra.-pia. 

var,     inipL'rator,    .''lo 

(ill  ti'M), 

WooilpiM'kci'  =  Caiiipo- 

pliilti-  itiipcri.'ili^,  r.il, 

Iiii'i-i'il,  ((.    (lit    aw.iv.     Narrow 

in;:  alnfiplly,  i-  i;o.  r  ;  ti^'.  llo. 
Ini-ninlii'iil.  (/.    Ovuilving,  §  ,-7. 
Iinli.iii  lion,  -Ji;',!, 
Iiiili^'o  ISuil.  I."i0, 
Inli'rioi-  inaxillarv,  ».,  §  II, 
Inrraoiliilal.  u.     I'liiler  llie  eve, 
5/M-l). 


f 


.*-„.;^:.^_...._ 


INDKX    AM)    (iL()S>.\l;V. 


OOI 


t 


i:.i>v 


^ 


In.-i'-'^Hi-i's.iKi. 
In-i-tnit.  a.,  §  S7. 

Iiih'nii;i\ill;ir\ .  Si'i'  iiroiiiMXill;iry. 
InlniuKlo.  H.'  Aiiv  boiiL*  of  liii^rer 

Ml- Inc,  J  7i,  1'. 
Ilili'l'Dihiial.  r(.    ll;.'IWfOll  tlilM'Vos. 
lllliMlMHial.   ((.      ISi'lWi'.'ll    I'lilk-   nl' 

lln-  lower  |.i\v.  §  U.I'. 
lliliisia|illl:iV.  II.     liulwi'i'll  .•sllnlll- 

i\vv>.  j<:is. 
hidi^ci'iil.  ./.     or  rlianw:ilili'  f,'lil- 

liMlll'J-  I'uliir.  §   II,  il  (InulllnliO. 

IviMv  (iiiii.  ill ;. 

Ivui'V-biUi'd  Woii.liiu.ki'i-.  I'.iJ. 


.liU'U  CurU'w.  J'iJ. 

.*»Ui)H'.  -J."),"). 

Jackilaw.  |i;ii. 
.Ial'>.'ur.-.  :lii>. 
.law,  /I..  )(  II. 
.lav-.  |i;i.  l(i:;. 

.Icilal i,-.'l:). 

.Iii-'iiiuni.  II.     l.iUMT  thruat,  §  lit. 
Juiicn,  No.  "-. 

K. 

lu'nnic'oit'.^  Owl.  -.Mi. 

Wariil.T,  77.  ;i:>l. 
KiMiliii'ky  V.'.ii  liliT.  lui;. 

Kfv  Wi'-'l  I'if,'! !  liiiVi;).  --7. 

Kii'li'.-r  I'Inv.T, -21;. 
Jiili;;-  KhI(m-.  -IW. 

liail.-.!7:!. 

Vullin-,.,  ■:■:.>. 
KiiiLJibinl,  ilia. 
l\in;:ll-iHT-,  lr^7. 
Kiii:rka-,  77. 
Kirtlaiiil'-  Waikl.  r,  liil. 
Kile-,  -iini.  -.ill. 
Killiw.ik.'  Lull.  :ill. 
Kililil/,'..  .Miiiri'l.l.  :;il. 
Kiioli.liJIl.Ml  .\iik,:;i:i. 
Kiioi,  Sr,. 
lvoL/,i'l)Uu':i  Unll,  .'Jl  t. 

L. 

I.alir.i.lor  Duck.  Jul. 

La;ro|iii>.  No.  |s:l. 

].,aiii<'llaU',  II.     llaviui,'    lami'lla'. 

§  17. 
Lauu'lliro-ti'al.  K.     liavin;,'  lanu'l- 

lalf  iiill.  §  I'l. 
].,aiiielliri>>ir<'s.  ■J77. 
I,aiii|p"nii-.  No.  IJii. 
I.aminniu'Ila.  No.  li'u. 
J/tiMcolali'.    II.     I.a  IH' c  -  lu'ail - 

.~lia|.o.|. 
La'iirr  rali'Mii.'il:). 
J,alliiila'.-iila.,  I.'l. 
l.aoini>  I'lh  .irii-iaiiM>,  :).'iiJ. 
Lapl  lllil  Loll;;--|iur.  l;!.!. 
I,a|i\viii:r.  -Jl.i. 

I.ar.uc-l'ilicl  Walrr  ■ri,ni..-ii.  l(.k 
J.ai'iila'.  :;iis. 
J.aniia'.  :i|ii. 
Lark  Uiiiitiu;;-.  1:11,  1 17. 

iMllI'll,  III,. 

I,.avk>.  ss.  |."i7. 
Lanis.  No,  i.-^l. 

Lai'.viix  II.;  pi.  laryii'.:i!.<.    .\il,ini's 
ii|i|>lc*;      hollow     iMi'tila^'iiioiis 
or^'iiii    at    eitlKM'   cnil    oT  wiiiil- 
liipo,  §2. 
I.airnhiii};-  (lull,  :ll."i. 
Lawiviifu'.~  l''lvratclicr,  171. 

tiolillliic  h.  l.«. 
Lawver.  '.'17. 
l.aziili  riiirli.  I  III. 
•I,i'.iili'>  l'rlr.l.:w:i. 
Li'.a.lon  Tihiiou^,..  ^2. 
Lu.iA  .\iik.  :l|:l. 

r.illi'iii.  -2711. 
Fh.'alrlicr,  I7.">. 
dun.  :l|i;. 
rutr<'l.  ;ws.  , 

Sanil|ii|ii'r,  2.")1. 
T.'rn.:lJI. 
Titnioii-c.  fii'. 
Viri'o.  li:!. 
Ijcconttj'.s  >|)aT-r  tw,  1:17. 
Tlini>h,  7.'», 


Lc-sor  Ili'iliioll  -  l!i.i||,oll,  i:in. 
."-laiip  I'liik.  'Jv.i. 
.•<ii,,w   ( ,00-0.  -^^-.i. 
Ti-ll-lali'. -r)'.!, 
I.i-lri.lina',  ilii--. 
l.cni-o-liilc.  Nil.  nil. 
I.i'wi-'  \\o.i,l|ioiki'V,  r.i7, 
J.iii'.imriiliini     tiarlia',  ii.      i^lrows 

liliroii-    baiiil    ill    lliu    iiapc!    ol' 

iiiaiH'  animal-. 
I.iiiiic.'ila',i.l:i. 
l.iiiio,-a.  No. -Jill. 
I-iiii'o|ir-  I'iiii-h.  i:is. 
hint'ar.  ii.     (tr  iiiuroriiiU-  nariow 

>lia|.... 
laniii'  lliiiiHii!ii.i;liiril,  Istl.  ;>.'rj. 
I,iiini.|-.  IJ7,  kill.  l:il. 
Liiiola.  No.  iillii-. 
I.iUlc  lilai-k-lii-.iil. -JSM. 
Mliii.  llviMii.-J.is. 
Wliilr  Iv-rcl.  IDl. 
J.olialr.  «.      I'ini-lii'il   Willi   iiiiiii- 

br;iiioii<  Map-.  §  sii, 
I,olii|»'-,  No.  bi'i. 

l.o-i-ock-=l'il.'.- I  Woo.liiiTkrr. 

l.o^'j^frhcail  >liriki*.  \l't. 
I.oiiivia.  No  .Us. 
Long-bilU'il  (iirli'W.  jn-.'. 

M.ii-li  Wren.  .-7. 
Till  ii-li.  7."i. 
l.oiiLr-i're-li'cl  ,lav.  bi.'i. 
l.oii^M'.iri-il  iiwl'.  Jill. 
J.(in^'-i'\-i.rli'il.     Saiil  ol'tail  IValh- 

<'rs    abruptly   ioiigor    than    tin.' 

rf>l. 
I.,on,iri|n'Uiii'^.  :lii7. 
l.oiiL'iro-iral.  u.  §  HI. 
I.on^-liaiiks.  -217. 
l,oii(.'spur.  I  ):l. 
Long-taiU'il  (li.il.  lUs. 

Cliii-kailiM'.  .SI. 

Illlrk.J'.ll. 

.l.ai:;."T,  .lo'.i. 
I.oiiLr-winuL'd  .Swiiiiiuers.  ;1I17. 
Loon-.  :l:l:(. 

l.o|,lio,|y|i.s,  Xo.27'.'. 

I.o|ihopbaiios,  No.  \->. 

l.opliorly\.  No.  isi. 

J.orr.  //.*  >pai'r  liL'twueu  o\'t'  ami 

bill,§  II.  b. 
Lorilni.     >ri'  I, on'. 
Ijoiii-iaiia  iv.;irl.  J'.S. 

>briki'  =  ^.o^'^•c^lll■all 

>..  Ii"i. 
•r.ina'.;i'r.  IIJ. 
r.oxia  =  (  uiviriKlra.  No.  .V.i. 
I.m-y'-  Warblrr,  III. 
Luiiila,  .No.  ;ilu. 

M. 

:\r.Mci-aii"-  (iwi.  •211.1. 

Marrow  n's  ItuiihllL''.  I'll. 
Marrr.ilrtl.  o.  .soaknl  lo  -,i|'inr-,<. 
JIar-illivrav's  W.irbirr,  Iii7. 
Marroiliain'phi.-..  N.i.  Ja|. 
Mauiiolia  Wai-blrr.  Iiii. 
Maurniini.  //.   Arrrlaiu  w  ri.  l-lioni'. 

§  .Vi. 
Majrpii',  ini. 

M.il.i.  II,    siilcol'  luiprr  iaw. 
Mall  ii-ii.  -i-s.-!. 
Mamlibli'. /I.    .Jaw  i,ii.-.iiallv   iimlrr 

.j.iw),  §11 
.M.inilibnI.ir.  ii.    rcrt.iiniii.i,'  to  Ihr 

inaniiiblc. 
Mam;rovr  (  in-koo.  IMi. 
.Mank-  >bcarwalrr,  :i.ll. 
.Maii-ol-war  ISinl.  :liiil. 
^I.-inlli'.  II.    .si'c  Mr.iuailum.  §  Iks. 
Marbkil  <  io.lw  ii, -.'.'o. 

l.iulU'moi..'i||. 
^lavblinj,'.  //.      l-'nu-  -potiinir  ami 

slrrakimr.  S  II.  il  irooiiioifj. 
M.arrra.  N...  j.V.. 
Mariiinal  Ki  in,L;L'^',  §  !io. 
,Mai  lin.  •J."i7. 
>Iar,-b  lilarl  biriN.  l.-.l. 

Ilairirr  in-  Hawk.  Jpi. 

Itoliiii  =  'I'owlifo    Itiiiiliii;,', 
l.-||. 

'I'l'iii,  :ll:i. 

Ur(Mis..s7,ss. 
M.irlin-.  III. 
.Marvlaud  Vfllow-tlir.iat,  1U7. 


Ma--rna  1'aiiri.I,i.'i'.  2:i'.i, 

.Malrix.  II.      MiukI;   li.-suo  or  or- 

;.Mii    rohi  liniiii^   -ouu'Iliin;,;  ami 

ilflrl  niiliilii;  II  -  iialiirr. 
.M,i\illa,  ».  .//^  iiiaMlkr.  I  .i-iu'rally 

('<pii\alciil  lo    upper   inaiiilible, 

S  II. 
.Ma\il|o.palalliii!-.    ".      Crrlaiu 

boiif-  of  upprr  jaw. 
.Ma\imili,air.-   -lav  =    iUllr    (row, 

111.;. 

Mra.low-I.uk.    I."i7. 
Mralv  Ur.l-poll.  1, 11. 
Mr.:apo,ia|a'.  J.lil. 
.Mrlaiirrpr-,  No.  l:l."i. 
.Mrk'.iL'riila'.  ill. 
Jlik'axris.  No.  177. 

allii-.ilis. 
anliipin-,  :1I7. 
rric  1.  :i|s. 
.Mrloprlria.   No.  171. 
Mrlo-piza.  No.  il'.i. 
-Mrmburs.  II.    Itill.  wiiij;-,  (ail  ami 

lii'l. 
.Mriiiiim.  II.    (  'tin,  §  II,  r. 
Mri-an-rr-, -.'a.Vii. 
.Mi'r;;iiia..-.'a.-|. 
.Mrruuln-.  No.liJI, 
.MrrL'ii-.  No. -271. 
.Mil.iraipal.  ".     rrrtaiiiins  to  llic 

b.'iml. 
Mi't  irarpii  .  /,.        i'iuioii:    bonrs 

of  bail. I.  «.V,. 

.Mrt.lu'll.lllloll-.      II.        (    ro---billl'il, 

>•  I.".. 
.Mi'l.iliival.   ((.     rrrtainim,' bi   Iho 

-Il  ink,  §  72,il. 
.Mi'l.il  ii-us.  II.     slnink;   biol  (Ir;.') 
bclwcrn   liirl  ami  ba-r  ol'  loi'.s, 
§  72.  r. 
.Mexican  I  'ormoi-anl.  ;lii:!. 

Ci OS-bill.  |-2:i. 

liirkrr,  P.i.s. 

(...Miiurb.  l:;;l. 

'rr.i._'oii,  |sil. 

\Voo,||,|,  -kLT,  las. 

Wr.ai,  s.-i. 
.Miwv  (lull.  :l|.l. 
.Mirr.illiinr.   No.  I  I'.i. 
Mirio|ial.im.a.  N.i.jo.-.. 
.Mi;'r.aioi\  'riiru-li  -=  Kobiii.  71. 
M  \\  ulu-.  No.  im. 
MiiniiM'.  7:1. 
Mimii-.  N...  :l. 
Mi--;--i|i|.i  Kilr.  -211. 
Mi--ouri  Selkirk.  '.'1. 
Milrrpliorii-.  No.  ||ii. 
.Mniohlla.  No.  :lil. 
.Morkiiubinl.  71. 
^lorkinir  'rbruslios.  7:k 

Jlollipilo-r.    ./.       .Sol'tlv     ilowilv- 
Iciliirruil. 

.Mob.iliiu-.  No.  ss. 

M.imoliibr,  isr,. 

.Mmnolu-.  No.  112, 

.Morrlrl's  Kilirli.  I.'.il. 

.Morion'-  Kimb.  l|."i. 

Mol  H'illi.la-.  .s|i;  .ina'.  '.ill. 

.Mollirr  ('  iii'v'.s  (.liirki.'n.  :12s. 

Molmol    .  Isil. 

Mo|i|r.|llwl,-2ll2. 

Monmlbii'il-.  J:lil. 

.Monnlain  (  liirkailor.  s|. 

Morkiliirbir.l.  71. 
I'lovi'i'.  2l.->. 
1^1. lib  2.17. 

Mouriiin;:  W.irbbr.  |ii7. 

Jlnroil^  mrmbram'.  ii.  I.iiiiii.L'  ol" 
aliniriil  irv  .'iml  -onir  oibrr  in- 
li'iior  Ir.i'l-  i.r  (lir  boilv. 

Mm'ronili'.  u.    .s|,im.'.tipp'i'i|. 

Mml-b.'ii.27.1. 

.Miinr.  :i|."i. 

.Muii'clri.  :ill. 

Mviaili'-li'.sNo.  ■,■>. 

Mvi.i.b'-lina'.    Ipl. 

M\  iarrhil-.  No.  Inn. 

Mvio.lio.'h'-.  No.  III. 

.Myrllr  ISinl.  ;i:i. 

N.'i-bvillc  W.iibli'r.  (i|. 
N.ilalori-,  2711.  :il'.i. 
Nallrlt'ni.s,  No.  l.Vi, 


I '  » 


IV,H 


Ni'hiil.'iliiin.  II.    (  liimliiij,'. 

Xi rvs.  Nil.  .;'.i. 

Ni'lili.inMi'-,  N.i.  117. 

Nctriun.  Nil.  -'.'i;. 

Ni'W  Wiiilil  Wiiililci-.lil. 

N(!W  Vi.rkriirii-h^\VatiM-Tlirii>li. 

\i(.'lil  lliTuii.  -it':!. 

NiK'litli.i»k.  1^1. 

.Nui'liiiii.il  r.i'il-  iif  I'ic\.  Jiio. 

Nn.|i|,vri'i-ii.:w;. 

N'nili'.  H.    .^^wi'lliiij;;   hciii'i'    inijii, 

§:•-'.  r. 

Niiii-iiii'liiiliiiii-t  l'a-M'^l■^',  111.. 
\'iin|i:in'il-  I  In. 
Nuithurii  I'h.il  inilic-.M-'. 

.--.•:i  i;;i-|.',-JJil. 

.-h!ir|i-i:nii'il  <irnii-(', '.Ml. 
Niilii'iiiii.  II.   l'|i|iiM-  |i:irl-.  y.V:  §.;.i. 
Nlii'li:i,/i.     N,i|ii'.  !)  Ill 
Niii'h.'il  \Vi..i.l|iiTk.T.  I'.."i. 
Niii'liMlc;!.  11.      Ibiviiii.'  a   s|H'i'iiil 

I'c'll  iiri-i'll-  within. 5  s. 
Nnnii'iiin^.  Nn.  --J. 
Niiiiii.|i.hi'.-.''.ii. 
Nnlli:ili-lic-,  >-'. 
Niitt;illV  MML'pii'.  Ii;i. 

\Vlii|ii iwill.  ISI. 

\V liiiiiki'i-,  r.i:!. 

Nvi'l:ilc,  Nil.  HT. 
Nvi-liM,  Nil.  Il.'i. 
NvlhiTiiiliiis.  Nil.  ■Jilii. 
N'vi-tiarilra,  Nn.  J.;'!. 


Orc.anilcs,  Nil.  :!iiT. 
(),-caiiiiilriiina,  Nn.  :',!«). 
0.-ci|iiit,  /I.     llinil-hr.iil.  §  II.  n. 
Oi-olMi~,   II.      .■•mall   .-liarp  nniiiil 

i-put.  il  ;fiiiitniili>). 
()i|iiiilii|iliiiriiia'.  ■.':|il. 
(Kiliiiiia.  Nil.  -J '.'.I. 
(lN.i|ili.ii;u^,  II.    Ciilk'l. 
< HI-LM;niil.  II.,  ^  7. 
<)lil-\vil\-,  J.il. 
Olil  Wmlil  Vulliiri'-.  •Jii-'. 
W.irlilcr-.  77. 
(.Ilivi'-liai'UiMl  •I'liiii-li.  72. 

Tinu-Ii    (var.    u~tu- 
lalii-).7:l. 
Olivc-siik'il  l'"l)-cati-liLT.  17:i. 
()li>r.i-<ii. 
()iivi-hiiti'<.  Nil.  li'.l. 

(i|iUtl iiii-i  i'ri-talii.-.2:!). 

()|iiiriinii..^,  Nil.  :;7. 
Oranni-.i-riiwiii'il  W.arliliT,  !Ci. 
Orliiltl.  II.     I'lTt. lining  to  tliu  cvc- 

si.rkrt.  ^  11.  li. 
Ori-lianl  Orinli'.  I.'i7. 
(inliT.  II.  ^  IS. 
OH'jrnii  Miinvliinl,  111. 

T.iwhi'iv  l.VJ. 
Oi'L'orlvx.  Nil.  I>.'). 
OlTii~i''ii|ilns  No. -J. 
Oholi'-,  l.-i7. 

Ornilhiilii'.'v.  H.    Sricni'i' or  Itinls. 
<lrl:,liila,  Nn.  17m. 
(Iil.ilan.-i7:!. 
Orlyv.  Nil.  ISI. 
0<,'ii.    IJitnc. 

O-i'im's.    singin.i;'  I'.inl-.  70. 
O-incy. -Jl;!. 
().-silli'il,  II.  ISoi'ome  bimy;  juint'il 

bv  Imne. 
O^'HlVaKa,  No.'JlW. 
Oln*.  Nn.  ll'.>. 
()[|/.i'l  =  l>i|i|iiT.  77. 
Ovary.  11.    Oriran  lliat  inaki'- I'^'jis. 
Ovi'n'-liinl.  111.'). 
Oviilui-I.    II.      'I'nln;    Itnit    c.-irvic,.! 

i';:,!,'-  In  aim-,  5  i 
Oviiin.  II.;  jil.  nva.    Iv^'g. 
(l\vlv-.;iiii. 
Ox-liil-il.-J.Vi. 
Ox-i'vo. -.M). 
()\>lfr-fali'h('r,  ilil. 


rai'illi'  Oivci'.  :!;."!. 

Knlcv.  ■J:i:i. 

l-'iilinar.  :;J7. 

rairii)>liila.  Nn.  -2^,. 

I'aintfil  Kiiirh,  Mil. 

Klv(.'a'i-lier. 


IM)i;X    .\M)    (iLOSSAlJY. 


I'ainliMl  (Jn.iH'.  -.'s:!. 

I. .'irk  Hunting,  1:11. 
I'al-.'inn.  \>.i. 
I'ala'iitiinu-.i  litl'irali-.  :;i'.i. 

va^'an-.  .■Il'.i. 

\rlii-.  .ll:i. 
r.ilati',  II.     linii\  ninf  lit'  innnlh. 
IV'il.'ilini-.  II.     t'cVtaining  In  |ial.itt'. 
I'al  ilini-.    11.      liiinu    in     nmr    nl' 

I illi. 

I'alla^'.-  Ciirniiivant.  :ilil. 

Till  ll-h=  lllMlnit  Tlllll^ll. 

I'alin  W.irlil.a-.  mi. 

i'alnti'iV^  Tlirn-li.    Si-c  Aililitinn-, 

|i.:;.-il. 
I'.il|.i'lii-:i.    II.  I    III.  -a\       i:vi'-liil, 

Sll-li. 
raii-TiM-.  II.    .>\vi'(it-lirrail :  Inlni- 

l.'ili-il   ;;l;inil  nrar  .-Ininaoh,  lliii 

M'civlinn  111'  wliicli  aiil.'*  liigr.-- 

tiiin. 
raiiilinn.  Nil.  li;-.'. 
l'.iii\|iiil,i.  Nil.  I|i:. 
l".i|iilla.  II.:  III.  -w.     Small  lli'-liy 

lirniniiii'iii'i-. 
l'.i|iilln.-i'.  (/.     ir  iviiig  iiapilla'. 
Para.uniiitlinii-,    ii.       II,i\'ing    tin; 

nninilUjli'.s  mi'ctingat  tlin  |iiiiiit. 

§  l.-i. 
I'aia-itir  .lai'giT.  :iii;i. 
I'ai-ani-lii'iiinni,  11.     ."liilo  nl'  iii'i'k, 

tj  I". 
I'anila',  7:i. 
I'ailiia'.  sO. 
I*;irkiiianir-  Wron.  S7. 
I'ai'i'oiiuet.  111'.'. 

Aiik,:ill. 
I'aiTiils.  Ills. 
I'.ii'liiiliri's.  -J:;.-). 
I'ainla.  Nn.  :ll. 
rani-.  No.  I.i. 
Ta-MT,  Nn.  711. 

r.l^-i'r.-nllis,  Nn.  ('i.'!  ;ltlil  p.  :)7vl. 
I'a--iMi-lla.  No.  77. 

l'.l--l'll'-.      I'lTi-llIT-    l'ni|ilT.  nil 

I'alrlla.  ii.     Km ap,  j  7-'. 

I'ralioilv.liii-il.  111. 
Pi'.li''>'lv.:ivl.     Iti.il.li-ili  Kfrrot. 
rc'linali'.  II.         'ronilii'il    liko    a 

rninl),  v;  I'l . 
roi't'iial  s.iniliiipi'i',  -i.Vi. 
I'erlns.  II.    r,i'i'a-t.  §  :il). 
rciliiiM-ctos.  Nn.  1SI». 
I',Tp.-J.-||. 

I'lTlUl'l't.  •.Mill. 

I'l'lri'aiiiila'.  ■ins. 
I'i'Ii'i-aiui-.  Nn.  -271. 
i'l'lii'.iii.-.  JUS. 
I'l'liilna,  Nn.  20S. 

I'l'liclnpilla-.  ■_' il. 

I'rn.i-'iiiii,-.  :;i.;  (in  text). 

I'l'iiiia.  II.    ('niitnnr  I'eatlipr,  §  .'i. 

I'i'iiii,'iia'nn-.<r.  Ot'cnniplutu  I'l'atli- 

f.'Y\  -Ii'iictiirt',  §  1. 
I'nri'liiT.-.  nil. 
I'l'ri'gi'ine  Kali'on.  'JI.'J. 
I'l'ii  -nri'U-.  Nn.  In:;. 
I'l'i'iii-  (f.'i'nii>-).  -Jir.i. 
\'i'<,  II.     l-'nnt,  4  71  etsci/. 

I'l'tiTl.-.  :;j|,:ijii. 
I'l'tini-lifliilim.  No.  411. 

I'i'lli'M'.l,  Nn.  711. 

I'l'Wi'i',  17'J.47;l. 
Towit.  17'J. 
I'liii'lirliia.  No. 'JUT. 
rila'innu'pla.  No.  .')!. 
I'liarllion.  No.  •.•7s. 
I'li.il'lliiinliila'.  .'in;. 
IMialrinx. /I. ;  /il  iilial;ingi'.i.    Any 
lioiui  111'  a   llngi'i'  or    toe.  §  .'i.'i, 

riialai'opi's.  -Jl". 
I'llalarniioiliila'. '.'17. 
riial.-ii'oims.  No.  ■M\. 
riialiTi-,  Nii.:lJl. 
riia-i;iiiiila'.  '.'in, 
I'liii.i-ant-.  -J  111.  ■-•:!.'). 
I'liila.ti',  Nil. -Jill. 
I'liilailclpliian  \il'i'n,  I'Jd. 
I'hilolirka,  Nil. '.'ill. 
I'hilnimiclin.s.  Nil.  -Jls. 
riiii'lic.  17J. 

rimMiii*o)iti*i-itia'.  ■!".  ;;."ii. 
IMiii'Mii'iipti'in-.  No.  ill;, 
I'lioiiipai'a,  No.  Willis. 


l'liyllopiii'ii-tii.  No.  8. 
rii'a.  Nil.  '.ill. 
I'ii'ai'ia'.  177. 
rii'ai'ian  ISiril-.  177.:il7. 

I'iri,  1711.  PHI. 

J'irii'orviis.  No.  illi. 

I'ii'iilir.  mil. 

I'ii'oiilc-.  Nn.  |:1J. 

I'li'liira.  II.     ratloni  ori'nliii'alinii, 

!;  II,  i|  (I'nolnoti). 
I'i.ii-.  Nn.  l:il. 
I'lcl  Dark.  ilil. 
I'ii'il  liilli-ii  (.iclip.  :l;is. 

I'i^'nni  I'al (ll.iuki.  ill. 

(■mill' I,  .il.'i. 

Hawk.  ili. 
IMgi'on-.  iii. 
I'lkc'sTinii.iiil. 
I'ili'ati'il  Wn.iilpiM'ki.r.  IK. 
rili'iim.  II.    Top  111'  lu-ail.  §  II.  a. 
I'iiio  itrn-lii'.'ik.  Ii7. 

I.inni't  vKiiii'li).  liil. 
W.ii'lili.i',  mi. 
I'inc-ii'ii'ping  Wai'lik'i'.  KU. 
I'ini.'nl.'l.  No.  .Vi. 
I'iiiinii,  II.     I'ai'l  111'  wing   beyoinl 

I'arpn-.  $  ."m  ;itiil  §  .")';. 
rinnali'il  i;i'oii-i'.  Ul. 
rint.'iil  1  I'l'tri'l.lW.s. 
Tint  111.  isi;. 

I'ipiln.  Nn.S.-i. 

I'i|iiiig  I'lovcr.  ill. 

Tipil.  no. 

I'i-i'ivoi'oii-.  II.    I''i-li-i'ating. 

I'lag.i.  II.    .siripc.  §  II.  il. 

riain  'riliiiiin-i>.  so. 

I'lani'-lii'ii-.    Siilig.  of  Nn.  1. 

l'l.inligi';iili'.  I/.    W'.'ttkingon  wliolu 

-nil'  of  t'nnl,  ^<  7.1.   11. 

n.ilali'a.  Nn.i-i7. 
I'kit'iliMiia'.  i'il. 
I'li'i'tropli  inc-.  No.  (l;i. 
I'lnlnla'.  lio.-i. 
I'lnlll-.  No.  i7ii. 

I'lnvlT.  ili. 

riniiK.gi'.  §  II. 

I'lnmlM'nii-  (In.'iti'ati'lior.  711. 

Virco.  Iii.  :i.-il. 
I'lnmi'il  I'ai'l  i'i.|-i'.  i,17. 
I'llinillla,  II.     Down-ri'.'illici-.  §.'i. 
I'liimillai'coii^.   II.      or    il  o  \v  n  y 

^Irllilnif,  j  I. 
Pnciimalii',  n.      I'rrniL'jiti'il   with 

ail'. 
I'oi'lianl.  isii. 
Po.la^oi-v-,  No.  llii. 
I'liilii'iMi-.  Nii.:ll:i. 
I'oilii'il.i.la'.  :l;l.-i. 
I'oiiih  nilin-,  No.  lil."!. 

I'nililini.ll.   •I'ncn.  ('iill(V'livi'lv.§St. 
roiliillii'ra.   n.     (■ii\'('rillg   ol'  I'nnt, 

§  7il. 
I'nliiiplila.Nii.  in. 
rolioplilina.,  7S. 

I'lilvlioin-,  No.  Iii.'i.     ANii  p.  ins. 
I'olygiiiial.ii.  (Il'mori'lliaiiil-i.li'.s. 
rolvmnrpliii'.  II.    nr  niaiiv  I'ni'iiis. 

l'oly-l|:'t,'l.  No.  iiiii. 

I'oiiiavnii'  -lai'ii'cr.  IIOII. 

I'onl'i'l'U'-.     No.  Illi. 
rnn-piza,  Nn.  71. 

I'orpiivi'io  i,n.it    rnrplnnila),  Nn. 

ill.  ■ 
I'ni'zana.  No.  ill. 
I'li-loiliital,  II.      Ili'hinil  tlii'   eve, 

§  II.  II. 
Powili'i'-ilown  t'catlicrs.  §  li. 
I'ra '1'-.    liinls  Ihat  riin   alinut 

a!  Ini'lli. 
I'l-a' 'iii'ial,  II.     .Mill'  In  I'lin  aliont 

at  liirlli. 
I'raii'it.'  Urn.  i;il. 

Waililoi'.  mi. 
ProiiKixilliiry.  ii.     I'l'lmipal  iippLT 

iaw-liiiiu'.  ^  II. 
ri'i',--irii-li'al.ii..§  Ili. 
rrimaiy.    ii.!   pi.  -ics.      (^iiill   ol' 

pinioi'i.  {}  111. 
I'ri.ii-i'll.'i.No.  ilnii. 
I'l'iotlnii-.  No.  I'liia. 
i'roccllai'ia.  No.lllll. 

I'l I'llariiila'.  :lil. 

I'lori'll.'ii'iina'.  itiii. 
ri'ogm',  No.  111. 
I'rolhonotary  Wai'blei'.  '.Hi. 


^n 


IM)i:.\    AM)    (il.oss.VUY. 


•doO 


y 


rn)tnnot;iri:i,  No.  :i-J. 
I'l'ipvi'iitiic'uhis,  H,     I'iirf  orKlillct 

iH'Xl  III  ;,n/zai"(i  wlUMu  iivc  rul- 

vi'iit  ^'l;iiul>. 
l',-allii|i.iru-.  Nil.  II. 
I'-il'iihiiiii-.  N(j.  \ix. 
r-illaii,  r.i.-*. 
I'r.inui;;;!!!.  J;l."i. 
I'Irniiliilii'.  -Jill. 
I'tiTvl.i. /I.     I'l.ifc  wlicru  ro;(llnM> 

Hiiiw  nil  the  .-kill.  §  '.I. 
I'li'ryliij,'ra|i|iy,    ».      Accniiiit    of 

Ic-i'llii'is,  §  ;r. 
l'l(M-vlii.-i.-,  II.  Muilc  c.r  iVallioriiif,'. 

§  ••'■ 
I't:liii;iilivilili:ii.  llli. 
I'li|ii-iinV>,  IM. 
I'lil.i-i-.  /I.     l'iuma,i;ii.  §  '.i. 
rivcliiii-liaiiiiiliii-.  N".  .H.'i. 
I'lllliiiii-.  Nil.  ;;|ii. 
I'liiliiiii.-  foiiraitii.  ;i.'in. 
I'mirialc.  II.     Dnllvil;  iiitlcil. 
I'uiii-timi.  II.     .\  iMiiiit. 
riir|i|u  l-'iiu-li.  [■!>. 

(.alliiiiilii.  JT.'i. 

(.rai-kln.  Iiici. 

.Marliii,  III. 

Saili|)ii|irl'.  -J.*!.'!. 

rvKiiiv  A  Ilk  =  l,iM>t  .\iik.  :u:!. 
"  Niillial.'h.sl. 
(Iwl. -.ini. 
I'yS'ipDili'^.  ■■■I-. 
l'y:rii|hHlnii>.  (/.     Kiiin|i-riiitliMl. 
I'ypi-lylc,  II.     I.a-l  l.iil-liniii'. 
I*\  ranuM.  -Nn.  1:1. 
I'yicMTiilialii.-.  N.I.  111. 
I*,\  rrliiila  Nn.  .".7. 
I*\rrluilii\ia,  No.  ^o. 


Q. 


(,lii.-i-liiril.-Ji;il. 

(.iiiail.  j;;';. 

(Jiu'iiiiicdula.  Nil.  'J")?. 

(Jiiiiii'iiii.\.  II.   Sl'I  111'  livi'.  aiTanj;eil 

lliii-  :■: 
(^itisi'aljna-,  l.'i!!. 
(}lli.^i'alll-,  N.I.  III. 

R. 

iiailiu^.  /(.  (lulcr  bone  of  I'oreann, 

§  ."i.-i. 
liali,  |)iii'k,-i.-i:i. 
I!mi1-,JI1.  •.'?.>. 

li.iiiiiki'.  -ilia'.  ■:;>. 

I!  ililis,  No.  2111. 

li  iiiiii-,  //.     liraiuili  .11-  I'lirk. 

Ifaiil.irii-,  I'.i'.i.  :il7. 

I!  ilila',  ii'.i  (rn.ilnolr). 

1!  uiroiis.  ft.     Il.iar.-i'. 

Iiiicii>.  \i;-2. 

Itiz.ir-hillc.l  AiiU,  .'l:!;!. 

Iti'.'nix,    II.;   III.    i-ei'li-ic'i'.-.    Tail- 

IcilliiT-,  §  i;7. 
li.'.'uivf.l.  (/.    Ciii'Vi'il  upwanl. 
li.M.nivirii-lr.'i.  No.  llili. 
I{i'i-iir\iro-Ii  i.la'.  ■HI. 
Hi'.l  Ci-o-sliill,  li:i. 
(iivl.  -JiiJ. 
riialaiMiic,  -J  IS. 
Iiei|-,aiiii-\vliili'-.-!ioiilil("i(Ml    ISla.'k- 

liii'il.  I.Ti  (v.ir.  nii'iil.ir). 

l{tMl-h;l('k('il  Sitll.jjiilU'r.  -i.'lli. 

lieil-hL'llii'il  Niilliiih'li,,s;l. 

\\'.ioil|ic'iki'r,  r.ii;. 
Ri'il-billcil  l'ii,^t'oii.  JJ.*). 
licilliir.l.  I   I.' 
Ucil-lnva.-lcil  I. ark.  1.". 

.Mur.LMii-i'r.  'i!)ii. 

Saiiil|ii|iiT,  -J.-iii. 

.^lli|M'.  -J.VJ. 

Ti..al  =  (.;iiiiiaiiioii  T. 

Wooilpcckcr.  Iii."i. 
I!,.iI.d.pkailiMl  Wo.i.l|n.,.kci-.  I'.iJ. 
I(.'ilili-li  l-:i.'rcl.-Ji;s. 
li.'.l-cveil  \irco.  llil. 
lii'i|.iaiM'i|  (:iiniioraiil..'ini. 
l.'i'.l-hcail.  'JS.i. 

Kr.l.  .cail.Ml  Woo.liKvk.M-.  liii;. 
li.'.l-lciifriil  Killiwaki',  ;ll."i. 
lini-iu'i'ki'il  (;ii'lii".:!:ii;. 
lii'il-poll  l.iiiiii't,  i:iii. 
Reii-shal'ted  Wooilpecker,  11)8. 


l!fil--liou|.UTfi|  llla.'kliinl,  I.'h; 
(var.     Kubrriia- 
tor;. 
1!u>'./.ai'il,  Jill. 
Ki'iM.'Ml.  110. 
lli'iilailrii  liii/zaril.-Jli;. 
lii'illhioali'il  llivcr,  iliri. 
lii'il-HihL'cil  ISlarkliinl.  l.'.i;. 
lii'i'ilhini.  l.-||. 
Kri-sv. -21.11 

K'r^ilili'll.  II.     il;iliit  III'  life, 
lic^riiliiia'.  77. 
I!rt.'ulll-,  No.  '.I. 
|[i-iiir\.  II. I  III.  nMiii;:«"i.    tjiiill-  of 

Willi.'.  §  'U.   S  I'lll. 

Itftirulation,  II.     .Mo-;ii<-.  §  7-s. 
1,'cliMrM'.  ».    Diri'iMoil  liaikwanl. 
i;iiai-lii-,  II.    I'ai-I  111'  M',iiiii>.  §  :i. 
lfliain|iliiilhera.   ii.      Covi'i-iiij;  ol' 

cillMM-  j  i\\ ,  §  lf<.  Ii. 
Iihiiiolliera,  11.    Covi'rin;^  ortiii|u'r 

law.  ji  IS,  li. 
i;iiiiilo~lflliia.  No.  2SI1. 
l!liyai'o|iliilns.  No.  -.Ilii. 
i;ii'viii'lio|iMia'.  :;j.;. 
lilivii.  Ii.i|.-.  Sti.-i:u. 
Kii'i'liinl.  l.-il. 
l!i.liaril>iiii'.-  r.ili-oii.-Jll. 

.laru'iT  =   I'ara-ilii' 

.l.,;;iili. 
(J»  ;  =  Tunijiiialiii's 

()..  -Jii.-i. 
I'fWL'O.  171. 
I.'ii'lll-.  II.     Cai"'. 
I.'llli;-  I'loMT.  -.'II. 

Ifia--lnlii'il  <.iill,.'U:!. 
MiiiLtiu'i-k,  -.Ml. 
liiiiu-iiiM-ki'il  Diii'k.  -Js:!. 
i;iim-l,!ili'il   Ka(.'io^  •■■li'li'ii  Kai-'li'. 

Mailiii.-J.-is. 
Kill  (iramli'  .lav.  luii. 
I{i,->a,  No. -.'SI.' 
liiviT  l.iiik-.-.;s.-,. 
li'oail-riiiiiiiT,  l,-'.i. 
Koliiii.  71. 

Itoliltl   '•tlillf.  J.-l'i. 

Work  I'l.iriiiiiraii.  -l.'i'i. 

\\'ri'ii.  s.-,. 
]^lll•ky  Mount  lin  (J.irrol.  i'.ill. 
Iliiiij-M'i'.-  l-'iiliiiar,  .'!-i7. 
Ko.sfali'  >piioiiliill,-Ji;i. 

Tltii.  :;-J1. 
lioso-liroa-li'il  (.lo-lioak,  lis. 
liiLSs'  (.11.1,-1'. -JSJ. 

lio-v  (lull..'!!!;. 
T!ii-ti-liaiiiiis,  No.  l.VJ. 
l!ii-lrilin.  11.     ISill.  whi.'li  -I'l'. 
KoilL'll-l.'up'il  I'.ilz/ar.l.Jls. 
IIiniLili-w  iii;;t'.l  .s\\  allow  .  11;. 
lioyal  'I'lTiLillii. 
Kiiln -i-niw  iii'il  l\iii;.'li'I.  7s. 
liiili'v-llii'oali'il  lliiiiiiiiin^'liinl,  ls|. 
liuililv  liiii-k.J'.i.-i. 

'   riiivcr.  ■J.''i7. 
Itiiir.  iW. 

liiUl.ii.    I.iini.'a'alliPi--ol'j.'iila.§  in. 
liiill'r.l(iiiin-i\  -J  ;."i. 
liii!'oii--liai'ki'.l  lliiniininsliii'il.  Is'i. 
l!iiroii.--iTii\vnf.l  l-'iiirh.  lln. 
lin.u'ii,  II.;  pi.  -a'.     W'liiikh'. 
Ituiroii-  111'  rni:"..-!',  n.     Wrinkli'il. 
liii-ly  Ci'ai'kli',  I.Vi. 
Hilsly-ri'o»  noil  I'ali'oii.  -21 1. 

s. 

Sai|ilip-liai'k.:il-J. 

Mi'.'i'  (  o.'k.'j:;:). 

Sa^'illati'.  //.     .\i'rowlii'.'i.l--liapi'.l, 

§  II,  .1  (I'.iolnoli'). 
.■siilpiiii'li'-,  No.  l;i. 
^all-waliT  -Mal'-li-lien.  '27:1. 
.'sanil  Mai'Iin.  1 1 1. 
.saiiili'rlin,u'.  2."i7. 
Saiiil-i:i'oii-i'.  2:111. 
Naml-liill  (■i;ini'.  271. 
Saiiil-laik.  2i'iii. 
Sainl-iiipi'i'-.  2l'.i,  ■i:i.;-ii.  '21111. 
.•Saiiilw  li'h  TiTii.  :!'20. 
.•^:iililv  .M.iikiii..iliiril.  7."i. 
.'Sap-ii.'kri'=  Vi'llow-liullii'ilWood- 

pt'i'ki'i',  lli.'i. 
Siiiii'olln'i'ina'.  Is'.i. 
Siivaniia  sparrow,  l.'i.'i. 
Saw-bill.s,  18(1. 


.'-aw-ivlu't  (Iwl.  '21111. 

.saxii'ola.  No.  .-1. 

f-asii'iiliibi',  7il. 

.saMii'iii-.  No.  1117. 

>a.\  '-  I'l.M'al.'lii'i'.  172. 

M'iilii'on-.  11.     M'aliliV,  si'urlV.  §S0. 

M-ali'.l  r.iilriili;!'.  2.1S. 

M'aly  Dovi'. -227. 

Si'aii-oir-.    Sl'I'  ;l.'il. 

Si'.'iplioliiiiai',  II.    dill'  111' Mil' Hri-t 

III. Ill'  1.  sj  .''i.'i. 

Si'apnla.  ii.    slinulilci'-blaili'. 
.si'.'ipiil.iri'.  II.  Wejiiiiii  or  Mil'  .-lionl- 

ilri'-bladi'. 
s.'.'ipnlar-.  ii.  I'l'alllri's  ovi'l'  -liniil- 

liur-lilaili'.-,  !!:;s,  5  ill. 
"-I'lipii-.  II.     M.'in  ..r  a  rcallii'i',  §  .">. 
.si'arilari'lla.  No.  17:1. 
^I'ai'ion-.  II.    samr  a-  -I'.'ibrons. 
ficarlil  llli-.  2111. 

■|'.'iii,i).'i'r.  111. 
.Si'aiip  Iiiii'k.  2>:i. 

Sl'I -llil,  ih'.i. 

s.  lii/.o^'iLiiliiiii-.   II.     Ilaiiin;   iho 

pal  111'  lioiii'-  -I'pai'.'iti'. 
s.'..li'i'.,pliaL'^ii-.  No.  11:1. 
s.'nl..pa''i'oii-  (onrlaii.  271. 
S.'ol'.p,'i.'i.la'.2l-'. 
s.'.il.ipai'ini'  l!ii'.|-.2|S. 
S.'..l.ipa\.  No.  2112. 
.Si'iip-.  No,  111. 
Si'ot.'l'-.  2:1:1, 
Si'i.ir-  (I11..I1'.  l.V.I. 
Si'ii'i'i'li  ()«•!.  2112. 
.sri'oinni.   11.      Hair   liol.liiiL;'    li'-li- 

i'l.-.S2, 
M'lilillaii'.    II.      I'liriiii-liril     Willi 

-I'lll.'-.  j77. 
.--I'lililluiii,  II,.'  /i/. -I'lik'Ila.    scab', 

.S('a  li.ivo.  :i|:l. 

Dui'k-,  2>s.  21i.'i. 
I'ari'ol.  :l|ii. 

I'iL'i'Oll,  lli.'i. 

Swallow-,  112(1. 
Si'a-i'.iol-.'2'.i|. 
Si'.'i-niiiiicr-.  1121  (in  (i'\i). 
Sfa-bori'  >pal'l'ii\\.  lll'l. 
,-.'a-ii|i'  Kiii.'li.  1:17. 
sci'oiiilary,    II  :    /if.    -I'l'iiiiilarii'-. 
(.mill-  ,i.'rii\\iii;j  on  llil'  riiri'ann, 

Si'iiirn-.  No,  ;lil. 

Si'la-pliorii-.  Nil.  1'2'2. 

si'iiii-  (ill  ronipo-inon).  llall". 

.si'iiillllilai'. 'I,     Cri'-i'i'lilii'.  ij  II,  i|. 

.'-I'niipabnaii'.ii.  Mail' wobbi'il,  Jsii. 

.St'lnipalinalril  >:iliil|ii|i.'i'.  2.''il. 

I'loVl'V.  211. 

■raliliT.  2.'is. 
S('ini)iliinii'.  §  ."i. 
so  iiiiin.  II.     I'.iriiliiiii. 
si'iiii  Kini'li,  lln. 
si'iiali',  II.    saw-liki'. 
Sl'I ai'i'oii.-i.  II.      I!i'i-llv  or  bri-lle- 

liki', 
si'iiiplia,!r:i,  No.  II. 
Si'i.,pb,i'_.^iiia'.  Ills, 
sliai;'.  1102, 

sliaip.-hiiilii'.i  Hawk,  212. 
.sliarp-taili'il  lini'li,  MS. 

(.roll-i'.  2,11. 
.slioro-liinls.  2:111. 
Sli.ii'i'-bii'k.  Sli. 
Sliovl-bilb'il  Killiwaki'.  .'M.'i. 

.Mar.-b  Wron.  88. 
sliort-i'at'i'il  Owl, -2(11. 
.'-liiirl-lailcil  Allialio-s,li'2.'i. 

Torii,  li2:i. 
Sllovi'llrr.  2SS. 
shriki'-.  121. 
Slinill.'i'.2>li. 
siaha.  No,  11. 
sibi'iiaii  riii'li.  1:1(1. 
sii'kli'-liiil.  2112. 
Si.'kli'-liilli'il  Tlini-li,  ::>. 
sii'hi'i'-  .lay,  pal, 
sil-'nioiil.  ",'    sliapi  il  liki'iin  >*. 
Sinioi'ltyni'lin-.  No.  1122. 
.siiH'ipiii.  II.     Kiii'i'lioai-l. 
.sininili'.  II.  \\;\\v. 
Sill,,,  N.i,  PI. 

Silliibl'.   s>. 

skininii'i',-.  1121, 
Skna  (.uUh,  11118. 


1 


If 


I 


4 


360 


Sli'ii.lrr  l>ill('.l  Kiiliiiiii'.  :i-J7. 

Niilli.itrli.  8:|. 

.sin-iir^v.-iti'i*,  ;r!-J. 
Siii.ill-lii'inlcd  Klyc.itclii'i',  mil. 
Smi'W,  Jii. 
Ml.lkr-liU'il,  :)(P."i.  ■ 

Miiiki'-killiT.  is:p. 

Mll|ri'.  il^-'.l,  -.'.VJ. 

!Sii  >wl)iri|.  111. 
Sjiiiw  liniltill;.'.  I.l.l. 

( 11111 -1',  J*-.'. 
Mlii\Vll:lki'.  Mi. 
.sii.iw V  lli'i ■.'■17. 

(>Ul.JII."l. 

I"l  nil-,  Ji:i. 

Snlillirv   'r.ltliiT,  J.V.I. 

Viiiii.  IJI. 
SimiJtiTi.i.  Nil.  J  iS, 
x^'U'^  >iMrpnv.  |:;;i. 
Si.iilv  .UliMlni--,  M'i. 

li>iiUi'in<>l.:SI.'i. 

.Ml.'  irwiiler.  :i:ll. 

'I'lTll,  'HI. 
Siirn.  -iT.;. 

Siilllll-:.iiUllirllv,  -J'.il. 
.>i,i  luMi  Ciirl.'U  =  Wliito  llii3.'.;i:i. 
.•>|i.irniu  ll.iwk.JII. 
.•<|.:iriiiw-.  til.  l;;"i,  I'll'. 
.■<|i,'ilul;i.  \n.  •.'.-,•-. 
S|i  .ml  111'.  II.    >iiiiim--li:iiii'il. 
.>«l..vi.-.  ijJI. 
>|ii'i|:ii'li'il  KiiliT.  ■i'li. 
.S|j.'i'uliiiii.  11.     Miriur;  lii'ifilit  rnl- 

iirril  ;ii("i  nil  ilih'k'*'  will;.'.^. 
.'^]M'i'tnii|iiiiIa.  N".  ■'^"i. 
.Slihriii-i'lila'.  :il:l  (ill  ti'.xl). 
.S|.lii'i.ly|M.  Nil.  l'"iii. 
S|iliyni|iiru-^.  .Nn.  M:t. 
!i|>nial.  11.    I'l'itaiiiiniflollir  liiik- 

IlillllV 

Sl.i,ii'-I  lili'il  Swilts,  IS!. 

S;iil'it   liiirk.-.:iiil. 

.Siiiz.'ll.i.  Nil.  7.1. 

Sjili't'ii,  H.     A  va-i'ulav  iiliiliniiiiial 

ll.^Mll.  J)  i. 
.Slillnllllill-,  ■_>'«,  '."11. 
.Slioltl'il  S  lIlilliilllT, 'JlW. 

■Iimli.'i',  I'VJ. 
S|iriu'lail.  'is  I. 
SpriH'i'  r.irlriiliti',  •I'M. 
."•imi-iiiu-,  (I.    Si'i'  §  .")S  anil  §  i:j. 
Siiuuu'ius.  II.    ."^I'aly. 
.s  iiial.iriila.  Nn.  l-<:i." 
.^'ltia\\  k,  ■Jii'.i. 
Maki'-ilrivi'i-. -i'l'.i. 
.siuliii;.'-.  I.'ii. 
.•*t'iniu  iia-.  Nil.  17."i. 

.'<t.  Dllllill},"!  IMi'k, -J'.i."!. 

(in'lii',  :>.'i'. 
sn'traiinpii'li'-.  iM. 
sti'.'iii  iiiii.-^.  Nil.  I'l^. 
sii.|'.'i,|..|.li'i'v\.  Nil.  I.-*. 
."•Ii'llui-N  I'liili'i'. -i'.M. 

.lav.  |i-.."i. 
SU'lhila,  N.'i.  I-J!. 
Slon'i.i'.ii-iiis.  Nil.  •J.'<il. 
Mi'i-M  I.  Nil.  i'.n. 
SliTiiiiia'.  ;!17. 
.^i.'i'iiuiii.  11.     lirca^t-linnc. 
Mill.  -^17. 

Slil!  Sainluiin'r.  -''il. 
SI.  l.ui'.'i-  Sjiai'i'iiw.  l:!fi,  ^.'rj. 
.siuiii'  Cinl.  7ii. 

.■^aipi'.  •.;.'i'<. 
SI.H'k-.'JII  lin  li'\l). 
SIiii'iiiv  I'l'lri'l.  MS. 
.'<ll'■l^'lillllll.  11.     .Manlli',  §  :!.•<. 
.siratiiin.  n.     l.a\i'r. 
Mi'i'iis,!.!-,  Nil.  I'.i."i. 
Sh'iili'iil.  •'.     >-lii-ill. 
Mri;riila',  i-ia. 
«<lri\.  Nil.  |:;'.i. 
SInii'liiri'.  §  U. 
.siiii'iu'lla.  Nil.  111. 
Sub-    liii    iiim|iii-iliiin).      Uiiilei'; 

li'~s  jh.iii;  mil  niiili'. 
Siili-liii-al. 'I.     Ni'ar  till'  liasi'. 
Siili-i'la-,-.  II..  §  17. 
.Suli-ly|Mi'al.  11.     ISelWi'i'ii    typii'.'il 

ami  alii'iraiil. 
Siiliulali',  11.     .\\vl-^lia|ii'il. 
SiiiViaixii.il.     Ilri'l-j'*ii't ;  liliiii-lav- 

>al  jiiiiil. 
Sill  I,  Nil. -^7:!. 
Siila  lii\ii-lyla,:ii:i. 


INDKX    .\\I>    fir.DSSAKV. 


Siili'.'ilc.  II,     l''inrii\vi'il. 
Siil'ii'^.  ».     Kiu'iiiw. 
Siiliila',  -i'.i^. 
.SI  iiiiiiL'i'  Dui'k.  •.I'*^. 

Iti'illiinl.  111. 
Wai'hli'i'.  '.17. 
Vi'll.n\l.ii'l,'.i7. 
Sn|ii'r(iii  i'iiiii|iii'iiiiin,).    Ovi'i".  ln'- 

yiiml.  1 i'  Ihaii. 

sil|ii'lrili,iry.  ii.     I  Ivi'V  llir  cyr. 
sii|iiaiirliil,il.ii.  ( ivi'i'llu'i'vi'  -iii'k- 

I'l-,  Ji  II.  11. 
sinr  liinl.  -J  1.1. 

l)ii"k.'J'.i|. 
Siiniia,  Nil.  IIH. 
sHaiiiMiii''*  lluzziiril.  '^17. 
\  111 '11,  l.'l. 
WarliliT. '.i:l. 
sivallnw-.  Il-J. 

swalliiw-lailuil  Kh-i'ali'liiT.  Hill, 
iliill,  ;il7. 
Mli'.'JII. 
S\v.im|i  S|ianii\\.  |;ls. 

SW  .111-.  'JMI. 

s«il1-.  IS.!, 
."^wiiimiiiii;  Itinl^,  '27'!. 

>.\  II yi'lii-.  Nil.  :ill. 

>vl\  i.i.  77. 

Sylvii'nliihl'.  (11. 

s\  h  i"iiliiia'.  '.i-l. 

s\  l\  iiila',  77. 

sylviiiia'.  77. 

S\  iii|iiii'iiiia.  Nil.  '21 1. 

syiiii'ln  -i.s.  II.  .\  ariiwiiiftl'i'-'i'llii'i'. 

>\  mla  lyluii-.  S  -'.i. 

S'vilu-lli'-'iiill-.  §  .s;!. 

syiinililnirliaiii|»liii-.  Nil.  iiJ'i. 

sV.llui'.il.  II.       I'l'lllillillL'  1. 1  liiWIT 

'I  ir>.i\. 

.S.\!'iii\.  II.  l.nwiT  laryii.\;  llii' 
V'H'al  i»r;-^iu  ni"  liinls,  -iliiali' 
wiu'i'i!  \\  iml|ii|ir  I'lii'k^  into  liriiii- 
I'hi. 

S\  railini,  Nn.  1 1 1. 

T. 

Tiiclivcinola.  Nn.  I."i. 

T,ii'liV|u'l,'-.  Nil. -277. 

Tarlivpi'llila',  ilmi. 

Till .r;,"'l'>.  111. 

■I'aiia^'i'i.la'.  111. 

Tanlali'la'.  2'.J. 

Taal.iliiia'.  2ii.l. 

T.liilalil-.  N. 1.221. 

Tarsoni.'larMi-,  "..  §  72.  i'. 

Tarn-,  11.    shank,  «  72,  c,  S  ,'v!. 

Talll.'i-s.  2."il.  2.'i~-'.i. 

Ta\iiiMni\ ,  11.    CI  i.-siili'ali'iii.  §  12, 

§  1  i. 
Ta\viivTlii'n>li  =  Wilsi.n's  T.,  7.i. 
Ti'al.  2.S7. 
'I'erlrii'i'.i.  II.  I  pi.    Ciivrrls  111' will;,' 

iir  lail.  Jj.V.i,  5  liil. 
Ti'i'li'i-lail,  2iHi. 
Ttiiiiinii'iilarv,  ^  \\. 
Ti'iiii  il.i.lvU''-.  N...2I. 
Ti'lni.itiinii-  allinis,  .ilil. 

prisi'ii.-^,  .il!). 
Ti'lMilcs.     Su.'Talll.'i'.-. 
Ti'iiiniini'k'-  (inilli'iiml.  :lll. 
Trni|iin'.i,  11. ; /</.  U'iii|ilr-.  §  II,  li. 
Ti'ii^'nialm'-  Owl.  2ii."i. 
Ti'niit'.-;.-i'i;  Wailili'i*.  n.'i. 
Tt'liuiriisti-al  Piraria*.  1.^:1. 
TiM'^fiiiii,  II.     I.uw  .'I'  liai'k.  §  ."IS. 
Terns.  :il7. 

Tini'u-liial  ItlriU.  ■22S. 
Torliary,  ii.i  pi.  liM'liarit's.    Inni'r- 

imi-t'i|n;U-  nl'  »  iii;;s,  §  ill. 
'I'osti^.   11.      (llaml  si'rri'liii.i;  male 

.s.'l'll. 

Tctrail.'ii'h  U'.  ii.     r'niii'-liii'il. 
Tflri...  No.  17S. 
Ti'Iraiiiiiila',  -imc,  2i2. 
Tc'.va.i  Canlinal,  l.'iii. 

liiiaii,  211. 

NiirhMiawk.  Isl. 

\V,i.Ml|ii'i'k('r.  1:1:1. 
Thalas-i'ii-.  N11.2110. 
Tliii'k-liillt'il  (iiiill.'iiiiil.  :!li;. 
'I'lii-Ui'-liinl.  Ml. 
Tlirasher.  7."i. 
'I'liri'iMiH'il  \Viiiiil|ii'i'k(Ms.  Ml. 


Tlinishi-,  71. 

Tlii'viilli'ii'ii-.  Nil.  21. 

Tibia,  11.    l,ai';;i'i'  inni'i'  Icir-lmno, 

S72. 
Tiiiainlila'.  22'.i. 
Tin.-iiiiiitis.  2211. 
■riiikiT.  li'.i. 
Ti|i-n|i,2i;ii. 
Till. Ilk.  '.m. 
Tilmii'i'  "I'  Tils.  ;'.i. 
Tiiininin.   11.;  pi.  Imiii.-i.      Ciillin;; 

I'lll-'i'  111'  i-illiiT  in  imlilili',  j  1:1. 
Tiilanii-.  N.i.21."i. 
'I'iili|ialinalr  Innl-,  2'.iil. 
TiiwIii'L'  liiiiilin'.i-,  l.'il. 
Tii«n-i'iiirs  llnnliiiu-.  I  |s. 

I'lwalrliiiiK   Tlinisli, 
il7. 

I''ii\  S|iari'iiw,  117,  .■ri2. 

WarliliT.  IW, 
Train's  nvi'.il.'hi'i'.  \"i. 
Tli'n  |)nrk-.2si. 

S|.iri-..\v.  112. 
Tii.|a(l\li'.  ,1.    Tliii'oliii'il. 
Triii;.'a.  Nil.  211. 
Tliii-;oi'li'>,  N.i   217. 
Tnirliiii  la',  isl:  -imu,  ls|. 
Tin -liila-.  Nn.  121. 
Tii.ul'.ilMi'-.  Nil.  22. 
Trinllnilvli'la'.  SI. 

Trii„' 'N...  12:1. 

Trit^'iiiiiila'.  Is  I. 
Trii.'nii-.  is.i. 
TiM|ii.'  Iln.l.  :lli7. 
'l'rii\vliriil-'i''s  siii'l'  Dark.  2:i.-|. 
Trinli'an'-  Ti'iii.  ;!22. 
Triitii|M'li'r  sw.tii,  2sl. 
Ti  niii-ali'.  11.    lilt   -i|iiari'ly  nil'. 
Tnini'ii>.  11.        li  .ih     ailliiinl    its 

imniilii'i-.  §  1.1. 
Tivii;;ili'-,  Sn.22ii. 
Tiillril  Tiliii.iii-i'.  SO. 

I'lilliii,  ;ll>i. 
Tii'iliila'.  71. 
Tniiliiiai'.  71. 
Tni'iliis.  Nil.  1. 
Tiirki'y.2  11. 
Tiiikry  Itii/./aril.  222, 
Till  iiii'iila'.  22'.i. 
Tiii'ii>liiiii'.  2iil. 
Tvlaii,ii./i/.    I'ail- niiili'r  tlictnus, 

JjSil. 

Tyiiii'al.  §21. 
T\  raniiiila',  M7. 
Tyi'.iiiiiiiia'.  Ills. 
T"\  r.iiiiill-.   Nil.  lO.'i, 
TVraiil-.  1'17-s. 


u. 

riiitni'iii-  liii'.iri-.  :il7. 

riiia.  II.    .\  liuiii'  111'  till'  rnn'ann, 

rilr.iiiiariiu'  .1  ly  (.\|ilii,'lin'niiia  iil- 

liaiii  iriiia).  ini. 
riniiilii'ii-.  II.     I*it.  §  ;t, 
rii.h'i-  ii.iil-.  §  :iii. 

rilL'llirlll  lU'.  //.     (;ia\Vl!ii. 

(■|il,iiiil  I'inver. '21111. 
I'lipi'r  parts,  §  ill. 
Ii'ia.  Nii.:i27. 

rriipy^jimn.  11.    Ilninp.  §  .'IS. 
rtani'.iiiia,  Nn.  lit;. 


Valli'vl^iail.  2:1s. 

Vaiii'.  II.    Wi'li  111'  a  rralhi'r.  §  .1. 

Varicil  Tlini-li,  72. 

Vai'ii'ly,  §22. 

Vasi'.niar.  n.    H.-ivin^  many  small 

Illnnllvi'-Sl'ls.  §  2. 

Vanx's  Swill,  l,s;j.  :.-i2. 
\'«'('rv.  7:i. 
Vi'lvi't  Sriiler.  2'.il. 
Vi'iitrr.  II.     Ili'lly,  §  :!!l. 
Vi'iitial.ii.  I'l'itiiininirtntlieliplly. 
Vcrinii'iilalinn.  n.  X'l'iv  lino  I'l'oss- 

wisc;  markiai.'.  §  II. il  (Imitmito). 
X'l'riniliiiii  I'lyi'ali'lii'r,  177. 
\i'i -atili'.  11.    L'apalili'  nl'  tiiriiini; 

eilUi'r  way. 
Vi'iti'liriti',  11.  iir   II.      liai.'klioueil 

animal. 


'I'^mmmm 


^^mmmmmmmmm 


IXDKX    AM)    Or,Oss.\l;v 


3G1 


V.Ttox,  H.  >[i.|.ll"  nrpilciim, 511.1. 
Vi'Xilliiiii.  n.     W'l'l)  or  viiiic  nl'  :i 

fcitluM-.  §  :i. 
V'ioU't-i^rouii  Cormoi-aiit.  ;J04. 

Swallinv,  Hi. 
Viroo,  \n.  .1:1. 
\ii'.!niii,l:i',  117. 
A'iii'cis.  117. 

Vii-Kiiii'i  Nii.'litiii!,':ili'.  l."il. 
I',irlri4,'i>, 'Jli. 
Ifiiil.  ■.'71. 
Vlrifiiiiii'.-*  Warl)liM-.  ill. 
Vlttii,  )«.     Uriiacl  band  of  color, 

§41,il. 
VoniiT,  H.    A  skull  lioiiu;  la.-l  lail 

bone,  §  i"i. 
Vultiii-u.s,  ■ilt). 

w. 

Wallers,  iivi. 
WaKliiil-,^:!.  'Ml 
WanikM-intf  Alhalross,  ■.\-2:,. 
Mi.'ar\(,il,T.  .i:)l. 
T.illlcr. -Jill. 
Wai'lili'i-s,  77.  111.  M  lo  i"!i. 
Wai-liliii).'  \'irco.  Ijii. 
\Vasliin«toii    !•;  i^'le  —  Italil  Kaglc. 
Waler  (n>/.v\.  77. 

'l'h^n^ll,  liili. 
Till  ki'v.  ;:ii,-i. 
W.i^'-l.iil,  1(1(1. 
Watcr-widh.  :>:W. 
U'.awvini;-,  11.".. 
Wei|ge-t:iiliMl  Cull,. ■ill!. 

I'l'licl,  ;;.'H. 
Western  I!  ii-rnl  1  iwl.  -Jul. 
Ulii.-l.icl.  71;. 
Cirehe.  :!.;ii. 
(lull.  :il'j. 

Mi'ailinv  I. ark,  l.")7. 
Nonii.iri'il,  11:1. 
Tiinioii-e.  s|. 
Warbler,  '.i7. 
Wariiliiit;  Virco,  121. 
AVooil  iv-uee,  171. 
Wbeatuar,  7ii. 
Whiippoorwill.  ISO. 
Wlii|itonikellv,  IJil. 
WliiskiM-eil  .Vuk,:)l2. 
Wliiskiy-ja''k,  l(i(l. 
Wliislle'-win^^  =  (iolilen-eve. 
Whistling  FieM  Plover, -ii:!. 
Swan,  -JSl. 


Wliile  (■raiie.J71. 

Curlew  -  White  IhU. 
•  ii'oii^e  —  I'iariniL'aii. 
Heron. -2  17. 

Nun.-.':  III. 

Owl   -    M.oWV  Owl. 
Wliile-bellieil  Nuilia't.-h.  sj. 
I'e(ivl.:l.li. 
.-<»  illow.  11:1. 
While-erow  iie.l  I'iu'eoii.  'jj.'i. 

S|i,urow,  111. 
While-eveil  Vireii,  IJJ. 

\\llile.|Vollle.|  li -.isj. 

Wliile-iiua.le.l  lviL.'li>,  'Jill. 
Cull.  ;ill. 

W.Miili ker.  I'M. 

AVhile-nerkeil  Kiveii.  |i;j. 
\\liilu-runijieil  >.inil|ii|>ei-, J.M. 

Mirike.  I-J,-|. 
Wliite-taileil  Co.lwii,  :;.-,s. 
K'ile,  -.'ll. 
1'lMrinii.Mn,  'Jlil. 
White-tinoateil  s|,;iirow.  111. 
.■^wilt.  Is-.'. 
\Vren,s.-|. 
Wliile-lnl'leil  ('oniioiaiit.  ;lii-.'. 
Wiiile-wiiifc'eil  ISI.ielJiir.l,  117. 
Cros-liili,  l-J'.i. 
Itove, -J-.'ii. 
Cnll.  .'111. 
Mill'  Duek,  i:\\. 
Whitney's  Owl,  -.iii?. 
AVhooiiln','  Crane,  ^71. 
\Vi.l-eon-.-.'s.;.7. 
WiMOooM'.  ■>!. 

I'i^' li-r.. 

Tinkin.  ■2:il. 
\Villet,-J.-,s.  • 

Williani-oi,^  Hoo.liie.'ker.  lll.j. 
Willou   |-|arini;:aii.  J.i.".. 
\Vil-oii's  I'elrel.  :;j;i. 

l'li:ilaro|ie,  HH, 
I'lover. -ill. 
t>ni|ie.  -J.VJ. 
Tern.  .'Ijn. 
TlHU-li.  7,1. 
AViiiter  Fali'oi,,  Jii;  ;hi  text). 

Wren.  s7. 
Wlpoi-1  I  luck.  'J-^s. 
Ibis. -Jd:!. 
I'ewee.  17:!. 
Tlirnsh.  7-.'. 
Wren  =  llou.se  Wren. 


W 1 k.  'Jill.  2.">l.  O.-.i. 

Woo.|linn-e's  .l:iv.  Iiiii. 

\\'no  Iperkers.  lilll, 

Worni-ealin;;  Warliler.  ic). 

Wren-tils.  711. 

\\' veil-.  SI. 

WriKhf-  riyeatrher.  KH. 


-X-iiill '|i|ialn~.  No.  (III. 

Xanlhoiir.-i.  No.  liij. 
\anliis  lliiinniiiii.'bi(-il,  1M|. 
Aeina,  -No.  :;s7, 

Y. 

Yellow  |(-ii|.  -J7(. 

i;".l-|i-ill  Wail.ler.  Ml. 
\\'.iu'l,-iil.nii. 
W  .irblei-,  :i7. 
Vellow-be-llieil  I''1m-,iI  -her.  17,-,. 

Wo,.,||,e,-ker.  hi.-,. 
^ellow■hilIell    (  ui-Uoo,     hii), 
l.oon..-;:il. 
.MaKpie,  nil. 
Vellowbiril.  l::i. 
Vellow-breasie.l  Chat.  Ids. 
Vellow-erowneil  Niuhl  Heron. iiK) 
\\.-|lble|-.  W. 

Vellow-raeeil  W 1 ker.  lllll. 

^ellow-heaileil  IJIarkbinl,  l.-|il. 

Tiliiioii-e.  s-.'. 
■^ellow-uo-eil    .\iha(i-i,--.    ;;-_>.-,     j,, 

le.vt). 
Vellow-runipeil  Warliler.  (111. 
Vellow-sliarie.l      Wooihieeker  = 

I-'lii-ker.  1(17. 
Vellow-h.ink-. -.'.-,(1. 
■^  ell  i«-liii-oal.  107. 
Vellow-lhroateil  Vireo.  1-JI. 

W.irbler,  10.1. 
■\ello\v-\viiii.'eil  Sparrow,  1:17. 
Vui-ker  =  Klieki-r.  II17. 


Zeine.hi.  No.  170. 
/eiKuilura.  No.  KKP. 
Zenai.la  Hove.  J:!-;. 
Zonolriehia.  No.  74. 
Z\  L'oilai-tyle,  n.     Voke-topil,  §  ,S4. 
ZyL'oiua.  11.    .Malar  bone  ami   in 
eunnoi-tiouri. 


C-9 


^F^ 


THE  AMERICAN  NATURALIST. 


'J'liin   Jllitnlrolcil  MdiiIIiIi/   Miiijir.'nii'  I'J'  X<ihii'<il   IJi.\li,r'/  Iki/Ikx  Its  >i<r<iilh   VhIhiko 
ii'illi  llic  Xniidicr  l''ir  JiiiiiHir'/,    \>^~'-'i. 

Kvcry  nilinUcr  of  llic  Nai  iiiai.i.st  (•(Piil;iiiis  CI  l;iry;c  Svii  i);i.ycs  oC  ri  iiiliiii:  niiiltcT,  illiis- 
ll;llc(l  liv  |il;il('s  iiilil  WiiDilcills,  All  the  li'iiililli,'  Nlll  lirulNls  ill  the  C.Pllllll'.V  (•(il'iliiilly  Mlpport 
ll  mill  conlnlMiU'  to  Us  piijics.  Tlic  iiiiii  iil'  llic  lAlilurs  Is  to  iiiiikf  L'Vci'.v  iiiiiiiln'i'  ol  llu; 
MiiiiMziiic  ol  iMijioi'liilicc  lo  nil  iH'i'.-oiis  iiiliTi'slcd  ill  Xiiliiriil  lUftnfij.  mihI  to  keep  its  renders 
inroriiied  ii'.  to  the  liitesl  discoveries  mid  iidvaiices  iimdc  in  tliis  pidi;i'<'>si\  i'  mid  popiilm' 
science.  No  tciiclicr  or  stiidi'iit  cmi  now  coii-iider  liiiiiscll'  posted  liy  simply  sindyliiLr  llic 
liilcsl  text  hooU^,  I'oi'  they  iii'e  ncccssm'ily  "/•/  :diiiosl  iis  soon  iis  i-.»iied.  Miid  it  i>  only  liy 
kccpiii^i  ililoiincd  ol'  the  d,-iily  |il'o;,'i'ess  of  scii'iice  lhi'oii;;li  the  llicdiiini  of  such  MiiL:.'i/.ilics 
lis  llic  NauihiisI  iIkii  il  is  possihlc  to  keep  up  with  the  limes,  licsides  llic  Iciidiiiu'  iirliclcs 
in  eiicli  iiiiiiilicr  there  :iic  tlic  lollowiii';  s|iceiiil  hciiiliiiLCS,  under  which  the  Mis-'elliiiicoiis  iiiid 
short  liolice-  lire  .m'olljied —  l!i  rh  n-s  utiil  I'mul.  .\',Hri  ti.  Jli^liiti'l,  liinhijii.  y.(,i:ln<ii/.  ^[utln-u. 
jiiiliiijif,    .l//i'/viMV//'//,    .\'i//c.s',   Xiillffn  tif  Sjii  riiiii  Its  fur   J-.'.iclidiiili'   It  ml  Utitil.n   Ji'iti  in  :l. 

'i'lic  lollowin;;  iii'e  the  titles  ot'  sonic  of  the  Icinliin;  mticlc.s  in  the  iiiiniliers  I'oi'  the  yciif 
\X7\i  •■  t'uM  inxiNii  l)i:i;t'-Si:A  Dlir.ixiiNds,  liy  Tfof.  I,.  Ajrassiz.  'I'm;  ISi.im)  I'lsiii.s  oi- 
Mammdiii  Caxi;  ash  tiikik  Ai.i.ii'.s.  Illtiylnilcd  Ittj  tn-d  phili-K  ititti  nils,  liy  1''.  W.  I'liliiiim. 
A  Ni;w  Kiii;c'iiN(i  .\i;iiani;i:mi;m'.  roi;  rst:  wirii  liiNoi  ii.aI!  Mi(:i;().s<(>i'r.s.  liy  ]!.  II.  Wmd, 
M.  1).  Tin:  liAi  i m.s.nam:  ami  Nau  iiai.  Si.i.kctkp.n.  liy  I'lol'.  N.  S.  Siiiilcr.  Dis.missm. 
(If  TIM'  I. All:  liuTAMsr  ui'  nil;  1)i;ivm;imi:\t  oi-  .\iii!I(  i mi  iti;.  liy  I'l-ol'.  .\.  (Iriiy.  'I'm; 
MoiMAi.ss  Ol'  ('(ii.oiiAiiii.  liy  ,T.  W.  I'osici-.  |,I,.l).  1i,i;iiiaiii)n  and  iiii;  Ki.oiia  oi'  riiio 
I'l.AiNS.  I'y  l!ev.  !■;.  1,.  (ii'cciic.  'I'm;  KoiiMii!  Uanoi;  in  iin;  litiiAi.o.  By  ,1.  (I,  lleiidcrsun. 
'I'm-;  r.UKAiiiiMi  I'liiiKs  or  1j;a\i;s.  Willi  /ilnir :  liy  I'rol'.  '1".  1).  liiscoc.  Aijikius  I'lii;- 
N(iMi;vA  OK  nil;  I'liAiiiiis.  liy  I'l'ol'.  II.  W.  I'mkir.  I  .Nii'nioin v  nv  No.Mi.Nci.Arini;  i,\ 
Iti'.iiAltl)  lo  MicnosiofKAi.  ()ii.ii:<iivi;s  a.sh  Oi  ii.aiis.  liy  K.  II.  Wai'd,  M.l).  'I'm;  Stom; 
Adi;  IX  Ni;w  .Ii;i:si;y.  Jlliinlfiticil :  liy  V.  C.  .Milmit.  M.I).  'I'iik  I'si;  oi'  AMi'iiii'i.i:ri;A 
I'Ki.l.fciUA  AS  A  'ri;sr-oi),ii;ci-  I'oi!  Ilmii  I'owKiis.  117///  n  pluli  :  liy  Dr.  .1.  J.  \\ood\smil, 
r.  S.  A.  WiiAi'  IS  'I'liti-;  'rACoMc':'  liy  I'l'ol.  ■Imiics  I).  Diimi.  Hints  on  IIi;i;ii()i;i/i,\(i. 
liy  rrof.  \.  II.  Ciirliss.  (  Ih.miiioi.uom  ai.  N(iri;s  i-i;om  tiik  \\'i;si'.  liy  ,1.  \.  Allen. 
I.N.snifciioNs  luii  riii-.fAlilNi;  lilliiis'  Kr.f.s.  liy  Win.  Wood,  M  U.  Hki.a  l  loNsiiip  ni'  iiii; 
Ami:i;i('an  Wm  i  k-I'iio.m  i;1)  Owl.  liv  liobci't  liiduwiiv.  Oxi;  or  (iru  C'ommox  .Muxaos. 
inti.-h-iani :  liy  I'mf.  A.  II.  Tnitlc.'  SrtiiKx  r.s'  Mu'itosc  uit.s.  liy  li.  II.  Wmd.  .M.I). 
IliltKUXAliox  OK  liii;  ■I|-.Mi'i.v(i  Moi  si;.  Illnstntliil :  liy  I'rol'.  S.  'rciiney.  'I'm;  Wiiin-; 
Coll  i;i;-I.i;ai'  Mixi;i!.  Ilhisiritini :  liy  Ii.  1'.  Mmiii.  'I'm;  Tkiuas  of  iiii;  r.xni  n  SrAii;s. 
Ilhtslfiilnl :  liy  I'rol'.  'J'  ('.  I'oiMci'.  "Mimkiiy  i.n  iiii:  L'm.ons  of  iNsffis.  liy  I'lol'.  II. 
IIa;icti.  .\  Visir  ro  tiik  OmoiXAi,  I.oiai.itv  ok  iiik  Ni;w  ISi'fclfs  ok  Aitci  riiioniiM  ix 
Waimikn  Co.,  N.  V.  Ily  ('.  C.  I'lirry.  M.I).  'I'm;  Wvaxhoitk  Cam;  am>  its  Fai-na.  IIIuk- 
tfiiinl :  liy  I'l'ol'.  K.  1).  C()|ic.  A  Nkw  Kxro/oox  i  i;om  Tin;  V.i'.\..  Jl/n.-ifntnl :  liy  liev. 
Smiiiicl  Lockwood,  I'li.l).  On  tiik  I'si;  of  .MoNociinoMAiic  .sixiiiiiir  as  ax  Am  to  Iln.ii- 
I'owfi!  DKfiNiiiux.  liy  Dr.  J.  ,1.  ^\■oodwll^d.  ol'  l.  S.  A.  Mi  diciil  Miisciini.  .Somk  of  rin; 
Famii.iau  Hums  ok  India.  liy  I!cv.  II.  .1.  liiiici'.  'I'm;  CiiMois  IlisTonY  of  a  lii  ■itkkki.y. 
liy  S.  II.  Sciidder.  Ii.  S.  Ox  nil;  (;i;oi,ooy  ok  nn:  Isi.\xi)  ok  .\i;rii)Nf(ii.  i;ic.  Willi  u 
mitii:  liy  rrof.  N.  S.  Sli:ilcr.  Nfw  Im.mi;i:~iox  Ii.i  r.MiXAriox.  Iltttxlfittid :  liy  l{.  Il.\\'md, 
M.l).  (\\rsH  OK  Till'  l)f ifiiioUAiiox  IX  soMK  oK  oil;  .\Aii\f.  Ci!Ai'i;-viNfs.  i.rr.  Ilhis- 
tmlfil :  liy  I'rol'.  C.  V.  Kilcy.  Sfiji oia  ano  lis  IIisioiiy.  mi  iiddrcss  luroic  the  .\.  .A. 
A.  S..  by  I'rof.  A.  (Iniy.  I-'ack  I'iins  in  I;i:a/.ii..  Illiisifuliii :  liy  I'rol'.  C.  I",  limit.  On 
Aiioi;ii;iXAi,  Hi.i.Ks  Known  as  '•  I'iimmk  is."  llliinli-iilnl :  liy  J.  (i.  llciideison.  Coxiiii- 
lifiioNs  ro  iiiK  Natikai.  IlisidiiY  OK  (iiiio.  liy  I'rol'.  .Imiics  Orion.  Ox  iiik 
Vf.(;i;rAnox  ok  iiik  Wamasii  Vai.i.ky.  liy  Kolierl  ]!iily:w;iy.  Kossii.  Ixskcis  i  hum  ink 
lioi'KY  .Morxi'AiNs.  '  liy  S.  II.  .Sendder.  li.  S.  (ii;oi.()oi(  ai.  Am;  of  Tin;  Coai,  ok  Wyo.minh. 
liy  I'ldl'.  K.  1).  Cope.     KffKCTs  oK   K.\nnoi;i«iNAiiY   Skasons   on    rm-:   DisiimtirioN   ok 

ASIMAIS    AXI>     I'l.ANTS.        liy    I'l-of.     N.    S.    Sllillcr.        'I'm-;    CAlIl-KNTfU     liKf    AND     It  A 1. 1 1.MOIIK 

Oliioi.K.  liy  Kev.  S.iiiiiiel  Lockwood.  On  iiik  Cai.ii'oiinian  'I'liiN  ia.  Jlhtslniliil :  liy  I{. 
K.  (..'  Stcmiis.  Tiik  Aikixk  ri.oiiA  ok  Coi.okado.  liy  Kev.  V..  L.  (ii'ceiie.  On  Oiuiaxic 
Viaou  AND  Si;x.  liv  I'rol'.  llciirv  Ilarlshoriic.  On  riiK  (.'iiania  ok  rm';  Mot'.XD  liiii.DKiis. 
IlliislratKl:     liy  J.  \V.  Foster,  LL.D. 


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THE    ONLY    AMERICAN    TEXT    BOOK    OF    ENTOMOLOGYj 

A   GUIDE  TO  THE   STUDY  OF   INSECTS, 

lllilMi    A     fcll'll.Ml     ISTimix  (Tlov     TO     Ttli:     Ml  HV     (if     i:n|(1> 1        VM>      \ 

TUi:Mr«K    i>\    iN.pi  liidix    AM)    iii:\i:i  [(  lAi.    i\-.i:<is,    wnii     hi  ~('i:n  ■ 

TICPNH      XMl      MiiilMS     111-      llll:      IIUHTS     (iK     |NH|.;(|s.      T||r||| 
IIISNSlnliM  VllllSS,      lilA  ILdl'MIM       AMI      1  I.ASSI  |'|(  A  I  II  iN  . 

BIT   j^.   s.    :e'j^ci^j^:rid,   jie.,    is/r,  u., 

Ciiriit.ir.ir  Arliniliit.'i  iil  Hi,.  /',„h,„r,/  .I,;,,/,,,,,,,'/  S,-l.  ,„;'.  I.i'cliiivi- m,  i:,ii,,i,„,|,,;;v  iil  ll,|.  U„.«    w,,/,. 
.\!in,u,ll,ii-iil  C.lhiii:  i,ni|   V.n\ h,f^\A  h>  llic  .lAws.  Sl„l,'  lluiinl  „/  ,l',irinilhii-v. 

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ill  DeciMiilicr.  InT-J,  ami  will  ((.iilain  a  iinimlar  a''i-(imil  of  tiie  inoro  coiiiiimii    immm'Is  nf  ,,ui'  ('iinnlry.  cm- 
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THE  MAM IVIOTH  CAVE 

AND  ITS  INHABITANTS, 

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